Sample records for a1900 projectile fragment

  1. On projectile fragmentation at high-velocity perforation of a thin bumper

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Myagkov, N. N.; Stepanov, V. V.

    2014-09-01

    By means of 3D numerical simulations, we study the statistical properties of the fragments cloud formed during high-velocity impact of a spherical projectile on a mesh bumper. We present a quantitative description of the projectile fragmentation, and study the nature of the transition from the damage to the fragmentation of the projectile when the impact velocity varies. A distinctive feature of the present work is that the calculations are carried out by smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method applied to the equations of mechanics of deformable solids (MDS). We describe the materials behavior by the Mie-Grüneisen equation of state and the Johnson-Cook model for the yield strength. The maximum principal stress spall model is used as the fracture model. It is shown that the simulation results of fragmentation based on the MDS equations by the SPH method are qualitatively consistent with the results obtained earlier on the basis of the molecular dynamics and discrete element models. It is found that the power-law distribution exponent does not depend on energy imparted to the projectile during the high-velocity impact. At the same time, our calculations show that the critical impact velocity, the power-law exponent and other critical exponents depend on the fracture criterion.

  2. Characteristics study of projectile's lightest fragment for 84Kr36-emulsion interaction at around 1 A GeV

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Marimuthu, N.; Singh, V.; Inbanathan, S. S. R.

    2017-04-01

    In this article, we present the results of our investigations on the projectile's lightest fragment (proton) multiplicity and probability distributions with 84Kr36 emulsion collision at around 1 A GeV. The multiplicity and normalized multiplicity of projectile's lightest fragment (proton) are correlated with the compound particles, shower particles, black particles, grey particles; alpha (helium nucleus) fragments and heavily ionizing charged particles. It is found that projectile's lightest fragment (proton) is strongly correlated with compound particles and shower particles rather than other particles and the average multiplicity of projectile's lightest fragment (proton) increases with increasing compound, shower and heavily ionizing charge particles. Normalized projectile's lightest fragment (proton) is strongly correlated with compound particles, shower particles and heavily ionizing charge particles. The multiplicity distribution of the projectile's lightest fragment (proton) emitted in the 84Kr36 + emulsion interaction at around 1 A GeV with different target has been well explained by KNO scaling. The mean multiplicity of projectile's lightest fragments (proton) depends on the mass number of the projectile and does not significantly dependent of the projectile energy. The mean multiplicity of projectile's lightest fragment (proton) increases with increasing the target mass number.

  3. The collision of a hypervelocity massive projectile with free-standing graphene: Investigation of secondary ion emission and projectile fragmentation.

    PubMed

    Geng, Sheng; Verkhoturov, Stanislav V; Eller, Michael J; Della-Negra, Serge; Schweikert, Emile A

    2017-02-07

    We present here the study of the individual hypervelocity massive projectiles (440-540 keV, 33-36 km/s Au 400 4+ cluster) impact on 1-layer free-standing graphene. The secondary ions were detected and recorded separately from each individual impact in the transmission direction using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. We observed C 1-10 ± ions emitted from graphene, the projectiles which penetrated the graphene, and the Au 1-3 ± fragment ions in mass spectra. During the projectile-graphene interaction, the projectile loses ∼15% of its initial kinetic energy (∼0.18 keV/atom, 72 keV/projectile). The Au projectiles are neutralized when approaching the graphene and then partially ionized again via electron tunneling from the hot rims of the holes on graphene, obtaining positive and negative charges. The projectile reaches an internal energy of ∼450-500 eV (∼4400-4900 K) after the impact and then undergoes a ∼90-100 step fragmentation with the ejection of Au 1 atoms in the experimental time range of ∼0.1 μs.

  4. The collision of a hypervelocity massive projectile with free-standing graphene: Investigation of secondary ion emission and projectile fragmentation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Geng, Sheng; Verkhoturov, Stanislav V.; Eller, Michael J.; Della-Negra, Serge; Schweikert, Emile A.

    2017-02-01

    We present here the study of the individual hypervelocity massive projectiles (440-540 keV, 33-36 km/s Au4004+ cluster) impact on 1-layer free-standing graphene. The secondary ions were detected and recorded separately from each individual impact in the transmission direction using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. We observed C1-10± ions emitted from graphene, the projectiles which penetrated the graphene, and the Au1-3± fragment ions in mass spectra. During the projectile-graphene interaction, the projectile loses ˜15% of its initial kinetic energy (˜0.18 keV/atom, 72 keV/projectile). The Au projectiles are neutralized when approaching the graphene and then partially ionized again via electron tunneling from the hot rims of the holes on graphene, obtaining positive and negative charges. The projectile reaches an internal energy of ˜450-500 eV (˜4400-4900 K) after the impact and then undergoes a ˜90-100 step fragmentation with the ejection of Au1 atoms in the experimental time range of ˜0.1 μs.

  5. Production of spin-polarized radioactive ion beams via projectile fragmentation reaction

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kameda, D.; Ueno, H.; Yoshimi, A.

    2008-02-06

    Spin-polarized radioactive ion beams are produced in the projectile fragmentation reaction induced by intermediate-energy heavy ion beams. The degree of spin polarization shows characteristic dependence on the outgoing momentum of the projectile fragment in the magnitude around 1{approx}10%. The qualitative behavior is well described by the kinematical model of the fragmentation process. Recently, we have successfully produced spin-polarized beams of aluminum isotopes in the mass A{approx}30 region via the fragmentation of 95 MeV/u {sup 40}Ar projectiles. The magnetic moments of {sup 30}Al and {sup 32}Al and the electric quadrupole moments of {sup 31}Al and {sup 32}Al have been measured usingmore » the {beta}-NMR technique with the polarized RI beams of the Al isotopes.« less

  6. Momentum distributions of isotopes produced by fragmentation of relativistic C-12 and O-16 projectiles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Greiner, D. E.; Lindstrom, P. J.; Heckman, H. H.; Cork, B.; Bieser, F. S.

    1975-01-01

    The fragment momentum distributions in the projectile rest frame are, typically, Gaussian shaped, narrow, consistent with isotropy, depend on fragment and projectile, and have no significant correlation with target mass or beam energy. The nuclear temperature is inferred from the momentum distributions of the fragments and is approximately equal to the projectile nuclear binding energy, indicative of small energy transfer between target and fragment.

  7. Study of Projectile Fragmentation Reactions at Intermediate Energies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Souliotis, George A.

    The experimental measurements of the present work represent a first attempt towards obtaining systematic data of projectile fragment distributions near 0 degrees produced by intermediate-energy beams delivered by the K1200 cyclotron at the NSCL. The measurements were performed with two different devices operated as 0-degree spectrometers: the K1200 interim beamline and the A1200 mass separator. Momentum distributions and limited angular distributions of projectile -like fragments (PLFs) from a ^{14} N (75 MeV/u) beam with ^{27 }Al and ^{181}Ta targets were measured using the interim K1200 beamline, but the results were of limited quality. In a first series of measurements with the A1200, the 0-degree momentum distributions of PLFs from several beams (^{20} Ne (85 MeV/u), ^{15}N (70 MeV/u) and ^{18}O (70 Mev/u)) were measured, but only a limited number of complete momentum spectra were obtained. In a second series, a detailed measurement of neutron-rich PLFs from the reaction ^{18}O (80 MeV/u) + ^{27}Al was successfully performed. Accurate measurements of 0-degree momentum distributions and relative yields of PLFs were obtained and analysed. Analysis of the centroids of the momentum-per -nucleon (velocity) distributions of the fragments indicated that, along with the fragmentation (break-up) channels, direct stripping and/or pick-up channels contribute significantly to the production of the fragments. Interestingly, the mean velocities of nucleon pick-up products were considerably lower than that of the beam, consistent with momentum conservation and the additional assumption that the nucleon(s) picked -up from the target have preferentially momenta (on average) equal to the nuclear Fermi momentum oriented in the direction of the projectile motion. The widths of the momentum distributions of both nucleon-removal and nucleon pick-up products were in agreement with the independent-particle model of Goldhaber and the cluster stripping model of Friedman. In the case of

  8. Scaling invariance of spherical projectile fragmentation upon high-velocity impact on a thin continuous shield

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Myagkov, N. N., E-mail: nn-myagkov@mail.ru

    The problem of aluminum projectile fragmentation upon high-velocity impact on a thin aluminum shield is considered. A distinctive feature of this description is that the fragmentation has been numerically simulated using the complete system of equations of deformed solid mechanics by a method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics in three-dimensional setting. The transition from damage to fragmentation is analyzed and scaling relations are derived in terms of the impact velocity (V), ratio of shield thickness to projectile diameter (h/D), and ultimate strength (σ{sub p}) in the criterion of projectile and shield fracture. Analysis shows that the critical impact velocity V{sub c}more » (separating the damage and fragmentation regions) is a power function of σ{sub p} and h/D. In the supercritical region (V > V{sub c}), the weight-average fragment mass asymptotically tends to a power function of the impact velocity with exponent independent of h/D and σ{sub p}. Mean cumulative fragment mass distributions at the critical point are scale-invariant with respect to parameters h/D and σ{sub p}. Average masses of the largest fragments are also scale-invariant at V > V{sub c}, but only with respect to variable parameter σ{sub p}.« less

  9. Projectile fragmentation of 40,48Ca and isotopic scaling in a transport approach

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mikhailova, T. I.; Erdemchimeg, B.; Artukh, A. G.; Di Toro, M.; Wolter, H. H.

    2016-07-01

    We investigate theoretically projectile fragmentation in reactions of 40,48Ca on 9Be and 181Ta targets using a Boltzmann-type transport approach, which is supplemented by a statistical decay code to describe the de-excitation of the hot primary fragments. We determine the thermodynamical properties of the primary fragments and calculate the isotope distributions of the cold final fragments. These describe the data reasonably well. For the pairs of projectiles with different isotopic content we analyze the isotopic scaling (or isoscaling) of the final fragment distributions, which has been used to extract the symmetry energy of the primary source. The calculation exhibits isoscaling behavior for the total yields as do the experiments. We also perform an impact-parameter-dependent isoscaling analysis in view of the fact that the primary systems at different impact parameters have very different properties. Then the isoscaling behavior is less stringent, which we can attribute to specific structure effects of the 40,48Ca pair. The symmetry energy determined in this way depends on these structure effects.

  10. Projectile fragmentation of 500 A MeV 56Fe in nuclear emulsion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Jun-Sheng; Zhang, Dong-Hai; Li, Hui-Ling; Yasuda, N.

    2013-07-01

    N-4 stacks of nuclear emulsion were exposed to 500 A MeV 56Fe ions at the HIMAC NIRS. Particle production was investigated in 56Fe-Em interactions. The multiplicity distribution of projectile fragments was done in this paper and compared with interactions induced by 56Fe and other heavy ions in nuclear emulsion at other energies. The variation of characteristics of the heavy ion interactions with the mass and energy of the projectile is studied.

  11. Projectile fragmentation of {sup 40,48}Ca and isotopic scaling in a transport approach

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mikhailova, T. I., E-mail: tmikh@jinr.ru; Erdemchimeg, B.; Artukh, A. G.

    2016-07-15

    We investigate theoretically projectile fragmentation in reactions of {sup 40,48}Ca on {sup 9}Be and {sup 181}Ta targets using a Boltzmann-type transport approach, which is supplemented by a statistical decay code to describe the de-excitation of the hot primary fragments. We determine the thermodynamical properties of the primary fragments and calculate the isotope distributions of the cold final fragments. These describe the data reasonably well. For the pairs of projectiles with different isotopic content we analyze the isotopic scaling (or isoscaling) of the final fragment distributions, which has been used to extract the symmetry energy of the primary source. The calculationmore » exhibits isoscaling behavior for the total yields as do the experiments. We also perform an impact-parameter-dependent isoscaling analysis in view of the fact that the primary systems at different impact parameters have very different properties. Then the isoscaling behavior is less stringent, which we can attribute to specific structure effects of the {sup 40,48}Ca pair. The symmetry energy determined in this way depends on these structure effects.« less

  12. Production of exotic nuclei in projectile fragmentation at relativistic and Fermi energies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ogul, R.; Ergun, A.; Buyukcizmeci, N.

    2017-02-01

    Isotopic distributions of projectile fragmentation in peripheral heavy ion collisions of 86Kr on 112Sn are calculated within the statistical multifragmentation model. Obtained data are compared to the experimental cross section measurements. We show the enhancement in the production of neutron-rich isotopes close to the projectile, observed in the experiments. Our results show the universality of the limitation of the excitation energy induced in the projectile residues.

  13. Yields of projectile fragments in sulphur-emulsion interactions at 3.7 A GeV

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kamel, S.; Osman, W.; Fayed, M.

    2017-05-01

    This work presents the basic characteristics of singly, doubly and heavily charged projectile fragments (PFs) emitted in inelastic interactions of 32S ions with photo-emulsion nuclei at Dubna energy (3.7 A GeV). Our experimental data are compared with the corresponding data for other projectiles at the same incident energy. The study of mean multiplicities of different charged PFs against the projectile mass shows a power-law relationship. The multiplicity distributions of singly and doubly charged PFs have been fitted well with a Gaussian distribution function. The yields of PFs broken up from the interactions of 32S projectile nuclei with different target nuclei are studied. The beam energy dependence in terms of the various order moments is studied as well.

  14. Determining the velocity required for skin perforation by fragment simulating projectiles: a systematic review.

    PubMed

    Breeze, John; Clasper, J C

    2013-12-01

    Explosively propelled fragments are the most common cause of injury to soldiers on current operations. Researchers desire models to predict their injurious effects so as to refine methods of potential protection. Well validated physical and numerical models based on the penetration of standardised fragment simulating projectiles (FSPs) through muscle exist but not for skin, thereby reducing the utility of such models. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology to identify all open source information quantifying the effects of postmortem human subject (PMHS) and animal skin on the retardation of metallic projectiles. Projectile sectional density (mass over presented cross-sectional area) was compared with the velocity required for skin perforation or penetration, with regard to skin origin (animal vs PMHS), projectile shape (sphere vs cylinder) and skin backing (isolated skin vs that backed by muscle). 17 original experimental studies were identified, predominantly using skin from the thigh. No statistical difference in the velocity required for skin perforation with regard to skin origin or projectile shape was found. A greater velocity was required to perforate intact skin on a whole limb than isolated skin alone (p<0.05). An empirical relationship describing the velocity required to perforate skin by metallic FSPs of a range of sectional densities was generated. Skin has a significant effect on the retardation of FSPs, necessitating its incorporation in future injury models. Perforation algorithms based on animal and PMHS skin can be used interchangeably as well as spheres and cylinders of matching sectional density. Future numerical simulations for skin perforation must match the velocity for penetration and also require experimental determination of mechanical skin properties, such as tensile strength, strain and elasticity at high strain rates.

  15. A reconsideration of the wounding mechanism of very high velocity projectiles--importance of projectile shape.

    PubMed

    Fackler, M L; Bellamy, R F; Malinowski, J A

    1988-01-01

    In 1976 a paper appeared which forecast "significant increases in velocities of projectiles from guns and fragments from warheads." It was postulated that the higher velocity projectiles would cause shallow wounds with wide tissue destruction on the surface--especially when striking velocity exceeded the speed of sound in tissue (about 1.5 km/sec). Other studies have not dealt with projectiles in this velocity range; the conclusions and assumptions stated in this 1976 paper have been quoted by others and accepted as fact. In a previous study, we shot blunt fragments into gelatin, but our findings did not support the proposed hypothesis that temporary cavity shape in tissue changes at velocities above the sonic speed. The temporary cavity becomes larger with increasing velocity but it does not become shallow unless the projectile fragments on impact. In the present study, we shot a series of blunt projectiles into animal tissue at velocities of 764 to 2,049 m/s. The stellate skin and muscle disruption splits from temporary cavity stretch we observed in this study are not apparent on entrance wounds from individual explosive device fragments in the living wounded. We suggest, therefore, that studies using blunt projectiles at striking velocities above 700 m/s are lacking in clinical relevance. We also compared wounds produced by pointed projectiles with those produced by blunt projectiles. The marked difference in wound morphology showed the fallacy of doing a study with blunt missiles and applying conclusions from that study to tissue disruption caused by all projectiles.

  16. Refrigeration and freezing of porcine tissue does not affect the retardation of fragment simulating projectiles.

    PubMed

    Breeze, J; Carr, D J; Mabbott, A; Beckett, S; Clasper, J C

    2015-05-01

    Explosively propelled fragments are the most common cause of injury to UK service personnel in modern conflicts. Numerical injury models to simulate such injuries utilise algorithms based upon gelatin and animal tissue testing but data is limited on many fragment simulating projectiles and these simulants cannot represent human anatomy. Testing with post mortem specimens may overcome this limitation but no information exists about how post mortem tissue changes and storage conditions in humans or animals may affect projectile penetration. Two chisel nosed cylinders (0.49 g and 1.10 g) and a 0.51 g (5 mm) sphere were fired into three groups of porcine tissue (fresh, refrigerated and frozen then refrigerated) and compared to 20% gelatin. Depth of projectile penetration was ascertained with the assistance of computed tomography and kinetic energy absorption by tissues measured using Doppler radar and high speed photography. No difference in depth of penetration was found between porcine tissue stored in the different manners compared with 20% gelatin by impact velocities less than 100 m/s. Insufficient numbers of projectiles were retained in tissue at higher velocities for statistical analysis to be undertaken. Energy absorbed per millimetre of tissue ranged between 0.42 and 0.98 J/mm for different porcine tissue despite differing storage. This pilot study would suggest that the effect of refrigerating or freezing porcine tissue followed by thawing has no effect on its ability to retard these projectiles. Further research is required to ascertain if these results occur at greater velocities and for other types of projectile. Crown Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  17. Feasibility of Isotope Harvesting at a Projectile Fragmentation Facility: 67Cu

    PubMed Central

    Mastren, Tara; Pen, Aranh; Peaslee, Graham F.; Wozniak, Nick; Loveless, Shaun; Essenmacher, Scott; Sobotka, Lee G.; Morrissey, David J.; Lapi, Suzanne E.

    2014-01-01

    The work presented here describes a proof-of-principle experiment for the chemical extraction of 67Cu from an aqueous beam stop at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL). A 76 MeV/A 67Cu beam was stopped in water, successfully isolated from the aqueous solution through a series of chemical separations involving a chelating disk and anion exchange chromatography, then bound to NOTA-conjugated Herceptin antibodies, and the bound activity was validated using instant thin-layer chromatography (ITLC). The chemical extraction efficiency was found to be 88 ± 3% and the radiochemical yield was ≥95%. These results show that extraction of radioisotopes from an aqueous projectile-fragment beam dump is a feasible method for obtaining radiochemically pure isotopes. PMID:25330839

  18. Ionization, evaporation and fragmentation of C60 in collisions with highly charged C, O and F ions—effect of projectile charge state.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kelkar, A. H.; Misra, D.; Tribedi, L. C.

    2007-09-01

    We study the various inelastic processes such ionization, fragmentation and evaporation of C60 molecule in collisions with fast heavy ions. We have used 2.33 MeV/u C, O and F projectile ion beams. Various ionization and fragmentation products were detected using time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The multiply charged C60r+ ions were detected for maximum r = 4. The projectile charge state (qp) dependence of the single and double ionization cross sections is well reproduced by a model based on the giant dipole plasmon resonance (GDPR). The qp-dependence of the fragmentation yields, was found to be linear. Variation of relative yields of the evaporation products of C602+ (i.e. C582+, C562+ etc) and C603+ (i.e. C583+, C563+ etc) with qp has also been investigated for various projectiles.

  19. Half-life measurements of isomeric states populated in projectile fragmentation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bowry, M.; Podolyák, Zs.; Kurcewicz, J.; Pietri, S.; Bunce, M.; Regan, P. H.; Farinon, F.; Geissel, H.; Nociforo, C.; Prochazka, A.; Weick, H.; Allegro, P.; Benlliure, J.; Benzoni, G.; Boutachkov, P.; Gerl, J.; Gorska, M.; Gottardo, A.; Gregor, N.; Janik, R.; Knöbel, R.; Kojouharov, I.; Kubo, T.; Litvinov, Y. A.; Merchan, E.; Mukha, I.; Naqvi, F.; Pfeiffer, B.; Pfützner, M.; Plaß, W.; Pomorski, M.; Riese, B.; Ricciardi, M. V.; Schmidt, K.-H.; Schaffner, H.; Kurz, N.; Denis Bacelar, A. M.; Bruce, A. M.; Farrelly, G. F.; Alkhomashi, N.; Al-Dahan, N.; Scheidenberger, C.; Sitar, B.; Spiller, P.; Stadlmann, J.; Strmen, P.; Sun, B.; Takeda, H.; Tanihata, I.; Terashima, S.; Valiente Dobon, J. J.; Winfield, J. S.; Wollersheim, H.-J.; Woods, P. J.

    2012-10-01

    The half-lives of excited isomeric states observed in 195Au, 201Tl and 215Rn are reported for the first time. Delayed γ-rays were correlated with nuclei produced in the projectile fragmentation of relativistic 238U ions, unambiguously identified in terms of their atomic number (Z) and mass-to-charge ratio (A/Q) after traversing an in-flight separator. The observation of a long-lived isomeric state in 195Au with t1/2 = 16-4+8 μs is presented. Two shorter-lived isomeric states were detected in 201Tl and 215Rn with t1/2 = 95-21+39 and 57-12+21 ns respectively. In total 24 isomeric states were identified in different nuclei from Pt to Rn (A ˜ 200) during the current study, the majority of which were previously reported. The wealth of spectroscopic data provides the opportunity to determine the isomeric ratios over a wide range of Z, A and angular momentum (I ħ) of the reaction products. In particular, high-spin states with I ≳ 18 ħ provide a robust test of theoretical models of fragmentation.

  20. Energy distributions of H{sup +} fragments ejected by fast proton and electron projectiles in collision with H{sub 2}O molecules

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Barros, A. L. F. de; Lecointre, J.; Luna, H.

    Experimental measurements of the kinetic energy distribution spectra of H{sup +} fragment ions released during radiolysis of water molecules in collision with 20, 50, and 100 keV proton projectiles and 35, 200, 400, and 1000 eV electron projectiles are reported using a pulsed beam and drift tube time-of-flight based velocity measuring technique. The spectra show that H{sup +} fragments carrying a substantial amount of energy are released, some having energies well in excess of 20 eV. The majority of the ions lie within the 0-5 eV energy range with the proton spectra showing an almost constant profile between 1.5 andmore » 5 eV and, below this, increasing gradually with decreasing ejection energy up to the near zero energy value while the electron spectra, in contrast, show a broad maximum between 1 and 3 eV and a pronounced dip around 0.25 eV. Beyond 5 eV, both projectile spectra show a decreasing profile with the electron spectra decreasing far more rapidly than the proton spectra. Our measured spectra thus indicate that major differences are present in the collision dynamics between the proton and the electron projectiles interacting with gas phase water molecules.« less

  1. Determination of Impact Parameters in Aligned Breakup of Projectile-like Fragments in $$^{197}$$Au + $$^{197}$$Au Collisions at 23$A$MeV

    DOE PAGES

    Cap, T.; Siwek-Wilczyńska, K.; Wilczynski, J.; ...

    2016-03-01

    Symmetric and asymmetric aligned breakup of projectile-like fragments inmore » $$^{197}$$Au + $$^{197}$$Au collisions at 23$A$,MeV was studied. Independently of the asymmetry, the reaction yields have been found peaked at a common, very narrow range of impact parameters.« less

  2. Multi-factor Analysis of Pre-control Fracture Simulations about Projectile Material

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wan, Ren-Yi; Zhou, Wei

    2016-05-01

    The study of projectile material pre-control fracture is helpful to improve the projectile metal effective fragmentation and the material utilization rate. Fragments muzzle velocity and lethality can be affected by the different explosive charge and the way of initiation. The finite element software can simulate the process of projectile explosive rupture which has a pre-groove in the projectile shell surface and analysis of typical node velocity change with time, to provides a reference for the design and optimization of precontrol frag.

  3. Evaluating simulant materials for understanding cranial backspatter from a ballistic projectile.

    PubMed

    Das, Raj; Collins, Alistair; Verma, Anurag; Fernandez, Justin; Taylor, Michael

    2015-05-01

    In cranial wounds resulting from a gunshot, the study of backspatter patterns can provide information about the actual incidents by linking material to surrounding objects. This study investigates the physics of backspatter from a high-speed projectile impact and evaluates a range of simulant materials using impact tests. Next, we evaluate a mesh-free method called smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) to model the splashing mechanism during backspatter. The study has shown that a projectile impact causes fragmentation at the impact site, while transferring momentum to fragmented particles. The particles travel along the path of least resistance, leading to partial material movement in the reverse direction of the projectile motion causing backspatter. Medium-density fiberboard is a better simulant for a human skull than polycarbonate, and lorica leather is a better simulant for a human skin than natural rubber. SPH is an effective numerical method for modeling the high-speed impact fracture and fragmentations. © 2015 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

  4. Improvement of cationic albumin conjugated pegylated nanoparticles holding NC-1900, a vasopressin fragment analog, in memory deficits induced by scopolamine in mice.

    PubMed

    Xie, Yue-Ling; Lu, Wei; Jiang, Xin-Guo

    2006-10-02

    NC-1900, an active fragment analog of arginine vasopressin [arginine vasopressin-(4-9)], has proved to be capable of improving the spatial memory deficits and the impairments in passive avoidance test. In this study, a novel drug carrier for brain delivery, cationic bovine serum albumin conjugated pegylated nanoparticles (CBSA-NPs) holding NC-1900, was developed and its improvement on scopolamine-induced memory deficits was investigated in mice using the platform-jumping avoidance test. CBSA-NPs loaded with NC-1900 in spherical shape and uniform size below 100 nm were prepared by the double emulsion/solvent evaporation procedure, and the zeta potential of CBSA-NPs was about -8mV with the loading capacity of NC-1900 around 0.46%. The in vitro study showed that approximately 10% NC-1900 was released from CBSA-NPs in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) during 56 h incubation with about 15% NC-1900 released in pH 4.0 PBS during 7 days, indicating the sustained release of this carrier. Furthermore, the half-life of NC-1900 loaded in CBSA-NPs in plasma was about 78 h, which was 4-fold longer than that of free NC-1900 (19 h). The active avoidance behavioral results showed that the s.c. administration of NC-1900 tended to improve memory deficits, but the difference did not present any statistical significance, whereas this peptide failed to produce any positive effects by i.v. administration. However, the i.v. injection of CBSA-NPs loaded with NC-1900 greatly improved memory impairments to a normal level, but the efficacy was slight if the loaded nanoparticles (NPs) were exclusive of the conjugation of CBSA, indicating that CBSA-NP was a promising brain delivery carrier for NC-1900 with CBSA as a potent brain targetor. It was concluded that CBSA-NP loaded with NC-1900 was potentially efficacious in the treatment of memory deficits via i.v. administration.

  5. Forensic and clinical issues in the use of frangible projectile.

    PubMed

    Komenda, Jan; Hejna, Petr; Rydlo, Martin; Novák, Miroslav; Krajsa, Jan; Racek, František; Rejtar, Pavel; Jedlička, Luděk

    2013-08-01

    Frangible projectiles for firearms, which break apart on impact, are mainly used by law enforcement agencies for training purposes, but can also be used for police interventions. Apart from the usual absence of lead in the projectiles, the main advantage of using frangible projectiles is the reduced risk of ricochet after impact with a hard target. This article describes the design and function of frangible projectiles, and describes gunshot wounds caused by ultra-frangible projectiles which fragment after penetration of soft tissues. Shooting experiments performed by the authors confirmed that differences in the geometry and technology of frangible projectiles can significantly modify their wounding effects. Some frangible projectiles have minimal wounding effects because they remain compact after penetration of soft tissues, comparable to standard fully jacketed projectiles. However, a number of ultra-frangible projectiles disintegrate into very small fragments after impact with a soft tissue substitute. In shooting experiments, we found that the terminal behavior of selected ultra-frangible projectiles was similar in a block of ballistic gel and the soft tissues of the hind leg of a pig, except that the degree of disintegration was less in the gel. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.

  6. Protective ability of the standard U.S. Military Personal Armor System, Ground Troops (PASGT) fragmentation vest against common small arms projectiles.

    PubMed

    Roberts, G K; Bullian, M E

    1993-08-01

    This study analyzes the ballistic protection provided by the standard U.S. Military Personal Armor System, Ground Troops fragmentation vest against threats from handgun and shotgun projectiles. Damage assessment was conducted using 10% ordnance gelatin, a tissue simulant which has been proven to have a close correlation with living tissue. The standard fragmentation vest was shown to provide protection from commonly encountered handgun bullets and shotgun pellets, but not from shotgun slugs or center-fire rifle bullets.

  7. Target-projectile interaction during impact melting at Kamil Crater, Egypt

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fazio, Agnese; D'Orazio, Massimo; Cordier, Carole; Folco, Luigi

    2016-05-01

    In small meteorite impacts, the projectile may survive through fragmentation; in addition, it may melt, and chemically and physically interact with both shocked and melted target rocks. However, the mixing/mingling between projectile and target melts is a process still not completely understood. Kamil Crater (45 m in diameter; Egypt), generated by the hypervelocity impact of the Gebel Kamil Ni-rich ataxite on sandstone target, allows to study the target-projectile interaction in a simple and fresh geological setting. We conducted a petrographic and geochemical study of macroscopic impact melt lapilli and bombs ejected from the crater, which were collected during our geophysical campaign in February 2010. Two types of glasses constitute the impact melt lapilli and bombs: a white glass and a dark glass. The white glass is mostly made of SiO2 and it is devoid of inclusions. Its negligible Ni and Co contents suggest derivation from the target rocks without interaction with the projectile (<0.1 wt% of projectile contamination). The dark glass is a silicate melt with variable contents of Al2O3 (0.84-18.7 wt%), FeOT (1.83-61.5 wt%), and NiO (<0.01-10.2 wt%). The dark glass typically includes fragments (from few μm to several mm in size) of shocked sandstone, diaplectic glass, lechatelierite, and Ni-Fe metal blebs. The metal blebs are enriched in Ni compared to the Gebel Kamil meteorite. The dark glass is thus a mixture of target and projectile melts (11-12 wt% of projectile contamination). Based on recently proposed models for target-projectile interaction and for impact glass formation, we suggest a scenario for the glass formation at Kamil. During the transition from the contact and compression stage and the excavation stage, projectile and target liquids formed at their interface and chemically interact in a restricted zone. Projectile contamination affected only a shallow portion of the target rocks. The SiO2 melt that eventually solidified as white glass behaved as

  8. Deformation and Fracture Behavior of Steel Projectiles Impact AD95 Ceramic Targets-Experimental Investigation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wei, Gang; Zhang, Wei

    2013-06-01

    The deformation and fracture behavior of steel projectile impacting ceramic target is an interesting investigation topic. The deformation and failure behavior of projectile and target was investigated experimentally in the normal impact by different velocities. Lab-scale ballistic tests of AD95 ceramic targets with 20 mm thickness against two different hardness 38CrSi steel projectiles with 7.62 mm diameter have been conducted at a range of velocities from 100 to 1000 m/s. Experimental results show that, with the impact velocity increasing, for the soft projectiles, the deformation and fracture modes were mushrooming, shear cracking, petalling and fragmentation(with large fragments and less number), respectively; for the hard projectiles there are three deformation and fracture modes: mushrooming, shearing cracking and fragmentation(with small fragments and large number). All projectiles were rebound after impact. But, with the velocity change, the target failure modes have changed. At low velocity, only radial cracks were found; then circumferential cracks appeared with the increasing velocity; the ceramic cone occurred when the velocity reached 400 m/s above, and manifested in two forms: front surface intact at lower velocity and perforated at higher velocity. The higher velocity, the fragment size is smaller and more uniform distribution. The difference of ceramic target damage is not obvious after impacted by two kinds of projectiles with different hardness at the same velocity. National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.: 11072072).

  9. In-flight dynamics of volcanic ballistic projectiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Taddeucci, J.; Alatorre-Ibargüengoitia, M. A.; Cruz-Vázquez, O.; Del Bello, E.; Scarlato, P.; Ricci, T.

    2017-09-01

    Centimeter to meter-sized volcanic ballistic projectiles from explosive eruptions jeopardize people and properties kilometers from the volcano, but they also provide information about the past eruptions. Traditionally, projectile trajectory is modeled using simplified ballistic theory, accounting for gravity and drag forces only and assuming simply shaped projectiles free moving through air. Recently, collisions between projectiles and interactions with plumes are starting to be considered. Besides theory, experimental studies and field mapping have so far dominated volcanic projectile research, with only limited observations. High-speed, high-definition imaging now offers a new spatial and temporal scale of observation that we use to illuminate projectile dynamics. In-flight collisions commonly affect the size, shape, trajectory, and rotation of projectiles according to both projectile nature (ductile bomb versus brittle block) and the location and timing of collisions. These, in turn, are controlled by ejection pulses occurring at the vent. In-flight tearing and fragmentation characterize large bombs, which often break on landing, both factors concurring to decrease the average grain size of the resulting deposits. Complex rotation and spinning are ubiquitous features of projectiles, and the related Magnus effect may deviate projectile trajectory by tens of degrees. A new relationship is derived, linking projectile velocity and size with the size of the resulting impact crater. Finally, apparent drag coefficient values, obtained for selected projectiles, mostly range from 1 to 7, higher than expected, reflecting complex projectile dynamics. These new perspectives will impact projectile hazard mitigation and the interpretation of projectile deposits from past eruptions, both on Earth and on other planets.

  10. Water radiolysis by low-energy carbon projectiles from first-principles molecular dynamics

    PubMed Central

    Kohanoff, Jorge

    2017-01-01

    Water radiolysis by low-energy carbon projectiles is studied by first-principles molecular dynamics. Carbon projectiles of kinetic energies between 175 eV and 2.8 keV are shot across liquid water. Apart from translational, rotational and vibrational excitation, they produce water dissociation. The most abundant products are H and OH fragments. We find that the maximum spatial production of radiolysis products, not only occurs at low velocities, but also well below the maximum of energy deposition, reaching one H every 5 Å at the lowest speed studied (1 Bohr/fs), dissociative collisions being more significant at low velocity while the amount of energy required to dissociate water is constant and much smaller than the projectile’s energy. A substantial fraction of the energy transferred to fragments, especially for high velocity projectiles, is in the form of kinetic energy, such fragments becoming secondary projectiles themselves. High velocity projectiles give rise to well-defined binary collisions, which should be amenable to binary approximations. This is not the case for lower velocities, where multiple collision events are observed. H secondary projectiles tend to move as radicals at high velocity, as cations when slower. We observe the generation of new species such as hydrogen peroxide and formic acid. The former occurs when an O radical created in the collision process attacks a water molecule at the O site. The latter when the C projectile is completely stopped and reacts with two water molecules. PMID:28267804

  11. Universal odd-even staggering in isotopic fragmentation and spallation cross sections of neutron-rich fragments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mei, B.; Tu, X. L.; Wang, M.

    2018-04-01

    An evident odd-even staggering (OES) in fragment cross sections has been experimentally observed in many fragmentation and spallation reactions. However, quantitative comparisons of this OES effect in different reaction systems are still scarce for neutron-rich nuclei near the neutron drip line. By employing a third-order difference formula, the magnitudes of this OES in extensive experimental cross sections are systematically investigated for many neutron-rich nuclei with (N -Z ) from 1 to 23 over a broad range of atomic numbers (Z ≈3 -50 ). A comparison of these magnitude values extracted from fragment cross sections measured in different fragmentation and spallation reactions with a large variety of projectile-target combinations over a wide energy range reveals that the OES magnitude is almost independent of the projectile-target combinations and the projectile energy. The weighted average of these OES magnitudes derived from cross sections accurately measured in different reaction systems is adopted as the evaluation value of the OES magnitude. These evaluated OES magnitudes are recommended to be used in fragmentation and spallation models to improve their predictions for fragment cross sections.

  12. Interactions of relativistic neon to nickel projectiles in hydrogen, elemental production cross sections

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Knott, C. N.; Albergo, S.; Caccia, Z.; Chen, C.-X.; Costa, S.; Crawford, H. J.; Cronqvist, M.; Engelage, J.; Ferrando, P.; Fonte, R.; Greiner, L.; Guzik, T. G.; Insolia, A.; Jones, F. C.; Lindstrom, P. J.; Mitchell, J. W.; Potenza, R.; Romanski, J.; Russo, G. V.; Soutoul, A.; Testard, O.; Tull, C. E.; Tuvé, C.; Waddington, C. J.; Webber, W. R.; Wefel, J. P.

    1996-01-01

    This paper reports the elemental production cross sections for 17 projectile-energy combinations with energies between 338 and 894 MeV/nucleon interacting in a liquid hydrogen target. These results were obtained from two runs at the LBL Bevalac using projectiles ranging from 22Ne to 58Ni. Cross sections were measured for all fragment elements with charges greater than or equal to half the charge of the projectile. The results show that, over the energy and ion range investigated, the general decrease in cross section with decreasing fragment charge is strongly modified by the isospin of the projectile ion. Significant additional modifications of the cross sections due to the internal structure of the nucleus have also been seen. These include both pairing and shell effects. Differences in the cross sections due to the differing energies of the projectile are also considerable.

  13. Impact fragmentation of polyurethane and polypropylene cylinder

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kishimura, Hiroaki; Noguchi, Daisuke; Preechasupanya, Worrayut; Matsumoto, Hitoshi

    2013-11-01

    The impact fragmentation of a bulk polyurethane elastomer (PU) and polypropylene (PP) cylinder have been investigated using a Cu plate projectile launched by a propellant gun at a velocity of 0.53-1.4 km/s. A projectile drills into a PU sample and forms a cavity in the sample. A small number of tiny fragments are formed. When the projectile smashes in at 1.4 km/s, the PU cylinder bursts and PU fragments form. On the other hand, a brittle fracture occurs on the PP cylinder. The mass of fragments from the PU sample generated at a lower impact velocity is distributed in the lognormal form, whereas the mass of fragments from the PU sample generated by a 1.4 km/s impact follows a power-law distribution. The fragment mass distribution of the PP sample generated at a lower impact velocity obeys the power-law form, whereas that generated at a higher impact velocity follows the lognormal form.

  14. Target effects in isobaric yield ratio differences between projectile fragmentation reactions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ma, Chun-Wang; Zhang, Yan-Li; Qiao, Chun-Yuan; Wang, Shan-Shan

    2015-01-01

    Background: The isobaric yield ratio difference (IBD) between reactions is know to be sensitive to the density difference between projectiles in heavy-ion collisions around the Fermi energy. Purpose: The target effects in the isobaric yield ratio (IYR) and the IBD results have been studied. Methods: The amount of isotopes in the 140 A MeV 48 ,40Ca +181Ta /9Be and 58 ,64Ni +181Ta /9Be reactions have been previously measured with high accuracy. The IYR and IBD results have been obtained from these reactions to study the effects of the light 9Be and heavy 181Ta targets. A ratio (rΔ μ) between the IBD results for the reactions with Ta and Be targets is defined to quantitatively show the target dependence of the IBD results. Results The IYRs for reactions with symmetric projectiles are more easily affected than those for reactions with neutron-rich projectiles. The IBD results are suppressed by using the 181Ta target to different degrees. Conclusions: The IYR and IBD results are influenced by the target used. The IBD for the I =1 isobaric chain is suggested as a probe to study the difference between the neutron and proton densities of the reaction systems.

  15. Projectile stopping system

    DOEpatents

    Karr, T.J.; Pittenger, L.C.

    1996-11-26

    A projectile interceptor launches a projectile catcher into the path of a projectile. In one embodiment, signals indicative of the path of a projectile are received by the projectile interceptor. A flinger mechanism has a projectile catcher releasably attached thereto, such that the projectile catcher can be released and launched from the flinger mechanism. A controller connected to the flinger mechanism uses the signals indicative of the path of the projectile to determine the launch parameters of the projectile catcher. The controller directs the flinger mechanism to release the projectile catcher such that the projectile catcher is launched into the path of the projectile and intercepts the projectile. 13 figs.

