The revised values of the lattice constants for the Calder Hall Thermal Reactors are given together with additional information relevant to the conditions during startup. (auth)

2 . General Philosophy of Reactor Design in the Initial Design Sequence . ...... haven, Calder Hall, extended surface fuel elements are considered in lieu ...

The methods of calculation of long term reactivity changes, and moderator temperature coefficients used for the design of reactors of the Calder Hall type is outlined. Calculation results are compared with the observed effects on the Calder Hall reactors and the ...

The kinetics of uranium-graphite Calder Hall type reactor were studied considering the effects of the reactivity temperature coefficient and its variations in the fuel burn-up process. The conditions of reactor instability are found, and it is shown that with the burn-up of 3000 Mwd/t the minimum positive ...

The aseismic design and some construction features of the Tokai Mura Reactor are discussed. Safety devices of the reactor are described. (C.J.G.)

The design specification, construction requirements, and inspection which ensure the soundness of the reactors at Calder Hall and similar power stations are discussed. The nuclear and thermal kinetics of these natural uranium gas-cooled graphite-moderated reactors are examined, and an account is given of ...

The reactors at Calder Hall and Chapelcross are used for a range of large-scale experiments relating directly to factors affecting the design, commissioning, and fuel element performance of the civil stations. Thus the experimental work carried out in these reactors is projected to the civil ...

First, an analysis of the limiting aspects of Calder Hall type reactors is presented. This analysis is based on the study of the characteristics of such reactors intended for power production only, presently being built in Great Britain and France. The second part deals with some problems particularly ...

The methods of calculation on which the Calder work was based together with their correlation with integral experiments are presented. The calculations are compared with the results of the commissioning experi-ments and explanations are suggested for the discrepancies. Attention is drawn to the difficulties of extending the system of calculation to ...

ABS>The Chapelcross nuclear power station will contain four 180 Mw gas- cooled, graphite-moderated reactors of the Calder Hall design and eight 23 Mw turboalternators. The primary purpose of the works is the production of plutonium but it will have a net electrical output of about 140 Mw. The differences in design between ...

At one time it was proposed to use separate supports for the Calder Hall fuel elements and this patent covers the idea. The idea was to attach a spider with three hinged legs to the top of each fuel cartridge. The legs were spring- loaded outwards and located in circumferential grooves cut in the graphite blocks. Since neutron economy is so ...

The various properties that a fuel element canning material must possess for a carbon-dioxide-cooled nuclear reactor of the Calder Hall type are discussed. (W.L.H.)

Fuel cycles for industrial Calder Hall type reactors are examined. A general method to study the reactivity variations and the mean discharged fuel irradiation variations during the reactor life is given. The results of an application of the method to a particular type of fuel cycle are shown. (auth)

The available Monte Carlo evidence on the resonance integral of U/sup 238/ in Calder Hall reactors was assessed and compared with experiments and theory. It was observed that the Monte Carlo estimates are somewhat larger than any others. This was explained by comparison with theory since the latter assumes a 1/E flux and the ...

Two gas-cooled, graphite moderated reactors are proposed, similar to the Calder Hall reactors but having much greater power for the same dimensions. The gas coolant is CO/sub 2/. Six heat exchangers will be associated with each of the two reactors. A labelled cutaway drawing of one of ...

British experience in the development of nuclear power was gained chiefly through the development, ccnstruction, and operation of nuclear power stations using the gas cooled graphite moderated reactor as a source of heat for producing steam. The Calder Hall reactors, fuel element development, nuclear ...

An account is given of the maintenance and remedial work which has been done within the biological shield of the Windscale reactors, and covers: (a) Retention of reactor fuel elements which were tending to blow out of the graphite channels. (b) Remote welding and cutting operations using oxy-acetylene equipment at distances of up to 20 feet from ...

>The various fuel cycles available to magnox reactors are described. The cycles are described for the Calder Hall and Chapelcross reactors. The cycles described are: batch discharge, equilibrium, delay, and axial and radial interchange schemes. The channel replacement rate for a failure dominated cycle ...

A method has been developed for evaluating flux and reactivity changes in a reactor due to long-term changes in the quality of the fuel under irradiation. An account is given of the method, and the results in two simple cases. It is tentatively concluded that the permissible maximum heat output and channel ratings may vary very considerably during the lifetime of a ...

The Experimental Gas-cooled Reactor is characterized by the following: helium coolant, ceramic fuel in pressuretight stainless-steel cladding, heterogeneous graphite core, and on-stream replacement of failed and exhausted fuel elements. The reactor will serve as a power demonstration plant and as a test reactor. The various ...

Developments in the civilian power reactor field for the first quarter of 1957 are sumnnarized. Articles are included on: fuel prices and reprocessing costs; lattice theory and resonance integrals of fertile materials and their temperature coefficients; heat transfer using Calder Hall transverse fins; ...

A sample of the gas is absorbed in saturated barium hydroxide solution. Carbon dioxide is regenerated from the barium carbonate, purified, and counted in a BETA proportional counter. The method is designed for the determina tion of carbon-14 tn the coolant gas of reactors of the Calder Hall type. The chemical preparation ...

Radiation damage in solids consisting of electronic displacements, atomic displacements, and impurlty effects is briefly described. It is shown how the damage manifests itself in various components of the Calder Hall type of reactor. Components discussed include moderator, atructural materials, fuel elements, and control rods ...

The Dungeness Power Reactor is a gas-cooled reactor of the Calder Hall type. The gas inlet temperature of 250 deg C, in association with a reheat steam cycle and direct steam turbine blower drive, yields a high thermal efficiency with no significant increase in fuel element temperatures. The design of the ...

Detailed calculations of the nuclear properties of the core of a Calder Hall Thermal Reactor have been made. The zones of different channel size have been allowed for, but the Wigner gaps have been assumed to have a uniform size throughout the core. The different properties of graphite in the core and reflector and the ...

When the UK's Calder Hall nuclear power station was connected to the grid in 1956, the programmes that made this possible involved a powerful combination of basic and applied research. Both the science and the engineering were novel, addressing new and challenging problems. That the last Calder Hall ...

Calder experience extending over fourteen years of reactor operation has shown that under proper surveillance, major engineerirg modifications and the survey and maintenance of the plant can be undertaken in safety by essentially standard engineering techniques and with plant availability factors comparable with those attained on conventional ...

The gas sample is absorbed in sodium hydroxide, and boron is separated by distillation as methyl borate and collection in a mlked glycerol/sodium reagent. The distillate is evaporated to dryness, and boron in the ignited residue is determined absorptiometrically using carcumin in the presence of oxalic and hydrochloric acids. The method is suitable for the determinntion of boron in the ...

The Oldbury nuclear power station, fueled by two Calder Hall reactors and designed for an output of 560 Mw(e) is being built. Pre-stressed concrete pressure vessels will be used in place of steel vessels. The design of the station is described in some detail. An appraisal of the advantages of pre- stressed concrete vessels is ...

The development of nuclear power in Great Britain is reviewed. It is pointed out that the industrial use of nuclear power cleared its first hurdle ln 1956 when Calder Hall went into operation. It must clear its second hurdle with equal success in 1966 with reactors of advanced design built at a capital cost so low that they ...

A review is made of the duties of a hygrometer working as a water-vapor monitor for the CO/sub 2/ coolant of the Calder Hall type of reactor. Of the types of hygrometer considered for this application, only the Infra-Red Gas Analyzer proved suitable. The performance of the Infra-Red Gas Analyzer as manufactured can be ...

A summary of the economic aspects of Calder Hall (Magnox) type reactors, the Windscale AGR, and the High Tcmperature Gas Cooled Deactor is given. Generation costs are studied, with attention to operation and maintenance, fuel consumption, fuel investment, and capital costs. Generating costs of coal and nuclear power stations ...

Some of the problems associated with the design of equipment for thermal cycling tests on nuclear reactor fuel elements of the Calder Hall type are described with special reference to the development of devices for applying loads to the fuel element assemblies For reference purposes the theoretical solution, indicating optimum ...

Because of radial spatial instabilities due to xenon and positive temperature effects, it is proposed that several controllers be set up in each region of the core. Then it becomes convenient to express the control system by a matrix. Because of the symmetric installation of the controllers, the system matrix is symmetric and cyclic, and the unitary transformation can be derived, by ...