  16. Wound ballistics of injuries caused by handguns with different types of projectiles.

    PubMed

    von See, Constantin; Stuehmer, Alexander; Gellrich, Nils-Claudius; Blum, Katrin S; Bormann, Kai-Hendrik; Rücker, Martin

    2009-07-01

    There are considerable differences in the shape and composition of military and civilian projectiles. Five different projectiles with the same kinetic energy were fired into the heads of freshly sacrificed pigs (n=30) through the submental region in the occipital direction. Computed tomography (CT) and 3D face scans of the animal skulls were obtained before and after firing. The image data sets were fused and provided the basis for a quantitative analysis of destruction patterns. As a result of the destruction of the parietal bone at the potential exit site, there were significant volume difference between the Action 4 (6.45 +/- 3.42 ml) and the Hydra-Shok projectile (12.71 +/- 2.86 ml). The partial metal-jacketed projectile showed a minor increase in volume (4.89 +/- 1.47 ml) and a partial loss of soft projectile components. Radiology showed differences between the various projectiles in fragmentation and bone and soft-tissue destruction. Although the projectiles had the same kinetic energy, there were considerable differences in injury patterns between full metal-jacketed projectiles, which are the only projectiles permitted for military use under the Geneva Conventions, and the other investigated projectiles. These injuries present a major medical challenge to both first responders and surgeons.

  17. Parasitic production of slow RI-beam from a projectile fragment separator by ion guide Laser Ion Source (PALIS)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sonoda, Tetsu

    2009-10-01

    The projectile fragment separator BigRIPS of RIBF at RIKEN provides a wide variety of short-lived radioactive isotope (RI) ions without restrictions on their lifetime or chemical properties. A universal slow RI-beam facility (SLOWRI) to decelerate the beams from BigRIPS using an RF-carpet ion guide has been proposed as a principal facility of RIBF. However, beam time at such a modern accelerator facility is always limited and operational costs are high. We therefore propose an additional scheme as a complementary option to SLOWRI to drastically enhance the usability of such an expensive facility. In BigRIPS, a single primary beam produces thousands of isotopes but only one isotope is used for an experiment while the other >99.99% of isotopes are simply dumped in the slits or elsewhere in the fragment separator. We plan to locate a compact gas cell with 1 bar Ar at the slits. The thermalized ions in the cell will be quickly neutralized and transported to the exit by gas flow and resonantly re-ionized by lasers. Such low energy RI-beams will always be provided without any restriction to the main experiment. It will allow us to run parasitic experiments for precision atomic or decay spectroscopy, mass measurements. Furthermore, the resonance ionization in the cell itself can be used for high-sensitive laser spectroscopy, which will expand our knowledge of the ground state property of unstable nuclei.

  18. A ballistic performance study on multiphase particulate systems impacted by various projectiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Comtois-Arnaldo, Christian; Petel, Oren

    2017-06-01

    The present study investigates the complex multiscale dynamic response of particulate composites, in an effort to link the bulk material behavior to strain-rate activated microstructures. These investigations involve multiphase systems containing micron-sized ceramic particles integrated into a siloxane elastomer to create flexible nanocomposites with varying inclusion properties. In particular, the effects of varying particle morphology, strength, volume fraction, and density are under investigation. The experimental focus of the study concerns the ballistic penetration of the nanocomposite targets. The targets are impacted by fragment simulating steel projectiles of constant mass and varying nose shapes (i.e., flat, ogive, and chisel-nose) to identify variations in the penetration mechanics. The projectiles are accelerated in a single-stage gas gun to velocities ranging from 200 m/s to 900 m/s prior to impact. The results for each projectile type are compared to analytical penetration models in order to shed light on the dominant penetration mechanisms and their relationship to the microstructure of the nanocomposites.

  19. Desorption Induced by KEV Molecular and Cluster Projectiles.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Blain, Matthew Glenn

    1990-01-01

    A new experimental method has been developed for studying negative secondary ion (SI) emission from solid surfaces bombarded by polyatomic primary ions of 5 to 30 keV. The method is based on the time-of-flight (TOF) analysis of primary ions which are produced by either ^ {252}Cf fission fragment induced desorption or by extraction from a liquid metal ion source, and then accelerated into a field free region. The primary ions included organic monomer, dimer, and fragment ions of coronene and phenylalanine, (CsI)_ nCs ^{+} cluster ions, and Au _sp{n}{+} cluster ions. Secondary electrons, emitted from a target surface upon primary ion impact, are used to identify which primary ion has hit the surface. An event-by-event coincidence counting technique allows several secondary ion TOF spectra, correlated to several different primary ions, to be acquired simultaneously. Negative SI yields from organic (phenylalanine and dinitrostilbene), CsI, and Au surfaces have been measured for a number of different mono- and polyatomic primary ions. The results show, for example, yields ranging from 1 to 10% for phenylalanine (M-H) ^{ -}, 1 to 10% for I^{-} , and 1 to 5% for Au^{-} , with Cs_2I^ {+} and Cs_3I _sp{2}{+} clusters as projectiles. Yields for the same surfaces using Cs ^{+} primary ions are much less than 1%, indicating that SI yields are enhanced with clusters. A yield enhancement occurs when the SI yield per atom of a polyatomic projectile is greater than the SI yield of its monoatomic equivalent, at the same velocity. Thus, a (M-H) ^{-} yield increase of a factor of 50, when phenylalanine is bombarded with Cs_3I_sp{2} {+} instead of Cs^{+ }, represents a yield enhancement factor of 10. For the projectiles and samples studied, it was observed that the heavier the mass of the constituents of a projectile, the larger the enhancement effects, and that the largest yield enhancements (with CsI and Au _ n projectiles) occur for the organic target, phenylalanine. One possible

  20. Feasibility of Isotope Harvesting at a Projectile Fragmentation Facility: 67Cu

    DOE PAGES

    Mastren, Tara; Pen, Aranh; Peaslee, Graham F.; ...

    2014-10-21

    The work presented here describes a proof-of-principle experiment for the chemical extraction of 67Cu from an aqueous beam stop at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL). A 76 MeV/A 67Cu beam was stopped in water, successfully isolated from the aqueous solution through a series of chemical separations involving a chelating disk and anion exchange chromatography, then bound to NOTA-conjugated Herceptin antibodies, and the bound activity was validated using instant thin-layer chromatography (ITLC). The chemical extraction efficiency was found to be 88 ± 3% and the radiochemical yield was ≥95%. These results show that extraction of radioisotopes from an aqueous projectile-fragmentmore » beam dump is a feasible method for obtaining radiochemically pure isotopes.« less

  1. Aerodynamic flail for a spinning projectile

    DOEpatents

    Cole, James K.

    1990-05-01

    A flail is provided which reduces the spin of a projectile in a recovery system which includes a parachute, a cable connected to the parachute, a swivel, and means for connecting the swivel to the projectile. The flail includes a plurality of flexible filaments and a rotor for attaching the filaments to the front end of the projectile. The rotor is located radially with respect to the spinning axis of the projectile. In one embodiment, the projectile includes a first nose cone section housing a deployable spin damping assembly; a second nose cone section, housing a deployable parachute assembly; a shell section, supporting the first and second nose cone sections during flight of the projectile; a mechanism for releasing the first nose cone section from the second cone section; and a mechanism for releasing the second nose cone section from the shell section. In operation of this embodiment, the deployable spin damping assembly deploys during flight of the projectile when the mechanism for releasing the first nose cone section from the second nose cone section are actuated. Then, upon actuation of the mechanism for releasing the second nose cone section from the shell section, two things happen: the spin damping assembly separates from the projectile; and the deployable parachute assembly is deployed.

  2. Aerodynamic flail for a spinning projectile

    DOEpatents

    Cole, James K.

    1990-01-01

    A flail is provided which reduces the spin of a projectile in a recovery system which includes a parachute, a cable connected to the parachute, a swivel, and means for connecting the swivel to the projectile. The flail includes a plurality of flexible filaments and a rotor for attaching the filaments to the front end of the projectile. The rotor is located radially with respect to the spinning axis of the projectile. In one embodiment, the projectile includes a first nose cone section housing a deployable spin damping assembly; a second nose cone section, housing a deployable parachute assembly; a shell section, supporting the first and second nose cone sections during flight of the projectile; a mechanism for releasing the first nose cone section from the second cone section; and a mechanism for releasing the second nose cone section from the shell section. In operation of this embodiment, the deployable spin damping assembly deploys during flight of the projectile when the mechanism for releasing the first nose cone section from the second nose cone section are actuated. Then, upon actuation of the mechanism for releasing the second nose cone section from the shell section, two things happen: the spin damping assembly separates from the projectile; and the deployable parachute assembly is deployed.

  3. Human body projectiles implantation in victims of suicide bombings and implications for health and emergency care providers: the 7/7 experience.

    PubMed

    Patel, H D L; Dryden, S; Gupta, A; Stewart, N

    2012-07-01

    On 7 July 2005 four suicide bombings occurred on the London transport systems. In some of the injured survivors, bone fragments were embedded as biological foreign bodies. The aim of this study was to revisit those individuals who had sustained human projectile implantation injuries as a result of the bomb blasts at all scenes, review the process of body parts mapping and DNA identification at the scene, detail the management of such injuries and highlight the protocols that have been put in place for protection against blood borne pathogens. We retrospectively reviewed 12 instances of victims who sustained human body projectile implantation injuries. The Metropolitan Police and forensic scientists identified the human projectiles using DNA profiling and mapped these on the involved carriages and those found outside. All human projectiles included were greater than 3 cm(2). Twelve cases had human projectile implantation injuries. Of these, two died at the scene and ten were treated in hospital. Projectiles were mapped at three of the four bomb blast sites. Our findings show that victims within a 2m radius of the blast had human projectile injuries. Eight of the allogenic bony fragments that were identified in the survivors originated from the suicide bomber. All victims with an open wound should have prophylaxis against hepatitis B and serum stored for appropriate action against HIV and hepatitis C infection. All victims following a suicide bombing should be assumed to have human body projectile implantation injuries with blood products or bony fragments. All immediate care providers should receive prophylaxis against hepatitis B virus and appropriate action should be taken against HIV and hepatitis C infection.

  4. Gun Testing Ballistics Issues for Insensitive Munitions Fragment Impact Testing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baker, Ernest; Schultz, Emmanuel; NATO Munitions Safety Information Analysis Centre Team

    2017-06-01

    The STANAG 4496 Ed. 1 Fragment Impact, Munitions Test Procedure is normally conducted by gun launching a projectile for attack against a munition. The purpose of this test is to assess the reaction of a munition impacted by a fragment. The test specifies a standardized projectile (fragment) with a standard test velocity of 2530+/-90 m/s, or an alternate test velocity of 1830+/-60 m/s. The standard test velocity can be challenging to achieve and has several loosely defined and undefined characteristics that can affect the test item response. This publication documents the results of an international review of the STANAG 4496 related to the fragment impact test. To perform the review, MSIAC created a questionnaire in conjunction with the custodian of this STANAG and sent it to test centers. Fragment velocity variation, projectile tilt upon impact and aim point variation were identified as observed gun testing issues. Achieving 2530 m/s consistently and cost effectively can be challenging. The aim point of impact of the fragment is chosen with the objective of obtaining the most violent reaction. No tolerance for aim point is specified, although aim point variation can be a source for IM response variation. Fragment tilt on impact is also unspecified. The standard fragment fabricated from a variety of different steels which have a significant margin for mechanical properties. These, as well as other gun testing issues, have significant implications to resulting IM response.

  5. 77 FR 2439 - Airworthiness Directives; Hawker Beechcraft Corporation Models 1900, 1900C, and 1900D Airplanes

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-18

    ... down position (control column forward), the link must form an angle between the link attachment point... Airworthiness Directives; Hawker Beechcraft Corporation Models 1900, 1900C, and 1900D Airplanes AGENCY: Federal... new airworthiness directive (AD) for certain Hawker Beechcraft Corporation Models 1900, 1900C, and...

  6. High-Velocity Impact Fragmentation of Projectiles Experimental Results

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-10-01

    Program (JIMTP) Tube -Launched, Optically Tracked, Wire-Guided (TOW) 2B Insensitive Munitions (IM) Warhead effort. The referenced experiments were...conducted to determine the velocity reduction and fragmentation profile of barrier materials subjected to impact by the IM Fragment Impact (FI) test...9 LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 1. Single Material Test Matrix

  7. Decay analysis of compound nuclei with masses A ≈30 - 200 formed in reactions involving loosely bound projectiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kaur, Mandeep; Singh, BirBikram; Sharma, Manoj K.; Gupta, Raj K.

    2015-08-01

    The dynamics of compound nuclei formed in the reactions using loosely bound projectiles are analyzed within the framework of the dynamical cluster-decay model (DCM) of Gupta and Collaborators. We have considered the reactions with neutron-rich and neutron-deficient projectiles, respectively, as 7Li , 9Be , and 7Be , on various targets at three different Elab energies, forming compound nuclei in the mass region A ˜30 - 200. For these reactions, the contributions of light-particle (LP, A ≤4 ) cross sections σLP, energetically favored intermediate-mass-fragment (IMF, 5 ≤A2≤20 ) cross sections σIMF, as well as the fusion-fission ff cross sections σff constitute the σfus(=σLP+σIMF+σff ), i.e., the contributions of the emitted LPs, IMFs, and ff fragments are added for all the angular momenta up to the ℓmax value for the respective reactions. Interestingly, we find that the empirically fitted neck-length parameter Δ Remp , the only parameter of the DCM, is uniquely fixed to address σfus for all the reactions having the same loosely bound projectile at a chosen incident laboratory energy. It may be noted that, in DCM, the dynamical collective mass motion of preformed LPs, IMFs, and ff fragments or clusters, through the modified interaction potential barrier, are treated on parallel footing. The modification of the barrier is due to nonzero Δ Remp , and the values of corresponding modified interaction-barrier heights Δ VBemp for such reactions are almost of the same order, specifically at the respective ℓmax value.

  8. Fission fragment yields from heavy-ion-induced reactions measured with a fragment separator

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tarasov, O. B.; Delaune, O.; Farget, F.; Morrissey, D. J.; Amthor, A. M.; Bastin, B.; Bazin, D.; Blank, B.; Cacéres, L.; Chbihi, A.; Fernández-Dominguez, B.; Grévy, S.; Kamalou, O.; Lukyanov, S. M.; Mittig, W.; Pereira, J.; Perrot, L.; Saint-Laurent, M.-G.; Savajols, H.; Sherrill, B. M.; Stodel, C.; Thomas, J. C.; Villari, A. C.

    2018-04-01

    The systematic study of fission fragment yields under different initial conditions has provided valuable experimental data for benchmarking models of fission product yields. Nuclear reactions using inverse kinematics coupled to the use of a high-resolution spectrometer with good fragment identification are shown here to be a powerful tool to measure the inclusive isotopic yields of fission fragments. In-flight fusion-fission was used in this work to produce secondary beams of neutron-rich isotopes in the collisions of a 238U beam at 24 MeV/u with 9Be and 12C targets at GANIL using the LISE3 fragment separator. Unique identification of the A, Z, and atomic charge state, q, of fission products was attained with the Δ E- TKE-B ρ- ToF measurement technique. Mass, and atomic number distributions are reported for the two reactions. The results show the importance of different reaction mechanisms in the two cases. The optimal target material for higher yields of neutron-rich high- Z isotopes produced in fusion-fission reactions as a function of projectile energy is discussed.

  9. A Meteorite Fragment Trapped Between Positive and Negative Shatter Cones in a Limestone Block Stored at the Meteorkrater-Museum Steinheim, Germany

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Buchner, E.; Hoelzel, M.; Schmieder, M.; Rasser, M.; Fietzke, J.; Frische, M.; Kutterolf, S.

    2017-07-01

    A metallic fragment on a shatter cone surface of a shattered limestone block is composed of Fe, Ni, and Co. Kamacite, taenite, troilite, and schreibersite were identified. These findings suggest this fragment is a piece of the Steinheim projectile.

  10. Spatial fragment distribution from a therapeutic pencil-like carbon beam in water.

    PubMed

    Matsufuji, Naruhiro; Komori, Masataka; Sasaki, Hitomi; Akiu, Kengo; Ogawa, Masako; Fukumura, Akifumi; Urakabe, Eriko; Inaniwa, Taku; Nishio, Teiji; Kohno, Toshiyuki; Kanai, Tatsuaki

    2005-07-21

    The latest heavy ion therapy tends to require information about the spatial distribution of the quality of radiation in a patient's body in order to make the best use of any potential advantage of swift heavy ions for the therapeutic treatment of a tumour. The deflection of incident particles is described well by Molière's multiple-scattering theory of primary particles; however, the deflection of projectile fragments is not yet thoroughly understood. This paper reports on our investigation of the spatial distribution of fragments produced from a therapeutic carbon beam through nuclear reactions in thick water. A DeltaE-E counter telescope system, composed of a plastic scintillator, a gas-flow proportional counter and a BGO scintillator, was rotated around a water target in order to measure the spatial distribution of the radiation quality. The results revealed that the observed deflection of fragment particles exceeded the multiple scattering effect estimated by Molière's theory. However, the difference can be sufficiently accounted for by considering one term involved in the multiple-scattering formula; this term corresponds to a lateral 'kick' at the point of production of the fragment. This kick is successfully explained as a transfer of the intra-nucleus Fermi momentum of a projectile to the fragment; the extent of the kick obeys the expectation derived from the Goldhaber model.

  11. Having Fun with a 3-D Projectile

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lammi, Matthew; Greenhalgh, Scott

    2011-01-01

    The use of projectiles is a concept familiar to most students, whether it is a classic slingshot, bow and arrow, or even a spit wad through a straw. Perhaps the last thing a teacher wants is more projectiles in the classroom. However, the concept of projectiles is relevant to most students and may provide a means of bringing more authenticity into…

  12. Projectile channeling in chain bundle dusty plasma liquids: Wave excitation and projectile-wave interaction

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Chang, Mei-Chu; Tseng, Yu-Ping; I, Lin

    2011-03-15

    The microscopic channeling dynamics of projectiles in subexcitable chain bundle dusty plasma liquids consisting of long chains of negatively charged dusts suspended in low pressure glow discharges is investigated experimentally using fast video-microscopy. The long distance channeling of the projectile in the channel formed by the surrounding dust chain bundles and the excitation of a narrow wake associated with the elliptical motions of the background dusts are demonstrated. In the high projectile speed regime, the drag force due to wake wave excitation increases with the decreasing projectile speed. The excited wave then leads the slowed down projectile after the projectilemore » speed is decreased below the resonant speed of wave excitation. The wave-projectile interaction causes the increasing projectile drag below the resonant speed and the subsequent oscillation around a descending average level, until the projectile settles down to the equilibrium point. Long distance projectile surfing through the resonant crest trapping by the externally excited large amplitude solitary wave is also demonstrated.« less

  13. Method of and apparatus for accelerating a projectile

    DOEpatents

    Goldstein, Yeshayahu S. A.; Tidman, Derek A.

    1986-01-01

    A projectile is accelerated along a confined path by supplying a pulsed high pressure, high velocity plasma jet to the rear of the projectile as the projectile traverses the path. The jet enters the confined path at a non-zero angle relative to the projectile path. The pulse is derived from a dielectric capillary tube having an interior wall from which plasma forming material is ablated in response to a discharge voltage. The projectile can be accelerated in response to the kinetic energy in the plasma jet or in response to a pressure increase of gases in the confined path resulting from the heat added to the gases by the plasma.

  14. Penetration of fast projectiles into resistant media: From macroscopic to subatomic projectiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gaite, José

    2017-09-01

    The penetration of a fast projectile into a resistant medium is a complex process that is suitable for simple modeling, in which basic physical principles can be profitably employed. This study connects two different domains: the fast motion of macroscopic bodies in resistant media and the interaction of charged subatomic particles with matter at high energies, which furnish the two limit cases of the problem of penetrating projectiles of different sizes. These limit cases actually have overlapping applications; for example, in space physics and technology. The intermediate or mesoscopic domain finds application in atom cluster implantation technology. Here it is shown that the penetration of fast nano-projectiles is ruled by a slightly modified Newton's inertial quadratic force, namely, F ∼v 2 - β, where β vanishes as the inverse of projectile diameter. Factors essential to penetration depth are ratio of projectile to medium density and projectile shape.

  15. Subcaliber discarding sabot airgun projectiles.

    PubMed

    Frank, Matthias; Schönekeß, Holger; Herbst, Jörg; Staats, Hans-Georg; Ekkernkamp, Axel; Nguyen, Thanh Tien; Bockholdt, Britta

    2014-03-01

    Medical literature abounds with reports on injuries and fatalities caused by airgun projectiles. While round balls or diabolo pellets have been the standard projectiles for airguns for decades, today, there are a large number of different airgun projectiles available. A very uncommon--and until now unique--discarding sabot airgun projectile (Sussex Sabo Bullet) was introduced into the market in the 1980s. The projectile, available in 0.177 (4.5 mm) and 0.22 (5.5 mm) caliber, consists of a plastic sabot cup surrounding a subcaliber copper-coated lead projectile in typical bullet shape. Following the typical principle of a discarding sabot projectile, the lightweight sabot is supposed to quickly loose velocity and to fall to the ground downrange while the bullet continues on target. These sabot-loaded projectiles are of special forensic interest due to their non-traceability and ballistic parameters. Therefore, it is the aim of this work to investigate the ballistic performance of these sabot airgun projectiles by high-speed video analyses and by measurement of the kinetic parameters of the projectile parts by a transient recording system as well as observing their physical features after being fired. While the sabot principle worked properly in high-energy airguns (E > 17 J), separation of the core projectile from the sabot cup was also observed when discharged in low-energy airguns (E < 7.5 J). While the velocity of the discarded Sussex Sabo core projectile was very close to the velocity of a diabolo-type reference projectile (RWS Meisterkugel), energy density was up to 60 % higher. To conclude, this work is the first study to demonstrate the regular function of this uncommon type of airgun projectile.

  16. Penetration experiments in aluminum 1100 targets using soda-lime glass projectiles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Horz, Friedrich; Cintala, Mark J.; Bernhard, Ronald P.; Cardenas, Frank; Davidson, William E.; Haynes, Gerald; See, Thomas H.; Winkler, Jerry L.

    1995-01-01

    The cratering and penetration behavior of annealed aluminum 1100 targets, with thickness varied from several centimeters to ultra-thin foils less than 1 micrometer thick, were experimentally investigated using 3.2 mm diameter spherical soda-lime glass projectiles at velocities from 1 to 7 km/s. The objective was to establish quantitative, dimensional relationships between initial impact conditions (impact velocity, projectile diameter, and target thickness) and the diameter of the resulting crater or penetration hole. Such dimensional relationships and calibration experiments are needed to extract the diameters and fluxes of hypervelocity particles from space-exposed surfaces and to predict the performance of certain collisional shields. The cratering behavior of aluminum 1100 is fairly well predicted. However, crater depth is modestly deeper for our silicate impactors than the canonical value based on aluminum projectiles and aluminum 6061-T6 targets. The ballistic-limit thickness was also different. These differences attest to the great sensitivity of detailed crater geometry and penetration behavior on the physical properties of both the target and impactor. Each penetration experiment was equipped with a witness plate to monitor the nature of the debris plume emanating from the rear of the target. This plume consists of both projectile fragments and target debris. Both penetration hole and witness-plate spray patterns systematically evolve in response to projectile diameter/target thickness. The relative dimensions of the projectile and target totally dominate the experimental products documented in this report; impact velocity is an important contributor as well to the evolution of penetration holes, but is of subordinate significance for the witness-plate spray patterns.

  17. Elastic break-up of 156 MeV 6Li projectiles with large asymptotic relative momenta of the fragments: . Experimental observations and the diffractive disintegration approach

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Heide, N.; Rebel, H.; Corcalciuc, V.; Gils, H. J.; Jelitto, H.; Kiener, J.; Wentz, J.; Zagromski, S.; Srivastava, D. K.

    1989-11-01

    The triple-differential cross sections for elastic break-up of 156 MeV 6Li projectiles by the reactions 208Pb( 6Li, αd) 208Pb g.s. and 12C( 6Li, αd) 12C g.s. have been measured with large asymptotic relative momenta of the outgoing fragments. The data exhibit rather unfamiliar shapes of the energy spectra, often replacing the usual bell-shape distributions by double-peaked structures and varying rapidly with the relative emission angles. The origin of these features has been explored and the cross sections have been analysed on the basis of a diffractive disintegration approach.

  18. Small-angle fragmentation of carbon ions at 0.6 GeV/n: A comparison with models of ion-ion interactions

    DOE PAGES

    Krutenkova, A. P.; Abramov, B. M.; Alekseev, P. N.; ...

    2015-05-29

    Momentum distributions of hydrogen and helium isotopes from ¹²C fragmentation at 3.5° were measured at 0.6 GeV/nucleon in the FRAGM experiment at ITEP TWA heavy ion accelerator. The fragments were selected by correlated time of flight and dE/dx measurements with a magnetic spectrometer with scintillation counters. The main attention was drawn to the high momentum region where the fragment velocity exceeds the velocity of the projectile nucleus. The momentum spectra of fragments span the region of the fragmentation peak as well as the cumulative region. The differential cross sections cover six orders of magnitude. The distributions measured are compared tomore » the predictions of three ion-ion interaction models: BC, QMD and LAQGSM03.03. The kinetic energy spectra of fragments in the projectile rest frame have an exponential shape with two temperatures, being defined by their slope parameters.« less

  19. Small-angle fragmentation of carbon ions at 0.6 GeV/n. A comparison with models of ion-ion interactions

    DOE PAGES

    Krutenkova, Anna P.; Abramov, B. M.; Alekseev, P. N.; ...

    2015-05-29

    The momentum distributions of hydrogen and helium isotopes from 12C fragmentation at 3.5° were measured at 0.6 GeV/nucleon in the FRAGM experiment at ITEP TWA heavy ion accelerator. The fragments were selected by correlated time of flight and dE/dx measurements with a magnetic spectrometer with scintillation counters. The main attention was drawn to the high momentum region where the fragment velocity exceeds the velocity of the projectile nucleus. The momentum spectra of fragments span the region of the fragmentation peak as well as the cumulative region. Moreover, the differential cross sections cover six orders of magnitude. The distributions measured aremore » compared to the predictions of three ion-ion interaction models: BC, QMD and LAQGSM03.03. The kinetic energy spectra of fragments in the projectile rest frame have an exponential shape with two temperatures, being defined by their slope parameters.« less

  20. Prevention of breakdown behind railgun projectiles

    DOEpatents

    Hawke, R.S.

    1992-10-13

    An electromagnetic railgun accelerator system, for accelerating projectiles by a plasma arc, introduces a breakdown inhibiting gas into the railgun chamber behind the accelerating projectile. The breakdown inhibiting gas, which absorbs electrons, is a halide or a halide compound such as fluorine or SF[sub 6]. The gas is introduced between the railgun rails after the projectile has passed through inlets in the rails or the projectile; by coating the rails or the projectile with a material which releases the gas after the projectile passes over it; by fabricating the rails or the projectile or insulators out of a material which releases the gas into the portions of the chamber through which the projectile has travelled. The projectile may have a cavity at its rear to control the release of ablation products. 12 figs.

  1. Prevention of breakdown behind railgun projectiles

    DOEpatents

    Hawke, R.S.

    1992-09-01

    An electromagnetic railgun accelerator system, for accelerating projectiles by a plasma arc, introduces a breakdown inhibiting gas into the railgun chamber behind the accelerating projectile. The breakdown inhibiting gas, which absorbs electrons, is a halide or a halide compound such as fluorine or SF[sub 6]. The gas is introduced between the railgun rails after the projectile has passed through inlets in the rails or the projectile; by coating the rails or the projectile with a material which releases the gas after the projectile passes over it; by fabricating the rails or the projectile or insulators out of a material which releases the gas into the portions of the chamber through which the projectile has travelled. The projectile may have a cavity at its rear to control the release of ablation products. 12 figs.

  2. Investigating the Sources and Timing of Projectiles Striking the Lunar Surface

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Joy, K. H.; Kring, D. A.; Zolensky, M. E.; McKay, D. S.; Ross, D. K.

    2011-01-01

    The lunar surface is exposed to bombardment by asteroids, comets, and debris from them. Surviving fragments of those projectiles in the lunar regolith provide a direct measure of the sources of exogenous material delivered to the Moon. Con-straining the temporal flux of their delivery will directly address key questions about the bombardment history of the inner Solar System. Regolith breccias, which are consolidated samples of the lunar regolith, were closed to further impact processing at the time they were assembled into rocks [1]. They are, therefore, time capsules of impact bombardment at different times through lunar history. Here we investigate the impact archive preserved in the Apollo 16 regolith breccias and compare this record to evidence of projectile species in other lunar samples.

  3. Impact fragmentation of a brittle metal compact

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tang, Megan; Hooper, Joseph P.

    2018-05-01

    The fragmentation behavior of a metal powder compact which is ductile in compression but brittle in tension is studied via impact experiments and analytical models. Consolidated metal compacts were prepared via cold-isostatic pressing of <10 μm zinc powder at 380 MPa followed by moderate annealing at 365 °C. The resulting zinc material is ductile and strain-hardening in high-rate uniaxial compression like a traditional metal, but is elastic-brittle in tension with a fracture toughness comparable to a ceramic. Cylindrical samples were launched up to 800 m/s in a gas gun into thin aluminum perforation targets, subjecting the projectile to a complex multiaxial and time-dependent stress state that leads to catastrophic fracture. A soft-catch mechanism using low-density artificial snow was developed to recover the impact debris, and collected fragments were analyzed to determine their size distribution down to 30 μm. Though brittle fracture occurs along original particle boundaries, no power-law fragmentation behavior was observed as is seen in other low-toughness materials. An analytical theory is developed to predict the characteristic fragment size accounting for both the sharp onset of fragmentation and the effect of increasing impact velocity.

  4. Ballistic projectile trajectory determining system

    DOEpatents

    Karr, T.J.

    1997-05-20

    A computer controlled system determines the three-dimensional trajectory of a ballistic projectile. To initialize the system, predictions of state parameters for a ballistic projectile are received at an estimator. The estimator uses the predictions of the state parameters to estimate first trajectory characteristics of the ballistic projectile. A single stationary monocular sensor then observes the actual first trajectory characteristics of the ballistic projectile. A comparator generates an error value related to the predicted state parameters by comparing the estimated first trajectory characteristics of the ballistic projectile with the observed first trajectory characteristics of the ballistic projectile. If the error value is equal to or greater than a selected limit, the predictions of the state parameters are adjusted. New estimates for the trajectory characteristics of the ballistic projectile are made and are then compared with actual observed trajectory characteristics. This process is repeated until the error value is less than the selected limit. Once the error value is less than the selected limit, a calculator calculates trajectory characteristics such a the origin and destination of the ballistic projectile. 8 figs.

  5. Ballistic projectile trajectory determining system

    DOEpatents

    Karr, Thomas J.

    1997-01-01

    A computer controlled system determines the three-dimensional trajectory of a ballistic projectile. To initialize the system, predictions of state parameters for a ballistic projectile are received at an estimator. The estimator uses the predictions of the state parameters to estimate first trajectory characteristics of the ballistic projectile. A single stationary monocular sensor then observes the actual first trajectory characteristics of the ballistic projectile. A comparator generates an error value related to the predicted state parameters by comparing the estimated first trajectory characteristics of the ballistic projectile with the observed first trajectory characteristics of the ballistic projectile. If the error value is equal to or greater than a selected limit, the predictions of the state parameters are adjusted. New estimates for the trajectory characteristics of the ballistic projectile are made and are then compared with actual observed trajectory characteristics. This process is repeated until the error value is less than the selected limit. Once the error value is less than the selected limit, a calculator calculates trajectory characteristics such a the origin and destination of the ballistic projectile.

  6. Cross sections of projectile-like fragments in the reaction {sup 19}F+{sup 66}Zn in the beam energy range of 3-6 MeV/nucleon

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tripathi, R.; Sudarshan, K.; Sodaye, S.

    2009-06-15

    Angular distributions of projectile-like fragments (PLFs) have been measured in the reaction {sup 19}F+{sup 66}Zn at E{sub lab}=61,82,92, and 109 MeV to understand their formation in the low energy domain (< or approx. 7 MeV nucleon). In this energy range, maximum angular momentum 'l{sub max}' in the reaction is lower than or close to the critical or limiting angular momentum for complete fusion 'l{sub lim}(CF).' The sum-rule model was modified to explain the cross sections of PLFs in the present study. For the first time, the modified sum-rule model, with a competition of incomplete fusion (ICF) reaction with complete fusionmore » below l{sub lim}(CF) reasonably reproduced the cross sections of PLFs in the beam energy range of the present study. It was observed that the cross sections of lighter PLFs fall more rapidly with decreasing beam energy compared to those of heavier PLFs, suggesting a change in the reaction mechanism from heavier to lighter PLFs. Transfer probabilities for peripheral collisions were calculated within the framework of a semiclassical formalism. The parameters of the nuclear potential required for the calculation of transfer probability were obtained by fitting the elastic scattering data measured in the present work. Calculated transfer probabilities were significantly lower compared to the corresponding experimental values, suggesting a significant overlap of the projectile and the target nuclei in incomplete fusion reactions. The present analysis showed that the overlap of the projectile and the target nuclei increases with increasing mass transfer at a given beam energy and for a given PLF, overlap increases with increasing beam energy.« less

  7. Projectile Motion Details.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schnick, Jeffrey W.

    1994-01-01

    Presents an exercise that attempts to correct for the common discrepancies between theoretical and experimental predictions concerning projectile motion using a spring-loaded projectile ball launcher. Includes common correction factors for student use. (MVL)

  8. Molecular dynamics simulations of sputtering of Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers by keV C60 projectiles

    PubMed Central

    Paruch, R.; Rzeznik, L.; Czerwinski, B.; Garrison, B. J.; Winograd, N.; Postawa, Z.

    2009-01-01

    Coarse-grained molecular dynamics computer simulations are applied to investigate fundamental processes induced by an impact of keV C60 projectile at an organic overlayer composed of long, well-organized linear molecules. The energy transfer pathways, sputtering yields, and the damage induced in the irradiated system, represented by a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) multilayers composed from molecules of bariated arachidic acid, are investigated as a function of the kinetic energy and impact angle of the projectile and the thickness of the organic system. In particular, the unique challenges of depth profiling through a LB film vs. a more isotropic solid are discussed. The results indicate that the trajectories of projectile fragments and, consequently, the primary energy can be channeled by the geometrical structure of the overlayer. Although, a similar process is known from sputtering of single crystals by atomic projectiles, it has not been anticipated to occur during C60 bombardment due to the large size of the projectile. An open and ordered molecular structure of LB films is responsible for such behavior. Both the extent of damage and the efficiency of sputtering depend on the kinetic energy, the impact angle, and the layer thickness. The results indicate that the best depth profiling conditions can be achieved with low-energy cluster projectiles irradiating the organic overlayer at large off-normal angles. PMID:20174461

  9. The Zero-Degree Detector System for Fragmentation Studies

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Adams, J. H., Jr.; Christl, M. J.; Howell, L. W.; Kuznetsov, E.

    2006-01-01

    The measurement of nuclear fragmentation cross sections requires the detection and identification of individual projectile fragments. If light and heavy fragments are recorded in 'ne same detector, it may be impossible distinguish the signal from the light fragment. To overcome this problem, we have developed the Zero-Degree Detector System. The ZDDS enables the measurement of cross sections for light fragment production by using pixelated detectors to separately measure the signals of each fragment. The system has been used to measure the fragmentation of beams as heavy as Fe at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory at Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba, Japan.

  10. Comparison of fragments created by low- and hyper-velocity impacts

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hanada, T.; Liou, J.-C.

    This paper summarizes two new satellite impact experiments. The objective of the experiments was to investigate the outcome of low- and hyper-velocity impacts on two identical target satellites. The first experiment was performed at a low-velocity of 1.5 km/s using a 40-g aluminum alloy sphere. The second experiment was performed at a hyper-velocity of 4.4 km/s using a 4-g aluminum alloy sphere. The target satellites were 15 cm × 15 cm × 15 cm in size and 800 g in mass. The ratios of impact energy to target mass for the two experiments were approximately the same. The target satellites were completely fragmented in both experiments, although there were some differences in the characteristics of the fragments. The projectile of the low-velocity impact experiment was partially fragmented while the projectile of the hyper-velocity impact experiment was completely fragmented beyond recognition. To date, approximately 1500 fragments from each impact experiment have been collected for detailed analysis. Each piece has been weighed, measured, and analyzed based on the analytic method used in the NASA Standard Breakup Model (2000 revision). These fragments account for about 95% of the target mass for both impact experiments. Preliminary analysis results will be presented in this paper.

  11. Developmental changes in children's understanding of horizontal projectile motion.

    PubMed

    Mou, Yi; Zhu, Liqi; Chen, Zhe

    2015-08-01

    This study investigated 5- to 13-year-old children's performance in solving horizontal projectile motion problems, in which they predicted the trajectory of a carried object released from a carrier in three different contexts. The results revealed that 5- and 8-year-olds' trajectory predictions were easily distracted by salient contextual features (e.g. the relative spatial locations between objects), whereas a proportion of 11- and 13-year-olds' performance suggested the engagement of the impetus concept in trajectory prediction. The impetus concept is a typical misconception of inertial motion that assumes that motion is caused by force. Children's performance across ages suggested that their naïve knowledge of projectile motion was neither well-developed and coherent nor completely fragmented. Instead, this study presented the dynamic process in which children with age gradually overcame the influences of contextual features and consistently used the impetus concept across motion problems. © 2014 International Union of Psychological Science.

  12. 30MM GAU-8/A Plastic Frangible Projectile

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1977-03-01

    20. ABSTRACT fContlnuo on rmvert» tld» 11 nacaaaary and Idontlly by block numbmr) ■feA 30mm target practice (TP) projectile, designed to break...contract to solve these problems. As a result, the Air Force has decided to delay further development of this projectile design concept...Section Title I INTRODUCTION II TECHNICAL DISCUSSION Design Parameters Final Projectile Design Design Evolution Acceptance Testing III

  13. Superconducting Magnetic Projectile Launcher

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jan, Darrell L.; Lawson, Daniel D.

    1991-01-01

    Proposed projectile launcher exploits Meissner effect to transfer much of kinetic energy of relatively massive superconducting plunger to smaller projectile, accelerating projectile to high speed. Because it operates with magnetic fields, launcher not limited by gas-expansion thermodynamics. Plunger energized mechanically and/or chemically, avoiding need for large electrical power supplies and energy-storage systems. Potential applications include launching of projectiles for military purposes and for scientific and industrial tests of hypervelocity impacts.

  14. A Projectile Motion Bullseye.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lamb, William G.

    1985-01-01

    Explains a projectile motion experiment involving a bow and arrow. Procedures to measure "muzzle" velocity, bow elastic potential energy, range, flight time, wind resistance, and masses are considered. (DH)

  15. Projectile Motion Revisited.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lucie, Pierre

    1979-01-01

    Analyzes projectile motion using symmetry and simple geometry. Deduces the direction of velocity at any point, range, time of flight, maximum height, safety parabola, and maximum range for a projectile launched upon a plane inclined at any angle with respect to the horizontal. (Author/GA)

  16. Neutron-rich rare-isotope production from projectile fission of heavy nuclei near 20 MeV/nucleon beam energy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vonta, N.; Souliotis, G. A.; Loveland, W.; Kwon, Y. K.; Tshoo, K.; Jeong, S. C.; Veselsky, M.; Bonasera, A.; Botvina, A.

    2016-12-01

    We investigate the possibilities of producing neutron-rich nuclides in projectile fission of heavy beams in the energy range of 20 MeV/nucleon expected from low-energy facilities. We report our efforts to theoretically describe the reaction mechanism of projectile fission following a multinucleon transfer collision at this energy range. Our calculations are mainly based on a two-step approach: The dynamical stage of the collision is described with either the phenomenological deep-inelastic transfer model (DIT) or with the microscopic constrained molecular dynamics model (CoMD). The de-excitation or fission of the hot heavy projectile fragments is performed with the statistical multifragmentation model (SMM). We compared our model calculations with our previous experimental projectile-fission data of 238U (20 MeV/nucleon) + 208Pb and 197Au (20 MeV/nucleon) + 197Au and found an overall reasonable agreement. Our study suggests that projectile fission following peripheral heavy-ion collisions at this energy range offers an effective route to access very neutron-rich rare isotopes toward and beyond the astrophysical r-process path.

  17. Projectile-generating explosive access tool

    DOEpatents

    Jakaboski, Juan-Carlos; Hughs, Chance G; Todd, Steven N

    2013-06-11

    A method for generating a projectile using an explosive device that can generate a projectile from the opposite side of a wall from the side where the explosive device is detonated. The projectile can be generated without breaching the wall of the structure or container. The device can optionally open an aperture in a solid wall of a structure or a container and form a high-kinetic-energy projectile from the portion of the wall removed to create the aperture.

  18. CO2 Cluster Ion Beam, an Alternative Projectile for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.

    PubMed

    Tian, Hua; Maciążek, Dawid; Postawa, Zbigniew; Garrison, Barbara J; Winograd, Nicholas

    2016-09-01

    The emergence of argon-based gas cluster ion beams for SIMS experiments opens new possibilities for molecular depth profiling and 3D chemical imaging. These beams generally leave less surface chemical damage and yield mass spectra with reduced fragmentation compared with smaller cluster projectiles. For nanoscale bioimaging applications, however, limited sensitivity due to low ionization probability and technical challenges of beam focusing remain problematic. The use of gas cluster ion beams based upon systems other than argon offer an opportunity to resolve these difficulties. Here we report on the prospects of employing CO2 as a simple alternative to argon. Ionization efficiency, chemical damage, sputter rate, and beam focus are investigated on model compounds using a series of CO2 and Ar cluster projectiles (cluster size 1000-5000) with the same mass. The results show that the two projectiles are very similar in each of these aspects. Computer simulations comparing the impact of Ar2000 and (CO2)2000 on an organic target also confirm that the CO2 molecules in the cluster projectile remain intact, acting as a single particle of m/z 44. The imaging resolution employing CO2 cluster projectiles is improved by more than a factor of two. The advantage of CO2 versus Ar is also related to the increased stability which, in addition, facilitates the operation of the gas cluster ion beams (GCIB) system at lower backing pressure. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

  19. CO2 Cluster Ion Beam, an Alternative Projectile for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tian, Hua; Maciążek, Dawid; Postawa, Zbigniew; Garrison, Barbara J.; Winograd, Nicholas

    2016-09-01

    The emergence of argon-based gas cluster ion beams for SIMS experiments opens new possibilities for molecular depth profiling and 3D chemical imaging. These beams generally leave less surface chemical damage and yield mass spectra with reduced fragmentation compared with smaller cluster projectiles. For nanoscale bioimaging applications, however, limited sensitivity due to low ionization probability and technical challenges of beam focusing remain problematic. The use of gas cluster ion beams based upon systems other than argon offer an opportunity to resolve these difficulties. Here we report on the prospects of employing CO2 as a simple alternative to argon. Ionization efficiency, chemical damage, sputter rate, and beam focus are investigated on model compounds using a series of CO2 and Ar cluster projectiles (cluster size 1000-5000) with the same mass. The results show that the two projectiles are very similar in each of these aspects. Computer simulations comparing the impact of Ar2000 and (CO2)2000 on an organic target also confirm that the CO2 molecules in the cluster projectile remain intact, acting as a single particle of m/z 44. The imaging resolution employing CO2 cluster projectiles is improved by more than a factor of two. The advantage of CO2 versus Ar is also related to the increased stability which, in addition, facilitates the operation of the gas cluster ion beams (GCIB) system at lower backing pressure.

  20. Three-phase hypervelocity projectile launcher

    DOEpatents

    Fugelso, L. Erik; Langner, Gerald C.; Burns, Kerry L.; Albright, James N.

    1994-01-01

    A hypervelocity projectile launcher for use in perforating borehole casings provides improved penetration into the surrounding rock structure. The launcher includes a first cylinder of explosive material that defines an axial air-filled cavity, a second cylinder of explosive material defining an axial frustum-shaped cavity abutting and axially aligned with the first cylinder. A pliant washer is located between and axially aligned with the first and second cylinders. The frustum shaped cavity is lined with a metal liner effective to form a projectile when the first and second cylinders are detonated. The washer forms a unique intermediate projectile in advance of the liner projectile and enables the liner projectile to further penetrate into and fracture the adjacent rock structure.

  1. Projectile Motion Hoop Challenge

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jordan, Connor; Dunn, Amy; Armstrong, Zachary; Adams, Wendy K.

    2018-04-01

    Projectile motion is a common phenomenon that is used in introductory physics courses to help students understand motion in two dimensions. Authors have shared a range of ideas for teaching this concept and the associated kinematics in The Physics Teacher; however, the "Hoop Challenge" is a new setup not before described in TPT. In this article an experiment is illustrated to explore projectile motion in a fun and challenging manner that has been used with both high school and university students. With a few simple materials, students have a vested interest in being able to calculate the height of the projectile at a given distance from its launch site. They also have an exciting visual demonstration of projectile motion when the lab is over.

  2. Teaching Projectile Motion

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Summers, M. K.

    1977-01-01

    Described is a novel approach to the teaching of projectile motion of sixth form level. Students are asked to use an analogue circuit to observe projectile motion and to graph the experimental results. Using knowledge of basic dynamics, students are asked to explain the shape of the curves theoretically. (Author/MA)

  3. Intact capture of hypervelocity projectiles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Tsou, P.

    1990-01-01

    The ability to capture projectiles intact at hypervelocities opens new applications in science and technology that would either not be possible or would be very costly by other means. This capability has been demonstrated in the laboratory for aluminum projectiles of 1.6 mm diameter, captured at 6 km/s, in one unmelted piece, and retaining up to 95% of the original mass. Furthermore, capture was accomplished passively using microcellular underdense polymer foam. Another advantage of capturing projectiles in an underdense medium is the ability of such a medium to preserve a record of the projectile's original velocity components of speed and direction. A survey of these experimental results is described in terms of a dozen parameters which characterize the amount of capture and the effect on the projectile due to different capture media.

  4. Intact capture of hypervelocity projectiles.

    PubMed

    Tsou, P

    1990-01-01

    The ability to capture projectiles intact at hypervelocities opens new applications in science and technology that would either not be possible or would be very costly by other means. This capability has been demonstrated in the laboratory for aluminum projectiles of 1.6 mm diameter, captured at 6 km/s, in one unmelted piece, and retaining up to 95% of the original mass. Furthermore, capture was accomplished passively using microcellular underdense polymer foam. Another advantage of capturing projectiles in an underdense medium is the ability of such a medium to preserve a record of the projectile's original velocity components of speed and direction. A survey of these experimental results is described in terms of a dozen parameters which characterize the amount of capture and the effect on the projectile due to different capture media.

  5. Hybrid armature projectile

    DOEpatents

    Hawke, Ronald S.; Asay, James R.; Hall, Clint A.; Konrad, Carl H.; Sauve, Gerald L.; Shahinpoor, Mohsen; Susoeff, Allan R.

    1993-01-01

    A projectile for a railgun that uses a hybrid armature and provides a seed block around part of the outer surface of the projectile to seed the hybrid plasma brush. In addition, the hybrid armature is continuously vaporized to replenish plasma in a plasma armature to provide a tandem armature and provides a unique ridge and groove to reduce plasama blowby.

  6. Hybrid armature projectile

    DOEpatents

    Hawke, R.S.; Asay, J.R.; Hall, C.A.; Konrad, C.H.; Sauve, G.L.; Shahinpoor, M.; Susoeff, A.R.

    1993-03-02

    A projectile for a railgun that uses a hybrid armature and provides a seed block around part of the outer surface of the projectile to seed the hybrid plasma brush. In addition, the hybrid armature is continuously vaporized to replenish plasma in a plasma armature to provide a tandem armature and provides a unique ridge and groove to reduce plasma blowby.

  7. Projectile Motion Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cordry, Sean

    2003-10-01

    Textbooks almost always have a stroboscopic photograph of a ball falling alongside of one with an initial horizontal speed. These photos are great for showing how the two objects experience the same vertical acceleration; however, the photos don't usually illustrate what happens if a projectile is launched at some angle. There are a number of ways to illustrate the effects of the launch angle: shooting a ball or stream of water through hoops, for example. Those demonstrations, though, do not allow for side-by-side comparison of the effects of various launch angles. Thus, a few years ago I constructed this three-dimensional projectile model to do just that. The model is composed of two three-dimensional "stroboscopic sculptures" representing the trajectory of two projectiles.

  8. Small caliber guided projectile

    DOEpatents

    Jones, James F [Albuquerque, NM; Kast, Brian A [Albuquerque, NM; Kniskern, Marc W [Albuquerque, NM; Rose, Scott E [Albuquerque, NM; Rohrer, Brandon R [Albuquerque, NM; Woods, James W [Albuquerque, NM; Greene, Ronald W [Albuquerque, NM

    2010-08-24

    A non-spinning projectile that is self-guided to a laser designated target and is configured to be fired from a small caliber smooth bore gun barrel has an optical sensor mounted in the nose of the projectile, a counterbalancing mass portion near the fore end of the projectile and a hollow tapered body mounted aft of the counterbalancing mass. Stabilizing strakes are mounted to and extend outward from the tapered body with control fins located at the aft end of the strakes. Guidance and control electronics and electromagnetic actuators for operating the control fins are located within the tapered body section. Output from the optical sensor is processed by the guidance and control electronics to produce command signals for the electromagnetic actuators. A guidance control algorithm incorporating non-proportional, "bang-bang" control is used to steer the projectile to the target.

  9. Femoral vessel injury by a nonlethal weapon projectile.

    PubMed

    Biagioni, Rodrigo Bruno; Miranda, Gustavo Cunha; Mota de Moraes, Leonardo; Nasser, Felipe; Burihan, Marcelo Calil; Ingrund, José Carlos

    2018-06-01

    Rubber projectiles are used as an alternative to metal bullets owing to their lower morbidity and mortality rate. There are few reports of vascular lesions of extremities caused by rubber projectiles in the literature. The authors report the case of a 37-year-old man who was the victim of a penetrating injury to the left thigh with a rubber projectile. He reported only pain at the site of the injury; pulses were decreased in the affected limb. After arteriography confirmed an injury to the superficial femoral artery, he underwent an arterial and venous femorofemoral bypass using a reversed contralateral saphenous vein.

  10. Fragmentation studies of relativistic iron ions using plastic nuclear track detectors.

    PubMed

    Scampoli, P; Durante, M; Grossi, G; Manti, L; Pugliese, M; Gialanella, G

    2005-01-01

    We measured fluence and fragmentation of high-energy (1 or 5 A GeV) 56Fe ions accelerated at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron or at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY, USA) using solid-state CR-39 nuclear track detectors. Different targets (polyethylene, PMMA, C, Al, Pb) were used to produce a large spectrum of charged fragments. CR-39 plastics were exposed both in front and behind the shielding block (thickness ranging from 5 to 30 g/cm2) at a normal incidence and low fluence. The radiation dose deposited by surviving Fe ions and charged fragments was measured behind the shield using an ionization chamber. The distribution of the measured track size was exploited to distinguish the primary 56Fe ions tracks from the lighter fragments. Measurements of projectile's fluence in front of the shield were used to determine the dose per incident particle behind the block. Simultaneous measurements of primary 56Fe ion tracks in front and behind the shield were used to evaluate the fraction of surviving iron projectiles and the total charge-changing fragmentation cross-section. These physical measurements will be used to characterize the beam used in parallel biological experiments. c2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. The Physics of Protoplanetesimal Dust Agglomerates. IX. Mechanical Properties of Dust Aggregates Probed by a Solid-projectile Impact

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Katsuragi, Hiroaki; Blum, Jürgen

    2017-12-01

    Dynamic characterization of mechanical properties of dust aggregates has been one of the most important problems to quantitatively discuss the dust growth in protoplanetary disks. We experimentally investigate the dynamic properties of dust aggregates by low-speed (≤slant 3.2 m s-1) impacts of solid projectiles. Spherical impactors made of glass, steel, or lead are dropped onto a dust aggregate with a packing fraction of ϕ = 0.35 under vacuum conditions. The impact results in cratering or fragmentation of the dust aggregate, depending on the impact energy. The crater shape can be approximated by a spherical segment and no ejecta are observed. To understand the underlying physics of impacts into dust aggregates, the motion of the solid projectile is acquired by a high-speed camera. Using the obtained position data of the impactor, we analyze the drag-force law and dynamic pressure induced by the impact. We find that there are two characteristic strengths. One is defined by the ratio between impact energy and crater volume and is ≃120 kPa. The other strength indicates the fragmentation threshold of dynamic pressure and is ≃10 kPa. The former characterizes the apparent plastic deformation and is consistent with the drag force responsible for impactor deceleration. The latter corresponds to the dynamic tensile strength to create cracks. Using these results, a simple model for the compaction and fragmentation threshold of dust aggregates is proposed. In addition, the comparison of drag-force laws for dust aggregates and loose granular matter reveals the similarities and differences between the two materials.

  12. Projectile-generating explosive access tool

    DOEpatents

    Jakaboski, Juan-Carlos [Albuquerque, NM; Hughs, Chance G [Tijeras, NM; Todd, Steven N [Rio Rancho, NM

    2011-10-18

    An explosive device that can generate a projectile from the opposite side of a wall from the side where the explosive device is detonated. The projectile can be generated without breaching the wall of the structure or container. The device can optionally open an aperture in a solid wall of a structure or a container and form a high-kinetic-energy projectile from the portion of the wall removed to create the aperture.

  13. Heavy Ion Fragmentation Experiments at the Bevatron

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Heckman, H. H.

    1975-01-01

    Fragmentation processes of heavy nuclei in matter using the heavy-ion capability of the Bevatron were studied. The purpose was to obtain the single particle inclusive spectra of secondary nuclei produced at 0 deg by the fragmentation of heavy ion beam projectiles. The process being examined is B+T yields F + anything, where B is the beam nucleus, T is the target nucleus, and F is the detected fragment. The fragments F are isotopically identified by experimental procedures involving magnetic analysis, energy loss and time-of-flight measurements. Attempts were also made to: (1) measure the total and partial production cross section for all isotopes, (2) test the applicability of high-energy multi-particle interaction theory to nuclear fragmentation, (3) apply the cross-section data and fragmentation probabilities to cosmic ray transport theory, and (4) search for systematic behavior of fragment production as a means to improve existing semi-empirical theories of cross sections.

  14. Sonic Simulation of Near Projectile Hits

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Statman, J. I.; Rodemich, E. R.

    1988-01-01

    Measured frequencies identify projectiles and indicate miss distances. Developmental battlefield-simulation system for training soldiers uses sounds emitted by incoming projectiles to identify projectiles and indicate miss distances. Depending on projectile type and closeness of each hit, system generates "kill" or "near-kill" indication. Artillery shell simulated by lightweight plastic projectile launched by compressed air. Flow of air through groove in nose of projectile generates acoustic tone. Each participant carries audio receiver measure and process tone signal. System performs fast Fourier transforms of received tone to obtain dominant frequency during each succeeding interval of approximately 40 ms (an interval determined from practical signal-processing requirements). With modifications, system concept applicable to collision-warning or collision-avoidance systems.

  15. Highly Integrated Spinning Projectile (HISP)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-02-06

    At A A , AlAA 92-1214 HIGHLY INTEGRATED SPINNING PROJECTILE (HISP) G.R. Legters D.P. Lianos R.G. Brosch Senior Scientist, SAIC Senior Engineer...Integrated Spinning Projectile (HISP) Personal Author: Legters , G.R.; Lianos, D.P.; Brosch, R.G. Corporate Author Or Publisher: SAIC, Melbourne Beach...000001 Record ID: 26099 Source of Document: AIAA AIAA-92-1214 HIGHLY INTEGRATED SPINNING PROJECTILE (HISP) 3» en ZO O G. R. Legters Senior

  16. Corrected Launch Speed for a Projectile Motion Laboratory

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sanders, Justin M.; Boleman, Michael W.

    2013-01-01

    At our university, students in introductory physics classes perform a laboratory exercise to measure the range of a projectile fired at an assigned angle. A set of photogates is used to determine the initial velocity of the projectile (the launch velocity). We noticed a systematic deviation between the experimentally measured range and the range…

  17. 7 CFR 1900.53 - Applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Applicability. 1900.53 Section 1900.53 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE... GENERAL Adverse Decisions and Administrative Appeals § 1900.53 Applicability. (a) Appeals of adverse...

  18. Design and Analysis of A Spin-Stabilized Projectile Experimental Apparatus

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Siegel, Noah; Rodebaugh, Gregory; Elkins, Christopher; van Poppel, Bret; Benson, Michael; Cremins, Michael; Lachance, Austin; Ortega, Raymond; Vanderyacht, Douglas

    2017-11-01

    Spinning objects experience an effect termed `The Magnus Moment' due to an uneven pressure distribution based on rotation within a crossflow. Unlike the Magnus force, which is often small for spin-stabilized projectiles, the Magnus moment can have a strong detrimental effect on aerodynamic flight stability. Simulations often fail to accurately predict the Magnus moment in the subsonic flight regime. In an effort to characterize the conditions that cause the Magnus moment, researchers in this work employed Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry (MRV) techniques to measure three dimensional, three component, sub-millimeter resolution fluid velocity fields around a scaled model of a spinning projectile in flight. The team designed, built, and tested using a novel water channel apparatus that was fully MRI-compliant - water-tight and non-ferrous - and capable of spinning a projectile at a constant rotational speed. A supporting numerical simulation effort informed the design process of the scaled projectile to thicken the hydrodynamic boundary layer near the outer surface of the projectile. Preliminary testing produced two-dimensional and three-dimensional velocity data and revealed an asymmetric boundary layer around the projectile, which is indicative of the Magnus effect.

  19. Tethers as Debris: Simulating Impacts of Tether Fragments on Shuttle Tiles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Evans, Steven W.

    2004-01-01

    The SPHC hydrodynamic code was used to simulate impacts of Kevlar and aluminum projectiles on a model of the LI-900 type insulating tiles used on Space Shuffle Orbiters The intent was to examine likely damage that such tiles might experience if impacted by orbital debris consisting of tether fragments. Projectile speeds ranged from 300 meters per second to 10 kilometers per second. Damage is characterized by penetration depth, tile surface-hole diameter, tile body-cavity diameter, coating fracture diameter, tether and cavity wall material phases, and deformation of the aluminum backwall.

  20. Projectile penetration into ballistic gelatin.

    PubMed

    Swain, M V; Kieser, D C; Shah, S; Kieser, J A

    2014-01-01

    Ballistic gelatin is frequently used as a model for soft biological tissues that experience projectile impact. In this paper we investigate the response of a number of gelatin materials to the penetration of spherical steel projectiles (7 to 11mm diameter) with a range of lower impacting velocities (<120m/s). The results of sphere penetration depth versus projectile velocity are found to be linear for all systems above a certain threshold velocity required for initiating penetration. The data for a specific material impacted with different diameter spheres were able to be condensed to a single curve when the penetration depth was normalised by the projectile diameter. When the results are compared with a number of predictive relationships available in the literature, it is found that over the range of projectiles and compositions used, the results fit a simple relationship that takes into account the projectile diameter, the threshold velocity for penetration into the gelatin and a value of the shear modulus of the gelatin estimated from the threshold velocity for penetration. The normalised depth is found to fit the elastic Froude number when this is modified to allow for a threshold impact velocity. The normalised penetration data are found to best fit this modified elastic Froude number with a slope of 1/2 instead of 1/3 as suggested by Akers and Belmonte (2006). Possible explanations for this difference are discussed. © 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  1. Operation of polycarbonate projectiles in the ram accelerator

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Elder, Timothy

    The ram accelerator is a hypervelocity launcher with direct space launch applications in which a sub-caliber projectile, analogous to the center-body of a ramjet engine, flies through fuel and oxidizer that have been premixed in a tube. Shock interactions in the tube ignite the propellant upon entrance of the projectile and the combustion travels with it, creating thrust on the projectile by stabilizing a high pressure region of gas behind it. Conventional ram accelerator projectiles consist of aluminum, magnesium, or titanium nosecones and bodies. An experimental program has been undertaken to determine the performance of polycarbonate projectiles in ram accelerator operation. Experimentation using polycarbonate projectiles has been divided into two series: determining the lower limit for starting velocity (i.e., less than 1100 m/s) and investigating the upper velocity limit. To investigate the influence of body length and starting velocity, a newly developed "combustion gun" was used to launch projectiles to their initial velocities. The combustion gun uses 3-6 m of ram accelerator test section as a breech and 4-6 m of the ram accelerator test section as a launch tube. A fuel-oxidizer mix is combusted in the breech using a spark plug or electric match and bursts a diaphragm, accelerating the ram projectile to its entrance velocity. The combustion gun can be operated at modest fill pressures (20 bar) but can only launch to relatively low velocities (approximately 1000 m/s) without destroying the projectile and obturator upon launch. Projectiles were successfully started at entrance velocities as low as 810 m/s and projectile body lengths as long as 91 mm were used. The tests investigating the upper Mach number limits of polycarbonate projectiles used the conventional single-stage light-gas gun because of its ability to reach higher velocities with a lower acceleration launch. It was determined that polycarbonate projectiles have an upper velocity limit in the

  2. Heavy ion fragmentation experiments at the bevatron

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Heckman, H. H.

    1976-01-01

    Collaborative research efforts to study the fragmentation processes of heavy nuclei in matter using heavy ion beams of the Bevatron/Bevalac are described. The goal of the program is to obtain the single particle inclusive spectra of secondary nuclei produced at 0 deg by the fragmentation of heavy ion beam projectiles. The process being examined is B+T yields F + anything, where B is the beam nucleus, T is the target nucleus, and F is the detected fragment. The fragments F are isotopically identified by experimental procedures involving magnetic analysis, energy loss and time-of-flight measurements. Effects were also made to: (a) study processes of heavy nuclei in matter, (b) measure the total and partial production cross section for all isotopes, (c) test the applicability of high energy multiparticle interaction theory to nuclear fragmentation, (d) apply the cross section data and fragmentation probabilities to cosmic ray transport theory, and (e) search for systematic behavior of fragment production as a means to improve existing semi-empirical theories of cross-sections.

  3. Sequential injection gas guns for accelerating projectiles

    DOEpatents

    Lacy, Jeffrey M [Idaho Falls, ID; Chu, Henry S [Idaho Falls, ID; Novascone, Stephen R [Idaho Falls, ID

    2011-11-15

    Gas guns and methods for accelerating projectiles through such gas guns are described. More particularly, gas guns having a first injection port located proximate a breech end of a barrel and a second injection port located longitudinally between the first injection port and a muzzle end of the barrel are described. Additionally, modular gas guns that include a plurality of modules are described, wherein each module may include a barrel segment having one or more longitudinally spaced injection ports. Also, methods of accelerating a projectile through a gas gun, such as injecting a first pressurized gas into a barrel through a first injection port to accelerate the projectile and propel the projectile down the barrel past a second injection port and injecting a second pressurized gas into the barrel through the second injection port after passage of the projectile and to further accelerate the projectile are described.

  4. Prediction of projectile ricochet behavior after water impact.

    PubMed

    Baillargeon, Yves; Bergeron, Guy

    2012-11-01

    Although not very common, forensic investigation related to projectile ricochet on water can be required when undesirable collateral damage occurs. Predicting the ricochet behavior of a projectile is challenging owing to numerous parameters involved: impact velocity, incident angle, projectile stability, angular velocity, etc. Ricochet characteristics of different projectiles (K50 BMG, 0.5-cal Ball M2, 0.5-cal AP-T C44, 7.62-mm Ball C21, and 5.56-mm Ball C77) were studied in a pool. The results are presented to assess projectile velocity after ricochet, ricochet angle, and projectile azimuth angle based on impact velocity or incident angle for each projectile type. The azimuth ranges show the highest variability at low postricochet velocity. The critical ricochet angles were ranging from 15 to 30°. The average ricochet angles for all projectiles were pretty close for all projectiles at 2.5 and 10° incident angles for the range of velocities studied. © 2012 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2012. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of the Department of National Defence.

  5. 7 CFR 1900.57 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false [Reserved] 1900.57 Section 1900.57 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE... GENERAL Adverse Decisions and Administrative Appeals § 1900.57 [Reserved] ...

  6. The drag force on a subsonic projectile in a fluid complex plasma

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ivlev, A. V.; Zhukhovitskii, D. I.

    2012-09-15

    The incompressible Navier-Stokes equation is employed to describe a subsonic particle flow induced in complex plasmas by a moving projectile. Drag forces acting on the projectile in different flow regimes are calculated. It is shown that, along with the regular neutral gas drag, there is an additional force exerted on the projectile due to dissipation in the surrounding particle fluid. This additional force provides significant contribution to the total drag.

  7. 7 CFR 1900.52 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false General. 1900.52 Section 1900.52 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE... GENERAL Adverse Decisions and Administrative Appeals § 1900.52 General. This subpart specifies procedures...

  8. 7 CFR 1900.51 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Definitions. 1900.51 Section 1900.51 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE... GENERAL Adverse Decisions and Administrative Appeals § 1900.51 Definitions. Act means the Federal Crop...

  9. 7 CFR 1900.4 - Ratification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Ratification. 1900.4 Section 1900.4 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE... GENERAL Delegations of Authority § 1900.4 Ratification. All written instruments affecting title to real or...

  10. 7 CFR 1900.1 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false General. 1900.1 Section 1900.1 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE... GENERAL Delegations of Authority § 1900.1 General. The authorities contained in this subpart apply to all...

  11. Target and Projectile: Material Effects on Crater Excavation and Growth

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Anderson, J. L. B.; Burleson, T.; Cintala, Mark J.

    2010-01-01

    Scaling relationships allow the initial conditions of an impact to be related to the excavation flow and final crater size and have proven useful in understanding the various processes that lead to the formation of a planetary-scale crater. In addition, they can be examined and tested through laboratory experiments in which the initial conditions of the impact are known and ejecta kinematics and final crater morphometry are measured directly. Current scaling relationships are based on a point-source assumption and treat the target material as a continuous medium; however, in planetary-scale impacts, this may not always be the case. Fragments buried in a megaregolith, for instance, could easily approach or exceed the dimensions of the impactor; rubble-pile asteroids could present similar, if not greater, structural complexity. Experiments allow exploration into the effects of target material properties and projectile deformation style on crater excavation and dimensions. This contribution examines two of these properties: (1) the deformation style of the projectile, ductile (aluminum) or brittle (soda-lime glass) and (2) the grain size of the target material, 0.5-1 mm vs. 1-3 mm sand.

  12. Multiple impacts of dusty projectiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kothe, Stefan; Güttler, Carsten; Blum, Jurgen

    In the context of early stages of planetesimal formation we performed laboratory and drop tower experiments to study multiple impacts of small dust-aggregate projectiles into solid sintered dust targets. Both collision partners consisted of 1.5 µm monodisperse spherical SiO2 monomers with volume filling factors of 0.15 (projectiles) and 0.35 (targets), respectively. The fragile projectiles were accelerated by a solenoid accelerator with a linear projectile magazine, which enabled us to perform 25 impacts within 4.5 s of microgravity time in the Bremen drop tower. We measured the mass-accretion efficiency for different impact velocities between 3 and 5 m s-1 , using an analytical balance and imaging methods. Furthermore, we observed random collisions among small dust aggregates with sizes around 1 mm and collision velocities of the order of 0.25 m s-1 and used them to improve the dust-aggregate collision model of Güttler et al. (2010). u

  13. Fragmentation of tetrahydrofuran molecules by H(+), C(+), and O(+) collisions at the incident energy range of 25-1000 eV.

    PubMed

    Wasowicz, Tomasz J; Pranszke, Bogusław

    2015-01-29

    We have studied fragmentation processes of the gas-phase tetrahydrofuran (THF) molecules in collisions with the H(+), C(+), and O(+) cations. The collision energies have been varied between 25 and 1000 eV and thus covered a velocity range from 10 to 440 km/s. The following excited neutral fragments of THF have been observed: the atomic hydrogen H(n), n = 4-9, carbon atoms in the 2p3s (1)P1, 2p4p (1)D2, and 2p4p (3)P states and vibrationally and rotationally excited diatomic CH fragments in the A(2)Δ and B(2)Σ(-) states. Fragmentation yields of these excited fragments have been measured as functions of the projectile energy (velocity). Our results show that the fragmentation mechanism depends on the projectile cations and is dominated by electron transfer from tetrahydrofuran molecules to cations. It has been additionally hypothesized that in the C(+)+THF collisions a [C-C4H8O](+) complex is formed prior to dissociation. The possible reaction channels involved in fragmentation of THF under the H(+), C(+), and O(+) cations impact are also discussed.

  14. 13 CFR 108.1900 - Termination of participation as a NMVC Company.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Termination of participation as a NMVC Company. 108.1900 Section 108.1900 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION NEW MARKETS VENTURE CAPITAL (âNMVCâ) PROGRAM Ending Operations as a NMVC Company § 108.1900...

  15. Chemical modification of projectile residues and target material in a MEMIN cratering experiment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ebert, Matthias; Hecht, Lutz; Deutsch, Alexander; Kenkmann, Thomas

    2013-01-01

    In the context of the MEMIN project, a hypervelocity cratering experiment has been performed using a sphere of the iron meteorite Campo del Cielo as projectile accelerated to 4.56 km s-1, and a block of Seeberger sandstone as target material. The ejecta, collected in a newly designed catcher, are represented by (1) weakly deformed, (2) highly deformed, and (3) highly shocked material. The latter shows shock-metamorphic features such as planar deformation features (PDF) in quartz, formation of diaplectic quartz glass, partial melting of the sandstone, and partially molten projectile, mixed mechanically and chemically with target melt. During mixing of projectile and target melts, the Fe of the projectile is preferentially partitioned into target melt to a greater degree than Ni and Co yielding a Fe/Ni that is generally higher than Fe/Ni in the projectile. This fractionation results from the differing siderophile properties, specifically from differences in reactivity of Fe, Ni, and Co with oxygen during projectile-target interaction. Projectile matter was also detected in shocked quartz grains. The average Fe/Ni of quartz with PDF (about 20) and of silica glasses (about 24) are in contrast to the average sandstone ratio (about 422), but resembles the Fe/Ni-ratio of the projectile (about 14). We briefly discuss possible reasons of projectile melting and vaporization in the experiment, in which the calculated maximum shock pressure does not exceed 55 GPa.

  16. HZEFRG1 - SEMIEMPIRICAL NUCLEAR FRAGMENTATION MODEL

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Townsend, L. W.

    1994-01-01

    The high charge and energy (HZE), Semiempirical Nuclear Fragmentation Model, HZEFRG1, was developed to provide a computationally efficient, user-friendly, physics-based program package for generating nuclear fragmentation databases. These databases can then be used in radiation transport applications such as space radiation shielding and dosimetry, cancer therapy with laboratory heavy ion beams, and simulation studies of detector design in nuclear physics experiments. The program provides individual element and isotope production cross sections for the breakup of high energy heavy ions by the combined nuclear and Coulomb fields of the interacting nuclei. The nuclear breakup contributions are estimated using an energy-dependent abrasion-ablation model of heavy ion fragmentation. The abrasion step involves removal of nucleons by direct knockout in the overlap region of the colliding nuclei. The abrasions are treated on a geometric basis and uniform spherical nuclear density distributions are assumed. Actual experimental nuclear radii obtained from tabulations of electron scattering data are incorporated. Nuclear transparency effects are included by using an energy-dependent, impact-parameter-dependent average transmission factor for the projectile and target nuclei, which accounts for the finite mean free path of nucleons in nuclear matter. The ablation step, as implemented by Bowman, Swiatecki, and Tsang (LBL report no. LBL-2908, July 1973), was treated as a single-nucleon emission for every 10 MeV of excitation energy. Fragmentation contributions from electromagnetic dissociation (EMD) processes, arising from the interacting Coulomb fields, are estimated by using the Weiszacker-Williams theory, extended to include electric dipole and electric quadrupole contributions to one-nucleon removal cross sections. HZEFRG1 consists of a main program, seven function subprograms, and thirteen subroutines. Each is fully commented and begins with a brief description of its

  17. Projectile Combustion Effects on Ram Accelerator Performance

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chitale, Saarth Anjali

    University of Washington Abstract Projectile Combustion Effects on Ram Accelerator Performance Saarth Anjali Chitale Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Prof. Carl Knowlen William E. Boeing Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics The ram accelerator facility at the University of Washington is used to propel projectiles at supersonic velocities. This concept is similar to an air-breathing ramjet engine in that sub-caliber projectiles, shaped like the ramjet engine center-body, are shot through smooth-bore steel-walled tubes having an internal diameter of 38 mm. The ram accelerator propulsive cycles operate between Mach 2 to 10 and have the potential to accelerate projectile to velocities greater than 8 km/s. The theoretical thrust versus Mach number characteristics can be obtained using knowledge of gas dynamics and thermodynamics that goes into the design of the ram accelerator. The corresponding velocity versus distance profiles obtained from the test runs at the University of Washington, however, are often not consistent with the theoretical predictions after the projectiles reach in-tube Mach numbers greater than 4. The experimental velocities are typically greater than the expected theoretical predictions; which has led to the proposition that the combustion process may be moving up onto the projectile. An alternative explanation for higher than predicted thrust, which is explored here, is that the performance differences can be attributed to the ablation of the projectile body which results in molten metal being added to the flow of the gaseous combustible mixture around the projectile. This molten metal is assumed to mix uniformly and react with the gaseous propellant; thereby enhancing the propellant energy release and altering the predicted thrust-Mach characteristics. This theory predicts at what Mach number the projectile will first experience enhanced thrust and the corresponding velocity-distance profile. Preliminary results are in good agreement

  18. 21 CFR 520.1900 - Primidone tablets.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Primidone tablets. 520.1900 Section 520.1900 Food... DRUGS, FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS ORAL DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 520.1900 Primidone tablets. (a) Specifications. Each tablet contains 50 or 250 milligrams of primidone. (b) Sponsor. See No. 000010 in § 510.600...

  19. Fundamental Aerodynamic Investigations for Development of Arrow-Stabilized Projectiles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kurzweg, Hermann

    1947-01-01

    The numerous patent applications on arrow-stabilized projectiles indicate that the idea of projectiles without spin is not new, but has appeared in various proposals throughout the last decades. As far as projectiles for subsonic speeds are concerned, suitable shapes have been developed for sometime, for example, numerous grenades. Most of the patent applications, though, are not practicable particularly for projectiles with supersonic speed. This is because the inventor usually does not have any knowledge of aerodynamic flow around the projectile nor any particular understanding of the practical solution. The lack of wind tunnels for the development of projectiles made it necessary to use firing tests for development. These are obviously extremely tedious or expensive and lead almost always to failures. The often expressed opinion that arrow-stabilized projectiles cannot fly supersonically can be traced to this condition. That this is not the case has been shown for the first time by Roechling on long projectiles with foldable fins. Since no aerodynamic investigations were made for the development of these projectiles, only tedious series of firing tests with systematic variation of the fins could lead to satisfactory results. These particular projectiles though have a disadvantage which lies in the nature cf foldable fins. They occasionally do not open uniformly in flight, thus causing unsymmetry in flow and greater scatter. The junctions of fins and body are very bad aerodynamically and increase the drag. It must be possible to develop high-performance arrow-stabilized projectiles based on the aerodynamic research conducted during the last few years at Peenemuende and new construction ideas. Thus the final shape, ready for operational use, could be developed in the wind tunnel without loss of expensive time in firing tests. The principle of arrow-stabilized performance has been applied to a large number of caliburs which were stabilized by various means Most

  20. Apparatus and method for producing fragment-free openings

    DOEpatents

    Cherry, Christopher R.

    2001-01-01

    An apparatus and method for explosively penetrating hardened containers such as steel drums without producing metal fragmentation is disclosed. The apparatus can be used singularly or in combination with water disrupters and other disablement tools. The apparatus is mounted in close proximity to the target and features a main sheet explosive that is initiated at least three equidistant points along the sheet's periphery. A buffer material is placed between the sheet explosive and the target. As a result, the metallic fragments generated from the detonation of the detonator are attenuated so that no fragments from the detonator are transferred to the target. As a result, an opening can be created in containers such as steel drums through which access to the IED is obtained to defuse it with projectiles or fluids.

  1. Apparatus and method for the acceleration of projectiles to hypervelocities

    DOEpatents

    Hertzberg, Abraham; Bruckner, Adam P.; Bogdanoff, David W.

    1990-01-01

    A projectile is initially accelerated to a supersonic velocity and then injected into a launch tube filled with a gaseous propellant. The projectile outer surface and launch tube inner surface form a ramjet having a diffuser, a combustion chamber and a nozzle. A catalytic coated flame holder projecting from the projectile ignites the gaseous propellant in the combustion chamber thereby accelerating the projectile in a subsonic combustion mode zone. The projectile then enters an overdriven detonation wave launch tube zone wherein further projectile acceleration is achieved by a formed, controlled overdriven detonation wave capable of igniting the gaseous propellant in the combustion chamber. Ultrahigh velocity projectile accelerations are achieved in a launch tube layered detonation zone having an inner sleeve filled with hydrogen gas. An explosive, which is disposed in the annular zone between the inner sleeve and the launch tube, explodes responsive to an impinging shock wave emanating from the diffuser of the accelerating projectile thereby forcing the inner sleeve inward and imparting an acceleration to the projectile. For applications wherein solid or liquid high explosives are employed, the explosion thereof forces the inner sleeve inward, forming a throat behind the projectile. This throat chokes flow behind, thereby imparting an acceleration to the projectile.

  2. Photon emission from massive projectile impacts on solids.

    PubMed

    Fernandez-Lima, F A; Pinnick, V T; Della-Negra, S; Schweikert, E A

    2011-01-01

    First evidence of photon emission from individual impacts of massive gold projectiles on solids for a number of projectile-target combinations is reported. Photon emission from individual impacts of massive Au(n) (+q) (1 ≤ n ≤ 400; q = 1-4) projectiles with impact energies in the range of 28-136 keV occurs in less than 10 ns after the projectile impact. Experimental observations show an increase in the photon yield from individual impacts with the projectile size and velocity. Concurrently with the photon emission, electron emission from the impact area has been observed below the kinetic emission threshold and under unlikely conditions for potential electron emission. We interpret the puzzling electron emission and correlated luminescence observation as evidence of the electronic excitation resulting from the high-energy density deposited by massive cluster projectiles during the impact.

  3. Photon emission from massive projectile impacts on solids

    PubMed Central

    Fernandez-Lima, F. A.; Pinnick, V. T.; Della-Negra, S.; Schweikert, E. A.

    2011-01-01

    First evidence of photon emission from individual impacts of massive gold projectiles on solids for a number of projectile-target combinations is reported. Photon emission from individual impacts of massive Aun+q (1 ≤ n ≤ 400; q = 1–4) projectiles with impact energies in the range of 28–136 keV occurs in less than 10 ns after the projectile impact. Experimental observations show an increase in the photon yield from individual impacts with the projectile size and velocity. Concurrently with the photon emission, electron emission from the impact area has been observed below the kinetic emission threshold and under unlikely conditions for potential electron emission. We interpret the puzzling electron emission and correlated luminescence observation as evidence of the electronic excitation resulting from the high-energy density deposited by massive cluster projectiles during the impact. PMID:21603128

  4. Air-Powered Projectile Launcher

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Andrews, T.; Bjorklund, R. A.; Elliott, D. G.; Jones, L. K.

    1987-01-01

    Air-powered launcher fires plastic projectiles without using explosive propellants. Does not generate high temperatures. Launcher developed for combat training for U.S. Army. With reservoir pressurized, air launcher ready to fire. When pilot valve opened, sleeve (main valve) moves to rear. Projectile rapidly propelled through barrel, pushed by air from reservoir. Potential applications in seismic measurements, avalanche control, and testing impact resistance of windshields on vehicles.

  5. The effect of perforations on the ballistics of a flare-stabilized projectile

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mermagen, W. H.; Yalamanchili, R. J.

    Flight tests of two 35/105 mm flare stabilized projectile configurations were conducted. The projectiles were fired from the M68 tank cannon at Mach 4.0 using a standard M735 sabot. Flight data were obtained with a doppler velocimeter. The perforated flare projectiles showed a reduced drag for M greater than 1.7, which increased significantly at velocities below M 1.7, while the solid flare rounds had a slightly higher drag above Mach 1.7. Below Mach 1.7, the solid flare rounds had less drag than the perforated flare round. Both solid and perforated flare projectiles had a maximum range of less than 8.0 kilometers. The effects of the perforations on the flight performance were small. The flight data are compared to previous tests of the German-made 'LKL' projectile. The differences in flight performance between solid flares, flares with perforations, and the LKL-perforated flare rounds were small and of no practical consequence. Dispersion tests of the solid-flare stabilized projectiles were conducted at one, two, and three kilometers with excellent results. Very low dispersions were observed at all ranges.