When A Programme of Nuclear Power,'' the program for nuclear power development in Great Britain, was published, it was thought that reactors with liquid coolants would replace the gas-cooled Calder Hall type. However, it now appears that gas-cooled reactors have a much greater ...

The temperature coefficients of reactivity of the BEPO, Windscale, and Calder reactors are calculated. The results are compared with experimental values. (auth)

A means of emergency shutdown control of a gas-cooled reactor other than gravity-operated rods was devised in which a source of gas is coupled to the coolant inlet. The gas is inert to the materials in the coolant circuit, has a higher neutron absorption cross section than the coolant, and hence will rapidly reduce the reactor reactivity if ...

As the first step of a series of experiments designed for the hazards evaluation of the uranium fuel for the CalderHall type reactor of Japan Atomic Power Co., its oxidation by air at 550 l C was investigated. The specimen used is a dummy fuel element, Magnox-clad uranium rod, with a pinhole on the cladding. The pinhole diameter ...

BS>A detailed account of the high-frequency inductionn heating equipment and its method of operation at Calder Hall is reported. Drawings, photographs, and wiring diagrams are given. (auth)

The Monte Carlo technique was used to compute the neutron energy spectrum in heterogeneous reactors in the range 10 kev to 14 Mev. The reactors considered were BEPO, PLUTO, and Calder Hall. It is shown that the statis al errors in the calculated spectra can be reduced suffintly to give reliable ...

Experience with the Calder Hall type of nuclear reactor has shown that fuel elements fail in two ways; one is a slow failure which takes place over several hours and the other is a rapid failure in a matter of minutes. This patent relates to a burst cartridge detection equipment for nuclear reactors which ...

An approach to reactor physics was developed by analysis of experimental data on ordinary water, slightly enriched uranium lattices. The developed procedure is extremely simple; and, for these particular lattices, it is demonstrated that the thermal utilization factor and resonance escape probability can be calculated to satisfactory accuracy. Generalization of the ...

reactors originating from the Calder Hall design. It is designed to serve as a prototype for future power station reaotors. The AGCR has a thermal rating of 100 Mw (27.3 Mw(e)). Beryllium-(canned UO/sub 2/ fuel elements comprise 80% of the charge, while stainless steel clad elements make up the remainder. The installation ...

The sample is mixed with oxygen and heated to 1000 deg C when chlorinated hydrocarbons break down and free chlorine is released. This is absorbed in a solution of sodium sulphite and sodium carbonate and the chloride produced determined spectrophotometrically. The method is mainly intended for the determination of the total chlorine in the carbon dioxide feed gas or circuit gas of gas ...

Results of a load deflection test on the pressure vessel feet have been used to calculate the maximum stresses in the structure under operating, Wigner release and stress relief conditions. The values of these stresses are compared with those predicted theoretically. (auth) 323l The bowing of axially loaded bars and tubes with small initial bows, was calculated for the most severe ...

A program written for the IBM 704 to calculate neutron cross sections for a heavy even-even nucleus in the resonance region is described, and a program for calculating by Monte Carlo the resonance absorption of such an isotope in a particular reactor lattice is given Results are given for the Calder Hall lattice at three ...

The results of plant optimization studies and cost estimates of the reference design for a natural U, graphite moderated, gas-cooled reactor amd power plant which was described in NAA-SR-1833 are presented. Additional engineering drawings are included, some of which were required because of changes in turbine plant and others for estimating purposes. A construction ...

An outline is presented of the testing specification for specimens from the Calder and Chapelcross pressure vessel steel inspection programme. A description is given of the facilities available at Culcheth Reactor Materials Laboratory for mechanical testing and metallography, and details of shielded transport flasks are included. (auth)

Descriptions are given of the site of the reactor from the viewpoint of seismology and subsoil condition as well as of the basic idea of aseismic design with proposed specification based on the foregoing idea. In drawing up the seismic specification, as this reactor is the first large scale reactor in Japan, the safety of the ...

Using a bank rate of 6% and an efficeincy of 27% and assuming a 15-year amortization, 80% load factor, 3,000 Mwd/t fuel life, and pound sign 15,000/ton fuel replace ment cost, a 500 Mw nuclear power station would cost 0.425d/unit in capital costs and 0.185d/unit in fuel costs, totalling 0.61d/unit (7.2 mill). To this would have to be added operating costs, maintenance, and time charges ...