  6. Veterinary Forensics: Firearms and Investigation of Projectile Injury.

    PubMed

    Bradley-Siemens, N; Brower, A I

    2016-09-01

    Projectile injury represents an estimated 14% of reported animal cruelty cases in the United States. Cases involving projectiles are complicated by gross similarities to other common types of injury, including bite wounds and motor vehicle injuries, by weapons and ammunition not commonly recognized or understood by veterinary medical professionals, and by required expertise beyond that employed in routine postmortem examination. This review describes the common types of projectile injuries encountered within the United States, as well as firearms and ammunition associated with this form of injury. The 3 stages of ballistics-internal, external, and terminal-and wounding capacity are discussed. A general understanding of firearms, ammunition, and ballistics is necessary before pursuing forensic projectile cases. The forensic necropsy is described, including gunshot wound examination, projectile trajectories, different imaging procedures, collection and storage of projectile evidence, and potential advanced techniques for gunpowder analysis. This review presents aspects of projectile injury investigation that must be considered in tandem with standard postmortem practices and procedures to ensure reliable conclusions are reached for medicolegal as well as diagnostic purposes. © The Author(s) 2016.

  7. Graphical Method for Determining Projectile Trajectory

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Moore, J. C.; Baker, J. C.; Franzel, L.; McMahon, D.; Songer, D.

    2010-01-01

    We present a nontrigonometric graphical method for predicting the trajectory of a projectile when the angle and initial velocity are known. Students enrolled in a general education conceptual physics course typically have weak backgrounds in trigonometry, making inaccessible the standard analytical calculation of projectile range. Furthermore,…

  8. Microcraters formed in glass by projectiles of various densities

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Vedder, J. F.; Mandeville, J.-C.

    1974-01-01

    An experiment was conducted investigating the effect of projectile density on the structure and size of craters in soda lime glass and fused quartz. The projectiles were spheres of polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB), aluminum, and iron with velocities between 0.5 and 15 km/sec and diameters between 0.4 and 5 microns. The projectile densities spanned the range expected for primary and secondary particles of micrometer size at the lunar surface, and the velocities spanned the lower range of micrometeoroid velocities and the upper range of secondary projectile velocities. There are changes in crater morphology as the impact velocity increases, and the transitions occur at lower velocities for the projectiles of higher density. The sequence of morphological features of the craters found for PS-DVB impacting soda lime glass for increasing impact velocity, described in a previous work (Mandeville and Vedder, 1971), also occurs in fused quartz and in both targets with the more dense aluminum and iron projectiles. Each transition in morphology occurs at impact velocities generating a certain pressure in the target. High density projectiles require a lower velocity than low-density projectiles to generate a given shock pressure.

  9. 13 CFR 107.1900 - Surrender of license.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Surrender of license. 107.1900 Section 107.1900 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES Ending Operations as a Licensee § 107.1900 Surrender of license. You may not surrender your...

  10. Orientation estimation algorithm applied to high-spin projectiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Long, D. F.; Lin, J.; Zhang, X. M.; Li, J.

    2014-06-01

    High-spin projectiles are low cost military weapons. Accurate orientation information is critical to the performance of the high-spin projectiles control system. However, orientation estimators have not been well translated from flight vehicles since they are too expensive, lack launch robustness, do not fit within the allotted space, or are too application specific. This paper presents an orientation estimation algorithm specific for these projectiles. The orientation estimator uses an integrated filter to combine feedback from a three-axis magnetometer, two single-axis gyros and a GPS receiver. As a new feature of this algorithm, the magnetometer feedback estimates roll angular rate of projectile. The algorithm also incorporates online sensor error parameter estimation performed simultaneously with the projectile attitude estimation. The second part of the paper deals with the verification of the proposed orientation algorithm through numerical simulation and experimental tests. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the orientation estimator can effectively estimate the attitude of high-spin projectiles. Moreover, online sensor calibration significantly enhances the estimation performance of the algorithm.

  11. 7 CFR 1900.102 - Applicable law.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Applicable law. 1900.102 Section 1900.102 Agriculture... GENERAL Applicability of Federal Law § 1900.102 Applicable law. Loans made by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 are authorized and executed pursuant to Federal programs adopted by Congress to...

  12. 7 CFR 1900.102 - Applicable law.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2014-01-01 2013-01-01 true Applicable law. 1900.102 Section 1900.102 Agriculture... GENERAL Applicability of Federal Law § 1900.102 Applicable law. Loans made by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 are authorized and executed pursuant to Federal programs adopted by Congress to...

  13. 7 CFR 1900.102 - Applicable law.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Applicable law. 1900.102 Section 1900.102 Agriculture... GENERAL Applicability of Federal Law § 1900.102 Applicable law. Loans made by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 are authorized and executed pursuant to Federal programs adopted by Congress to...

  14. 7 CFR 1900.102 - Applicable law.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Applicable law. 1900.102 Section 1900.102 Agriculture... GENERAL Applicability of Federal Law § 1900.102 Applicable law. Loans made by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 are authorized and executed pursuant to Federal programs adopted by Congress to...

  15. Wind-influenced projectile motion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bernardo, Reginald Christian; Perico Esguerra, Jose; Day Vallejos, Jazmine; Jerard Canda, Jeff

    2015-03-01

    We solved the wind-influenced projectile motion problem with the same initial and final heights and obtained exact analytical expressions for the shape of the trajectory, range, maximum height, time of flight, time of ascent, and time of descent with the help of the Lambert W function. It turns out that the range and maximum horizontal displacement are not always equal. When launched at a critical angle, the projectile will return to its starting position. It turns out that a launch angle of 90° maximizes the time of flight, time of ascent, time of descent, and maximum height and that the launch angle corresponding to maximum range can be obtained by solving a transcendental equation. Finally, we expressed in a parametric equation the locus of points corresponding to maximum heights for projectiles launched from the ground with the same initial speed in all directions. We used the results to estimate how much a moderate wind can modify a golf ball’s range and suggested other possible applications.

  16. Extraction of thermalized projectile fragments from a large volume gas cell

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cooper, K.; Sumithrarachchi, C. S.; Morrissey, D. J.

    2014-11-01

    Experiments to determine the stopping and extraction efficiency of energetic (90 MeV/u) 76Ga fragments in a 1.2 m long gas cell filled with helium at 123 mbar are reported. The thermalized ions were transported by DC and RF fields as well as gas flow, then jetted through a supersonic nozzle into a RF quadrupole ion-guide and accelerated into an electrostatic beam line. The ions were collected in either a Faraday cup or a silicon beta-detector immediately after acceleration or after magnetic analysis. The range distributions of the ions and extraction efficiency of the system were measured for different implantation ratesmore » and compared with the theoretically calculated values. The singly charged 76Ga ions were observed as [ 76Ga(H 2O) n] + molecular ions with n=0, 1, and 2. The stopping efficiency and the extraction efficiency were obtained from the measured distributions and compared to previous results from other devices.« less

  17. Coulomb effects in low-energy nuclear fragmentation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wilson, John W.; Chun, Sang Y.; Badavi, Francis F.; John, Sarah

    1993-01-01

    Early versions of the Langley nuclear fragmentation code NUCFRAG (and a publicly released version called HZEFRG1) assumed straight-line trajectories throughout the interaction. As a consequence, NUCFRAG and HZEFRG1 give unrealistic cross sections for large mass removal from the projectile and target at low energies. A correction for the distortion of the trajectory by the nuclear Coulomb fields is used to derive fragmentation cross sections. A simple energy-loss term is applied to estimate the energy downshifts that greatly alter the Coulomb trajectory at low energy. The results, which are far more realistic than prior versions of the code, should provide the data base for future transport calculations. The systematic behavior of charge-removal cross sections compares favorably with results from low-energy experiments.

  18. Characteristics and measurement of supersonic projectile shock waves by a 32-microphone ring array

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chang, Ho; Wu, Yan-Chyuan; Tsung, Tsing-Tshih

    2011-08-01

    This paper discusses about the characteristics of supersonic projectile shock wave in muzzle region during firing of high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) and high explosive (HE) projectiles. HEAT projectiles are fired horizontally at a muzzle velocity of Mach 3.5 from a medium caliber tank gun equipped with a newly designed multi-perforated muzzle brake, whereas HE projectiles are fired at elevation angles at a muzzle velocity of Mach 2 from a large caliber howitzer equipped with a newly designed double-baffle muzzle brake. In the near field, pressure signatures of the N-wave generated from projectiles are measured by 32-microphone ring array wrapped by cotton sheath. Records measured by the microphone array are used to demonstrate several key characteristics of the shock wave of supersonic projectile. All measurements made in this study can be a significant reference for developing guns, tanks, or the chassis of fighting vehicles.

  19. Characteristics and measurement of supersonic projectile shock waves by a 32-microphone ring array.

    PubMed

    Chang, Ho; Wu, Yan-Chyuan; Tsung, Tsing-Tshih

    2011-08-01

    This paper discusses about the characteristics of supersonic projectile shock wave in muzzle region during firing of high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) and high explosive (HE) projectiles. HEAT projectiles are fired horizontally at a muzzle velocity of Mach 3.5 from a medium caliber tank gun equipped with a newly designed multi-perforated muzzle brake, whereas HE projectiles are fired at elevation angles at a muzzle velocity of Mach 2 from a large caliber howitzer equipped with a newly designed double-baffle muzzle brake. In the near field, pressure signatures of the N-wave generated from projectiles are measured by 32-microphone ring array wrapped by cotton sheath. Records measured by the microphone array are used to demonstrate several key characteristics of the shock wave of supersonic projectile. All measurements made in this study can be a significant reference for developing guns, tanks, or the chassis of fighting vehicles.

  20. Dynamics of Liquid-Filled Projectiles

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1976-04-01

    1 Estimate of Shape of the Free Surface of the Liquid in a Liquid-Pilled Projectile During Acceleration 6 CHAPTER II. ANGULAR ACCELERATION OF THE...LIQUID IN A LIQUID-FILLED PROJECTILE DURING FLIGHT 13 Liquid "Spinup" in Configuration A 13 Angular Acceleration of the Liquid in Con... Angular Acceleration. 13 2.2 Tangential Velocity of Liquid Versus Radial Position at Several Values of Time (Liquid Configuration A) 21 2.3 Tangential

  1. Some Dynamical Features of Molecular Fragmentation by Electrons and Swift Ions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Montenegro, E. C.; Sigaud, L.; Wolff, W.; Luna, H.; Natalia, Ferreira

    To date, the large majority of studies on molecular fragmentation by swift charged particles have been carried out using simple molecules, for which reliable Potential Energy Curves are available to interpret the measured fragmentation yields. For complex molecules the scenario is quite different and such guidance is not available, obscuring even a simple organization of the data which are currently obtained for a large variety of molecules of biological or technological interest. In this work we show that a general and relatively simple methodology can be used to obtain a broader picture of the fragmentation pattern of an arbitrary molecule. The electronic ionization or excitation cross section of a given molecular orbital, which is the first part of the fragmentation process, can be well scaled by a simple and general procedure at high projectile velocities. The fragmentation fractions arising from each molecular orbital can then be achieved by matching the calculated ionization with the measured fragmentation cross sections. Examples for Oxygen, Chlorodifluoromethane and Pyrimidine molecules are presented.

  2. Maximizing the Range of a Projectile.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brown, Ronald A.

    1992-01-01

    Discusses solutions to the problem of maximizing the range of a projectile. Presents three references that solve the problem with and without the use of calculus. Offers a fourth solution suitable for introductory physics courses that relies more on trigonometry and the geometry of the problem. (MDH)

  3. Experimental assessment of eye protection efficiency against high speed projectiles.

    PubMed

    Speck, Alexis; Zelzer, Benedikt; Eppig, Timo; Langenbucher, Achim

    2013-02-01

    Work in hazardous zones with the risk of mechanical injuries requires protection with safety spectacles. Mechanical eye injuries with metal foreign bodies are often caused by rotational material machining or production processes with high pressure or high velocity moving parts. Normative regulations restrict to tests with small and fast flying objects (e.g. 6mm ball). The literature does not provide any information about protection capabilities against larger objects with high mass and arbitrary shape. The purpose of this study was to test the protection efficiency of safety spectacles against flying objects. The scope of this paper is to present a new test setup for mechanical impact resistance testing of personal protective eyewear against objects with arbitrary shape and mass. The setup is based on a catapult platform, accelerating a sliding carriage on a rail. A pull rope system allows velocities up to 62±2 m·s(-1). A photo sensor was used for velocity measurement. The carriage can be loaded with projectiles of up to 30mm×30mm×40mm in size with arbitrary orientation, depending on the carriage insert. Testing and validation was done with projectiles such as 7g metal chips and fragments with approximate dimensions of 10mm×15mm. Samples were standard occupational safety spectacles mounted on a test head. The projectile impact was captured with a monochrome high speed camera. The aiming accuracy test showed deviations of approximately 1mm of two impacts on the same spectacle surface with a free flight distance of 150mm. All tests with slow, medium and high speed projectiles showed no contact with the eye medium. Objects with velocities from 10 m·s(-1) to 62 m·s(-1) fired the spectacle off from the test head. The medium speed test cut off one side of the spectacle frame. The high speed test with 62±2 m·s(-1) cracked the polycarbonate shield. We describe a method for accelerating arbitrary objects up to 62 m·s(-1) and for aiming these objects on safety

  4. Limiting fragmentation from scale-invariant merging of fast partons

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bialas, A.; Bzdak, A.; Peschanski, R.

    2008-07-01

    Exploiting the idea that the fast partons of an energetic projectile can be treated as sources of colour radiation interpreted as wee partons, it is shown that the recently observed property of extended limiting fragmentation implies a scaling law for the rapidity distribution of fast partons. This leads to a picture of a self-similar process where, for fixed total rapidity Y, the sources merge with probability varying as 1 / y.

  5. Stopping power: Effect of the projectile deceleration

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kompaneets, Roman, E-mail: kompaneets@mpe.mpg.de; Ivlev, Alexei V.; Morfill, Gregor E.

    2014-11-15

    The stopping force is the force exerted on the projectile by its wake. Since the wake does not instantly adjust to the projectile velocity, the stopping force should be affected by the projectile deceleration caused by the stopping force itself. We address this effect by deriving the corresponding correction to the stopping force in the cold plasma approximation. By using the derived expression, we estimate that if the projectile is an ion passing through an electron-proton plasma, the correction is small when the stopping force is due to the plasma electrons, but can be significant when the stopping force ismore » due to the protons.« less

  6. Electric rail gun projectile acceleration to high velocity

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bauer, D. P.; Mccormick, T. J.; Barber, J. P.

    1982-01-01

    Electric rail accelerators are being investigated for application in electric propulsion systems. Several electric propulsion applications require that the rail accelerator be capable of launching projectiles at velocities above 10 km/s. An experimental program was conducted to develop rail accelerator technology for high velocity projectile launch. Several 6 mm bore, 3 m long rail accelerators were fabricated. Projectiles with a mass of 0.2 g were accelerated by plasmas, carrying currents up to 150 kA. Experimental design and results are described. Results indicate that the accelerator performed as predicted for a fraction of the total projectile acceleration. The disparity between predicted and measured results are discussed.

  7. Visualization of Projectile Flying at High Speed in Dusty Atmosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Masaki, Chihiro; Watanabe, Yasumasa; Suzuki, Kojiro

    2017-10-01

    Considering a spacecraft that encounters particle-laden environment, such as dust particles flying up over the regolith by the jet of the landing thruster, high-speed flight of a projectile in such environment was experimentally simulated by using the ballistic range. At high-speed collision of particles on the projectile surface, they may be reflected with cracking into smaller pieces. On the other hand, the projectile surface will be damaged by the collision. To obtain the fundamental characteristics of such complicated phenomena, a projectile was launched at the velocity up to 400 m/s and the collective behaviour of particles around projectile was observed by the high-speed camera. To eliminate the effect of the gas-particle interaction and to focus on only the effect of the interaction between the particles and the projectile's surface, the test chamber pressure was evacuated down to 30 Pa. The particles about 400μm diameter were scattered and formed a sheet of particles in the test chamber by using two-dimensional funnel with a narrow slit. The projectile was launched into the particle sheet in the tangential direction, and the high-speed camera captured both projectile and particle motions. From the movie, the interaction between the projectile and particle sheet was clarified.

  8. Trajectory Control of Small Rotating Projectiles by Laser Sparks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Starikovskiy, Andrey; Limbach, Christopher; Miles, Richard

    2015-09-01

    The possibility of controlling the trajectory of the supersonic motion of a rotating axisymmetric projectile using a remotely generated laser spark was investigated. The dynamic images of the interaction of thermal inhomogeneity created by the laser spark with the bow shock in front of the projectile were obtained. The criterion for a strong shock wave interaction with the thermal inhomogeneity at different angles of a shock wave was derived. Significant changes in the configuration of the bow shock wave and changes in the pressure distribution over the surface of the rotating projectile can appear for laser spark temperature of T' = 2500-3000 K. The experiment showed that strong interaction takes place for both plane and oblique shock waves. The measurement of the velocity of the precession of the rotating projectile axis from the initial position in time showed that the angle of attack of the projectile deviates with a typical time of perturbation propagation along the projectile's surface. Thus the laser spark can change the trajectory of the rotating projectile, moving at supersonic speed, through the creation of thermal heterogeneity in front of it.

  9. High School Students' Understanding of Projectile Motion Concepts

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dilber, Refik; Karaman, Ibrahim; Duzgun, Bahattin

    2009-01-01

    The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of conceptual change-based instruction and traditionally designed physics instruction on students' understanding of projectile motion concepts. Misconceptions related to projectile motion concepts were determined by related literature on this subject. Accordingly, the Projectile Motion…

  10. 7 CFR 4290.1900 - Termination of participation as a RBIC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 15 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Termination of participation as a RBIC. 4290.1900 Section 4290.1900 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE AND RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RURAL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANY...

  11. Skirted projectiles for railguns

    DOEpatents

    Hawke, Ronald S.; Susoeff, Allan R.

    1994-01-01

    A single skirt projectile (20) having an insulating skirt (22) at its rear, or a dual trailing skirt projectile (30, 40, 50, 60) having an insulating skirt (32, 42, 52, 62) succeeded by an arc extinguishing skirt (34, 44, 54, 64), is accelerated by a railgun accelerator 10 having a pair of parallel conducting rails (1a, 1b) which are separated by insulating wall spacers (11). The insulating skirt (22, 32, 42, 52, 62) includes a plasma channel (38). The arc extinguishing skirt (34, 44, 54, 64) interrupts the conduction that occurs in the insulating skirt channel (38) by blocking the plasma arc (3) from conducting current from rail to rail (1a, 1b) at the rear of the projectile (30, 40, 50, 60). The arc extinguishing skirt may be comprised of two plates (36a, 36b) which form a horseshoe wherein the plates are parallel to the rails (1a, b); a chisel-shape design; cross-shaped, or it may be a cylindrical (64). The length of the insulating skirt channel is selected such that there is sufficient plasma in the channel to enable adequate current conduction between the rails (1a, 1b).

  12. Skirted projectiles for railguns

    DOEpatents

    Hawke, R.S.; Susoeff, A.R.

    1994-01-04

    A single skirt projectile (20) having an insulating skirt (22) at its rear, or a dual trailing skirt projectile (30, 40, 50, 60) having an insulating skirt (32, 42, 52, 62) succeeded by an arc extinguishing skirt (34, 44, 54, 64), is accelerated by a railgun accelerator 10 having a pair of parallel conducting rails (1a, 1b) which are separated by insulating wall spacers (11). The insulating skirt (22, 32, 42, 52, 62) includes a plasma channel (38). The arc extinguishing skirt (34, 44, 54, 64) interrupts the conduction that occurs in the insulating skirt channel (38) by blocking the plasma arc (3) from conducting current from rail to rail (1a, 1b) at the rear of the projectile (30, 40, 50, 60). The arc extinguishing skirt may be comprised of two plates (36a, 36b) which form a horseshoe wherein the plates are parallel to the rails (1a, b); a chisel-shape design; cross-shaped, or it may be a cylindrical (64). The length of the insulating skirt channel is selected such that there is sufficient plasma in the channel to enable adequate current conduction between the rails (1a, 1b).

  13. Direct detection of projectile relics from the end of the lunar basin-forming epoch.

    PubMed

    Joy, Katherine H; Zolensky, Michael E; Nagashima, Kazuhide; Huss, Gary R; Ross, D Kent; McKay, David S; Kring, David A

    2012-06-15

    The lunar surface, a key proxy for the early Earth, contains relics of asteroids and comets that have pummeled terrestrial planetary surfaces. Surviving fragments of projectiles in the lunar regolith provide a direct measure of the types and thus the sources of exogenous material delivered to the Earth-Moon system. In ancient [>3.4 billion years ago (Ga)] regolith breccias from the Apollo 16 landing site, we located mineral and lithologic relics of magnesian chondrules from chondritic impactors. These ancient impactor fragments are not nearly as diverse as those found in younger (3.4 Ga to today) regolith breccias and soils from the Moon or that presently fall as meteorites to Earth. This suggests that primitive chondritic asteroids, originating from a similar source region, were common Earth-Moon-crossing impactors during the latter stages of the basin-forming epoch.

  14. 7 CFR 1900.56 - Non-appealable decisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Non-appealable decisions. 1900.56 Section 1900.56 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS... REGULATIONS GENERAL Adverse Decisions and Administrative Appeals § 1900.56 Non-appealable decisions. The...

  15. Interactions in hydrogen of relativistic neon to nickel projectiles: Total charge-changing cross sections

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, C.-X.; Albergo, S.; Caccia, Z.; Costa, S.; Crawford, H. J.; Cronqvist, M.; Engelage, J.; Ferrando, P.; Fonte, R.; Greiner, L.; Guzik, T. G.; Insolia, A.; Jones, F. C.; Knott, C. N.; Lindstrom, P. J.; Mitchell, J. W.; Potenza, R.; Romanski, J.; Russo, G. V.; Soutoul, A.; Testard, O.; Tull, C. E.; Tuvé, C.; Waddington, C. J.; Webber, W. R.; Wefel, J. P.; Zhang, X.

    1994-06-01

    A liquid hydrogen target was used to study the nuclear fragmentation of beams of relativistic heavy ions, 22Ne to 58Ni, over an energy range 400 to 900 MeV/nucleon. The experiments were carried out at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bevalac HISS facility, using the charge-velocity-rigidity method to identify the charged fragments. Here we describe the general concept of the experiment and present total charge-changing cross sections obtained from 17 separate runs. These new measured cross sections display an energy dependence which follows semiempirical model predictions. The mass dependence of the cross sections behaves as predicted by optical models, but within the experimental energy range, the optical model parameters display a clear energy dependence. The isospin of the projectile nuclei also appears to be an important factor in the interaction process.

  16. Numerical simulation of fluid flow around a scramaccelerator projectile

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Pepper, Darrell W.; Humphrey, Joseph W.; Sobota, Thomas H.

    1991-01-01

    Numerical simulations of the fluid motion and temperature distribution around a 'scramaccelerator' projectile are obtained for Mach numbers in the 5-10 range. A finite element method is used to solve the equations of motion for inviscid and viscous two-dimensional or axisymmetric compressible flow. The time-dependent equations are solved explicitly, using bilinear isoparametric quadrilateral elements, mass lumping, and a shock-capturing Petrov-Galerkin formulation. Computed results indicate that maintaining on-design performance for controlling and stabilizing oblique detonation waves is critically dependent on projectile shape and Mach number.

  17. 40 CFR 272.1900-272.1949 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false [Reserved] 272.1900-272.1949 Section 272.1900-272.1949 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) APPROVED STATE HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS Oregon §§ 272.1900-272.1949 [Reserved] ...

  18. 40 CFR 272.1900-272.1949 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false [Reserved] 272.1900-272.1949 Section 272.1900-272.1949 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) APPROVED STATE HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS Oregon §§ 272.1900-272.1949 [Reserved] ...

  19. 40 CFR 272.1900-272.1949 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false [Reserved] 272.1900-272.1949 Section 272.1900-272.1949 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) APPROVED STATE HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS Oregon §§ 272.1900-272.1949 [Reserved] ...

  20. 40 CFR 272.1900-272.1949 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false [Reserved] 272.1900-272.1949 Section 272.1900-272.1949 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) APPROVED STATE HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS Oregon §§ 272.1900-272.1949 [Reserved] ...

  1. 40 CFR 272.1900-272.1949 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false [Reserved] 272.1900-272.1949 Section 272.1900-272.1949 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) APPROVED STATE HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS Oregon §§ 272.1900-272.1949 [Reserved] ...

  2. The scaling and dynamics of a projectile obliquely impacting a granular medium.

    PubMed

    Wang, Dengming; Ye, Xiaoyan; Zheng, Xiaojing

    2012-01-01

    In this paper, the dynamics of a spherical projectile obliquely impacting into a two-dimensional granular bed is numerically investigated using the discrete element method. The influences of projectile's initial velocities and impacting angles are mainly considered. Numerical results show that the relationship between the final penetration depth and the initial impact velocity is very similar to that in the vertical-impact case. However, the dependence of the stopping time on the impact velocity of the projectile exhibits critical characteristics at different impact angles: the stopping time approximately increases linearly with the impact velocity for small impact angles but decreases in an exponential form for larger impact angles, which demonstrates the existence of two different regimes at low and high impact angles. When the impact angle is regarded as a parametric variable, a phenomenological force model at large impact angles is eventually proposed based on the simulation results, which can accurately describe the nature of the resistance force exerted on the projectile by the granular medium at different impact angels during the whole oblique-impact process. The degenerate model agrees well with the existing experimental results in the vertical-impact cases.

  3. An Analytic Approach to Projectile Motion in a Linear Resisting Medium

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stewart, Sean M.

    2006-01-01

    The time of flight, range and the angle which maximizes the range of a projectile in a linear resisting medium are expressed in analytic form in terms of the recently defined Lambert W function. From the closed-form solutions a number of results characteristic to the motion of the projectile in a linear resisting medium are analytically confirmed,…

  4. 32 CFR 1900.31 - Procedures for business information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Procedures for business information. 1900.31 Section 1900.31 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE... Matters § 1900.31 Procedures for business information. (a) In general. Business information obtained by...

  5. 32 CFR 1900.04 - Suggestions and complaints.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Suggestions and complaints. 1900.04 Section 1900.04 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLIC ACCESS TO CIA RECORDS UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA) General § 1900.04 Suggestions and...

  6. 32 CFR 1900.04 - Suggestions and complaints.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Suggestions and complaints. 1900.04 Section 1900.04 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLIC ACCESS TO CIA RECORDS UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA) General § 1900.04 Suggestions and...

  7. 7 CFR 1900.5 - Assignment of cases.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Assignment of cases. 1900.5 Section 1900.5 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS... REGULATIONS GENERAL Delegations of Authority § 1900.5 Assignment of cases. The State Director may, in writing...

  8. 30 CFR 70.1900 - Exhaust Gas Monitoring.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Exhaust Gas Monitoring. 70.1900 Section 70.1900... MANDATORY HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES DIESEL EXHAUST GAS MONITORING § 70.1900 Exhaust Gas... ®) adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, the mine operator shall...

  9. Ballistics projectile image analysis for firearm identification.

    PubMed

    Li, Dongguang

    2006-10-01

    This paper is based upon the observation that, when a bullet is fired, it creates characteristic markings on the cartridge case and projectile. From these markings, over 30 different features can be distinguished, which, in combination, produce a "fingerprint" for a firearm. By analyzing features within such a set of firearm fingerprints, it will be possible to identify not only the type and model of a firearm, but also each and every individual weapon just as effectively as human fingerprint identification. A new analytic system based on the fast Fourier transform for identifying projectile specimens by the line-scan imaging technique is proposed in this paper. This paper develops optical, photonic, and mechanical techniques to map the topography of the surfaces of forensic projectiles for the purpose of identification. Experiments discussed in this paper are performed on images acquired from 16 various weapons. Experimental results show that the proposed system can be used for firearm identification efficiently and precisely through digitizing and analyzing the fired projectiles specimens.

  10. Normal impact of a low-velocity projectile against a taut string-like membrane

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhao, Yifei; Sun, Zhili

    2018-07-01

    For the impact system in which a moving projectile transversely impacts against a taut fabric band, 1-D linearized model applies because of low-velocity, sufficient pretension, and the sizes of the objects. This projectile-to-band impact model can serve as the physical prototype of applications in engineering such as cable-membrane architectures and seat belts. In this fundamental work, the response properties under central and non-central impacts are investigated analytically from the viewpoint of wave propagations, while comparisons and verifications are made with finite element (FE) analysis. For a central impact after the first separation, band can catch up with the projectile such that a contact-impact state is re-established when m is in the small interval neighbouring m = 1. For a non-central impact, the projectile would be subjected to a combination of translation and rotation due to asymmetric wave propagations. From every certain instant, the projectile is subjected to an additional rotational acceleration (principal moment) with an abrupt or zero initial value in the anti-clockwise or clockwise direction. The swing amplitude of a small-j or a flat projectile is susceptible to significant fluctuations, and vice versa. The band with a rather large off-centre ratio for the impacted zone and a rather short length of the shorter segment would facilitate a larger accumulation of swing amplitude in a single direction soon after the impact. The linearized impact models proposed can be used to well describe the small-deflection responses for the system, based on 1-D wave propagations or the dependence of quasi-static band deflection on time if the impact duration is much longer than the double wave transit time for the band.

  11. Launching a Projectile into Deep Space

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Maruszewski, Richard F., Jr.

    2004-01-01

    As part of the discussion about Newton's work in a history of mathematics course, one of the presentations calculated the amount of energy necessary to send a projectile into deep space. Afterwards, the students asked for a recalculation with two changes: First the launch under study consisted of a single stage, but the students desired to…

  12. On high explosive launching of projectiles for shock physics experiments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Swift, Damian C.; Forest, Charles A.; Clark, David A.; Buttler, William T.; Marr-Lyon, Mark; Rightley, Paul

    2007-06-01

    The hydrodynamic operation of the "Forest Flyer" type of explosive launching system for shock physics projectiles was investigated in detail using one and two dimensional continuum dynamics simulations. The simulations were numerically converged and insensitive to uncertainties in the material properties; they reproduced the speed of the projectile and the shape of its rear surface. The most commonly used variant, with an Al alloy case, was predicted to produce a slightly curved projectile, subjected to some shock heating and likely exhibiting some porosity from tensile damage. The curvature is caused by a shock reflected from the case; tensile damage is caused by the interaction of the Taylor wave pressure profile from the detonation wave with the free surface of the projectile. The simulations gave only an indication of tensile damage in the projectile, as damage is not understood well enough for predictions in this loading regime. The flatness can be improved by using a case of lower shock impedance, such as polymethyl methacrylate. High-impedance cases, including Al alloys but with denser materials improving the launching efficiency, can be used if designed according to the physics of oblique shock reflection, which indicates an appropriate case taper for any combination of explosive and case material. The tensile stress induced in the projectile depends on the relative thickness of the explosive, expansion gap, and projectile. The thinner the projectile with respect to the explosive, the smaller the tensile stress. Thus if the explosive is initiated with a plane wave lens, the tensile stress is lower than that for initiation with multiple detonators over a plane. The previous plane wave lens designs did, however, induce a tensile stress close to the spall strength of the projectile. The tensile stress can be reduced by changes in the component thicknesses. Experiments verifying the operation of explosively launched projectiles should attempt to measure

  13. High resolution imaging of a subsonic projectile using automated mirrors with large aperture

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tateno, Y.; Ishii, M.; Oku, H.

    2017-02-01

    Visual tracking of high-speed projectiles is required for studying the aerodynamics around the objects. One solution to this problem is a tracking method based on the so-called 1 ms Auto Pan-Tilt (1ms-APT) system that we proposed in previous work, which consists of rotational mirrors and a high-speed image processing system. However, the images obtained with that system did not have high enough resolution to realize detailed measurement of the projectiles because of the size of the mirrors. In this study, we propose a new system consisting of enlarged mirrors for tracking a high-speed projectiles so as to achieve higher-resolution imaging, and we confirmed the effectiveness of the system via an experiment in which a projectile flying at subsonic speed tracked.

  14. Ablative shielding for hypervelocity projectiles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rucker, Michelle A. (Inventor)

    1993-01-01

    A hypervelocity projectile shield which includes a hollow semi-flexible housing fabricated from a plastic like, or otherwise transparent membrane which is filled with a fluid (gas or liquid) is presented. The housing has a inlet valve, similar to that on a tire or basketball, to introduce an ablating fluid into the housing. The housing is attached by a Velcro mount or double-sided adhesive tape to the outside surface of a structure to be protected. The housings are arrayed in a side-by-side relationship for complete coverage of the surface to be protected. In use, when a hypervelocity projectile penetrates the outer wall of a housing it is broken up and then the projectile is ablated as it travels through the fluid, much like a meteorite 'burns up' as it enters the earth's atmosphere, and the housing is deflated. The deflated housing can be easily spotted for replacement, even from a distance. Replacement is then accomplished by simply pulling a deflated housing off the structure and installing a new housing.

  15. Ocular injuries due to projectile impacts.

    PubMed

    Scott, W R; Lloyd, W C; Benedict, J V; Meredith, R

    2000-01-01

    An animal model has been developed using enucleated porcine eyes to evaluate ocular trauma. The eyes were pressurized to approximately 18 mmHg and mounted in a container with a 10% gelatin mixture. The corneas of sixteen pressurized eyes were impacted by a blunt metal projectile (mass of 2.6 gm, 3.5 gm or 45.5 gm) at velocities of 4.0 to 38.1 m/s. The impacted eyes were evaluated by an ophthalmologist. A numerical classification scheme was used to categorize the severity of the ocular injury. A chi-squared test indicates that the injury level is associated with the kinetic energy (KE) and not the momentum of the projectile. The enucleated eyes began to experience lens dislocations when the KE of the projectile was approximately 0.75 Nm, and retinal injuries when the KE was approximately 1.20 Nm.

  16. Projectile general motion in a vacuum and a spreadsheet simulation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Benacka, Jan

    2015-01-01

    This paper gives the solution and analysis of projectile motion in a vacuum if the launch and impact heights are not equal. Formulas for the maximum horizontal range and the corresponding angle are derived. An Excel application that simulates the motion is also presented, and the result of an experiment in which 38 secondary school students developed the application and investigated the system is given. A questionnaire survey was carried out to find out whether the students found the lessons interesting, learned new skills and wanted to model projectile motion in the air as an example of more realistic motion. The results are discussed.

  17. Comparisons of cross-section predictions for relativistic iron and argon beams with semiempirical fragmentation models

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Townsend, Lawrence W.; Tripathi, Ram K.; Khan, Ferdous

    1993-01-01

    Cross-section predictions with semi-empirical nuclear fragmentation models from the Langley Research Center and the Naval Research Laboratory are compared with experimental data for the breakup of relativistic iron and argon projectile nuclei in various targets. Both these models are commonly used to provide fragmentation cross-section inputs into galactic cosmic ray transport codes for shielding and exposure analyses. Overall, the Langley model appears to yield better agreement with the experimental data.

  18. Microcraters formed in glass by low density projectiles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mandeville, J.-C.; Vedder, J. F.

    1971-01-01

    Microcraters were produced in soda-lime glass by the impact of low density projectiles of polystyrene with masses between 0.7 and 62 picograms and velocities between 2 and 14 kilometers per second. The morphology of the craters depends on the velocity and angle of incidence of the projectiles. The transitions in morphology of the craters formed by polystyrene spheres occur at higher velocities than they do for more dense projectiles. For oblique impact, the craters are elongated and shallow with the spallation threshold occuring at higher velocity. For normal incidence, the total displaced mass of the target material per unit of projectile kinetic energy increases slowly with the energy.

  19. German Explosive Ordnance (Projectiles and Projectile Fuzes)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1953-03-01

    CAP IGNITER BRIDGE INSULATION BLACK POWDER Figure 320—Electric Primers c/12nA and c/22 354 PROJECTILES 0.75 inch, length of body. 0.281 inch...of lip. 0.75 inch, length of body. Number of threads, 5 RH. CONSTRUCTION. The primer houses an igniter bridge which consists of lead styphnate...dipped in gelatin. This bridge has a resistance of approxi- mately 2.2 ohms and is in the circuit with the in- sulated contact plug, the spring washer

  20. Electromagnetic Dissociation Cross Sections for High LET Fragments

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Norbury, John

    2016-01-01

    Nuclear interaction cross sections are used in space radiation transport codes to calculate the probability of fragment emission in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. Strong interactions usually dominate in these collisions, but electromagnetic (EM) interactions can also sometimes be important. Strong interactions typically occur when the projectile nucleus hits a target nucleus, with a small impact parameter. For impact parameters larger than the sum of the nuclear radii, EM reactions dominate and the process is called electromagnetic dissociation (EMD) if one of the nuclei undergo fragmentation. Previous models of EMD have been used to calculate single proton (p) production, single neutron (n) production or light ion production, where a light ion is defined as an isotope of hydrogen (H) or helium (He), such as a deuteron (2H), a triton (3H), a helion (3He) or an alpha particle (4He). A new model is described which can also account for multiple nucleon production, such as 2p, 2n, 1p1n, 2p1n, 2p2n, etc. in addition to light ion production. Such processes are important to include for the following reasons. Consider, for example, the EMD reaction 56Fe + Al --> 52Cr + X + Al, for a 56Fe projectile impacting Al, which produces the high linear energy transfer (LET) fragment 52Cr. In this reaction, the most probable particles representing X are either 2p2n or 4He. Therefore, production of the high LET fragment 52Cr, must include the multiple nucleon production of 2p2n in addition to the light ion production of 4He. Previous models, such as the NUCFRG3 model, could only account for the 4He production process in this reaction and could not account for 2p2n. The new EMD model presented in this work accounts for both the light ion and multiple nucleon processes, and is therefore able to correctly account for the production of high LET products such as 52Cr. The model will be described and calculations will be presented that show the importance of light ion and multiple

  1. Guiding supersonic projectiles using optically generated air density channels

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Johnson, Luke A.; Sprangle, Phillip

    2015-09-01

    We investigate the feasibility of using optically generated channels of reduced air density to provide trajectory correction (guiding) for a supersonic projectile. It is shown that the projectile experiences a force perpendicular to its direction of motion as one side of the projectile passes through a channel of reduced air density. A single channel of reduced air density can be generated by the energy deposited from filamentation of an intense laser pulse. We propose changing the laser pulse energy from shot-to-shot to build longer effective channels. Current femtosecond laser systems with multi-millijoule pulses could provide trajectory correction of several meters on 5 km trajectories for sub-kilogram projectiles traveling at Mach 3.

  2. Trajectory Prediction of Spin-Stabilized Projectiles With a Steady Liquid Payload

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-11-01

    analysis assumes the effect of a liquid payload is similar to the Magnus effect . Spectral analysis used to numerically compute liquid-fill induced...the internal motion of a liquid payload can induce destabilizing moments on the projectile. This report creates a method to include the effect of... effect , liquid payload moments are added to the applied loads on the projectile. These loads are computed by solving the linearized Navier-Stokes

  3. Electromagnetic launcher for heavy projectiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kozlov, A. V.; Kotov, A. V.; Polistchook, V. P.; Shurupov, A. V.; Shurupov, M. A.

    2017-11-01

    In this paper, we present the electromagnetic launcher with capacitive power source of 4.8 MJ. Our installation allows studying of the projectile acceleration in railgun in two regimes: with a solid armature and with a plasma piston. The experiments with plasma piston were performed in the railgun with the length of barrel of 0.7-1.0 m and its inner diameter of 17-24 mm. The velocities of lexan projectiles with weight of 5-15 g were in a range of 2.5-3.5 km/s. The physical mechanisms that limit speed of throwing in railgun are discussed.

  4. High Velocity Firings of Slug Projectiles in a Double-Travel 120-MM Gun System

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1991-04-01

    constraints presented by TBD. This charge configuration was then tested using aluminium slug projectiles to avoid the unnecessary expenditure of APFSDS...test projectile was a depleted uranium alloy (U-.75Ti) rod with a standard, four piece, aluminum sabot assembly. The launch package had a nominal...the rod is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. Scaled, Long Rod Penetrator. Figure 3. Aluminium Slug Projectile. The aluminium slug rounds, fired at Range 18

  5. Ocular Injuries Due to Projectile Impacts

    PubMed Central

    (Michael) Scott, William R.; Lloyd, William C.; Benedict, James V.; Meredith, Roy

    2000-01-01

    An animal model has been developed using enucleated porcine eyes to evaluate ocular trauma. The eyes were pressurized to approximately 18mmHg and mounted in a container with a 10% gelatin mixture. The corneas of sixteen pressurized eyes were impacted by a blunt metal projectile (mass of 2.6gm, 3.5gm or 45.5gm) at velocities of 4.0 to 38.1 m/s. The impacted eyes were evaluated by an ophthalmologist. A numerical classification scheme was used to categorize the severity of the ocular injury. A chi-squared test indicates that the injury level is associated with the kinetic energy (KE) and not the momentum of the projectile. The enucleated eyes began to experience lens dislocations when the KE of the projectile was approximately 0.75Nm, and retinal injuries when the KE was approximately 1.20Nm. PMID:11558084

  6. Forward-backward multiplicity correlations of target fragments in nucleus-emulsion collisions at a few hundred MeV/u

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Dong-Hai; Chen, Yan-Ling; Wang, Guo-Rong; Li, Wang-Dong; Wang, Qing; Yao, Ji-Jie; Zhou, Jian-Guo; Li, Rong; Li, Jun-Sheng; Li, Hui-Ling

    2015-01-01

    The forward-backward multiplicity and correlations of a target evaporated fragment (black track particle) and target recoiled proton (grey track particle) emitted from 150 A MeV 4He, 290 A MeV 12C, 400 A MeV 12C, 400 A MeV 20Ne and 500 A MeV 56Fe induced different types of nuclear emulsion target interactions are investigated. It is found that the forward and backward averaged multiplicity of a grey, black and heavily ionized track particle increases with the increase of the target size. The averaged multiplicity of a forward black track particle, backward black track particle, and backward grey track particle do not depend on the projectile size and energy, but the averaged multiplicity of a forward grey track particle increases with an increase of projectile size and energy. The backward grey track particle multiplicity distribution follows an exponential decay law and the decay constant decreases with an increase of target size. The backward-forward multiplicity correlations follow linear law which is independent of the projectile size and energy, and the saturation effect is observed in some heavy target data sets.