A gamma-irradiation sterilizing plant for treating plastic disposable syringes is described. The initial annual throughput is in the region of 10 million syringes, but this could be increased to 50 million. An automatic conveyor system moves cartons of syringes into the irradiation cell and past the cobalt source of gamma rays. The total exposure time is 31/2 days but this time could ...

The maximum credible accident at the TOKAI POWER STATION (a Calder Hall type, natural uranium gas-cooled reactor) was considered to be an accident associated with the gas duct rupture. Variations in pressures and flow rates of gas coolant loops were analyzed by means of a d. c. analog computer, and varioua methods of detecting ...

As the conversion ratio of the fuel is comparatively high for the Calder Hall type reactor, about 0.8, considerable amounts of Pu/sup 239/ are built up in a relatively short irradiation time. As Pu/sup 239/ has a large resonance absorption for the neutron energy of about 0.3 ev, the reaction rate of Pu/sup 239/ increases as ...

Inspection of the pressure parts of British gas-cooled power reactors is outlined and discussed. Reference is also made to steel containment pressure vessels. The main problems presented by reactor pressure parts are associated with the large size and also site fabrication. Periodic inspection is restricted to date to those parts that do not ...

... shelters and in the nuclear energy industry in reactor containment ... Bauer and Calder [11] have results showing ... Dideon �--a 2 pt ln(1 + a3 v2) ...

Details of some of the measurements made during the commissioning and early operation of the Calder reactors are presented. The measurements include critical size, lattice constants, control rod calibration, xenon poisoning, temperature coefficients, and reactivity build-up. Brief mention is made of future experimental work on control rods and ...

A review is presented for gas valves for nuclear power stations, both gas-cooled and liquid-cooled. Such valves are generally of cast construction and hence more susceptible to leakage than fabricated valves. In many valves, gaskets are used to reduce casting weight. The most troublesome source of leakage is the spindle, but graphited asbestos packing can give small leakages up to 300 ...

The positive temperature coefficient of reactivity which a British type reactor obtains over a certain irradiation level of its natural uranium fuel, has presented a new problem to the inherent safety of this type of reactors. An analysis is described of the dynamic characteristics of three British type reactors with positive ...

The gas monitoring equipment to detect faulty fuel elements for the Berkeley power statlon is described and compared to the Calder Hall equipment. A discussion of future developments in gas monitoring equipment is presented. (W.D.M.)

The magnesium alloys used as canning materials for the Calder Hall thermal reactors are required to operate as ductile extensible envelopes allowing growth and deformation of the uranium fuel while at the same time suppressing the carbon dioxide-uranium interaction and the release of fission product gases. Mechanical ...

The United Kingdom government announced in May 1995 plans to privatize the country`s two nuclear generating companies, Nuclear Electric and Scottish Nuclear. Under the plan, the two companies will become operating divisions of a unified holding company, to be called British Electric, with headquarters in Scotland. Britain`s nuclear plants were left out of the initial privatization in 1989 because ...

A review is presented of the various aspects of reactor materials important to the design of the Calder Hall type graphite moderated reactor and of the Windscale Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor. Some factors leading to the selection of CO/sub 2/ as a coolant are described, and its ...

The Engineering Pathway's "Today in History" blog for June 27. "Today in History - June 27, 1954 - First nuclear power plant begins operation. In the mid-1950’s, both the Soviet Union and western countries were exploring the non-military uses of the atom. However, even this non-military work was done in secret and not much was known about it in the West at the time. The Obninsk Power ...

S>Results are presented on the oxidation rate of the dummy, uranium rod clad in punctured Magnox, by carbon dioxide, air, and their equi-volume mixture at 450 and 550 deg C. The effects on the oxidation rate of the presence of water vapor in the oxidizing atmospheres, of the pinhole diameter of the cladding, and of chemical additives in the uranium are also presented. Weight gains by ...