  7. 13. Site plan, 1900 Photocopied from a blueprint, 'Appraisal of ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    13. Site plan, 1900 Photocopied from a blueprint, 'Appraisal of Water Power and Real Estate at Whitneyville, 1900,' New Haven Water Company, 100 Crown Street, New Haven, Connecticut. Shows the Whitney Arms Company as it existed for much of the period 1860-1904. Compare with photo CT-2-10. - Eli Whitney Armory, West of Whitney Avenue, Armory Street Vicinity, Hamden, New Haven County, CT

  8. 21 CFR 882.1900 - Evoked response auditory stimulator.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Evoked response auditory stimulator. 882.1900 Section 882.1900 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES NEUROLOGICAL DEVICES Neurological Diagnostic Devices § 882.1900 Evoked response...

  9. 21 CFR 882.1900 - Evoked response auditory stimulator.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Evoked response auditory stimulator. 882.1900 Section 882.1900 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES NEUROLOGICAL DEVICES Neurological Diagnostic Devices § 882.1900 Evoked response...

  10. Techniques for Transition and Surface Temperature Measurements on Projectiles at Hypersonic Velocities- A Status Report

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wilder, M. C.; Bogdanoff, D. W.

    2005-01-01

    A research effort to advance techniques for determining transition location and measuring surface temperatures on graphite-tipped projectiles in hypersonic flight in a ballistic range is described. Projectiles were launched at muzzle velocities of approx. 4.7 km/sec into air at pressures of 190-570 Torr. Most launches had maximum pitch and yaw angles of 2.5-5 degrees at pressures of 380 Torr and above and 3-6 degrees at pressures of 190-380 Torr. Arcjet-ablated and machined, bead-blasted projectiles were launched; special cleaning techniques had to be developed for the latter class of projectiles. Improved methods of using helium to remove the radiating gas cap around the projectiles at the locations where ICCD (intensified charge coupled device) camera images were taken are described. Two ICCD cameras with a wavelength sensitivity range of 480-870 nm have been used in this program for several years to obtain images. In the last year, a third camera, with a wavelength sensitivity range of 1.5-5 microns [in the infrared (IR)], has been added. ICCD and IR camera images of hemisphere nose and 70 degree sphere-cone nose projectiles at velocities of 4.0-4.7 km/sec are presented. The ICCD images clearly show a region of steep temperature rise indicative of transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Preliminary temperature data for the graphite projectile noses are presented.

  11. 7 CFR 1900.7 - Effect on other regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Effect on other regulations. 1900.7 Section 1900.7 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS... REGULATIONS GENERAL Delegations of Authority § 1900.7 Effect on other regulations. This subpart does not...

  12. Micro-Satellite Impact Tests to Investigate Multi-Layer Insulation Fragments

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Liou, J.C.; Murakami, Junko; Hanaha, Toshiya

    2009-01-01

    This paper summarizes two satellite impact experiments completed in 2008. The objective of the experiments is to investigate the physical properties of satellite fragments, including those originated from Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI) and solar panels. The ultimate goal is to use the results to improve the NASA Standard Breakup Model. The targets were two cubic micro-satellites, 20 cm by 20 cm by 20 cm in size, and approximately 1,500 g in mass. The main structure of each micro-satellite was composed of five layers; the top and bottom layers and three internal layers parallel to the top and bottom layers, plus four side panels. The top layer was equipped with solar cells that was mounted to an aluminum honeycomb sandwich panel with CFRP face sheets. The four side panels and the bottom layer are all covered with MLI. The two satellite impact experiments were conducted using the two-stage light gas gun at the Kyushu Institute of Technology in Kitakyusyu, Japan. For the first experiment (labeled Shot F), the satellite was oriented in such a way that the solar panel was facing the incoming projectile, a 39.3 g aluminum alloy solid sphere. For the second experiment (labeled Shot R), the satellite was oriented so that the solar panel was on the opposite side of the impact surface. The projectile used in the second shot was a 39.2 g aluminum alloy solid sphere. The impact speeds of Shot F and Shot R were 1.74 km/s and 1.78 km/s, respectively. The ratio of the impact kinetic energy to satellite mass for the two experiments was about 40 J/g. Both target satellites were completely fragmented, although there were noticeable differences in the characteristics of the fragments. Approximately 1,800 fragments were collected from Shot F but only 1,000 fragments were collected from Shot R. This difference primarily comes from the number of needle-like CFRP and MLI fragments. The difference in CFRP pieces depends on how the CFRP panels were fragmented. Regarding the MLI pieces, a

  13. Cambodian students’ prior knowledge of projectile motion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Piten, S.; Rakkapao, S.; Prasitpong, S.

    2017-09-01

    Students always bring intuitive ideas about physics into classes, which can impact what they learn and how successful they are. To examine what Cambodian students think about projectile motion, we have developed seven open-ended questions and applied into grade 11 students before (N=124) and after (N=131) conventional classes. Results revealed several consistent misconceptions, for instance, many students believed that the direction of a velocity vector of a projectile follows the curved path at every position. They also thought the direction of an acceleration (or a force) follows the direction of motion. Observed by a pilot sitting on the plane, the falling object, dropped from a plane moving at a constant initial horizontal speed, would travel backward and land after the point of its release. The greater angle of the launched projectile creates the greater horizontal range. The hand force imparted with the ball leads the ball goes straight to hit the target. The acceleration direction points from the higher position to lower position. The misconceptions will be used as primary resources to develop instructional instruments to promote Cambodian students’ understanding of projectile motion in the following work.

  14. Destabilization and intracranial fragmentation of a full metal jacket bullet.

    PubMed

    Farrugia, A; Raul, J S; Geraut, A; Tortel, M C; Ludes, B

    2009-10-01

    We report a case with an atypical entrance wound as a result of a destabilized full metal jacket bullet penetration. The destabilized bullet by an impact with the dorsal hand experiences a yawing to tumbling motion in flight. The large angle of yaw induces a larger presenting profile upon impact that contributes, associated to a rapid deceleration, to a greater mechanical force on the projectile structure and a fragmentation into core and jacket. Forensic pathologists have to be aware that the metal jacket bullet could tend to break up outside or inside the body particularly after a shooting through a target. This phenomenon induces atypical entrance wounds and atypical X-ray presentation. 2009 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine.

  15. Multivariate-data-visualization-based investigation of projectiles in sports

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shah, Agam; Chauhan, Yagnesh; Patel, Prithvi; Chaudhury, Bhaskar

    2018-07-01

    The kinematics and dynamics of projectiles in sports is a complex topic involving several physical quantities and variables such as time, distance, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force, energy, viscosity, pressure, torque, bounce, sliding, rolling, etc. The analysis of these complex sets of multidimensional information, including the correlation between different variables, is an important requirement for the clear understanding of projectile trajectories in sports. However, those who do not have a strong mechanics or physics background find it difficult to interpret the data and comprehend the results in terms of the interacting forces and mutual interaction, which perpetuate the motion of the ball (or projectile). To address this issue, we propose a novel multivariate-data-visualization-based understanding of projectiles in sports inspired by the basic Gestalt principle that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The data representation approach involves the use of a single two-dimensional plane for the representation of multidimensional dynamic variables, and thereby completely removes the requirement of using several 2D plots for analysing and comprehending the meaning behind all of the data and how it correlates. For this study, we have considered the dynamics of two ball sports, namely volleyball and table tennis, as well as the sport of badminton, which involves high-drag projectile motion. We have presented a basic computational model incorporating the important forces to study projectile motion in sports. The data generated by the simulation is investigated using the proposed visualization methodology, and we show how this helps it to be interpreted easily, improving the clarity of our understanding of projectile trajectories in sports using both force and energy language.

  16. Ablation effects in oxygen-lead fragmentation at 2.1 GeV/nucleon

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Townsend, L. W.

    1984-01-01

    The mechanism of particle evaporation was used to examine ablation effects in the fragmentation of 2.1 GeV/nucleon oxygen nuclei by lead targets. Following the initial abrasion process, the excited projectile prefragment is assumed to statistically decay in a manner analogous to that of a compound nucleus. The decay probabilities for the various particle emission channels are calculated by using the EVAP-4 Monte Carlo computer program. The input excitation energy spectrum for the prefragment is estimated from the geometric ""clean cut'' abrasion-ablation model. Isotope production cross sections are calculated and compared with experimental data and with the predictions from the standard geometric abrasion-ablation fragmentation model.

  17. Penetration analysis of projectile with inclined concrete target

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, S. B.; Kim, H. W.; Yoo, Y. H.

    2015-09-01

    This paper presents numerical analysis result of projectile penetration with concrete target. We applied dynamic material properties of 4340 steels, aluminium and explosive for projectile body. Dynamic material properties were measured with static tensile testing machine and Hopkinson pressure bar tests. Moreover, we used three concrete damage models included in LS-DYNA 3D, such as SOIL_CONCRETE, CSCM (cap model with smooth interaction) and CONCRETE_DAMAGE (K&C concrete) models. Strain rate effect for concrete material is important to predict the fracture deformation and shape of concrete, and penetration depth for projectiles. CONCRETE_DAMAGE model with strain rate effect also applied to penetration analysis. Analysis result with CSCM model shows good agreement with penetration experimental data. The projectile trace and fracture shapes of concrete target were compared with experimental data.

  18. Optical model calculations of heavy-ion target fragmentation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Townsend, L. W.; Wilson, J. W.; Cucinotta, F. A.; Norbury, J. W.

    1986-01-01

    The fragmentation of target nuclei by relativistic protons and heavy ions is described within the context of a simple abrasion-ablation-final-state interaction model. Abrasion is described by a quantum mechanical formalism utilizing an optical model potential approximation. Nuclear charge distributions of the excited prefragments are calculated by both a hypergeometric distribution and a method based upon the zero-point oscillations of the giant dipole resonance. Excitation energies are estimated from the excess surface energy resulting from the abrasion process and the additional energy deposited by frictional spectator interactions of the abraded nucleons. The ablation probabilities are obtained from the EVA-3 computer program. Isotope production cross sections for the spallation of copper targets by relativistic protons and for the fragmenting of carbon targets by relativistic carbon, neon, and iron projectiles are calculated and compared with available experimental data.

  19. Microcraters formed in glass by low density projectiles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mandeville, J.-C.; Vedder, J. F.

    1971-01-01

    Microcraters were produced in soda-lime glass by the impact of low density projectiles of polystyrene (p = 1.06 g/cu cm) with masses between 0.7 and 62 picograms and velocities between 2 and 14 km/s. The morphology of the craters depended on the velocity and the angle of incidence of the projectiles and these are discussed in detail. It was found that the transitions in morphology of the craters formed by polystyrene spheres occurred at higher velocities than they did for more dense projectiles.

  20. Cantilever Beam Design for Projectile Internal Moving Mass Systems

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-09-01

    instabilities. Soper (1) considered the stability of a projectile with a cylindrical mass fitted loosely within a cavity. Using a similar...oscillating beam configuration shows promise as a viable, cost-effective, reliable projectile control mechanism. 25 5. References 1. Soper , W

  1. A High-Spin Rate Measurement Method for Projectiles Using a Magnetoresistive Sensor Based on Time-Frequency Domain Analysis

    PubMed Central

    Shang, Jianyu; Deng, Zhihong; Fu, Mengyin; Wang, Shunting

    2016-01-01

    Traditional artillery guidance can significantly improve the attack accuracy and overall combat efficiency of projectiles, which makes it more adaptable to the information warfare of the future. Obviously, the accurate measurement of artillery spin rate, which has long been regarded as a daunting task, is the basis of precise guidance and control. Magnetoresistive (MR) sensors can be applied to spin rate measurement, especially in the high-spin and high-g projectile launch environment. In this paper, based on the theory of a MR sensor measuring spin rate, the mathematical relationship model between the frequency of MR sensor output and projectile spin rate was established through a fundamental derivation. By analyzing the characteristics of MR sensor output whose frequency varies with time, this paper proposed the Chirp z-Transform (CZT) time-frequency (TF) domain analysis method based on the rolling window of a Blackman window function (BCZT) which can accurately extract the projectile spin rate. To put it into practice, BCZT was applied to measure the spin rate of 155 mm artillery projectile. After extracting the spin rate, the impact that launch rotational angular velocity and aspect angle have on the extraction accuracy of the spin rate was analyzed. Simulation results show that the BCZT TF domain analysis method can effectively and accurately measure the projectile spin rate, especially in a high-spin and high-g projectile launch environment. PMID:27322266

  2. A High-Spin Rate Measurement Method for Projectiles Using a Magnetoresistive Sensor Based on Time-Frequency Domain Analysis.

    PubMed

    Shang, Jianyu; Deng, Zhihong; Fu, Mengyin; Wang, Shunting

    2016-06-16

    Traditional artillery guidance can significantly improve the attack accuracy and overall combat efficiency of projectiles, which makes it more adaptable to the information warfare of the future. Obviously, the accurate measurement of artillery spin rate, which has long been regarded as a daunting task, is the basis of precise guidance and control. Magnetoresistive (MR) sensors can be applied to spin rate measurement, especially in the high-spin and high-g projectile launch environment. In this paper, based on the theory of a MR sensor measuring spin rate, the mathematical relationship model between the frequency of MR sensor output and projectile spin rate was established through a fundamental derivation. By analyzing the characteristics of MR sensor output whose frequency varies with time, this paper proposed the Chirp z-Transform (CZT) time-frequency (TF) domain analysis method based on the rolling window of a Blackman window function (BCZT) which can accurately extract the projectile spin rate. To put it into practice, BCZT was applied to measure the spin rate of 155 mm artillery projectile. After extracting the spin rate, the impact that launch rotational angular velocity and aspect angle have on the extraction accuracy of the spin rate was analyzed. Simulation results show that the BCZT TF domain analysis method can effectively and accurately measure the projectile spin rate, especially in a high-spin and high-g projectile launch environment.

  3. Fatal lawn mower related projectile injury.

    PubMed

    Colville-Ebeling, Bonnie; Lynnerup, Niels; Banner, Jytte

    2014-06-01

    Fatal lawn mower related injuries are a relatively rare occurrence. In a forensic setting, the primary aim is to reconstruct the injury mechanism and establish the cause of death. A relatively rare, but characteristic type of injury is a so-called projectile or missile injury. This occurs when the operator or a bystander is impacted by an object mobilized from the grass by the rotating mower blades. This type of injury often leaves only modest external trauma, which increases the risk of overlooking an entry wound. In this paper we present a case of a fatal lawn mower related projectile injury which was initially overlooked, later interpreted as a possible gunshot homicide, and finally identified as a lawn mower related projectile injury when autopsy revealed a piece of metal thread in the main bronchus to the right middle lobe, hemopericardium, and right-sided hemothorax. To our knowledge, this injury mechanism has not previously been reported as a cause of death. This case illustrates the importance of postmortem radiological imaging and interdisciplinary cooperation when establishing manner and cause of death in unusual cases.

  4. Projectile-target mixing in melted ejecta formed during a hypervelocity impact cratering event

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Evans, Noreen Joyce; Ahrens, Thomas J.; Shahinpoor, M.; Anderson, W. W.

    1993-01-01

    Tektites contain little to no projectile contamination while, in contrast, some distal ejecta deposits can be relatively projectile-rich (e.g. the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary clay). This compositional difference motivated an experimental study of hypervelocity target-projectile mixing processes. We hope to scale up the results from these experiments and apply them to terrestrial impact structures like the Chicxulub Crater, Yucutan, Mexico, the leading contender as the site for the impact that caused the mass extinction that marks the K-T boundary. Shock decomposition of the approximately 500m thickness of anhydrite, or greater thickness of limestone, in the target rocks at Chicxulub may have been a critical mechanism for either global cooling via SO3, and subsequently H2SO4, formation, or possibly, global warming via increased CO2 formation. Understanding target-projectile mixing processes during hypervelocity impact may permit more accurate estimates of the amount of potentially toxic, target-derived material reaching stratospheric heights.

  5. Pepper spray projectile/disperser for countering hostage and barricade situations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kelly, Roy

    1997-01-01

    An improved less-than-lethal projectile for use in hostage, barricade and tactical assault situations has been developed. The projectile is launched from a standoff position and disperse the incapacitating agent oleoresin capsicum in the form of atomized droplets. A literature search followed by an experimental study were conducted of the mechanism of barrier defeat for various shaped projectiles against the targets of interest in this work: window glass, plasterboard and plywood. Some of the trade- offs between velocity, standoff, projectile shape and size, penetration, and residual energy were quantified. Analysis of the ballistic trajectory and recoil, together with calculations of he amount of pepper spray needed to incapacitate the occupants of a typical barricaded structure, indicated the suitability of using a fin stabilized projectile fired from a conventional 37 mm riot control gas gun. Two projectile designs were considered, manufactured and tested. The results of static tests to simulate target impact, together with live firing trials against a variety of targets, showed that rear ejection of the atomized spray was more reproducible and effective than nose ejection. The performance characteristics of the finalized design were investigated in trials using the standard barrier for testing barrier penetrating tear gas agents as defined by the National Institute of Justice.

  6. Time-Accurate Numerical Prediction of Free Flight Aerodynamics of a Finned Projectile

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2005-09-01

    develop (with fewer dollars) more lethal and effective munitions. The munitions must stay abreast of the latest technology available to our...consuming. Computer simulations can and have provided an effective means of determining the unsteady aerodynamics and flight mechanics of guided projectile...Recently, the time-accurate technique was used to obtain improved results for Magnus moment and roll damping moment of a spinning projectile at transonic

  7. Trajectory And Heating Of A Hypervelocity Projectile

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Tauber, Michael E.

    1992-01-01

    Technical paper presents derivation of approximate, closed-form equation for relationship between velocity of projectile and density of atmosphere. Results of calculations based on approximate equation agree well with results from numerical integrations of exact equations of motion. Comparisons of results presented in series of graphs.

  8. Oblique impact: Projectile richochet, concomitant ejecta and momentum transfer

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gault, Donald E.; Schultz, Peter H.

    1987-01-01

    Experimental studies of oblique impact indicate that projectile richochet occurs for trajectory angles less than 30 deg and that the richocheted projectile, accompanied by some target material, are ejected at velocities that are a large fraction of the impact velocity. Because the probability of occurrence of oblique impact less than 30 deg on a planetary body is about one out of every four impact events, oblique impacts would seem to be a potential mechanism to provide a source of meteorites from even the largest atmosphere-free planetary bodies. Because the amount of richocheted target material cannot be determined from previous results, additional experiments in the Ames Vertical Gun laboratory were undertaken toward that purpose using pendulums; one to measure momentum of the richocheted projectile and concomitant target ejecta, and a second to measure the momentum transferred from projectile to target. These experiments are briefly discussed.

  9. The Physics of Protoplanetesimal Dust Agglomerates. V. Multiple Impacts of Dusty Agglomerates at Velocities Above the Fragmentation Threshold

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kothe, Stefan; Güttler, Carsten; Blum, Jürgen

    2010-12-01

    In recent years, a number of new experiments have advanced our knowledge on the early growth phases of protoplanetary dust aggregates. Some of these experiments have shown that collisions between porous and compacted agglomerates at velocities above the fragmentation threshold velocity can lead to growth of the compact body, when the porous collision partner fragments upon impact and transfers mass to the compact agglomerate. To obtain a deeper understanding of this potentially important growth process, we performed laboratory and drop tower experiments to study multiple impacts of small, highly porous dust-aggregate projectiles onto sintered dust targets. The projectile and target consisted of 1.5 μm monodisperse, spherical SiO2 monomers with volume filling factors of 0.15 ± 0.01 and 0.45 ± 0.05, respectively. The fragile projectiles were accelerated by a solenoid magnet and combined with a projectile magazine with which 25 impacts onto the same spot on the target could be performed in vacuum. We measured the mass-accretion efficiency and the volume filling factor for different impact velocities between 1.5 and 6.0 m s^{-1}. The experiments at the lowest impact speeds were performed in the Bremen drop tower under microgravity conditions to allow partial mass transfer also for the lowest adhesion case. Within this velocity range, we found a linear increase of the accretion efficiency with increasing velocity. In the laboratory experiments, the accretion efficiency increases from 0.12 to 0.21 in units of the projectile mass. The recorded images of the impacts showed that the mass transfer from the projectile to the target leads to the growth of a conical structure on the target after less than 100 impacts. From the images, we also measured the volume filling factors of the grown structures, which ranged from 0.15 (uncompacted) to 0.40 (significantly compacted) with increasing impact speed. The velocity dependency of the mass-transfer efficiency and the packing

  10. A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation.

    PubMed

    Jones, David R; Chapman, David J; Eakins, Daniel E

    2015-06-28

    The dynamic fracture of a body is a late-stage phenomenon typically studied under simplified conditions, in which a sample is deformed under uniform stress and strain rate. This can be produced by evenly loading the inner surface of a cylinder. Due to the axial symmetry, as the cylinder expands the wall is placed into a tensile hoop stress that is uniform around the circumference. While there are various techniques to generate this expansion such as explosives, electromagnetic drive, and existing gas gun techniques they are all limited in the fact that the sample cylinder must be at room temperature. We present a new method using a gas gun that facilitates experiments on cylinders from 150 K to 800 K with a consistent, repeatable loading. These highly diagnosed experiments are used to examine the effect of temperature on the fracture mechanisms responsible for failure, and their resulting influence on fragmentation statistics. The experimental geometry employs a steel ogive located inside the target cylinder, with the tip located about halfway in. A single stage light gas gun is then used to launch a polycarbonate projectile into the cylinder at 1,000 m/sec(-1). The projectile impacts and flows around the rigid ogive, driving the sample cylinder from the inside. The use of a non-deforming ogive insert allows us to install temperature control hardware inside the rear of the cylinder. Liquid nitrogen (LN₂) is used for cooling and a resistive high current load for heating. Multiple channels of upshifted photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) track the expansion velocity along the cylinder enabling direct comparison to computer simulations, while High speed imaging is used to measure the strain to failure. The recovered cylinder fragments are also subject to optical and electron microscopy to ascertain the failure mechanism.

  11. A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation

    PubMed Central

    Jones, David R.; Chapman, David J.; Eakins, Daniel E.

    2015-01-01

    The dynamic fracture of a body is a late-stage phenomenon typically studied under simplified conditions, in which a sample is deformed under uniform stress and strain rate. This can be produced by evenly loading the inner surface of a cylinder. Due to the axial symmetry, as the cylinder expands the wall is placed into a tensile hoop stress that is uniform around the circumference. While there are various techniques to generate this expansion such as explosives, electromagnetic drive, and existing gas gun techniques they are all limited in the fact that the sample cylinder must be at room temperature. We present a new method using a gas gun that facilitates experiments on cylinders from 150 K to 800 K with a consistent, repeatable loading. These highly diagnosed experiments are used to examine the effect of temperature on the fracture mechanisms responsible for failure, and their resulting influence on fragmentation statistics. The experimental geometry employs a steel ogive located inside the target cylinder, with the tip located about halfway in. A single stage light gas gun is then used to launch a polycarbonate projectile into the cylinder at 1,000 m/sec-1. The projectile impacts and flows around the rigid ogive, driving the sample cylinder from the inside. The use of a non-deforming ogive insert allows us to install temperature control hardware inside the rear of the cylinder. Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is used for cooling and a resistive high current load for heating. Multiple channels of upshifted photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) track the expansion velocity along the cylinder enabling direct comparison to computer simulations, while High speed imaging is used to measure the strain to failure. The recovered cylinder fragments are also subject to optical and electron microscopy to ascertain the failure mechanism. PMID:26168019

  12. Chemical projectile-target interaction during hypervelocity cratering experiments (MEMIN project).

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ebert, M.; Hecht, L.; Deutsch, A.; Kenkmann, T.

    2012-04-01

    The detection and identification of meteoritic components in impact-derived rocks are of great value for confirming an impact origin and reconstructing the type of extraterrestrial material that repeatedly stroke the Earth during geologic evolution [1]. However, little is known about processes that control the projectile distribution into the various impactites that originate during the cratering and excavation process, and inter-element fractionation between siderophile elements during impact cratering. In the context of the MEMIN project, cratering experiments have been performed using spheres of Cr-V-Co-Mo-W-rich steel and of the iron meteorite Campo del Cielo (IAB) as projectiles accelerated to about 5 km/s, and blocks of Seeberger sandstone as target. The experiments were carried out at the two-stage acceleration facilities of the Fraunhofer Ernst-Mach-Institute (Freiburg). Our results are based on geochemical analyses of highly shocked ejecta material. The ejecta show various shock features including multiple sets of planar deformations features (PDF) in quartz, diaplectic quartz, and partial melting of the sandstone. Melting is concentrated in the phyllosilicate-bearing sandstone matrix but involves quartz, too. Droplets of molten projectile have entered the low-viscosity sandstone melt but not quartz glass. Silica-rich sandstone melts are enriched in the elements that are used to trace the projectile, like Fe, Ni, Cr, Co, and V (but no or little W and Mo). Inter-element ratios of these "projectile" tracer elements within the contaminated sandstone melt may be strongly modified from the original ratios in the projectiles. This fractionation most likely result from variation in the lithophile or siderophile character and/or from differences in reactivity of these tracer elements with oxygen [2] during interaction of metal melt with silicate melt. The shocked quartz with PDF is also enriched in Fe and Ni (experiment with a meteorite iron projectile) and in Fe

  13. Additional Crime Scenes for Projectile Motion Unit

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fullerton, Dan; Bonner, David

    2011-12-01

    Building students' ability to transfer physics fundamentals to real-world applications establishes a deeper understanding of underlying concepts while enhancing student interest. Forensic science offers a great opportunity for students to apply physics to highly engaging, real-world contexts. Integrating these opportunities into inquiry-based problem solving in a team environment provides a terrific backdrop for fostering communication, analysis, and critical thinking skills. One such activity, inspired jointly by the museum exhibit "CSI: The Experience"2 and David Bonner's TPT article "Increasing Student Engagement and Enthusiasm: A Projectile Motion Crime Scene,"3 provides students with three different crime scenes, each requiring an analysis of projectile motion. In this lesson students socially engage in higher-order analysis of two-dimensional projectile motion problems by collecting information from 3-D scale models and collaborating with one another on its interpretation, in addition to diagramming and mathematical analysis typical to problem solving in physics.

  14. Measurement of in-situ strength using projectile penetration: Tests of a new launching system

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hearst, J.R.; Newmark, R.L.; Charest, J.A.

    1987-10-01

    The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has a continuing need to measure rock strength in situ, both for simple prediction of cavity size, and as input to computational models. In a previous report we compared two methods for measuring formation strength in situ: projectile penetration and a cone penetrometer. We determined that the projectile method was more promising for application to our large-diameter (2-4-m) hole environment. A major practical problem has been the development of a launcher and an apparatus for measuring depth of penetration that would be suitable for use in large-diameter holes. We are developing a gas-gun launcher systemmore » that will be capable of measuring both depth of penetration and deceleration of a reusable projectile. The current version of the launcher is trailer-mounted for testing at our Nevada Test Site (NTS) in tunnels and outcrops, but its design is such that it can be readily adapted for emplacement hole use. We test the current launcher on 60-cm cubes of gypsum cement, mixed to provie a range of densities (1.64 to 2.0 g/cc) and strengths (3 to 17 MPa). We compared depth of penetration of a 84-g projectile from a ''Betsy'' seismic gun - traveling on the order of 500 m/s - with the depth of penetration of a 13-kg projectile from the gas gun - traveling on the order of 30 m/s. For projectiles with the same nose size and shape, impacting targets of approximately constant strength, penetration depth was proportional to projectile kinetic energy. The ratio of kinetic energy to penetration depth was approximately proportional to target strength. Tests in tuffs with a wide range of strengths at NTS gave a similar linear relationship between the ratio of kinetic energy to penetration and target strength, and also a linear relationship between deceleration and strength. It appears that penetration can indeed be used as a semiquantitative measure of strength.« less

  15. 32 CFR 1900.14 - Fee estimates (pre-request option).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fee estimates (pre-request option). 1900.14 Section 1900.14 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE... § 1900.14 Fee estimates (pre-request option). In order to avoid unanticipated or potentially large fees...

  16. More on Projectile Motion.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Molina, M. I.

    2000-01-01

    Mathematically explains why the range of a projectile is most insensitive to aiming errors when the initial angle is close to 45 degrees, whereas other observables such as maximum height or flight time are most insensitive for near-vertical launching conditions. (WRM)

  17. Projectile Motion with Mathematica.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    de Alwis, Tilak

    2000-01-01

    Describes how to use the computer algebra system (CAS) Mathematica to analyze projectile motion with and without air resistance. These experiments result in several conjectures leading to theorems. (Contains 17 references.) (Author/ASK)

  18. The Effect of Projectile Density and Disruption on the Crater Excavation Flow-Field

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Anderson, Jennifer L. B.; Schultz, P. H.

    2005-01-01

    The ejection parameters of material excavated by a growing crater directly relate to the subsurface excavation flow-field. The ejection angles and speeds define the end of subsurface material streamlines at the target surface. Differences in the subsurface flow-fields can be inferred by comparing observed ejection parameters of various impacts obtained using three-dimensional particle image velocimetry (3D PIV). The work presented here investigates the observed ejection speeds and angles of material ejected during vertical (90 impact angle) experimental impacts for a range of different projectile types. The subsurface flow-fields produced during vertical impacts are simple when compared with that of oblique impacts, affected primarily by the depth of the energy and momentum deposition of the projectile. This depth is highly controlled by the projectile/target density ratio and the disruption of the projectile (brittle vs. ductile deformation). Previous studies indicated that cratering efficiency and the crater diameter/depth ratio were affected by projectile disruption, velocity, and the projectile/target density ratio. The effect of these projectile properties on the excavation flow-field are examined by comparing different projectile materials.

  19. In-pipe aerodynamic characteristics of a projectile in comparison with free flight for transonic Mach numbers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hruschka, R.; Klatt, D.

    2018-03-01

    The transient shock dynamics and drag characteristics of a projectile flying through a pipe 3.55 times larger than its diameter at transonic speed are analyzed by means of time-of-flight and pipe wall pressure measurements as well as computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In addition, free-flight drag of the 4.5-mm-pellet-type projectile was also measured in a Mach number range between 0.5 and 1.5, providing a means for comparison against in-pipe data and CFD. The flow is categorized into five typical regimes the in-pipe projectile experiences. When projectile speed and hence compressibility effects are low, the presence of the pipe has little influence on the drag. Between Mach 0.5 and 0.8, there is a strong drag increase due to the presence of the pipe, however, up to a value of about two times the free-flight drag. This is exactly where the nose-to-base pressure ratio of the projectile becomes critical for locally sonic speed, allowing the drag to be estimated by equations describing choked flow through a converging-diverging nozzle. For even higher projectile Mach numbers, the drag coefficient decreases again, to a value slightly below the free-flight drag at Mach 1.5. This behavior is explained by a velocity-independent base pressure coefficient in the pipe, as opposed to base pressure decreasing with velocity in free flight. The drag calculated by CFD simulations agreed largely with the measurements within their experimental uncertainty, with some discrepancies remaining for free-flying projectiles at supersonic speed. Wall pressure measurements as well as measured speeds of both leading and trailing shocks caused by the projectile in the pipe also agreed well with CFD.

  20. 32 CFR 1900.43 - Determination(s) by Deputy Director(s).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Determination(s) by Deputy Director(s). 1900.43 Section 1900.43 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE... Administrative Appeals § 1900.43 Determination(s) by Deputy Director(s). Each Deputy Director in charge of a...

  1. 32 CFR 1900.31 - Procedures for business information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Procedures for business information. 1900.31 Section 1900.31 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE... the Central Intelligence Agency by a submitter shall not be disclosed pursuant to a Freedom of...

  2. 32 CFR 1900.31 - Procedures for business information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Procedures for business information. 1900.31 Section 1900.31 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE... the Central Intelligence Agency by a submitter shall not be disclosed pursuant to a Freedom of...

  3. 21 CFR 892.1900 - Automatic radiographic film processor.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Automatic radiographic film processor. 892.1900... (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES RADIOLOGY DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 892.1900 Automatic radiographic film processor. (a) Identification. An automatic radiographic film processor is a device intended to be used to...

  4. 21 CFR 892.1900 - Automatic radiographic film processor.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Automatic radiographic film processor. 892.1900... (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES RADIOLOGY DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 892.1900 Automatic radiographic film processor. (a) Identification. An automatic radiographic film processor is a device intended to be used to...

  5. 21 CFR 892.1900 - Automatic radiographic film processor.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Automatic radiographic film processor. 892.1900... (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES RADIOLOGY DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 892.1900 Automatic radiographic film processor. (a) Identification. An automatic radiographic film processor is a device intended to be used to...

  6. 21 CFR 892.1900 - Automatic radiographic film processor.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Automatic radiographic film processor. 892.1900... (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES RADIOLOGY DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 892.1900 Automatic radiographic film processor. (a) Identification. An automatic radiographic film processor is a device intended to be used to...

  7. 21 CFR 892.1900 - Automatic radiographic film processor.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Automatic radiographic film processor. 892.1900... (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES RADIOLOGY DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 892.1900 Automatic radiographic film processor. (a) Identification. An automatic radiographic film processor is a device intended to be used to...

  8. Projectile containing metastable intermolecular composites and spot fire method of use

    DOEpatents

    Asay, Blaine W.; Son, Steven F.; Sanders, V. Eric; Foley, Timothy; Novak, Alan M.; Busse, James R.

    2012-07-31

    A method for altering the course of a conflagration involving firing a projectile comprising a powder mixture of oxidant powder and nanosized reductant powder at velocity sufficient for a violent reaction between the oxidant powder and the nanosized reductant powder upon impact of the projectile, and causing impact of the projectile at a location chosen to draw a main fire to a spot fire at such location and thereby change the course of the conflagration, whereby the air near the chosen location is heated to a temperature sufficient to cause a spot fire at such location. The invention also includes a projectile useful for such method and said mixture preferably comprises a metastable intermolecular composite.

  9. The representational dynamics of remembered projectile locations.

    PubMed

    De Sá Teixeira, Nuno Alexandre; Hecht, Heiko; Oliveira, Armando Mónica

    2013-12-01

    When people are instructed to locate the vanishing location of a moving target, systematic errors forward in the direction of motion (M-displacement) and downward in the direction of gravity (O-displacement) are found. These phenomena came to be linked with the notion that physical invariants are embedded in the dynamic representations generated by the perceptual system. We explore the nature of these invariants that determine the representational mechanics of projectiles. By manipulating the retention intervals between the target's disappearance and the participant's responses, while measuring both M- and O-displacements, we were able to uncover a representational analogue of the trajectory of a projectile. The outcomes of three experiments revealed that the shape of this trajectory is discontinuous. Although the horizontal component of such trajectory can be accounted for by perceptual and oculomotor factors, its vertical component cannot. Taken together, the outcomes support an internalization of gravity in the visual representation of projectiles.

  10. Non-invasive timing of gas gun projectiles with light detection and ranging

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Goodwin, P. M.; Bartram, B. D.; Gibson, L. L.; Wu, M.; Dattelbaum, D. M.

    2014-05-01

    We have developed a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) diagnostic to track the position of a projectile inside of a gas gun launch tube in real-time. This capability permits the generation of precisely timed trigger pulses useful for triggering high-latency diagnostics such as a flash lamp-pumped laser. An initial feasibility test was performed using a 72 mm bore diameter single-stage gas gun routinely used for dynamic research at Los Alamos. A 655 nm pulsed diode laser operating at a pulse repetition rate of 100 kHz was used to interrogate the position of the moving projectile in real-time. The position of the projectile in the gun barrel was tracked over a distance of ~ 3 meters prior to impact. The position record showed that the projectile moved at a velocity of 489 m/s prior to impacting the target. This velocity was in good agreement with independent measurements of the projectile velocity by photon Doppler velocimetry and timing of the passage of the projectile through optical marker beams positioned at the muzzle of the gun. The time-to-amplitude conversion electronics used enable the LIDAR data to be processed in real-time to generate trigger pulses at preset separations between the projectile and target.

  11. Treatment of Ion-Atom Collisions Using a Partial-Wave Expansion of the Projectile Wavefunction

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wong, T. G.; Foster, M.; Colgan, J.; Madison, D. H.

    2009-01-01

    We present calculations of ion-atom collisions using a partial-wave expansion of the projectile wavefunction. Most calculations of ion-atom collisions have typically used classical or plane-wave approximations for the projectile wavefunction, since partial-wave expansions are expected to require prohibitively large numbers of terms to converge…

  12. The aerodynamics of some guided projectiles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Spearman, M. L.

    1984-01-01

    Some characteristic projectile shapes are considered with various added components intended to provide lift, stability, and control. The intent of the additions is to provide some means for altering the normal ballistic flight path of a projectile for various purposes such as: achieving greater accuracy at the impact point, selecting alternate impact points, extending range, improved evasion, and so on. The configurations presented illustrate the effects of a flare, wings, and tails for providing stability and lift, and the effects of aft-tails, a close-coupled flap, and all-moving forward wings for control. The relative merits of the various configurations, all of which provided for flight path alterations are discussed.

  13. The aerodynamics of some guided projectiles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Spearman, M. L.

    1984-01-01

    Some characteristic projectile shapes are considered with various added components intended to provide lift, stability, and control. The intent of the additions is to provide some means for altering the normal ballistic flight path of a projectile for various purposes such as: achieving greater accuracy at the impact point, selecting alternate impact points, extending range, improved evasion, and so on. The configurations presented illustrate the effects of a flare, wings, and tails for providing stability and lift, and the effects of aft-tails, a close-coupled flap, and all-moving forward wings for control. The relative merits of the various configurations, all of which provided for flight path alterations, are discussed.

  14. Measurement of sound emitted by flying projectiles with aeroacoustic sources

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cho, Y. I.; Shakkottai, P.; Harstad, K. G.; Back, L. H.

    1988-01-01

    Training projectiles with axisymmetric ring cavities that produce intense tones in an airstream were shot in a straight-line trajectory. A ground-based microphone was used to obtain the angular distribution of sound intensity produced from the flying projectile. Data reduction required calculation of Doppler and attenuation factors. Also, the directional sensitivity of the ground-mounted microphone was measured and used in the data reduction. A rapid angular variation of sound intensity produced from the projectile was found that can be used to plot an intensity contour map on the ground. A full-scale field test confirmed the validity of the aeroacoustic concept of producing a relatively intense whistle from the projectile, and the usefulness of short-range flight tests that yield acoustic data free of uncertainties associated with diffraction, reflection, and refraction at jet boundaries in free-jet tests.

  15. Projectile Motion Hoop Challenge

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jordan, Connor; Dunn, Amy; Armstrong, Zachary; Adams, Wendy K.

    2018-01-01

    Projectile motion is a common phenomenon that is used in introductory physics courses to help students understand motion in two dimensions. Authors have shared a range of ideas for teaching this concept and the associated kinematics in "The Physics Teacher" ("TPT"); however, the "Hoop Challenge" is a new setup not…

  16. Modified Point Mass Trajectory Simulation for Base-Burn Projectiles

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-03-01

    Konrad Adenauer Ufer 2-6 1 DGAM 54 Koblenz ATTN: Mr. J.L. Perez Minguez GERMANY Poligono de Experiencias Paseo de Extremedura WTD 91 D. BW-031 28024...directly related to the average projectile base pressure, Pb, as follows: 1 Pb Cob YM2_ (1) 2 db2 where: db = base diameter of projectile in calibers M...and p v Ab is the free-stream mass flow through an area equal to the base of the projectile, Ab. Danberg (1990) has shown that ABP is linearly related

  17. Foreign Object Damage in a Gas-Turbine Grade Silicon Nitride by Spherical Projectiles of Various Materials

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Choi, Sung R.; Racz, Zsolt; Bhatt, Ramakrishna T.; Brewer, David N.