In order to charge and dischnrge a fuel element with its thermocouple attached, the use of a load-bearing, flexible sheath, formed by a stainless steel wire helix, is proposed by the UKAEA (this could be Calder Hall). The thermocouple cable passed through the sheath which is attached, via screwed tapered pins and clamping nuts, at one end to a ...

The control, flux stability, and protection against reactivity faults in large CO{sub 2}-cooled, graphite-moderated reactors of the type now in operation or under construction in Great Britain are studied. The steady state design limitations are stated, derived from limits set by fault criteria in relation to fuel element properties. The difficulties of correctly flattening ...

The reactor control and protection systems for the Bohunice A-1 reactor are described. The testing of the systems is reviewed and the systems' performance during the initial reactor startup is discussed. (JWR)

fission reactor powered spacecraft. Developing a nuclear reactor and ..... unloading. The v Hall Thrusters are the primary mechanism to augment the Ion ...

The test program for the Bohunice A-1 Reactor is described and the test results to date are summarized, (JWR)

A mathematical mcdel of the transient behavior of a steam generator connected with a nuclear power plant of the Calder Hall type (Latina) is presented. Steam pressure respense following CO/sub 2/ mass flow and load changes was investigated with an analogue computer. Experimental data obtained on an operating boiler and theoretical results are ...

September 2007 saw a very visible change to the Sellafield site following the culmination of a major decommissioning project; the demolition of the four Calder Hall cooling towers. A key part of the UK's nuclear industrial heritage, Calder Hall, the world's first commercial nuclear power station, ...

Plume diagnostic instruments were developed and the BHT-200 Hall thruster plume was characterized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Appendix A. BHT-200 Thruster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 A.1 Overview.3 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

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Organic compounds formation (organic acids, aldehydes and glycols) in the primary circuit of the KS-150 reactor (NPP A-1, Czechoslovakia) is discussed. On the base of the analysis of physical-chemical performances of the moderator and coolant it is establ...

As a prolific author, BBC commentator, and magazine editor, Nigel Calder has spent a lifetime spotting and explaining the big discoveries in all branches of science. In Magic Universe , he draws on his vast experience to offer readers a lively, far-reaching look at modern science in all its glory, shedding light on the latest ideas in physics, biology, chemistry, medicine, ...

transition in GaAlAs layers with 18% and 36% A1 respectively. The relapive values for the compositions

The extensive preparatory work preceding the startup of the Bohunice A-1 Reactor is described. The technical problems encountered during the reactor startup are discussed. (JWR)

Activities associated with the startup of the Bohunice A-1 Reactor are summarized. The reactor physics parameters obtained during the approach to initial crtticality are presented. (JWR)

It is known that in the purification of metals by vacuum distillation, the condensate is enriched by oxygen and nitrogen residual gas. The amount of enrichment was measured with a new apparatus. Mercury was vaporized and Hg/sup 203/ was used as the residual gas. The surface of the consensate covered with a layer of the residual gas, confirming the theory of gaseous enrichment. (J.S.R.) ...

A controlled start-up on a Calder reactor has been simulated using the spatial kinetics program STAB. A comparison of the experimental and STAB results was made. There is very good agreement in the spatial effects arising in can temperature distributions throughout the run; any differences can be explained by the presence of experimental fuel ...

... Calder 1992) hummingbirds, as well as Calliope Hummingbird (Stellula calliope) (Tamm et al. 1989, Calder and Calder 1994), ... ...

Monitoring the reactor hall atmosphere of DT-fueled fusion reactors will probably be performed with conventional ion chamber and proportional counter instruments modified as necessry to deal with the background radiation. Background includes external neutron and gamma radiation and internal beta-gamma radiation from the activated ...

A description of the plant reactors is given. A comparison with the other Calser Hall type reactors shows the progress in the development of graphite- moderated gascooled natural-uranium reactors. (auth)

Use of deuterium-tritium burning fusion reactors requires examination of several major safety and environmental issues: (1) tritium inventory control, (2) neutron activation of structural materials, fluid streams and reactor hall environment, (3) release ...

... Rufous (Selasphorus rufus), Allen's (Selasphorus sasin), and Calliope (Stellula calliope) Hummingbirds (Phillips 1975, Calder 1993, Calder and Calder ... A. and L. L. Calder. 1994. Calliope Hummingbird (S...