    2006-01-01

    Assessments of foreign object damage (FOD) of a commercial, gas-turbine grade, in situ toughened silicon nitride ceramic (AS800, Honeywell Ceramics Components) were made using four different projectile materials at ambient temperature. AS800 flexure target specimens rigidly supported were impacted at their centers in a velocity range from 50 to 450 m/s by spherical projectiles with a diameter of 1.59 mm. Four different projectile materials were used including hardened steel, annealed steel, silicon nitride ceramic, and brass. Post-impact strength of each target specimen impacted was determined as a function of impact velocity to appraise the severity of local impact damage. For a given impact velocity, the degree of strength degradation was greatest for ceramic balls, least for brass balls, and intermediate for annealed and hardened steel balls. For steel balls, hardened projectiles yielded more significant impact damage than annealed counterparts. The most important material parameter affecting FOD was identified as hardness of projectiles. Impact load as a function of impact velocity was quasi-statically estimated based on both impact and static indentation associated data.

  18. Concept and numerical simulations of a reactive anti-fragment armour layer

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hušek, Martin; Kala, Jiří; Král, Petr; Hokeš, Filip

    2017-07-01

    The contribution describes the concept and numerical simulation of a ballistic protective layer which is able to actively resist projectiles or smaller colliding fragments flying at high speed. The principle of the layer was designed on the basis of the action/reaction system of reactive armour which is used for the protection of armoured vehicles. As the designed ballistic layer consists of steel plates simultaneously combined with explosive material - primary explosive and secondary explosive - the technique of coupling the Finite Element Method with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics was used for the simulations. Certain standard situations which the ballistic layer should resist were simulated. The contribution describes the principles for the successful execution of numerical simulations, their results, and an evaluation of the functionality of the ballistic layer.

  19. Initiation of Gaseous Detonation by Conical Projectiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Verreault, Jimmy

    Initiation and stabilization of detonation by hypersonic conical projectiles launched into combustible gas mixtures is investigated. This phenomenon must be understood for the design and optimization of specific hypersonic propulsion devices, such as the oblique detonation wave engine and the ram accelerator. The criteria for detonation initiation by a projectile is also related to fundamental aspects of detonation research, such as the requirement for direct initiation of a detonation by a blast wave. Experimental results of this problem also offer useful references for validation of numerical and theoretical modeling. Projectiles with cone half angles varying from 15° to 60° were launched into stoichiometric mixtures of hydrogen/oxygen with 70% argon dilution at initial pressures between 10 and 200 kPa. The projectiles were launched from a combustion-driven gas gun at velocities up to 2.2 km/s (corresponding to 133% of the Chapman Jouguet velocity). Pictures of the flowfields generated by the projectiles were taken via Schlieren photography. Five combustion regimes were observed about the projectile ranging from prompt and delayed oblique detonation wave formation, combustion instabilities, a wave splitting, and an inert shock wave. Two types of transition from the prompt oblique detonation wave regime to the inert shock regime were observed. The first (the delayed oblique detonation wave regime) showed an inert shock attached to the tip of the projectile followed by a sharp kink at the onset of an oblique detonation wave; this regime occurred by decreasing the cone angle at high mixture pressures. The second (the combustion instabilities regime) exhibited large density gradients due to combustion ignition and quenching phenomena; this regime occurred by decreasing the mixture pressure at large cone angles. A number of theoretical models were considered to predict critical conditions for the initiation of oblique detonations. The Lee-Vasiljev model agreed

  20. Ballistic Impact of Braided Composites With a Soft Projectile

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Roberts, Gary D.; Pereira, J. Michael; Revilock, Duane M., Jr.; Binienda, Wieslaw; Xie, Ming; Braley, Mike

    2004-01-01

    Impact tests using a soft gelatin projectile were performed to identify failure modes that occur at high strain energy density during impact loading. Use of a soft projectile allows a large amount of kinetic energy to be transferred into strain energy in the target before penetration occurs. Failure modes were identified for flat aluminum plates and for flat composite plates made from a triaxial braid having a quasi-isotropic fiber architecture with fibers in the 0 and +/- 60 deg. directions. For the aluminum plates, a large hole formed as a result of crack propagation from the initiation site at the center of the plate to the fixed boundaries. For the composite plates, fiber tensile failure occurred in the back ply at the center of the plate. Cracks then propagated from this site along the +/- 60 deg. fiber directions until triangular flaps opened to allow the projectile to pass through the plate. The damage size was only slightly larger than the initial impact area. It was difficult to avoid slipping of the fixed edges of the plates during impact, and slipping was shown to have a large effect on the penetration threshold. Failure modes were also identified for composite half-rings fabricated with the 0 deg. fibers aligned circumferentially. Slipping of the edges was not a problem in the half-ring tests. For the composite half-rings, fiber tensile failure also occurred in the back ply. However, cracks initially propagated from this site in a direction transverse to the 0 deg. fibers. The cracks then turned to follow the +/- 60 deg. fibers for a short distance before turning again to follow 0 deg. fibers until two approximately rectangular flaps opened to allow the projectile to pass through the plate. The damage size in the composite half-rings was also only slightly larger than the initial impact area. Cracks did not propagate to the boundaries, and no delamination was observed. The damage tolerance demonstrated by the quasi-isotropic triaxial braid composites

  1. Numerical analysis of the Magnus moment on a spin-stabilized projectile

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cremins, Michael; Rodebaugh, Gregory; Verhulst, Claire; Benson, Michael; van Poppel, Bret

    2016-11-01

    The Magnus moment is a result of an uneven pressure distribution that occurs when an object rotates in a crossflow. Unlike the Magnus force, which is often small for spin-stabilized projectiles, the Magnus moment can have a strong detrimental effect on flight stability. According to one source, most transonic and subsonic flight instabilities are caused by the Magnus moment [Modern Exterior Ballistics, McCoy], and yet simulations often fail to accurately predict the Magnus moment in the subsonic regime. In this study, we present hybrid Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) predictions of the Magnus moment for a spin-stabilized projectile. Velocity, pressure, and Magnus moment predictions are presented for multiple Reynolds numbers and spin rates. We also consider the effect of a sting mount, which is commonly used when conducting flow measurements in a wind tunnel or water channel. Finally, we present the initial designs for a novel Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry (MRV) experiment to measure three-dimensional flow around a spinning projectile. This work was supported by the Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization Program (DoD HPCMP).

  2. 32 CFR 1900.01 - Authority and purpose.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Authority and purpose. 1900.01 Section 1900.01 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLIC ACCESS... National Security Act of 1947, as amended (50 U.S.C. 403); and sec. 6 of the Central Intelligence Agency...

  3. 32 CFR 1900.01 - Authority and purpose.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Authority and purpose. 1900.01 Section 1900.01 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLIC ACCESS... National Security Act of 1947, as amended (50 U.S.C. 403); and sec. 6 of the Central Intelligence Agency...

  4. 32 CFR 1900.01 - Authority and purpose.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Authority and purpose. 1900.01 Section 1900.01 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLIC ACCESS... National Security Act of 1947, as amended (50 U.S.C. 403); and sec. 6 of the Central Intelligence Agency...

  5. Non-Invasive Timing of Gas Gun Projectiles with Light Detection and Ranging

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Goodwin, Peter; Wu, Ming; Dattelbaum, Dana

    2013-06-01

    We have developed a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) diagnostic to track the position of a projectile inside of the gas gun barrel in real-time. This capability permits the generation of precisely timed trigger pulses useful for pre-triggering high-latency diagnostics such as a flash lamp-pumped laser. An initial feasibility test was performed using a 72 mm bore single-stage gas gun routinely used for dynamic research at Los Alamos National Laboratory. A 655-nm pulsed (~100 ps) diode laser operating at a pulse repetition rate of ~100 kHz was used to interrogate the position of the moving projectile in real-time. The position of the projectile in the gun barrel was tracked over a distance of ~3 meters prior to impact. The position record showed that the projectile moved at a constant velocity (483 m/s) prior to impacting the target. This velocity was in good agreement with independent measurements of the projectile velocity by photon Doppler velocimetry, and timing of the passage of the projectile through optical marker beams positioned at the muzzle of the gun. The LIDAR return can be processed in real-time to generate pre-trigger pulses at preset separations between the projectile and target. Work funded by LANL Laboratory Directed Research Project 2011012DR. LA-UR-13-21121, approved for public release.

  6. Injury Risk Assessment of Non-Lethal Projectile Head Impacts

    PubMed Central

    Oukara, Amar; Nsiampa, Nestor; Robbe, Cyril; Papy, Alexandre

    2014-01-01

    Kinetic energy non-lethal projectiles are used to impart sufficient effect onto a person in order to deter uncivil or hazardous behavior with a low probability of permanent injury. Since their first use, real cases indicate that the injuries inflicted by such projectiles may be irreversible and sometimes lead to death, especially for the head impacts. Given the high velocities and the low masses involved in such impacts, the assessment approaches proposed in automotive crash tests and sports may not be appropriate. Therefore, there is a need of a specific approach to assess the lethality of these projectiles. In this framework, some recent research data referred in this article as “force wall approach” suggest the use of three lesional thresholds (unconsciousness, meningeal damages and bone damages) that depend on the intracranial pressure. Three corresponding critical impact forces are determined for a reference projectile. Based on the principle that equal rigid wall maximal impact forces will produce equal damage on the head, these limits can be determined for any other projectile. In order to validate the consistence of this innovative method, it is necessary to compare the results with other existing assessment methods. This paper proposes a comparison between the “force wall approach” and two different head models. The first one is a numerical model (Strasbourg University Finite Element Head Model-SUFEHM) from Strasbourg University; the second one is a mechanical surrogate (Ballistics Load Sensing Headform-BLSH) from Biokinetics. PMID:25400712

  7. 7 CFR 1900.2 - National office staff and state directors.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2014-01-01 2013-01-01 true National office staff and state directors. 1900.2 Section 1900.2 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE... AGRICULTURE PROGRAM REGULATIONS GENERAL Delegations of Authority § 1900.2 National office staff and state...

  8. 7 CFR 1900.2 - National office staff and state directors.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false National office staff and state directors. 1900.2 Section 1900.2 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE... AGRICULTURE PROGRAM REGULATIONS GENERAL Delegations of Authority § 1900.2 National office staff and state...

  9. 7 CFR 1900.2 - National office staff and state directors.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false National office staff and state directors. 1900.2 Section 1900.2 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE... AGRICULTURE PROGRAM REGULATIONS GENERAL Delegations of Authority § 1900.2 National office staff and state...

  10. 7 CFR 1900.2 - National office staff and state directors.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false National office staff and state directors. 1900.2 Section 1900.2 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE... AGRICULTURE PROGRAM REGULATIONS GENERAL Delegations of Authority § 1900.2 National office staff and state...

  11. Wounding potential of 4.4-mm (.173) caliber steel ball projectiles.

    PubMed

    Kamphausen, Thomas; Janßen, Katharina; Banaschak, Sibylle; Rothschild, Markus Alexander

    2018-03-06

    From time to time, severe or fatal injuries caused by small caliber air rifle projectiles are seen. In forensic sciences, the theoretical wounding potential of these weapons and projectiles is widely known. Usually, shots against the skull were reported and, in these cases, penetrating the eyes or thin bone layers of the temporal region. Amongst a huge number of different projectiles available for air guns, sub-caliber 4.4-mm (.173) caliber steel ball projectiles were used in an unusual suicide case. This case led to fundamental questions concerning wound ballistics. An 82-year-old man shot once against his right temporal region and twice into his mouth with a 4.5-mm (.177) caliber air rifle. Because of the exceptionally deep penetration of the base of the skull and the use of spherical-shaped sub-caliber air rifle projectiles, terminal ballistic features were analyzed and compared to results published in forensic literature. Test shots using the same weapon and similar projectiles were fired into ballistic gelatin to measure and calculate basic wound ballistic variables of cal. 4.4-mm (.173) steel balls. In comparison, further test shots with cal. 4.5-mm (.177) steel balls BB (ball bearing), flat-headed and pointed air rifle pellets ("diabolos") were carried out. The theoretical penetration depth in solid bone was calculated with 36.4 mm, and test shots in gelatin from hard contact produced an on-average wound track of 120 mm underlining the potential wounding effect. Furthermore, spherical projectiles could roll back and forth within the barrel, and an air cushion between projectile and breechblock can reduce muzzle velocity by more than half, explaining the retained missile in the temporal region.

  12. Intermediate mass fragment emission and iso-scaling in dissipative Ca+Sn reactions at 45 AMeV

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Singh, H.; Quinlan, M. J.; Tõke, J.; Pawelczak, I.; Henry, E.; Schröder, W. U.; Amorini, F.; Anzalone, A.; Maiolino, C.; Auditore, L.; Loria, D.; Trifiro, A.; Trimarchi, M.; Cardella, G.; De Filippo, E.; Pagano, A.; Chatterjee, M. B.; Cavallaro, S.; Geraci, E.; Papa, M.; Pirrone, S.; Verde, G.; Grzeszczuk, A.; Guazzoni, P.; Zetta, L.; La Guidara, E.; Lanzalone, G.; Lo Nigro, S.; Politi, G.; Loria, D.; Porto, F.; Rizzo, F.; Russotto, P.; Vigilante, M.

    2013-04-01

    The production mechanism of intermediate-mass fragments (IMFs) with atomic numbers Z = 3 - 7 is explored in the intermediate energy regime, studying dissipative 48Ca+112Sn and 48Ca+124Sn reactions at E/A = 45MeV. Various aspects of IMF emission patterns point to an inelastic break-up type production mechanism involving excited projectile-like fragment from dissipative interactions. Isotopic yield ratios of identical IMFs from the above two dissipative reactions have been analysed using the "isoscaling" method. Observed trends are correlated with ground-state binding energy systematics and their relevance for an evaluation of the symmetry energy is discussed.

  13. Projectile motion of a once rotating object: physical quantities at the point of return

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Arabasi, Sameer

    2016-09-01

    Vertical circular motion is a widely used example to explain non-uniform circular motion in most undergraduate general physics textbooks. However, most of these textbooks do not elaborate on the case when this motion turns into projectile motion under certain conditions. In this paper, we describe thoroughly when a mass attached to a cord, moving in a vertical circular motion, turns into a projectile and its location and velocity when it rejoins the circular orbit. This paper provides an intuitive understanding, supported by basic kinematic equations, to give an interesting elegant connection between circular motion and projectile motion—something lacking in most physics textbooks—and will be very useful to present to an undergraduate class to deepen their understanding of both models of motion.

  14. Apparatus for Teaching Physics: A Versatile Projectile Motion Board.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Prigo, Robert B.; Korda, Anthony

    1984-01-01

    Describes the design and use of a projectile motion apparatus to illustrate a variety of projective motion results typically discussed in an introductory course. They include independence of horizontal (constant speed) and vertical (constant acceleration) motions, parabolic path shape, and other types of motion. (JN)

  15. Projectile Motion without Calculus

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rizcallah, Joseph A.

    2018-01-01

    Projectile motion is a constant theme in introductory-physics courses. It is often used to illustrate the application of differential and integral calculus. While most of the problems used for this purpose, such as maximizing the range, are kept at a fairly elementary level, some, such as determining the safe domain, involve not so elementary…

  16. Doubly differential cross sections for galactic heavy-ion fragmentation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cucinotta, Francis A.; Norbury, John W.; Khandelwal, Govind S.; Townsend, Lawrence W.

    1987-01-01

    An abrasion-ablation T-matrix formulation is applied to the calculation of double differential-cross sections in projectile fragmentation of 2.1 GeV/nucleon O-16 on Be-9 and 86 MeV/nucleon C-12 on C-12 and Ag-108. An exponential parameterization of the ablation T-matrix is used and the total width of the intermediate states is taken as a parameter. Fitted values of the total width to experimental results are used to predict the lifetime of the ablation stage and indicate a decay time on the order of 10 to the -19th power sec.

  17. On ballistic parameters of less lethal projectiles influencing the severity of thoracic blunt impacts.

    PubMed

    Pavier, Julien; Langlet, André; Eches, Nicolas; Jacquet, Jean-François

    2015-01-01

    The development and safety certification of less lethal projectiles require an understanding of the influence of projectile parameters on projectile-chest interaction and on the resulting terminal effect. Several energy-based criteria have been developed for chest injury assessment. Many studies consider kinetic energy (KE) or energy density as the only projectile parameter influencing terminal effect. In a common KE range (100-160 J), analysis of the firing tests of two 40 mm projectiles of different masses on animal surrogates has been made in order to investigate the severity of the injuries in the thoracic region. Experimental results have shown that KE and calibre are not sufficient to discriminate between the two projectiles as regards their injury potential. Parameters, such as momentum, shape and impedance, influence the projectile-chest interaction and terminal effect. A simplified finite element model of projectile-structure interaction confirms the experimental tendencies. Within the range of ballistic parameters used, it has been demonstrated that maximum thoracic deflection is a useful parameter to predict the skeletal level of injury, and it largely depends on the projectile pre-impact momentum. However, numerical simulations show that these results are merely valid for the experimental conditions used and cannot be generalised. Nevertheless, the transmitted impulse seems to be a more general factor governing the thorax deflection.

  18. Projectile metallic foreign bodies in the orbit: a retrospective study of epidemiologic factors, management, and outcomes.

    PubMed

    Finkelstein, M; Legmann, A; Rubin, P A

    1997-01-01

    Intraorbital projectile metallic foreign bodies are associated with significant ocular and orbital injuries. The authors sought to evaluate epidemiologic factors, the incidence of associated ocular and orbital injury, and the nature and necessity of surgical intervention in these cases. Charts of all patients with projectile intraorbital metallic foreign bodies seen at our institution (27) over the preceding 7 years were evaluated with respect to age, sex, type of injury, associated ocular and orbital injuries, location of the projectile (anterior, epibulbar, or posterior), postinjury visual acuity, and surgical intervention. The majority of patients were male, between the ages of 11 and 30, and had BB pellet injuries. Thirteen projectiles were lodged anteriorly, 4 were in an epibulbar position, and the remaining 10 were posterior to the equator. Twelve of 13 anterior, and 4 of 4 epibulbar foreign bodies were removed surgically, whereas only 2 of 10 posterior foreign bodies required surgery. No case of surgical intervention resulted in a decrease of visual acuity. Associated ocular injuries were both more common and severe in patients with posteriorly located foreign bodies. Final visual acuity was better at presentation and at discharge in patients with anteriorly located foreign bodies. Intraorbital projectile metallic foreign bodies can be a source of significant ocular morbidity. Management of these cases is dependent on the location of the projectile. Ancillary radiographic studies can be helpful. Surgery to remove the projectile should be considered in each case, but foreign bodies that are not readily accessible often may be left safely in place. Closer regulation of the pellet gun industry, with an emphasis on education and protective eyewear use, would be helpful in reducing these injuries.

  19. Separation and Depleted Uranium Fragments from Gun Test Catchment. Volume 2. Catchment System and Separations Methods

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-12-30

    projectile fragments from target materials, principally sand. Phase I activities included (1) literature review of separations technology , (2) site visits, (3...the current operation, evaluation of alternative means for separation of DU from sand, a review of uranium mining technology for v possible...the current operation, evaluation of alternative means for separation of DU from sand, a review of uranium mining technology for possible

  20. Flight Performance of a Man Portable Guided Projectile Concept

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-02-01

    include precision guided technologies. The focus of this study is maneuvering projectiles launched from man portable weapon systems . A novel guided...5 Figure 5. Body-fixed coordinate system and aerodynamic angles...20 Figure 20. Earth and body-fixed coordinate systems and Euler angles. ........................................24

  1. Native Frames: Disentangling Sequential from Concerted Three-Body Fragmentation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rajput, Jyoti; Severt, T.; Berry, Ben; Jochim, Bethany; Feizollah, Peyman; Kaderiya, Balram; Zohrabi, M.; Ablikim, U.; Ziaee, Farzaneh; Raju P., Kanaka; Rolles, D.; Rudenko, A.; Carnes, K. D.; Esry, B. D.; Ben-Itzhak, I.

    2018-03-01

    A key question concerning the three-body fragmentation of polyatomic molecules is the distinction of sequential and concerted mechanisms, i.e., the stepwise or simultaneous cleavage of bonds. Using laser-driven fragmentation of OCS into O++C++S+ and employing coincidence momentum imaging, we demonstrate a novel method that enables the clear separation of sequential and concerted breakup. The separation is accomplished by analyzing the three-body fragmentation in the native frame associated with each step and taking advantage of the rotation of the intermediate molecular fragment, CO2 + or CS2 + , before its unimolecular dissociation. This native-frame method works for any projectile (electrons, ions, or photons), provides details on each step of the sequential breakup, and enables the retrieval of the relevant spectra for sequential and concerted breakup separately. Specifically, this allows the determination of the branching ratio of all these processes in OCS3 + breakup. Moreover, we find that the first step of sequential breakup is tightly aligned along the laser polarization and identify the likely electronic states of the intermediate dication that undergo unimolecular dissociation in the second step. Finally, the separated concerted breakup spectra show clearly that the central carbon atom is preferentially ejected perpendicular to the laser field.

  2. 32 CFR 1900.34 - Requests for expedited processing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Requests for expedited processing. 1900.34 Section 1900.34 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLIC ACCESS TO CIA RECORDS UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA) Additional Administrative...

  3. 32 CFR 1900.34 - Requests for expedited processing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Requests for expedited processing. 1900.34 Section 1900.34 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLIC ACCESS TO CIA RECORDS UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA) Additional Administrative...

  4. Ultrahigh-speed X-ray imaging of hypervelocity projectiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Miller, Stuart; Singh, Bipin; Cool, Steven; Entine, Gerald; Campbell, Larry; Bishel, Ron; Rushing, Rick; Nagarkar, Vivek V.

    2011-08-01

    High-speed X-ray imaging is an extremely important modality for healthcare, industrial, military and research applications such as medical computed tomography, non-destructive testing, imaging in-flight projectiles, characterizing exploding ordnance, and analyzing ballistic impacts. We report on the development of a modular, ultrahigh-speed, high-resolution digital X-ray imaging system with large active imaging area and microsecond time resolution, capable of acquiring at a rate of up to 150,000 frames per second. The system is based on a high-resolution, high-efficiency, and fast-decay scintillator screen optically coupled to an ultra-fast image-intensified CCD camera designed for ballistic impact studies and hypervelocity projectile imaging. A specially designed multi-anode, high-fluence X-ray source with 50 ns pulse duration provides a sequence of blur-free images of hypervelocity projectiles traveling at speeds exceeding 8 km/s (18,000 miles/h). This paper will discuss the design, performance, and high frame rate imaging capability of the system.

  5. Experimental Flight Characterization of Spin Stabilized Projectiles at High Angle of Attack

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-08-07

    ARL-TR-8082 ● AUG 2017 US Army Research Laboratory Experimental Flight Characterization of Spin- Stabilized Projectiles at High ...Experimental Flight Characterization of Spin- Stabilized Projectiles at High Angle of Attack by Frank Fresconi and Ilmars Celmins Weapons and Materials...June 2016–June 2017 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Experimental Flight Characterization of Spin-Stabilized Projectiles at High Angle of Attack 5a. CONTRACT

  6. Adding Liquid Payloads Effects to the 6-DOF Trajectory of Spinning Projectiles

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-03-01

    Adding Liquid Payloads Effects to the 6-DOF Trajectory of Spinning Projectiles by Gene R. Cooper ARL-TR-5118 March 2010...Liquid Payloads Effects to the 6-DOF Trajectory of Spinning Projectiles Gene R. Cooper Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL...September 2007 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Adding Liquid Payloads Effects to the 6-DOF Trajectory of Spinning Projectiles 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT

  7. Tunable All-Solid-State Local Oscillators to 1900 GHz

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ward, John; Chattopadhyay, Goutam; Maestrini, Alain; Schlecht, Erich; Gill, John; Javadi, Hamid; Pukala, David; Maiwald, Frank; Mehdi, Imran

    2004-01-01

    We present a status report of an ongoing effort to develop robust tunable all-solid-state sources up to 1900 GHz for the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) on the Herschel Space Observatory. GaAs based multi-chip power amplifier modules at W-band are used to drive cascaded chains of multipliers. We have demonstrated performance from chains comprised of four doublers up to 1600 GHz as well as from a x2x3x3 chain to 1900 GHz. Measured peak output power of 23 (micro)W at 1782 GHz and 2.6 (micro)W at 1900 GHz has been achieved when the multipliers are cooled to 120K. The 1900 GHz tripler was pumped with a four anode tripler that produces a peak of 4 mW at 630 GHz when cooled to 120 K. We believe that these sources can now be used to pump hot electron bolometer (HEB) heterodyne mixers.ter (HEB) heterodyne mixers.

  8. Aerodynamic Validation of Emerging Projectile and Missile Configurations

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-12-01

    Inflation Layers at the Surface of the M549 Projectile....................................39 Figure 33. Probe Profile from Nose to Shock Front...behavior is critical for the design of new projectile shapes. The conventional approach to predict this aerodynamic behavior is through wind tunnel ...tool to study fluid flows and complements empirical methods and wind tunnel testing. In this study, the computer program ANSYS CFX was used to

  9. Strain Behavior of Concrete Panels Subjected to Different Nose Shapes of Projectile Impact

    PubMed Central

    Lee, Sangkyu; Kim, Gyuyong; Kim, Hongseop; Son, Minjae; Choe, Gyeongcheol; Nam, Jeongsoo

    2018-01-01

    This study evaluates the fracture properties and rear-face strain distribution of nonreinforced and hooked steel fiber-reinforced concrete panels penetrated by projectiles of three different nose shapes: sharp, hemispherical, and flat. The sharp projectile nose resulted in a deeper penetration because of the concentration of the impact force. Conversely, the flat projectile nose resulted in shallower penetrations. The penetration based on different projectile nose shapes is directly related to the impact force transmitted to the rear face. Scabbing can be more accurately predicted by the tensile strain on the rear face of concrete due to the projectile nose shape. The tensile strain on the rear face of the concrete was reduced by the hooked steel fiber reinforcement because the hooked steel fiber absorbed some of the impact stress transmitted to the rear face of the concrete. Consequently, the strain behavior on the rear face of concrete according to the projectile nose shape was confirmed. PMID:29522479

  10. Strain Behavior of Concrete Panels Subjected to Different Nose Shapes of Projectile Impact.

    PubMed

    Lee, Sangkyu; Kim, Gyuyong; Kim, Hongseop; Son, Minjae; Choe, Gyeongcheol; Nam, Jeongsoo

    2018-03-09

    This study evaluates the fracture properties and rear-face strain distribution of nonreinforced and hooked steel fiber-reinforced concrete panels penetrated by projectiles of three different nose shapes: sharp, hemispherical, and flat. The sharp projectile nose resulted in a deeper penetration because of the concentration of the impact force. Conversely, the flat projectile nose resulted in shallower penetrations. The penetration based on different projectile nose shapes is directly related to the impact force transmitted to the rear face. Scabbing can be more accurately predicted by the tensile strain on the rear face of concrete due to the projectile nose shape. The tensile strain on the rear face of the concrete was reduced by the hooked steel fiber reinforcement because the hooked steel fiber absorbed some of the impact stress transmitted to the rear face of the concrete. Consequently, the strain behavior on the rear face of concrete according to the projectile nose shape was confirmed.

  11. Projectile motion in real-life situation: Kinematics of basketball shooting

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Changjan, A.; Mueanploy, W.

    2015-06-01

    Basketball shooting is a basic practice for players. The path of the ball from the players to the hoop is projectile motion. For undergraduate introductory physics courses student must be taught about projectile motion. Basketball shooting can be used as a case study for learning projectile motion from real-life situation. In this research, we discuss the relationship between optimal angle, minimum initial velocity and the height of the ball before the player shoots the ball for basketball shooting problem analytically. We found that the value of optimal angle and minimum initial velocity decreases with increasing the height of the ball before the player shoots the ball.

  12. A Synopsis of Yaw-Induction Techniques Used During Projectile Free-Flight Aerodynamics Experiments

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-03-01

    the projectile exits the launch tube is often needed. Over the years, numerous yaw-induction techniques have been developed to deliberately...launch phase, and provide insight pertaining to their implementation and success based upon some quantitative results. 2. WORN TUBES AS YAW...disturbances are predominantly introduced while the projectile is still in bore or in transition (i.e., mechanically disengaged from the gun tube but not

  13. Non-contact and contact measurement system for detecting projectile position in electromagnetic launch bore

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xu, Weidong; Yuan, Weiqun; Xu, Rong; Zhao, Hui; Cheng, Wenping; Zhang, Dongdong; Zhao, Ying; Yan, Ping

    2017-12-01

    This paper introduces a new measurement system for measuring the position of a projectile within a rapid fire electromagnetic launching system. The measurement system contains both non-contact laser shading and metal fiber contact measurement devices. Two projectiles are placed in the rapid fire electromagnetic launch bore, one in the main accelerating segment and the other in the pre-loading segment. The projectile placed in the main accelerating segment should be shot first, and then the other is loaded into the main segment from the pre-loading segment. The main driving current (I-main) can only be discharged again when the second projectile has arrived at the key position (the projectile position corresponds to the discharging time) in the main accelerating segment. So, it is important to be able to detect when the second projectile arrives at the key position in the main accelerating segment. The B-dot probe is the most widely used system for detecting the position of the projectile in the electromagnetic launch bore. However, the B-dot signal is affected by the driving current amplitude and the projectile velocity. There is no current in the main accelerating segment when the second projectile moves into this segment in rapid fire mode, so the B-dot signal for detecting the key position is invalid. Due to the presence of a high-intensity magnetic field, a high current, a high-temperature aluminum attachment, smoke and strong vibrations, it is very difficult to detect the projectile position in the bore accurately. So, other measurements need to be researched and developed in order to achieve high reliability. A measurement system based on a laser (non-contact) and metal fibers (contact) has been designed, and the integrated output signal based on this detector is described in the following paper.

  14. Impact Interaction of Projectile with Conducting Wall at the Presence of Electric Current

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chemerys, Volodymyr T.; Raychenko, Aleksandr I.; Karpinos, Boris S.

    2002-07-01

    The paper introduces with schemes of possible electromagnetic armor augmentation. The interaction of projectile with a main wall of target after penetration across the pre-defense layer is of interest here. The same problem is of interest for the current-carrying elements of electric guns. The theoretical analysis is done in the paper for the impact when the kinetic energy of projectile is enough to create the liquid layer in the crater of the wall's metal. Spherical head of projectile and right angle of inclination have been taken for consideration. The solution of problem for the liquid layer of metal around the projectile head has resulted a reduction of the resistant properties of wall material under current influence, in view of electromagnetic pressure appearance, what is directed towards the wall likely the projectile velocity vector.

  15. 32 CFR 1900.13 - Fees for record services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fees for record services. 1900.13 Section 1900.13 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLIC...-printed (if available) Per 100 pages 5.00 Published (if available) Per item NTIS (2) Application of...

  16. Projectile Roll Dynamics and Control With a Low-Cost Skid-to-Turn Maneuver System

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-03-01

    scheme. The mechatronics of the maneuver system was provided. The suitability of this design for survival at gun launch was assessed through...Projectile Roll Dynamics and Control With a Low-Cost Skid-to-Turn Maneuver System by Frank Fresconi, Ilmars Celmins, Mark Ilg, and James...5069 ARL-TR-6363 March 2013 Projectile Roll Dynamics and Control With a Low-Cost Skid-to-Turn Maneuver System Frank Fresconi, Ilmars

  17. 78. PHOTO OF A PROJECTILE FIRING USING A SABOT TAKEN ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    78. PHOTO OF A PROJECTILE FIRING USING A SABOT TAKEN WITH A 70 MM MITCHEL MOTION PICTURE CAMERA, Date unknown, circa 1950. (Original photograph in possession of Dave Willis, San Diego, California.) Photograph represents central frame of negative. - Variable Angle Launcher Complex, Variable Angle Launcher, CA State Highway 39 at Morris Reservior, Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA

  18. Multiplicative Quaternion Extended Kalman Filtering for Nonspinning Guided Projectiles

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-07-01

    tactical applications are inertial. The advantages of using quaternions rather than Euler angles to represent projectile attitude are discussed, and...projectiles generally don’t experience a wide range of heading angles , this has not a primary concern. The other major advantage of quaternions (or...DCMs) over Euler angles is their propagation equations are linear with respect to the quaternion and only depend on the IMU’s angular velocity. This

  19. 32 CFR 1900.13 - Fees for record services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fees for record services. 1900.13 Section 1900.13 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLIC... of the estimated fees when fees may exceed $250.00 and the requester has no history of payment, or...

  20. 32 CFR 1900.13 - Fees for record services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Fees for record services. 1900.13 Section 1900.13 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLIC... of the estimated fees when fees may exceed $250.00 and the requester has no history of payment, or...

  1. Compensation method of cloud infrared radiation interference based on a spinning projectile's attitude measurement

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xu, Miaomiao; Bu, Xiongzhu; Yu, Jing; He, Zilu

    2018-01-01

    Based on the study of earth infrared radiation and further requirement of anticloud interference ability for a spinning projectile's infrared attitude measurement, a compensation method of cloud infrared radiation interference is proposed. First, the theoretical model of infrared radiation interference is established by analyzing the generation mechanism and interference characteristics of cloud infrared radiation. Then, the influence of cloud infrared radiation on attitude angle is calculated in the following two situations. The first situation is the projectile in cloud, and the maximum of roll angle error can reach ± 20 deg. The second situation is the projectile outside of cloud, and it results in the inability to measure the projectile's attitude angle. Finally, a multisensor weighted fusion algorithm is proposed based on trust function method to reduce the influence of cloud infrared radiation. The results of semiphysical experiments show that the error of roll angle with a weighted fusion algorithm can be kept within ± 0.5 deg in the presence of cloud infrared radiation interference. This proposed method improves the accuracy of roll angle by nearly four times in attitude measurement and also solves the problem of low accuracy of infrared radiation attitude measurement in navigation and guidance field.

  2. Spinning projectile's attitude measurement with LW infrared radiation under sea-sky background

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xu, Miaomiao; Bu, Xiongzhu; Yu, Jing; He, Zilu

    2018-05-01

    With the further development of infrared radiation research in sea-sky background and the requirement of spinning projectile's attitude measurement, the sea-sky infrared radiation field is used to carry out spinning projectile's attitude angle instead of inertial sensors. Firstly, the generation mechanism of sea-sky infrared radiation is analysed. The mathematical model of sea-sky infrared radiation is deduced in LW (long wave) infrared 8 ∼ 14 μm band by calculating the sea surface and sky infrared radiation. Secondly, according to the movement characteristics of spinning projectile, the attitude measurement model of infrared sensors on projectile's three axis is established. And the feasibility of the model is analysed by simulation. Finally, the projectile's attitude calculation algorithm is designed to improve the attitude angle estimation accuracy. The results of semi-physical experiments show that the segmented interactive algorithm estimation error of pitch and roll angle is within ±1.5°. The attitude measurement method is effective and feasible, and provides accurate measurement basis for the guidance of spinning projectile.

  3. Charge-to-mass dispersion methods for abrasion-ablation fragmentation models

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Townsend, L. W.; Norbury, J. W.

    1985-01-01

    Methods to describe the charge-to-mass dispersion distributions of projectile prefragments are presented and used to determine individual isotope cross-sections or various elements produced in the fragmentation of relativistic argon nuclei by carbon targets. Although slight improvements in predicted cross-sections are obtained for the quantum mechanical giant dipole resonance (GDR) distribution when compared qith the predictions of the geometric GDR model, the closest agreement between theory and experiment continues to be obtained with the simple hypergeometric distribution, which treats the nucleons in the nucleus as completely uncorrelated.

  4. Magnetic induction system for two-stage gun projectile velocity measurements

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Moody, R L; Konrad, C H

    1984-05-01

    A magnetic induction technique for measuring projectile velocities has been implemented on Sandia's two-stage light gas gun. The system has been designed to allow for projectile velocity measurements to an accuracy of approx. 0.2 percent. The velocity system has been successfully tested in a velocity range of 3.5 km/s to 6.5 km/s.

  5. Preliminary study of oxide-dispersion-strengthened B-1900 prepared by mechanical alloys

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Glasgow, T. K.; Quatinetz, M.

    1975-01-01

    An experimental oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy based on the B-1900 composition was produced by the mechanical alloying process. Without optimization of the processing for the alloy or the alloy for the processing, recrystallization of the extruded product to large elongated grains was achieved. Materials having grain length-width ratios of 3 and 5.5 were tested in tension and stress-rupture. The ODS B-1900 exhibited tensile strength similar to that of cast B-1900. Its stress-rupture life was lower than that of cast B-1900 at 760 C. At 1095 C the ODS B-1900 with the higher grain length-width ratio (5.5) had stress-rupture life superior to that of cast B-1900. It was concluded that, with optimization, oxide dispersion strengthening of B-1900 and other complex cast nickel-base alloys has potential for improving high temperature properties over those of the cast alloy counterparts.

  6. Charged Particle Identification for Prefragmentation Studies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hu, Jonathan; MoNA Collaboration

    2017-09-01

    Projectile fragmentation refers to high energy (>50 MeV/u) heavy ion beams on production targets to generate intermediate mass and target fragments at facilities like the NSCL, FRIB, GSI, GANIL and RIKEN. The resulting secondary beams can then be isolated by fragment separators like the NCSL's A1900 and that secondary beam then used on reaction targets for a variety of experiments. Predictions of beam intensities for experiment planning depend on models and data. The MoNA Collaboration performed an experiment at the NSCL in which a 48Ca primary beam was used with a 9Be target to produce a 32Mg secondary beam with energy 86 MeV/u that was incident on a second target of 9Be. By characterizing the energy distributions of final fragments of neon, sodium, and fluorine in coincidence with neutrons created both by prefragmentation processes and reaction mechanisms, we are able to extract information about prefragmentation dynamics. The identification of charged fragments is a multi-step process crucial to this analysis. This work is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY-1613429.

  7. Projectile General Motion in a Vacuum and a Spreadsheet Simulation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Benacka, Jan

    2015-01-01

    This paper gives the solution and analysis of projectile motion in a vacuum if the launch and impact heights are not equal. Formulas for the maximum horizontal range and the corresponding angle are derived. An Excel application that simulates the motion is also presented, and the result of an experiment in which 38 secondary school students…

  8. Spreadsheet Application Showing the Proper Elevation Angle, Points of Shot and Impact of a Projectile

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Benacka, Jan

    2015-01-01

    This paper provides the formula for the elevation angle at which a projectile has to be fired in a vacuum from a general position to hit a target at a given distance. A spreadsheet application that models the trajectory is presented, and the problem of finding the points of shot and impact of a projectile moving in a vacuum if three points of the…

  9. Exclusive measurements of light fragment production at forward angles in NePb and NeNaF collisions at {E}/{A} = 400 MeV and 800 MeV

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bastid, N.; Alard, J. P.; Arnold, J.; Augerat, J.; Babinet, R.; Biagi, F.; Brochard, F.; Crouau, M.; Charmensat, P.; Dupieux, P.; Fodor, Z.; Fraysse, L.; Girard, J.; Gorodetzky, P.; Gosset, J.; Laspalles, C.; Lemaire, M. C.; Le Merdy, A.; L'hôte, D.; Lucas, B.; Marroncle, J.; Montarou, G.; Parizet, M. J.; Poitou, J.; Qassoud, D.; Racca, C.; Rahmani, A.; Schimmerling, W.; Terrien, Y.; Valette, O.

    1990-01-01

    Emission of light fragments at small angles is studied in relativistic heavy ion collisions using the Diogene plastic wall for both symmetrical and non-symmetrical target-projectile systems with 400 MeV per nucleon and 800 MeV per nucleon incident neon nuclei. Efficiency of multiplicity measurements in the small angle range for the selection of central or peripheral collisions is confirmed for asymmetric systems. Differential production cross sections of Z = 1 fragments show evidence for the existence of two emitting sources. The apparent temperature of each source is obtained from comparison with a thermodynamical model.

  10. Exclusive measurements of light fragment production at forward angles in Ne-Pb and Ne-NaF collisions at E/A=400 MeV and 800 MeV

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bastid, N.; Alard, J. P.; Arnold, J.; Augerat, J.; Babinet, R.; Biagi, F.; Brochard, F.; Crouau, M.; Charmensat, P.; Dupieux, P.; hide

    1990-01-01

    Emission of light fragments at small angles is studied in relativistic heavy ion collisions using the Diogene plastic wall for both symmetrical and non-symmetrical target-projectile systems with 400 MeV per nucleon and 800 MeV per nucleon incident neon nuclei. Efficiency of multiplicity measurements in the small angle range for the selection of central or peripheral collisions is confirmed for asymmetric systems. Differential production cross sections of Z = 1 fragments show evidence for the existence of two emitting sources. The apparent temperature of each source is obtained from comparison with a thermodynamical model.

  11. A high-precision velocity measuring system design for projectiles based on S-shaped laser screen

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Huayi; Qian, Zheng; Yu, Hao; Li, Yutao

    2018-03-01

    The high-precision measurement of the velocity of high-speed flying projectile is of great significance for the evaluation and development of modern weapons. The velocity of the high-speed flying projectile is usually measured by laser screen velocity measuring system. But this method cannot achieve the repeated measurements, so we cannot make an indepth evaluation of the uncertainty about the measuring system. This paper presents a design based on S-shaped laser screen velocity measuring system. This design can achieve repeated measurements. Therefore, it can effectively reduce the uncertainty of the velocity measuring system. In addition, we made a detailed analysis of the uncertainty of the measuring system. The measurement uncertainty is 0.2% when the velocity of the projectile is about 200m/s.

  12. Shape Effect Analysis of Aluminum Projectile Impact on Whipple Shields

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Carrasquilla, Maria J.; Miller, Joshua E.

    2017-01-01

    respect to their mass, size, and material composition needs to be summarized in a form that can be used in MMOD analysis. The mechanism that brings these fragment traits into MMOD analysis is through ballistic limit equations (BLE) that have been developed largely for a few types of materials1. As a BLE provides the failure threshold for a shield or spacecraft component based on parameters such as the projectile impact velocity and size, and the target's materials, thickness, and configuration, it is used to design protective shields for spacecraft such as Whipple shields (WS) to an acceptable risk level. The majority of experiments and simulations to test shields and validate BLEs have, heretofore, largely used spheres as the impactor, not properly reflecting the irregular shapes of MMOD. This shortfall has motivated a numerical impact analysis study of HVI involving non-spherical geometries to identify key parameters that environment models should provide.

  13. Determination of extra trajectory parameters of projectile layout motion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ishchenko, A.; Burkin, V.; Faraponov, V.; Korolkov, L.; Maslov, E.; Diachkovskiy, A.; Chupashev, A.; Zykova, A.

    2017-11-01

    The paper presents a brief description of the experimental track developed and implemented on the base of the RIAMM TSU for external trajectory investigations on determining the main aeroballistic parameters of various shapes projectiles, in the wide velocity range. There is comparison between the experimentally obtained dependence of the fin-stabilized projectile mock-up aerodynamic drag coefficient on the Mach number with the 1958 aerodynamic drag law and aerodynamic tests of the same mock-up

  14. The Projectile Inside the Loop

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Varieschi, Gabriele U.

    2006-01-01

    The loop-the-loop demonstration can be easily adapted to study the kinematics of projectile motion, when the moving body falls inside the apparatus. Video capturing software can be used to reveal peculiar geometrical effects of this simple but educational experiment.

  15. 21 CFR 868.1900 - Diagnostic pulmonary-function interpretation calculator.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Diagnostic pulmonary-function interpretation calculator. 868.1900 Section 868.1900 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... pulmonary-function values. (b) Classification. Class II (performance standards). ...

  16. 21 CFR 868.1900 - Diagnostic pulmonary-function interpretation calculator.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Diagnostic pulmonary-function interpretation calculator. 868.1900 Section 868.1900 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... pulmonary-function values. (b) Classification. Class II (performance standards). ...

  17. Experimental investigation on underwater trajectory deviation of high-speed projectile with different nose shape

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Wei; Qi, Yafei; Huang, Wei; Gao, Yubo

    2017-01-01

    The investigation on free-surface impact of projectiles has last for more than one hundred years due to its noticeable significance on improving defensive weapon technology. Laboratory-scaled water entry experiments for trajectory stability had been performed with four kinds of projectiles at a speed range of 20˜200 m/s. The nose shapes of the cylindrical projectiles were designed into flat, ogive, hemi-sphere and cone to make comparisons on the trajectory deviation when they were launched into water at a certain angle of 0˜20°. Two high-speed cameras positioned orthogonal to each other and normal to the water tank were employed to capture the entire process of projectiles' penetration. From the experimental results, the consecutive images in two planes were presented to display the general process of the trajectory deviation. Compared with the effect of impact velocities and nose shape on trajectory deviation, it merited conclude that flat projectiles had a better trajectory stability, while ogival projectiles experienced the largest attitude change. The characteristics of pressure waves were also investigated.

  18. Nuclear fragmentation energy and momentum transfer distributions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Khandelwal, Govind S.; Khan, Ferdous

    1989-01-01

    An optical model description of energy and momentum transfer in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, based upon composite particle multiple scattering theory, is presented. Transverse and longitudinal momentum transfers to the projectile are shown to arise from the real and absorptive part of the optical potential, respectively. Comparisons of fragment momentum distribution observables with experiments are made and trends outlined based on our knowledge of the underlying nucleon-nucleon interaction. Corrections to the above calculations are discussed. Finally, use of the model as a tool for estimating collision impact parameters is indicated.

  19. 7 CFR 1900.54 - Effect on assistance pending appeal.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Effect on assistance pending appeal. 1900.54 Section 1900.54 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE, RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, AND FARM SERVICE AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF...

  20. Earliest stone-tipped projectiles from the Ethiopian rift date to >279,000 years ago.

    PubMed

    Sahle, Yonatan; Hutchings, W Karl; Braun, David R; Sealy, Judith C; Morgan, Leah E; Negash, Agazi; Atnafu, Balemwal

    2013-01-01

    Projectile weapons (i.e. those delivered from a distance) enhanced prehistoric hunting efficiency by enabling higher impact delivery and hunting of a broader range of animals while reducing confrontations with dangerous prey species. Projectiles therefore provided a significant advantage over thrusting spears. Composite projectile technologies are considered indicative of complex behavior and pivotal to the successful spread of Homo sapiens. Direct evidence for such projectiles is thus far unknown from >80,000 years ago. Data from velocity-dependent microfracture features, diagnostic damage patterns, and artifact shape reported here indicate that pointed stone artifacts from Ethiopia were used as projectile weapons (in the form of hafted javelin tips) as early as >279,000 years ago. In combination with the existing archaeological, fossil and genetic evidence, these data isolate eastern Africa as a source of modern cultures and biology.

  1. Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago

    PubMed Central

    Sahle, Yonatan; Hutchings, W. Karl; Braun, David R.; Sealy, Judith C.; Morgan, Leah E.; Negash, Agazi; Atnafu, Balemwal

    2013-01-01

    Projectile weapons (i.e. those delivered from a distance) enhanced prehistoric hunting efficiency by enabling higher impact delivery and hunting of a broader range of animals while reducing confrontations with dangerous prey species. Projectiles therefore provided a significant advantage over thrusting spears. Composite projectile technologies are considered indicative of complex behavior and pivotal to the successful spread of Homo sapiens. Direct evidence for such projectiles is thus far unknown from >80,000 years ago. Data from velocity-dependent microfracture features, diagnostic damage patterns, and artifact shape reported here indicate that pointed stone artifacts from Ethiopia were used as projectile weapons (in the form of hafted javelin tips) as early as >279,000 years ago. In combination with the existing archaeological, fossil and genetic evidence, these data isolate eastern Africa as a source of modern cultures and biology. PMID:24236011

  2. [A sign of the rotational impact of the gunshot projectile on the flat bone].

    PubMed

    Leonov, S V

    2014-01-01

    The objective of the present work was to study the mechanisms of formation of the gunshot fracture of the flat bones with special reference to the translational and rotational motion of the projectile. A total of 120 real and experimental injuries of this type were available for the investigation with the use of simulation by the finite-elemental analysis. A set of morphological features has been identified that make it possible to determine the direction of rotation of the gunshot projectile.

  3. Semiconductor projectile impact detector

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Shriver, E. L. (Inventor)

    1977-01-01

    A semiconductor projectile impact detector is described for use in determining micrometeorite presence, as well as its flux and energy comprising a photovoltaic cell which generates a voltage according to the light and heat emitted by the micrometeorites upon impact. A counter and peak amplitude measuring device were used to indicate the number of particules which strike the surface of the cell as well as the kinetic energy of each of the particles.

  4. Model-based Estimation for Pose, Velocity of Projectile from Stereo Linear Array Image

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhao, Zhuxin; Wen, Gongjian; Zhang, Xing; Li, Deren

    2012-01-01

    The pose (position and attitude) and velocity of in-flight projectiles have major influence on the performance and accuracy. A cost-effective method for measuring the gun-boosted projectiles is proposed. The method adopts only one linear array image collected by the stereo vision system combining a digital line-scan camera and a mirror near the muzzle. From the projectile's stereo image, the motion parameters (pose and velocity) are acquired by using a model-based optimization algorithm. The algorithm achieves optimal estimation of the parameters by matching the stereo projection of the projectile and that of the same size 3D model. The speed and the AOA (angle of attack) could also be determined subsequently. Experiments are made to test the proposed method.

  5. Bulldozing Your Way Through Projectile Motion.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lamb, William G.

    1983-01-01

    Presents two models and two demonstrations targeted at student understanding of projectile motion as the sum of two independent, perpendicular vectors. Describes materials required, construction, and procedures used. Includes a discussion of teaching points appropriate to each demonstration or model. (JM)

  6. Ablation and deceleration of mass-driver launched projectiles for space disposal of nuclear wastes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Park, C.; Bowen, S. W.

    1981-01-01

    The energy cost of launching a projectile containing nuclear waste is two orders of magnitude lower with a mass driver than with a typical rocket system. A mass driver scheme will be feasible, however, only if ablation and deceleration are within certain tolerable limits. It is shown that if a hemisphere-cylinder-shaped projectile protected thermally with a graphite nose is launched vertically to attain a velocity of 17 km/sec at an altitude of 40 km, the mass loss from ablation during atmospheric flight will be less than 0.1 ton, provided the radius of the projectile is under 20 cm and the projectile's mass is of the order of 1 ton. The velocity loss from drag will vary from 0.4 to 30 km/sec, depending on the mass and radius of the projectile, the smaller velocity loss corresponding to large mass and small radius. Ablation is always within a tolerable range for schemes using a mass driver launcher to dispose of nuclear wastes outside the solar system. Deceleration can also be held in the tolerable range if the mass and diameter of the projectile are properly chosen.

  7. Evaluating the risk of eye injuries: intraocular pressure during high speed projectile impacts.

    PubMed

    Duma, Stefan M; Bisplinghoff, Jill A; Senge, Danielle M; McNally, Craig; Alphonse, Vanessa D

    2012-01-01

    To evaluate the risk of eye injuries by determining intraocular pressure during high speed projectile impacts. A pneumatic cannon was used to impact eyes with a variety of projectiles at multiple velocities. Intraocular pressure was measured with a small pressure sensor inserted through the optic nerve. A total of 36 tests were performed on 12 porcine eyes with a range of velocities between 6.2 m/s and 66.5 m/s. Projectiles selected for the test series included a 6.35  mm diameter metal ball, a 9.25  mm diameter aluminum rod, and an 11.16  mm diameter aluminum rod. Experiments were designed with velocities in the range of projectile consumer products such as toy guns. A range of intraocular pressures ranged between 2017 mmHg to 26,426 mmHg (39 psi-511 psi). Four of the 36 impacts resulted in globe rupture. Intraocular pressures dramatically above normal physiological pressure were observed for high speed projectile impacts. These pressure data provide critical insight to chronic ocular injuries and long-term complications such as glaucoma and cataracts.

  8. Energetic ion bombardment of Ag surfaces by C60+ and Ga+ projectiles.

    PubMed

    Sun, Shixin; Szakal, Christopher; Winograd, Nicholas; Wucher, Andreas

    2005-10-01

    The ion bombardment-induced release of particles from a metal surface is investigated using energetic fullerene cluster ions as projectiles. The total sputter yield as well as partial yields of neutral and charged monomers and clusters leaving the surface are measured and compared with corresponding data obtained with atomic projectile ions of similar impact kinetic energy. It is found that all yields are enhanced by about one order of magnitude under bombardment with the C60+ cluster projectiles compared with Ga+ ions. In contrast, the electronic excitation processes determining the secondary ion formation probability are unaffected. The kinetic energy spectra of sputtered particles exhibit characteristic differences which reflect the largely different nature of the sputtering process for both types of projectiles. In particular, it is found that under C60+ impact (1) the energy spectrum of sputtered atoms peaks at significantly lower kinetic energies than for Ga+ bombardment and (2) the velocity spectra of monomers and dimers are virtually identical, a finding which is in pronounced contrast to all published data obtained for atomic projectiles. The experimental findings are in reasonable agreement with recent molecular dynamics simulations.

  9. Stability analyses of the mass abrasive projectile high-speed penetrating into a concrete target Part III: Terminal ballistic trajectory analyses

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, H.; Chen, X. W.; Fang, Q.; Kong, X. Z.; He, L. L.

    2015-08-01

    During the high-speed penetration of projectiles into concrete targets (the impact velocity ranges from 1.0 to 1.5 km/s), important factors such as the incident oblique and attacking angles, as well as the asymmetric abrasions of the projectile nose induced by the target-projectile interactions, may lead to obvious deviation of the terminal ballistic trajectory and reduction of the penetration efficiency. Based on the engineering model for the mass loss and nose-blunting of ogive-nosed projectiles established, by using the Differential Area Force Law (DAFL) method and semi-empirical resistance function, a finite differential approach was programmed (PENTRA2D) for predicting the terminal ballistic trajectory of mass abrasive high-speed projectiles penetrating into concrete targets. It accounts for the free-surface effects on the drag force acting on the projectile, which are attributed to the oblique and attacking angles, as well as the asymmetric nose abrasion of the projectile. Its validation on the prediction of curvilinear trajectories of non-normal high-speed penetrators into concrete targets is verified by comparison with available test data. Relevant parametric influential analyses show that the most influential factor for the stability of terminal ballistic trajectories is the attacking angle, followed by the oblique angle, the discrepancy of asymmetric nose abrasion, and the location of mass center of projectile. The terminal ballistic trajectory deviations are aggravated as the above four parameters increase.

  10. Analytical evaluation of the trajectories of hypersonic projectiles launched into space

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stutz, John David

    An equation of motion has been derived that may be solved using simple analytic functions which describes the motion of a projectile launched from the surface of the Earth into space accounting for both Newtonian gravity and aerodynamic drag. The equation of motion is based upon the Kepler equation of motion differential and variable transformations with the inclusion of a decaying angular momentum driving function and appropriate simplifying assumptions. The new equation of motion is first compared to various numerical and analytical trajectory approximations in a non-rotating Earth reference frame. The Modified Kepler solution is then corrected to include Earth rotation and compared to a rotating Earth simulation. Finally, the modified equation of motion is used to predict the apogee and trajectory of projectiles launched into space by the High Altitude Research Project from 1961 to 1967. The new equation of motion allows for the rapid equalization of projectile trajectories and intercept solutions that may be used to calculate firing solutions to enable ground launched projectiles to intercept or rendezvous with targets in low Earth orbit such as ballistic missiles.

  11. 7 CFR 1900.6 - Chair, Loan Resolution Task Force.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Chair, Loan Resolution Task Force. 1900.6 Section... AGRICULTURE PROGRAM REGULATIONS GENERAL Delegations of Authority § 1900.6 Chair, Loan Resolution Task Force. The Chair, Loan Resolution Task Force is delegated the following authorities, to be exercised until...

  12. Wave propagation in a plate after impact by a projectile

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    El-Raheb, M.; Wagner, P.

    1987-01-01

    The wave propagation in a circular plate after impact by a cylindrical projectile is studied. In the vicinity of impact, the pressure is computed numerically. An intense pressure pulse is generated that peaks 0.2 microns after impact, then drops sharply to a plateau. The response of the plate is determined adopting a modal solution of Mindlin's equations. Velocity and acceleration histories display both propagating and dispersive features.

  13. 47 CFR 64.1900 - Nondominant interexchange carrier certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate integration requirements. 64.1900 Section 64.1900... Rate Averaging and Rate Integration Requirements § 64.1900 Nondominant interexchange carrier certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate integration requirements. (a) A nondominant provider...

  14. 47 CFR 64.1900 - Nondominant interexchange carrier certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate integration requirements. 64.1900 Section 64.1900... Rate Averaging and Rate Integration Requirements § 64.1900 Nondominant interexchange carrier certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate integration requirements. (a) A nondominant provider...

  15. 47 CFR 64.1900 - Nondominant interexchange carrier certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate integration requirements. 64.1900 Section 64.1900... Rate Averaging and Rate Integration Requirements § 64.1900 Nondominant interexchange carrier certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate integration requirements. (a) A nondominant provider...

  16. 47 CFR 64.1900 - Nondominant interexchange carrier certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate integration requirements. 64.1900 Section 64.1900... Rate Averaging and Rate Integration Requirements § 64.1900 Nondominant interexchange carrier certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate integration requirements. (a) A nondominant provider...

  17. 47 CFR 64.1900 - Nondominant interexchange carrier certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate integration requirements. 64.1900 Section 64.1900... Rate Averaging and Rate Integration Requirements § 64.1900 Nondominant interexchange carrier certifications regarding geographic rate averaging and rate integration requirements. (a) A nondominant provider...

  18. 7 CFR 1900.101 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE... GENERAL Applicability of Federal Law § 1900.101 General. This subpart provides Agency policy concerning: (a) The applicability of Federal rather than State Law in the conduct of Farmers Home Administration...

  19. A Marble Embryo: Meanings of a Portrait from 1900

    PubMed Central

    Hopwood, Nick

    2012-01-01

    Portraits of scientists use attributes of discovery to construct identities; portraits that include esoteric accessories may fashion identities for these too. A striking example is a marble bust of the anatomist Wilhelm His by the Leipzig sculptor Carl Seffner. Made in 1900, it depicts the founder of modern human embryology looking down at a model embryo in his right hand. This essay reconstructs the design and viewing of this remarkable portrait in order to shed light on private and public relations between scientists, research objects and audiences. The bust came out of a collaboration to model the face of the composer Johann Sebastian Bach and embodies a shared commitment to anatomical exactitude in three dimensions. His’s research agendas and public character explain the contemplative pose and unprecedented embryo model, which he had laboriously constructed from material a midwife supplied. The early contexts of display in the His home and art exhibitions suggest interpretive resources for viewers and hence likely meanings. Seffner’s work remains exceptional, but has affinities to portraits of human embryologists and embryos produced since 1960. Embryo images have acquired such controversial prominence that the model may engage us more strongly now than it did exhibition visitors around 1900. PMID:22606754

  20. When Does Air Resistance Become Significant in Projectile Motion?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mohazzabi, Pirooz

    2018-03-01

    In an article in this journal, it was shown that air resistance could never be a significant source of error in typical free-fall experiments in introductory physics laboratories. Since projectile motion is the two-dimensional version of the free-fall experiment and usually follows the former experiment in such laboratories, it seemed natural to extend the same analysis to this type of motion. We shall find that again air resistance does not play a significant role in the parameters of interest in a traditional projectile motion experiment.

  1. Impact response of graphite-epoxy flat laminates using projectiles that simulate aircraft engine encounters

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Preston, J. L., Jr.; Cook, T. S.

    1975-01-01

    An investigation of the response of a graphite-epoxy material to foreign object impact was made by impacting spherical projectiles of gelatin, ice, and steel normally on flat panels. The observed damage was classified as transverse (stress wave delamination and cracking), penetrative, or structural (gross failure): the minimum, or threshold, velocity to cause each class of damage was established as a function of projectile characteristics. Steel projectiles had the lowest transverse damage threshold, followed by gelatin and ice. Making use of the threshold velocities and assuming that the normal component of velocity produces the damage in nonnormal impacts, a set of impact angles and velocities was established for each projectile material which would result in damage to composite fan blades. Analysis of the operating parameters of a typical turbine fan blade shows that small steel projectiles are most likely to cause delamination and penetration damage to unprotected graphite-epoxy composite fan blades.

  2. Novice Rules for Projectile Motion.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Maloney, David P.

    1988-01-01

    Investigates several aspects of undergraduate students' rules for projectile motion including general patterns; rules for questions about time, distance, solids and liquids; and changes in rules when asked to ignore air resistance. Reports approach differences by sex and high school physics experience, and that novice rules are situation…

  3. A Web-Based Video Digitizing System for the Study of Projectile Motion.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chow, John W.; Carlton, Les G.; Ekkekakis, Panteleimon; Hay, James G.

    2000-01-01

    Discusses advantages of a video-based, digitized image system for the study and analysis of projectile motion in the physics laboratory. Describes the implementation of a web-based digitized video system. (WRM)

  4. Projectile Motion Gets the Hose

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Goff, John Eric; Liyanage, Chinthaka

    2011-01-01

    Students take a weekly quiz in our introductory physics course. During the week in which material focused on projectile motion, we not-so-subtly suggested what problem the students would see on the quiz. The quiz problem was an almost exact replica of a homework problem we worked through in the class preceding the quiz. The goal of the problem is…

  5. 30 CFR 77.1900 - Slopes and shafts; approval of plans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS, SURFACE COAL MINES AND SURFACE WORK AREAS OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Slope and Shaft Sinking § 77.1900 Slopes and shafts; approval of plans. (a) Each operator of... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Slopes and shafts; approval of plans. 77.1900...

  6. Using Tracker as a Pedagogical Tool for Understanding Projectile Motion

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wee, Loo Kang; Chew, Charles; Goh, Giam Hwee; Tan, Samuel; Lee, Tat Leong

    2012-01-01

    This article reports on the use of Tracker as a pedagogical tool in the effective learning and teaching of projectile motion in physics. When a computer model building learning process is supported and driven by video analysis data, this free Open Source Physics tool can provide opportunities for students to engage in active enquiry-based…

  7. The challenges in developing a finite element injury model of the neck to predict the penetration of explosively propelled projectiles.

    PubMed

    Breeze, Johno; Newbery, T; Pope, D; Midwinter, M J

    2014-09-01

    Neck injuries sustained by UK service personnel serving on current operations from explosively propelled fragments result in significant mortality and long-term morbidity. Many of these injuries could potentially have been prevented had the soldiers been wearing their issued neck collars at the time of injury. The aim of this research is to develop an accurate method of predicting the resultant damage to cervical neurovascular structures from explosively propelled fragments. A finite element numerical model has been developed based on an anatomically accurate, anthropometrically representative 3D mathematical mesh of cervical neurovascular structures. Currently, the model simulates the passage of a fragment simulating projectile through all anatomical components of the neck using material models based upon 20% ballistic gelatin on the simplification that all tissue types act like homogenous muscle. The material models used to define the properties of each element within the model will be sequentially replaced by ones specific to each individual tissue within an anatomical structure. However, the cumulative effect of so many additional variables will necessitate experimental validation against both animal models and post-mortem human subjects to improve the credibility of any predictions made by the model. We believe this approach will in the future have the potential to enable objective comparisons between the mitigative effects of different body armour systems to be made with resultant time and financial savings. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

  8. 7 CFR 1900.101 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... GENERAL Applicability of Federal Law § 1900.101 General. This subpart provides Agency policy concerning: (a) The applicability of Federal rather than State Law in the conduct of Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 operations, and (b) The liability of an...

  9. 7 CFR 1900.101 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... GENERAL Applicability of Federal Law § 1900.101 General. This subpart provides Agency policy concerning: (a) The applicability of Federal rather than State Law in the conduct of Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 operations, and (b) The liability of an...

  10. Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and method of making same

    DOEpatents

    Lowden, Richard A.; McCoig, Thomas M.; Dooley, Joseph B.

    1998-01-01

    A projectile, such as a bullet, is made by combining two different metals in proportions calculated to achieve a desired density, without using lead. A base constituent, made of a material having density greater than lead, is combined with a binder constituent having less density. The binder constituent is malleable and ductile metallic phase material that forms projectile shapes when subjected to a consolidation force, such as compression. The metal constituents can be selected, rationed, and consolidated to achieve desired frangibility characteristics.

  11. Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and method of making same

    DOEpatents

    Lowden, Richard A.; McCoig, Thomas M.; Dooley, Joseph B.

    2000-01-01

    A projectile, such as a bullet, is made by combining two different metals in proportions calculated to achieve a desired density, without using lead. A base constituent, made of a material having density greater than lead, is combined with a binder constituent having less density. The binder constituent is malleable and ductile metallic phase material that forms projectile shapes when subjected to a consolidation force, such as compression. The metal constituents can be selected, rationed, and consolidated to achieve desired frangibility characteristics.

  12. Non-lead environmentally safe projectiles and method of making same

    DOEpatents

    Lowden, Richard A.; McCoig, Thomas M.; Dooley, Joseph B.

    1999-01-01

    A projectile, such as a bullet, is made by combining two different metals in proportions calculated to achieve a desired density, without using lead. A base constituent, made of a material having density greater than lead, is combined with a binder constituent having less density. The binder constituent is malleable and ductile metallic base material that forms projectile shapes when subjected to a consolidation force, such as compression. The metal constituents can be selected, rationed, and consolidated to achieve desired frangibility characteristics.

  13. The quantified evaluation of the wounding potential of a ricochet projectile of a handgun cartridge calibre 9 mm (type 82) in a ballistic experiment.

    PubMed

    Moravanský, Norbert; Rekeň, Viktor; Juříček, Ludvík; Zummerová, Anežka; Kováč, Peter

    2013-01-01

    The question of handgun use in a city or densely populated aglomerations requires a highly practical level of solution to this issue, though with the knowledge of theoretical presumptions of wound ballistics of ricochet projectiles. The application of wound ballistics into the practice of a forensic pathologist, as well as a surgeon or a traumatologist, enables a good understanding of the dynamics of projectile penetration through anatomic structures of the human body. In forensic assessment, gunshot wounds of limbs are relatively frequent cases. By the integration of wound ballistics principles into the research of gunshot wounds, it is also possible to establish, whether the projectile entered into the anatomic structures under direct trajectory steadily or whether through the course of its trajectory, before reaching the human body, it firstly contacted a particular object in the space, i. e. whether the injury could have been caused by a ricochet projectile. In connection with unclear gunshot wounds and their morphological image, it is necessary to consider the possibility of the effects of a ricochet projectile, especially when persons are injured accidentally. The daily practice of the officers of the Police Corps of the Slovak Republic essentially enhances the necessity of being informed about the behaviour of parametrically designated ricochet projectiles in a ballistic experiment with the use of a model of a built-up area in a town, with typical materials and surfaces of objects in between and a model of a human limb part as a potential target of an uncontrolled ricochet projectile. The proposed design of the situation is undoubtedly of an enormous significance, even when forensically evaluating the morphological consequences of ricochet projectiles. By the application of results of such experiments and their final comparison, when different types of projectiles are used, it is also possible to contribute to the experts groundwork in the process of

  14. Projectiles, pendula, and special relativity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Price, Richard H.

    2005-05-01

    The kind of flat-earth gravity used in introductory physics appears in an accelerated reference system in special relativity. From this viewpoint, we work out the special relativistic description of a ballistic projectile and a simple pendulum, two examples of simple motion driven by earth-surface gravity. The analysis uses only the basic mathematical tools of special relativity typical of a first-year university course.

  15. Hypervelocity High Speed Projectile Imagery and Video

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Henderson, Donald J.

    2009-01-01

    This DVD contains video showing the results of hypervelocity impact. One is showing a projectile impact on a Kevlar wrapped Aluminum bottle containing 3000 psi gaseous oxygen. One video show animations of a two stage light gas gun.

  16. Bone-patch type secondary projectiles: A report on two shots fired at point-blank range using hollow point bullets.

    PubMed

    Malbranque, S; Jousset, N; Nedelcu, C; Rougé-Maillart, C

    2014-12-01

    The number of head wounds due to firearms remains low in France because these cases are primarily linked to suicide (or attempted suicide) and, to a lesser extent, to attacks or hunting accidents [1]. Characterized by the impact of a projectile, which in most cases is made of metal, at high levels of kinetic energy, such acts generally result in severe trans-cerebral lesions with significant levels of morbidity/mortality [2]. Seldom are cases reported in the literature that give a detailed study of intracranial foreign bodies made of bone in such situations [3]. Here we report on the case of two suicides resulting from a transcranial gunshot wounds caused by weapons and ammunition issued by the French police force. Each case helped distinguish a characteristic bone fragment, in the form of a "patch", equivalent in size to the caliber of the bullet. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  17. Investigation of shock-induced combustion past blunt projectiles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ahuja, J. K.; Tiwari, S. N.

    1996-01-01

    A numerical study is conducted to simulate shock-induced combustion in premixed hydrogen-air mixtures at various free-stream conditions and parameters. Two-dimensional axisymmetric, reacting viscous flow over blunt projectiles is computed to study shock-induced combustion at Mach 5.11 and Mach 6.46 in hydrogen-air mixture. A seven-species, seven reactions finite rate hydrogen-air chemical reaction mechanism is used combined with a finite-difference, shock-fitting method to solve the complete set of Navier-Stokes and species conservation equations. The study has allowed an improved understanding of the physics of shock-induced combustion over blunt projectiles and the numerical results can now be explained more readily with one-dimensional wave-interaction model.

  18. Energy-dependent expansion of .177 caliber hollow-point air gun projectiles.

    PubMed

    Werner, Ronald; Schultz, Benno; Bockholdt, Britta; Ekkernkamp, Axel; Frank, Matthias

    2017-05-01

    Amongst hundreds of different projectiles for air guns available on the market, hollow-point air gun pellets are of special interest. These pellets are characterized by a tip or a hollowed-out shape in their tip which, when fired, makes the projectiles expand to an increased diameter upon entering the target medium. This results in an increase in release of energy which, in turn, has the potential to cause more serious injuries than non-hollow-point projectiles. To the best of the authors' knowledge, reliable data on the terminal ballistic features of hollow-point air gun projectiles compared to standard diabolo pellets have not yet been published in the forensic literature. The terminal ballistic performance (energy-dependent expansion and penetration) of four different types of .177 caliber hollow-point pellets discharged at kinetic energy levels from approximately 3 J up to 30 J into water, ordnance gelatin, and ordnance gelatin covered with natural chamois as a skin simulant was the subject of this investigation. Energy-dependent expansion of the tested hollow-point pellets was observed after being shot into all investigated target media. While some hollow-point pellets require a minimum kinetic energy of approximately 10 J for sufficient expansion, there are also hollow-point pellets which expand at kinetic energy levels of less than 5 J. The ratio of expansion (RE, calculated by the cross-sectional area (A) after impact divided by the cross-sectional area (A 0 ) of the undeformed pellet) of hollow-point air gun pellets reached values up of to 2.2. The extent of expansion relates to the kinetic energy of the projectile with a peak for pellet expansion at the 15 to 20 J range. To conclude, this work demonstrates that the hollow-point principle, i.e., the design-related enlargement of the projectiles' frontal area upon impact into a medium, does work in air guns as claimed by the manufacturers.

  19. First experimental results of a cryogenic stopping cell with short-lived, heavy uranium fragments produced at 1000 MeV/u

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Purushothaman, S.; Reiter, M. P.; Haettner, E.; Dendooven, P.; Dickel, T.; Geissel, H.; Ebert, J.; Jesch, C.; Plass, W. R.; Ranjan, M.; Weick, H.; Amjad, F.; Ayet, S.; Diwisch, M.; Estrade, A.; Farinon, F.; Greiner, F.; Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N.; Knöbel, R.; Kurcewicz, J.; Lang, J.; Moore, I. D.; Mukha, I.; Nociforo, C.; Petrick, M.; Pfützner, M.; Pietri, S.; Prochazka, A.; Rink, A.-K.; Rinta-Antila, S.; Scheidenberger, C.; Takechi, M.; Tanaka, Y. K.; Winfield, J. S.; Yavor, M. I.

    2013-11-01

    A cryogenic stopping cell (CSC) has been commissioned with 238U projectile fragments produced at 1000 MeV/u. The spatial isotopic separation in flight was performed with the FRS applying a monoenergetic degrader. For the first time, a stopping cell was operated with exotic nuclei at cryogenic temperatures (70 to 100 K). A helium stopping gas density of up to 0.05\\ \\text{mg/cm}^3 was used, about two times higher than reached before for a stopping cell with RF ion repelling structures. An overall efficiency of up to 15%, a combined ion survival and extraction efficiency of about 50%, and extraction times of 24 ms were achieved for heavy α-decaying uranium fragments. Mass spectrometry with a multiple-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer has demonstrated the excellent cleanliness of the CSC. This setup has opened a new field for the spectroscopy of short-lived nuclei.

  20. Observation of the Hydrogen Migration in the Cation-Induced Fragmentation of the Pyridine Molecules.

    PubMed

    Wasowicz, Tomasz J; Pranszke, Bogusław

    2016-02-25

    The ability to selectively control chemical reactions related to biology, combustion, and catalysis has recently attracted much attention. In particular, the hydrogen atom relocation may be used to manipulate bond-breaking and new bond-forming processes and may hold promise for far-reaching applications. Thus, the hydrogen atom migration preceding fragmentation of the gas-phase pyridine molecules by the H(+), H2(+), He(+), He(2+), and O(+) impact has been studied experimentally in the energy range of 5-2000 eV using collision-induced luminescence spectroscopy. Formation of the excited NH(A(3)Π) radicals was observed among the atomic and diatomic fragments. The structure of the pyridine molecule is lacking of the NH group, therefore observation of its A(3)Π → X(3)Σ(-) emission bands is an evidence of the hydrogen atom relocation prior to the cation-induced fragmentation. The NH(A(3)Π) emission yields indicate that formation of the NH radicals depends on the type of selected projectile and can be controlled by tuning its velocity. The plausible collisional mechanisms as well as fragmentation channels for NH formation in pyridine are discussed.

  1. 7 CFR 1900.3 - State, district, and county office employees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false State, district, and county office employees. 1900.3 Section 1900.3 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE, RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, AND FARM SERVICE AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF...

  2. Accuracy Improvement Capability of Advanced Projectile Based on Course Correction Fuze Concept

    PubMed Central

    Elsaadany, Ahmed; Wen-jun, Yi

    2014-01-01

    Improvement in terminal accuracy is an important objective for future artillery projectiles. Generally it is often associated with range extension. Various concepts and modifications are proposed to correct the range and drift of artillery projectile like course correction fuze. The course correction fuze concepts could provide an attractive and cost-effective solution for munitions accuracy improvement. In this paper, the trajectory correction has been obtained using two kinds of course correction modules, one is devoted to range correction (drag ring brake) and the second is devoted to drift correction (canard based-correction fuze). The course correction modules have been characterized by aerodynamic computations and flight dynamic investigations in order to analyze the effects on deflection of the projectile aerodynamic parameters. The simulation results show that the impact accuracy of a conventional projectile using these course correction modules can be improved. The drag ring brake is found to be highly capable for range correction. The deploying of the drag brake in early stage of trajectory results in large range correction. The correction occasion time can be predefined depending on required correction of range. On the other hand, the canard based-correction fuze is found to have a higher effect on the projectile drift by modifying its roll rate. In addition, the canard extension induces a high-frequency incidence angle as canards reciprocate at the roll motion. PMID:25097873

  3. Accuracy improvement capability of advanced projectile based on course correction fuze concept.

    PubMed

    Elsaadany, Ahmed; Wen-jun, Yi

    2014-01-01

    Improvement in terminal accuracy is an important objective for future artillery projectiles. Generally it is often associated with range extension. Various concepts and modifications are proposed to correct the range and drift of artillery projectile like course correction fuze. The course correction fuze concepts could provide an attractive and cost-effective solution for munitions accuracy improvement. In this paper, the trajectory correction has been obtained using two kinds of course correction modules, one is devoted to range correction (drag ring brake) and the second is devoted to drift correction (canard based-correction fuze). The course correction modules have been characterized by aerodynamic computations and flight dynamic investigations in order to analyze the effects on deflection of the projectile aerodynamic parameters. The simulation results show that the impact accuracy of a conventional projectile using these course correction modules can be improved. The drag ring brake is found to be highly capable for range correction. The deploying of the drag brake in early stage of trajectory results in large range correction. The correction occasion time can be predefined depending on required correction of range. On the other hand, the canard based-correction fuze is found to have a higher effect on the projectile drift by modifying its roll rate. In addition, the canard extension induces a high-frequency incidence angle as canards reciprocate at the roll motion.

  4. Effect of Target Thickness on Cratering and Penetration of Projectiles Impacting at Velocities to 13,000 Feet Per Second

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kinard, William H.; Lambert, C. H., Jr.; Schryer, David R.; Casey, Francis W., Jr.

    1958-01-01

    In order to determine the effects of target thickness on the penetration and cratering of a target resulting from impacts by high-velocity projectiles, a series of experimental tests have been run. The projectile-target material combinations investigated were aluminum projectiles impacting aluminum targets and steel projectiles impacting aluminum and copper targets. The velocity spectrum ranged from 4,000 ft/sec to 13,000 ft/sec. It has been found that the penetration is a function of target thickness provided that the penetration is greater than 20 percent of the target thickness. Targets of a thickness such that the penetration amounts to less than 20 percent of the thickness may be regarded as quasi-infinite. An empirical formula has been established relating the penetration to the target thickness and to the penetration of a projectile of the same mass, configuration, and velocity into a quasi- infinite target. In particular, it has been found that a projectile can completely penetrate a target whose thickness is approximately one and one-half times as great as the penetration of a similar projectile into a quasi-infinite target. The diameter of a crater has also been found to be a function of the target thickness provided that the target thickness is not greater than the projectile length in the case of cylindrical projectiles and not greater than two to three times the projectile diameter in the case of spherical projectiles.

  5. Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and method of making same

    DOEpatents

    Lowden, R.A.; McCoig, T.M.; Dooley, J.B.

    1998-06-02

    A projectile, such as a bullet, is made by combining two different metals in proportions calculated to achieve a desired density, without using lead. A base constituent, made of a material having density greater than lead, is combined with a binder constituent having less density. The binder constituent is malleable and ductile metallic phase material that forms projectile shapes when subjected to a consolidation force, such as compression. The metal constituents can be selected, rationed, and consolidated to achieve desired frangibility characteristics. 7 figs.

  6. 32 CFR 1900.32 - Procedures for information concerning other persons.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Procedures for information concerning other persons. 1900.32 Section 1900.32 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLIC ACCESS TO CIA RECORDS UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA) Additional...

  7. 32 CFR 1900.32 - Procedures for information concerning other persons.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Procedures for information concerning other persons. 1900.32 Section 1900.32 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLIC ACCESS TO CIA RECORDS UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA) Additional...

  8. Computational Simulation of High-Speed Projectiles in Air, Water, and Sand

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-12-03

    Supercavitating projectiles can be used for underwater mine neutralization, beach and surf zone mine clearance, littoral ASW, and neutralizing combat...swimmer systems. The water entry phase of flight is interesting and challenging due to projectile transitioning from flight in air to supercavitating ...is formed. Neaves and Edwards [1] simulated this case using a supercavitation code developed at NSWC-PC. The results presented are in good agreement

  9. Collision forces for compliant projectiles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Grady, Joseph E.

    1990-01-01

    Force histories resulting from the impact of compliant projectiles were determined experimentally. A long instrumented rod was used as the target, and the impact force was calculated directly from the measured strain response. Results from a series of tests on several different sized impactors were used to define four dimensionless parameters that determine, for a specified impactor velocity and size, the amplitude, duration, shape, and impulse of the impact force history.

  10. Antipodal fragment velocities for porous and weak targets at catastrophic impacts

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Yanagisawa, M.; Itoi, T.

    1993-01-01

    Mortar, porous alumina, and sand targets, which were spherical in shape and from 11 to 15 cm in diameter, were impacted normally by plastic (polycarbonate) projectiles of nearly 1 g in mass at velocities about 6 km/s. Fragment velocity at the antipole of impact site (antipodal velocity, V(sub a)), for each experiment, was obtained from two Flash X-ray images recorded prior to and at predetermined delayed time after impact event. It has been revealed that the velocities for the same E/M(sub t) (impact energy divided by target mass) depend strongly on target material, and differ about an order of magnitude between the sand and basalt.

  11. Antipodal fragment velocities for porous and weak targets at catastrophic impacts

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yanagisawa, M.; Itoi, T.

    1993-03-01

    Mortar, porous alumina, and sand targets, which were spherical in shape and from 11 to 15 cm in diameter, were impacted normally by plastic (polycarbonate) projectiles of nearly 1 g in mass at velocities about 6 km/s. Fragment velocity at the antipole of impact site (antipodal velocity, V(sub a)), for each experiment, was obtained from two Flash X-ray images recorded prior to and at predetermined delayed time after impact event. It has been revealed that the velocities for the same E/M(sub t) (impact energy divided by target mass) depend strongly on target material, and differ about an order of magnitude between the sand and basalt.

  12. Secondary radiation measurements for particle therapy applications: nuclear fragmentation produced by 4He ion beams in a PMMA target.

    PubMed

    Marafini, M; Paramatti, R; Pinci, D; Battistoni, G; Collamati, F; De Lucia, E; Faccini, R; Frallicciardi, P M; Mancini-Terracciano, C; Mattei, I; Muraro, S; Piersanti, L; Rovituso, M; Rucinski, A; Russomando, A; Sarti, A; Sciubba, A; Solfaroli Camillocci, E; Toppi, M; Traini, G; Voena, C; Patera, V

    2017-02-21

    Nowadays there is a growing interest in particle therapy treatments exploiting light ion beams against tumors due to their enhanced relative biological effectiveness and high space selectivity. In particular promising results are obtained by the use of 4 He projectiles. Unlike the treatments performed using protons, the beam ions can undergo a fragmentation process when interacting with the atomic nuclei in the patient body. In this paper the results of measurements performed at the Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy center are reported. For the first time the absolute fluxes and the energy spectra of the fragments-protons, deuterons, and tritons-produced by 4 He ion beams of 102, 125 and 145 MeV u -1 energies on a poly-methyl methacrylate target were evaluated at different angles. The obtained results are particularly relevant in view of the necessary optimization and review of the treatment planning software being developed for clinical use of 4 He beams in clinical routine and the relative bench-marking of Monte Carlo algorithm predictions.

  13. Experimental study of the penetrating of plates by projectile at low initial speeds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Orlov, M. Yu; Orlova, Yu N.; Smakotin, Ig L.; Glazyrin, V. P.; Orlov, Yu N.

    2017-11-01

    The research of the penetration process of lightweight plates by a projectile in the range of initial velocities up to 325 m/s was attempted. The projectile was a shell bullet and the barriers were of ice, MDF-panels and plexiglas barriers. The response of barriers to impact loading is studied. High-speed shooting of each experiment is obtained, including photos of the front and rear sides of the barriers. An attempt was made to reproduce the scenario of the destruction of barriers. The results of experiments can be interpreted only as qualitative tests. Projectile was not destroyed.

  14. Experimental studies of collision and fragmentation phenomena

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hartmann, William K.; Davis, D. R.; Weidenschilling, S. J.

    1987-01-01

    The reduction and publication of an extensive data set collected in experiments over several years at Ames and PSI is briefly examined. Hartmann has been assembling data sets from his experiments on catastrophic fragmentation of various materials, including basalt, other igneous rock, ice, and weak dirt clods. Weidenschilling and Davis have continued to gather and reduce data on oblique impacts. The data indicate a power law distribution of ejecta mass vs. velocity, with a slope that is independent of azimuth, and does not vary with impact angle from normal impacts to at least 75 deg from vertical. In order to improve models of coagulation of dust aggregates in the solar nebula, SJW developed an apparatus for drop tests of fragile projectiles. Davis and Weidenschilling continued to collect and analyze experimental data on collisional catastrophic disruption at the Ames Vertical Gun Range.

  15. Cross sections for the production of fragments with Z greater than or equal to 8 by fragmentation of Z greater than or equal to 9 and less than or equal to 26 nuclei

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Heinrich, W.; Drechsel, H.; Brechtmann, C.; Beer, J.

    1985-01-01

    Charge changing nuclear collisions in plastic nuclear track detectors were studied using a new experimental technique of automatic track measurement for etched tracks in plastic detectors. Partial cross sections for the production of fragments of charge Z approximately 8 were measured for projectile nuclei of charge 9 approximately Z approximately 26 in the detector material CR39 and in silver. for this purpose three independent experiments were performed using Bevalac beams. The first one was an exposure of a stack of CR39 plastic plates to 1.8 GeV/nucl. Ar-40 nuclei. The second one was an exposure of another CR39 stack of 1.7 GeV/nucl. Fe-56 projectiles. In the third experiment a mixed stack of CR39 plates and silver foils was irradiated with 1.7 GeV/nucl. Fe-56 nuclei. Thus the measurement of nuclear cross sections in a light target (CR39 = C12H18O7) and as well in a heavy target (silver) was possible.

  16. Missouri Library Association, 1900-1975.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hartje, George N.

    The Missouri Library Association (MLA) began in 1900 when the first meeting was held at the University of Missouri, Columbia, to discuss free public libraries, traveling libraries, and school libraries. With the state purpose of promoting library interest in the state, the MLA pushed legislation which led to the establishment of a state library…

  17. Electron-electron interaction in ion-atom collisions studied by projectile state-resolved Auger-electron spectroscopy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dohyung Lee.

    This dissertation addresses the problem of dynamic electron-electron interactions in fast ion-atom collisions using projectile Auger electron spectroscopy. The study was carried out by measuring high-resolution projectile KKL Auger electron spectra as a function of projectile energy for the various collision systems of 0.25-2 MeV/u O{sup q+} and F{sup q+} incident on H{sub 2} and He targets. The electrons were detected in the beam direction, where the kinematic broadening is minimized. A zero-degree tandem electron spectrometer system, was developed and showed the versatility of zero-degree measurements of collisionally-produced atomic states. The zero-degree binary encounter electrons (BEe), quasifree target electrons ionizedmore » by the projectiles in head-on collisions, were observed as a strong background in the KLL Auger electron spectrum. They were studied by treating the target ionization as 180{degree} Rutherford elastic scattering in the projectile frame, and resulted in a validity test of the impulse approximation (IA) and a way to determine the spectrometer efficiency. An anomalous q-dependence, in which the zero-degree BEe yields increase with decreasing projectile charge state (q), was observed. State-resolved KLL Auger cross sections were determined by using the BEe normalization and thus the cross section of the electron-electron interactions such as resonant transfer-excitation (RTE), electron-electron excitation (eeE), and electron-electron ionization (eeI) were determined. Projectile 2l capture with 1s {yields} 2p excitation by the captured target electron was observed as an RTE process with Li-like and He-like projectiles and the measured RTEA (RTE followed by Auger decay) cross sections showed good agreement with an RTE-IA treatment and RTE alignment theory.« less

  18. Onset of cavity deformation upon subsonic motion of a projectile in a fluid complex plasma.

    PubMed

    Zhukhovitskii, D I; Ivlev, A V; Fortov, V E; Morfill, G E

    2013-06-01

    We study the deformation of a cavity around a large projectile moving with subsonic velocity in the cloud of small dust particles. To solve this problem, we employ the Navier-Stokes equation for a compressible fluid with due regard for friction between dust particles and atoms of neutral gas. The solution shows that due to friction, the pressure of a dust cloud at the surface of a cavity around the projectile can become negative, which entails the emergence of a considerable asymmetry of the cavity, i.e., the cavity deformation. Corresponding threshold velocity is calculated, which is found to decrease with increasing cavity size. Measurement of such velocity makes it possible to estimate the static pressure inside the dust cloud.

  19. 18 CFR 367.1900 - Account 190, Accumulated deferred income taxes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Account 190, Accumulated deferred income taxes. 367.1900 Section 367.1900 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL... ACT OF 2005, FEDERAL POWER ACT AND NATURAL GAS ACT UNIFORM SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS FOR CENTRALIZED SERVICE...

  20. ERRATUM: Is SGR 1900+14 a Magnetar?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Marsden, D.; Rothschild, R. E.; Lingenfelter, R. E.

    1999-09-01

    In the Letter ``Is SGR 1900+14 a Magnetar?'' by D. Marsden, R. E. Rothschild, and R. E. Lingenfelter (ApJ, 520, L107 [1999]), there is a typographical error in Figure 1 that does not affect any of the scientific results of the Letter. The tick marks on the y-axis in this figure are mislabeled, indicating a wrong period for the peak in the χ2 distribution. The values of the period and period derivative quoted throughout the text are the correct values and are unaffected by the typographical error. The corrected figure appears below.

  1. Instantaneous charge state of uranium projectiles in fully ionized plasmas from energy loss experiments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Morales, Roberto; Barriga-Carrasco, Manuel D.; Casas, David

    2017-04-01

    The instantaneous charge state of uranium ions traveling through a fully ionized hydrogen plasma has been theoretically studied and compared with one of the first energy loss experiments in plasmas, carried out at GSI-Darmstadt by Hoffmann et al. in the 1990s. For this purpose, two different methods to estimate the instantaneous charge state of the projectile have been employed: (1) rate equations using ionization and recombination cross sections and (2) equilibrium charge state formulas for plasmas. Also, the equilibrium charge state has been obtained using these ionization and recombination cross sections and compared with the former equilibrium formulas. The equilibrium charge state of projectiles in plasmas is not always reached, and it depends mainly on the projectile velocity and the plasma density. Therefore, a non-equilibrium or an instantaneous description of the projectile charge is necessary. The charge state of projectile ions cannot be measured, except after exiting the target, and experimental data remain very scarce. Thus, the validity of our charge state model is checked by comparing the theoretical predictions with an energy loss experiment, as the energy loss has a generally quadratic dependence on the projectile charge state. The dielectric formalism has been used to calculate the plasma stopping power including the Brandt-Kitagawa (BK) model to describe the charge distribution of the projectile. In this charge distribution, the instantaneous number of bound electrons instead of the equilibrium number has been taken into account. Comparing our theoretical predictions with experiments, it is shown the necessity of including the instantaneous charge state and the BK charge distribution for a correct energy loss estimation. The results also show that the initial charge state has a strong influence in order to estimate the energy loss of the uranium ions.

  2. Steady state numerical solutions for determining the location of MEMS on projectile

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Abiprayu, K.; Abdigusna, M. F. F.; Gunawan, P. H.

    2018-03-01

    This paper is devoted to compare the numerical solutions for the steady and unsteady state heat distribution model on projectile. Here, the best location for installing of the MEMS on the projectile based on the surface temperature is investigated. Numerical iteration methods, Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel have been elaborated to solve the steady state heat distribution model on projectile. The results using Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel are shown identical but the discrepancy iteration cost for each methods is gained. Using Jacobi’s method, the iteration cost is 350 iterations. Meanwhile, using Gauss-Seidel 188 iterations are obtained, faster than the Jacobi’s method. The comparison of the simulation by steady state model and the unsteady state model by a reference is shown satisfying. Moreover, the best candidate for installing MEMS on projectile is observed at pointT(10, 0) which has the lowest temperature for the other points. The temperature using Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel for scenario 1 and 2 atT(10, 0) are 307 and 309 Kelvin respectively.

  3. Microspoiler Actuation for Guided Projectiles

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-01-06

    and be hardened to gun -launch. Several alternative designs will be explored using various actuation techniques, and downselection to an optimal design...aerodynamic optimization of the microspoiler mechanism, mechanical design/ gun hardening, and parameter estimation from experimental data. These...performed using the aerodynamic parameters in Table 2. Projectile trajectories were simulated without gravity at zero gun elevation. The standard 30mm

  4. Ballistics considerations for small-caliber, low-density projectiles

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gouge, M.J.; Baylor, L.R.; Combs, S.K.

    1993-11-01

    One major application for single- and two-stage light gas guns is for fueling magnetic fusion confinement devices. Powder guns are not a feasible alternative due to possible plasma contamination by residual powder gases and the eventual requirement of steady-state operation at {approximately} 1 Hz, which will dictate a closed gas handling system where propellant gases are recovered, processed and recompressed. Interior ballistic calculations for single-stage light gas guns, both analytical and numerical, are compared to an extensive data base for low density hydrogenic projectiles (pellets). Some innovative range diagnostics are described for determining the size and velocity of these smallmore » (several mm) size projectiles. A conceptual design of a closed cycle propellant gas system is presented including tradeoffs between different light propellant gases.« less

  5. The African Origin of Complex Projectile Technology: An Analysis Using Tip Cross-Sectional Area and Perimeter

    PubMed Central

    Sisk, Matthew L.; Shea, John J.

    2011-01-01

    Despite a body of literature focusing on the functionality of modern and stylistically distinct projectile points, comparatively little attention has been paid to quantifying the functionality of the early stages of projectile use. Previous work identified a simple ballistics measure, the Tip Cross-Sectional Area, as a way of determining if a given class of stone points could have served as effective projectile armatures. Here we use this in combination with an alternate measure, the Tip Cross-Sectional Perimeter, a more accurate proxy of the force needed to penetrate a target to a lethal depth. The current study discusses this measure and uses it to analyze a collection of measurements from African Middle Stone Age pointed stone artifacts. Several point types that were rejected in previous studies are statistically indistinguishable from ethnographic projectile points using this new measure. The ramifications of this finding for a Middle Stone Age origin of complex projectile technology is discussed. PMID:21755048

  6. The child as a projectile.

    PubMed

    Tibbs, R E; Haines, D E; Parent, A D

    1998-12-01

    Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death in children under the age of fourteen. The majority of these injuries/deaths occur when the child becomes airborne during an accident. The most common mechanisms by which children become airborne are motor vehicle collisions, bicycling accidents, and falls. A head injury is seen in a significant number of children in this setting. This includes injury to the scalp, skull, coverings of the brain, or the brain itself. These injuries are the most common cause of death in children resulting from unintentional injury. Other typical injuries include external bruises and abrasions, extremity fractures, and bruising or bleeding of internal organs. We propose to name this constellation of injuries the projectile child syndrome. This refers to those injuries occurring in infants and children as a result of becoming airborne during the events of an accident. The pattern of injuries seen as related to the anatomy of the child is stressed. A review of the impact to society and guidelines for prevention are presented.

  7. 40 CFR 60.1900 - What must I include in the semiannual out-of-compliance reports?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... in § 60.1855(a)(1)). Include four items: (i) Eight-hour average carbon feed rate. (ii) Reasons for... out-of-compliance reports? 60.1900 Section 60.1900 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION..., 1999 Model Rule-Reporting § 60.1900 What must I include in the semiannual out-of-compliance reports...

  8. 40 CFR 60.1900 - What must I include in the semiannual out-of-compliance reports?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... in § 60.1855(a)(1)). Include four items: (i) Eight-hour average carbon feed rate. (ii) Reasons for... out-of-compliance reports? 60.1900 Section 60.1900 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION..., 1999 Model Rule-Reporting § 60.1900 What must I include in the semiannual out-of-compliance reports...

  9. 40 CFR 60.1900 - What must I include in the semiannual out-of-compliance reports?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... in § 60.1855(a)(1)). Include four items: (i) Eight-hour average carbon feed rate. (ii) Reasons for... out-of-compliance reports? 60.1900 Section 60.1900 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION..., 1999 Model Rule-Reporting § 60.1900 What must I include in the semiannual out-of-compliance reports...

  10. 40 CFR 60.1900 - What must I include in the semiannual out-of-compliance reports?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... in § 60.1855(a)(1)). Include four items: (i) Eight-hour average carbon feed rate. (ii) Reasons for... out-of-compliance reports? 60.1900 Section 60.1900 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION..., 1999 Model Rule-Reporting § 60.1900 What must I include in the semiannual out-of-compliance reports...

  11. Heavy fragment production cross sections from 1.05 GeV/nucleon 56Fe in C, Al, Cu, Pb, and CH2 targets

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zeitlin, C.; Heilbronn, L.; Miller, J.; Rademacher, S. E.; Borak, T.; Carter, T. R.; Frankel, K. A.; Schimmerling, W.; Stronach, C. E.; Chatterjee, A. (Principal Investigator)

    1997-01-01

    We have obtained charge-changing cross sections and partial cross sections for fragmentation of 1.05 GeV/nucleon Fe projectiles incident on H, C, Al, Cu, and Pb nuclei. The energy region covered by this experiment is critical for an understanding of galactic cosmic ray propagation and space radiation biophysics. Surviving primary beam particles and fragments with charges from 12 to 25 produced within a forward cone of half-angle 61 mrad were detected using a silicon detector telescope to identify their charge and the cross sections were calculated after correction of the measured yields for finite target thickness effects. The cross sections are compared to model calculations and to previous measurements. Cross sections for the production of fragments with even-numbered nuclear charges are seen to be enhanced in almost all cases.

  12. English Canal-Boat Children and the Education Issue 1900-1940: Towards a Concept of Traveller Education?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bowen, Paul

    2001-01-01

    Explores the relationship between English canal boat children and compulsory education requirements during 1900-1940. Focuses primarily on the 1900-1914 era and the difficulty of educating canal boat children. Discusses the Living In Committee Report and the Canal Boats Bill. Concludes this era contributed to progress in educating travelling…

  13. Projectile Motion on an Inclined Misty Surface: I. Capturing and Analysing the Trajectory

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ho, S. Y.; Foong, S. K.; Lim, C. H.; Lim, C. C.; Lin, K.; Kuppan, L.

    2009-01-01

    Projectile motion is usually the first non-uniform two-dimensional motion that students will encounter in a pre-university physics course. In this article, we introduce a novel technique for capturing the trajectory of projectile motion on an inclined Perspex plane. This is achieved by coating the Perspex with a thin layer of fine water droplets…

  14. Shape Distribution of Fragments from Microsatellite Impact Tests

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Liou, J.C.; Hanada, T.

    2009-01-01

    Fragment shape is an important factor for conducting reliable orbital debris damage assessments for critical space assets, such as the International Space Station. To date, seven microsatellite impact tests have been completed as part of an ongoing collaboration between Kyushu University and the NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. The target satellites ranged in size from 15 cm 15 cm 15 cm to 20 cm 20 cm 20 cm. Each target satellite was equipped with fully functional electronics, including circuits, battery, and transmitter. Solar panels and multi-layer insulation (MLI) were added to the target satellites of the last two tests. The impact tests were carried out with projectiles of different sizes and impact speeds. All fragments down to about 2 mm in size were collected and analyzed based on their three orthogonal dimensions, x, y, and z, where x is the longest dimension, y is the longest dimension in the plane perpendicular to x, and z is the longest dimension perpendicular to both x and y. Each fragment was also photographed and classified by shape and material composition. This data set serves as the basis of our effort to develop a fragment shape distribution. Two distinct groups can be observed in the x/y versus y/z distribution of the fragments. Objects in the first group typically have large x/y values. Many of them are needle-like objects originating from the fragmentation of carbon fiber reinforced plastic materials used to construct the satellites. Objects in the second group tend to have small x/y values, and many of them are box-like or plate-like objects, depending on their y/z values. Each group forms the corresponding peak in the x/y distribution. However, only one peak can be observed in the y/z distribution. These distributions and how they vary with size, material type, and impact parameters will be described in detail within the paper.

  15. Locus of the apices of projectile trajectories under constant drag

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hernández-Saldaña, H.

    2017-11-01

    Using the hodograph method, we present an analytical solution for projectile coplanar motion under constant drag, parametrised by the velocity angle. We find the locus formed by the apices of the projectile trajectories, and discuss its implementation for the motion of a particle on an inclined plane in presence of Coulomb friction. The range and time of flight are obtained numerically, and we find that the optimal launching angle is smaller than in the drag-free case. This is a good example of a problem with constant dissipation of energy that includes curvature; it is appropriate for intermediate courses of mechanics.

  16. Experimental investigation on underwater trajectory deviation of high-speed projectile with different nose shapes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Wei; Huang, Wei; Gao, Yubo; Qi, Yafei; Hypervelocity Impact Research Center Team

    2015-06-01

    Laboratory-scaled oblique water entry experiments for the trajectory stability in the water column have been performed with four different nosed-projectiles at a range of velocities from 20m /s to 250 m /s . The slender projectiles are designed with flat, ogival, hemi-sperical, truncated-ogival noses to make comparisons on the trajectory deviation when they are launched at vertical and oblique impact angles (0°~25°). Two high-speed cameras that are positioned orthogonal to each other and normal to the column are employed to capture the entire process of projectiles' penetration. From the experimental results, the sequential images in two planes are presented to compare the trajectory deviation of different impact tests and the 3D trajectory models are extracted based on the location recorded by cameras. Considering the effect influenced by the impact velocities and noses of projectiles, it merited concluded that trajectory deviation is affected from most by impact angle, and least by impact velocities. Additionally, ogival projectiles tend to be more sensitive to oblique angle and experienced the largest attitude changing. National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO.: 11372088).

  17. Effect of a viscoelastic target on the impact response of a flat-nosed projectile

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Hu; Yang, Jialing; Liu, Hua

    2018-02-01

    Taylor impact is a widely used strategy in which a flat-nosed projectile is fired onto a rigid anvil directly to determine the dynamic strength of rod specimens. Nowadays, the rigid anvil is often replaced by an output target bar to ensure the accuracy of measurement via recording strain signals in the output bar. For testing the dynamic strength of low-density materials, a low-impedance target bar, which exhibits viscoelastic characteristics is often employed. In this paper, an extended Taylor model is proposed to improve the idealization of treating the target bar as perfectly rigid material in the classic Taylor model, and the viscoelastic effect of the target bar is incorporated. The viscoelastic target bar is depicted by two elastic springs and one dashpot. Based on the plastic shock wave theory in the flat-nosed projectile associated with the viscoelastic wave analysis in the target bar, the viscoelastic effect of the target bar on the impact response of the flat-nosed projectile is investigated. The finite element simulation is also carried out to verify the theoretical model, and good agreement is found. The present theoretical model is also called the Taylor-cylinder Hopkinson impact, which provides a more accurate way to identify the dynamic material parameters. The dynamic responses of the present model are further compared with previous elastic and rigid target bar models. It is found that the viscoelastic effect of the target bar should be taken into consideration in the Taylor-cylinder Hopkinson impact test for low-impedance materials.

  18. 7 CFR 1900.102 - Applicable law.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... GENERAL Applicability of Federal Law § 1900.102 Applicable law. Loans made by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 are authorized and executed pursuant to Federal programs adopted by Congress to... applicable Federal law. (b) Instruments evidencing a guarantee, conditional commitment to guarantee, or a...

  19. Fragment-based lead generation: identification of seed fragments by a highly efficient fragment screening technology

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Neumann, Lars; Ritscher, Allegra; Müller, Gerhard; Hafenbradl, Doris

    2009-08-01

    For the detection of the precise and unambiguous binding of fragments to a specific binding site on the target protein, we have developed a novel reporter displacement binding assay technology. The application of this technology for the fragment screening as well as the fragment evolution process with a specific modelling based design strategy is demonstrated for inhibitors of the protein kinase p38alpha. In a fragment screening approach seed fragments were identified which were then used to build compounds from the deep-pocket towards the hinge binding area of the protein kinase p38alpha based on a modelling approach. BIRB796 was used as a blueprint for the alignment of the fragments. The fragment evolution of these deep-pocket binding fragments towards the fully optimized inhibitor BIRB796 included the modulation of the residence time as well as the affinity. The goal of our study was to evaluate the robustness and efficiency of our novel fragment screening technology at high fragment concentrations, compare the screening data with biochemical activity data and to demonstrate the evolution of the hit fragments with fast kinetics, into slow kinetic inhibitors in an in silico approach.

  20. Teaching Projectile Motion to Eliminate Misconceptions

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Prescott, Anne; Mitchelmore, Michael

    2005-01-01

    Student misconceptions of projectile motion are well documented, but their effect on the teaching and learning of the mathematics of motion under gravity has not been investigated. An experimental unit was designed that was intended to confront and eliminate misconceptions in senior secondary school students. The approach was found to be…

  1. Supercavitating Projectile Tracking System and Method

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-12-30

    Distribution is unlimited 20100104106 Attorney Docket No. 96681 SUPERCAVITATING PROJECTILE TRACKING SYSTEM AND METHOD STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT...underwater track or path 14 of a supercavitating vehicle under surface 16 of a body of water. In this embodiment, passive acoustic or pressure...transducers 12 are utilized to measure a pressure field produced by a moving supercavitating vehicle. The present invention provides a low-cost, reusable

  2. Highly accurate analytic formulae for projectile motion subjected to quadratic drag

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Turkyilmazoglu, Mustafa

    2016-05-01

    The classical phenomenon of motion of a projectile fired (thrown) into the horizon through resistive air charging a quadratic drag onto the object is revisited in this paper. No exact solution is known that describes the full physical event under such an exerted resistance force. Finding elegant analytical approximations for the most interesting engineering features of dynamical behavior of the projectile is the principal target. Within this purpose, some analytical explicit expressions are derived that accurately predict the maximum height, its arrival time as well as the flight range of the projectile at the highest ascent. The most significant property of the proposed formulas is that they are not restricted to the initial speed and firing angle of the object, nor to the drag coefficient of the medium. In combination with the available approximations in the literature, it is possible to gain information about the flight and complete the picture of a trajectory with high precision, without having to numerically simulate the full governing equations of motion.

  3. Fragmentation dynamics of meso-tetraphenyl iron (III) porphyrin chloride dication under energy control

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, B.; Allouche, A. R.; Bernard, J.; Brédy, R.; Qian, D. B.; Ma, X.; Martin, S.; Chen, L.

    2017-03-01

    Meso-tetraphenyl iron (III) porphyrin chloride dications (FeTPPCl2+)* were prepared in collisions with F+ and H+ at 3 keV. The dominant fragmentation channels were observed to involve the loss of the Cl atom and the successive loss of neutral phenyl groups for both collisional systems. The mass spectra in correlation with the deposited excitation energy distributions of the parent ions for the main fragmentation channels were measured by using the collision induced dissociation under energy control method. The global excitation energy distribution was found to be shifted to lower energies in collisions with H+ compared to collisions with F+ showing a noteworthy change of the excitation energy window using different projectile ions. Partial excitation energy distributions of the parent ions FeTPPCl2+ were obtained for each fragmentation group. In a theoretical work, we have calculated the dissociation energies for the loss of one and two phenyl groups, including phenyl and (phenyl ± H). The energy barrier for the hydrogen atom transfer during the loss of (phenyl-H) has been also calculated. The measured energy difference for the successive loss of two phenyl groups was compared with the theoretical values.

  4. Decennial Life Tables for the White Population of the United States, 1790-1900.

    PubMed

    Hacker, J David

    2010-04-01

    This article constructs new life tables for the white population of the United States in each decade between 1790 and 1900. Drawing from several recent studies, it suggests best estimates of life expectancy at age 20 for each decade. These estimates are fitted to new standards derived from the 1900-02 rural and 1900-02 overall DRA life tables using a two-parameter logit model with fixed slope. The resulting decennial life tables more accurately represent sex-and age-specific mortality rates while capturing known mortality trends.

  5. The Dependency of Penetration on the Momentum Per Unit Area of the Impacting Projectile and the Resistance of Materials to Penetration

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Collins, Rufus D., Jr.; Kinard, William H.

    1960-01-01

    The results of this investigation indicate that the penetration of projectiles into quasi-infinite targets can be correlated as a function of the maximum momentum per unit area possessed by the projectiles. The penetration of projectiles into aluminum, copper, and steel targets was found to be a linear function while the penetration into lead targets was a nonlinear function of the momentum per unit area of the impacting projectiles. Penetration varied inversely as the projectile density and the elastic modulus of the target material for a given projectile momentum per unit area. Crater volumes were found to be a linear function of the kinetic energy of the projectile, the greater volumes being obtained in the target materials which had the lowest yield strength and the lowest speed of sound.

  6. Development of a Telemetry-Enabled High-G Projectile Carrier

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-09-01

    of High Velocity Guns, Version 2 (IBHVG2) interior ballistics simulation • Pete Muller, ARL, helped populate the ARL sensor suite boards...differences in external characteristics between the conventional M831 and the modified M831 high-g carrier projectile can be seen in figure 3. Figure 2...of High Velocity Guns, Version 2 (IBHVG2) (6). The output values from the simulation for the selected charge weight are seen in table 2. Table 2

  7. On moments of the multiplicity events of slow target fragments in relativistic Sulfur-ion collisions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Abdelsalam, A.; Kamel, S.; Rashed, N.; Sabry, N.

    2014-07-01

    A detailed study on the multiplicity characteristics of the slow target fragments emitted in relativistic heavy-ion collisions has been carried out at ELab = 3.7A and 200A GeV using 32S projectile. The beam energy dependence of the black particles produced in the full phase space of 32S-emulsion (32S-Em) interactions on the target size in terms of their moments (mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis) is investigated. The various order moments of target fragments emitted in the interactions of 32S beams with the heavy (AgBr) target nuclei are estimated in the forward (FHS) and backward (BHS) hemispheres. The investigated values of ratio of variance to mean at both energies show that the multiplicity distributions (MDs) are not Poissonian and the strongly correlated emission of target fragments are in the forward directions. The degree of anisotropic fragment emission and nature of correlation among the emitted fragments are investigated. The energy dependence of entropy is examined in both hemispheres. The entropy values normalized to average multiplicity are found to be energy independent. Scaling of MD of black particles produced in these interactions has been studied to verify the validity of scaling hypothesis via two scaling (Koba-Nielsen-Olesen (KNO)-scaling and Hegyi-scaling) functions. A simplified universal function has been used in each scaling to display the experimental data.

  8. Group theoretical formulation of free fall and projectile motion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Düztaş, Koray

    2018-07-01

    In this work we formulate the group theoretical description of free fall and projectile motion. We show that the kinematic equations for constant acceleration form a one parameter group acting on a phase space. We define the group elements ϕ t by their action on the points in the phase space. We also generalize this approach to projectile motion. We evaluate the group orbits regarding their relations to the physical orbits of particles and unphysical solutions. We note that the group theoretical formulation does not apply to more general cases involving a time-dependent acceleration. This method improves our understanding of the constant acceleration problem with its global approach. It is especially beneficial for students who want to pursue a career in theoretical physics.

  9. An (e, 2e+ ion) study of electron-impact ionization and fragmentation of tetrafluoromethane at low energies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hossen, Khokon; Ren, Xueguang; Wang, Enliang; Kumar, S. V. K.; Dorn, Alexander

    2018-03-01

    We study ionization and fragmentation of tetrafluoromethane (CF4) molecule induced by electron impact at low energies ( E 0 = 38 and 67 eV). We use a reaction microscope combined with a pulsed photoemission electron beam for our experimental investigation. The momentum vectors of the two outgoing electrons (energies E 1, E 2) and one fragment ion are detected in triple coincidence (e, 2e+ ion). After dissociation, the fragment products observed are CF3 +, CF2 +, CF+, F+ and C+. For CF3 + and CF2 + channels, we measure the ionized orbitals binding energies, the kinetic energy (KE) of the charged fragments and the two-dimensional (2D) correlation map between binding energy (BE) and KE of the fragments. From the BE and KE spectra, we conclude which molecular orbitals contribute to particular fragmentation channels of CF4. We also measure the total ionization cross section for the formation of CF3 + and CF2 + ions as function of projectile energy. We compare our results with earlier experiments and calculations for electron-impact and photoionization. The major contribution to CF3 + formation originates from ionization of the 4t2 orbital while CF2 + is mainly formed after 3t2 orbital ionization. We also observe a weak contribution of the (4a1)-1 state for the channel CF3 +.

  10. Angular Motion of Projectiles with a Moving Internal Part.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1977-02-01

    Ball Rotor T317 hellIntermal Projectile RingsM505 Fuze Quasi-linear Angular Motion N\\ ANSTRACT (-jCanhs si rveree side ff naeweemv end identify by...LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. 20mm Shell T282E1 with Arming Ball Rotor .... .......... 20 2. Fast Mode Damping Rate for the 20mm T282E1...fuze has a spherical arming rotor in a cylindrical cavity with small but non-zero clearanc’es (Figure 1). The fourth sa.ell - the 8-inch T317 - showed

  11. Hypervelocity gun. [using both electric and chemical energy for projectile propulsion

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ford, F. C.; Biehl, A. J. (Inventor)

    1965-01-01

    A velocity amplifier system which uses both electric and chemical energy for projectile propulsion is provided in a compact hypervelocity gun suitable for laboratory use. A relatively heavy layer of a tamping material such as concrete encloses a loop of an electrically conductive material. An explosive charge at least partially surrounding the loop is adapted to collapse the loop upon detonation of the charge. A source of electricity charges the loop through two leads, and an electric switch which is activated by the charge explosive charge, disconnects the leads from the source of electricity and short circuits them. An opening in the tamping material extends to the loop and forms a barrel. The loop, necked down in the opening, forms the sabot on which the projectile is located. When the loop is electrically charged and the explosive detonated, the loop is short circuited and collapsed thus building up a magnetic field which acts as a sabot catcher. The sabot is detached from the loop and the sabot and projectile are accelerated to hypervelocity.

  12. Penetration of projectiles into granular targets.

    PubMed

    Ruiz-Suárez, J C

    2013-06-01

    Energetic collisions of subatomic particles with fixed or moving targets have been very valuable to penetrate into the mysteries of nature. But the mysteries are quite intriguing when projectiles and targets are macroscopically immense. We know that countless debris wandering in space impacted (and still do) large asteroids, moons and planets; and that millions of craters on their surfaces are traces of such collisions. By classifying and studying the morphology of such craters, geologists and astrophysicists obtain important clues to understand the origin and evolution of the Solar System. This review surveys knowledge about crater phenomena in the planetary science context, avoiding detailed descriptions already found in excellent papers on the subject. Then, it examines the most important results reported in the literature related to impact and penetration phenomena in granular targets obtained by doing simple experiments. The main goal is to discern whether both schools, one that takes into account the right ingredients (planetary bodies and very high energies) but cannot physically reproduce the collisions, and the other that easily carries out the collisions but uses laboratory ingredients (small projectiles and low energies), can arrive at a synergistic intersection point.

  13. Rapid Ultrasonic Inspection of Artillery Projectiles

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-11-01

    field behavior as a function of gap separation d 26 Fig. 14 Electromagnet equivalent circuit model use for final design of yoke, pole pieces and...card 64 Fig. 37 Frequency response of receiver circuit 66 Fig. 38 a) Configuration of EMAT used to launch both longitudinal and circumferential... circuit for OD and ID location 88 Fig. 51 Photograph of fully assembled EMAT inspection system during projectile inspection 92 Fig. 52 Sequence

  14. Effect of Grain Scale Properties on Bulk Deformation of Granular Deposits Due to High Speed Projectile Impact

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-04-08

    Details of 1D compression test Material: Florida coastal sand Mean diameter: 0.37(mm) Vessel: Stainless steel Vessel inner diameter 6.0(mm... turned out that the projectile deceleration behavior observed in the experiment is a consequence of the complicated compression behavior of sand...applicability of the proposed EOS into high-speed projectile impact experiment. It turned out that the projectile deceleration behavior observed in the

  15. The Experimental Projectile Impact Chamber (EPIC) at Centro de Astrobiología, Spain: Reproducibility and verification of scaling relations.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ormö, J.; Wünnemann, K.; Collins, G.; Melero Asensio, I.

    2012-09-01

    The Experimental Projectile Impact Chamber (EPIC) consists of a 20.5mm caliber, compressed gas gun and a 7m wide test bed. It is possible to vary the projectile size and density, the velocity up to about 5001n/"s, the impact angle. and the target composition. The EPIC is especially designed for the analysis of impacts into unconsolidated and liquid targets. i.e. allowing the use of gravity scaling. The general objective with the EPIC is to analyze the cratering and modification processes at wet-target (e.g. marinle) impacts. We have carried out 14 shots into dry sand targets with two projectile compositions (light and weak; heavy and strong), at two impact angles. at three impact velocities, and in both quarter-space and half- space geometries. We recorded the impacts with a high-speed camera and compared the results with numerical simulations using iSALE. The evaluation demonstrated that there are noticeable differences between the results from the two projectile types, but that the crater dimensions are consistent with scaling laws based on other impact experiments [1]. This proves the usefulness of the EPIC in the analysis of natural impacts.

  16. The origins and early elaboration of projectile technology.

    PubMed

    O'Driscoll, Corey A; Thompson, Jessica C

    2018-01-01

    The ability of Homo sapiens to kill prey at a distance is arguably one of the catalysts for our current ecological dominance. Many researchers have suggested its origins lie in the African Middle Stone Age or the European Middle Palaeolithic (∼300-30 thousand years ago), but the perishable components of armatures rarely preserve. Most research on this subject therefore emphasises analysis of armature tip size, shape, and diagnostic impacts or residues. Other lines of evidence have included human skeletal anatomy or analyses of the species composition of faunal assemblages. Projectile Impact Marks (PIMs) on archaeofaunal remains offer an ideal complement to this work, but their potential has been restricted mainly to the later Eurasian zooarchaeological record. A review of current evidence and approaches shows that systematic PIM research could add much to our understanding of early projectile technology, especially in Africa. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  17. Estimating 3D positions and velocities of projectiles from monocular views.

    PubMed

    Ribnick, Evan; Atev, Stefan; Papanikolopoulos, Nikolaos P

    2009-05-01

    In this paper, we consider the problem of localizing a projectile in 3D based on its apparent motion in a stationary monocular view. A thorough theoretical analysis is developed, from which we establish the minimum conditions for the existence of a unique solution. The theoretical results obtained have important implications for applications involving projectile motion. A robust, nonlinear optimization-based formulation is proposed, and the use of a local optimization method is justified by detailed examination of the local convexity structure of the cost function. The potential of this approach is validated by experimental results.

  18. A Method to Determine Angular Orientation of a Projectile Using a Polarization Scanning Reference Source

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kankipati, Venkata Varun

    This thesis presents a method to determine the angular orientation of a projectile in flight, by mechanically scanning a linearly polarized, microwave reference source. In particular, the research focuses on real time measurement of the roll angle. A 10 GHz, linearly polarized electromagnetic wave is radiated toward the projectile by means of a 10 dB horn antenna. The projectile is equipped with a backward facing 10 dB horn antenna, which has orientation, namely roll angle, sensitivity. The response of the received signal follows a cosine law, producing a maximum when the receiver orientation is aligned with the transmitting polarization. As expected, the peak response shifts in response to the roll-angle, however, unambiguous recovery of the angle requires synchronization with the polarization orientation of the source. This has been achieved through the use of a unique transmitter power sequence, which includes a start-of-scan and end-of-scan time stamp. Based on the above concept, a complete system comprising a polarization scanning reference source, the receiving antenna mounted on a vehicle, and pertinent electronic components, has been tested for both line of sight and non-line of sight applications. The transmitter antenna, mounted on a computer controlled stepper motor allowed source polarization to be scanned from -90° to 90° in 0.3 seconds. The receiving antenna continuously samples the received electromagnetic background at the source frequency and uses a RF detector and a data acquisition system to record the subsequent time-varying voltage signal, which is processed to recover the roll-angle. Measurements in an anechoic chamber were used to confirm the efficacy of the system and field trials, using a transmitter power of 2 W, were successfully demonstrated over a distance of 0.15 miles. The distance limit can be extended by increasing the transmitter power, receiver sensitivity and increase source frequency.

  19. Magnetic moment of the fragmentation-aligned 61Fe (9/2(+)) isomer.

    PubMed

    Matea, I; Georgiev, G; Daugas, J M; Hass, M; Neyens, G; Astabatyan, R; Baby, L T; Balabanski, D L; Bélier, G; Borremans, D; Goldring, G; Goutte, H; Himpe, P; Lewitowicz, M; Lukyanov, S; Méot, V; Santos, F de Oliveira; Penionzhkevich, Yu E; Roig, O; Sawicka, M

    2004-10-01

    We report on the g factor measurement of an isomer in the neutron-rich (61)(26)Fe (E(*)=861 keV and T(1/2)=239(5) ns). The isomer was produced and spin aligned via a projectile-fragmentation reaction at intermediate energy, the time dependent perturbed angular distribution method being used for the measurement of the g factor. For the first time, due to significant improvements of the experimental technique, an appreciable residual alignment of the nuclear spin ensemble has been observed, allowing a precise determination of its g factor, including the sign: g=-0.229(2). In this way we open the possibility to study moments of very neutron-rich short-lived isomers, not accessible via other production and spin-orientation methods.

  20. Projectile Motion with a Drag Force: Were the Medievals Right After All?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    La Rocca, Paola; Riggi, Francesco

    2009-01-01

    An educational and historical study of the projectile motion with drag forces dependent on speed shows, by simple results, that trajectories quite similar to those depicted before the Galilean era may be obtained with a realistic choice of quantities involved. Numerical simulations of the trajectory in space and velocity coordinates help us to…

  1. Deformations on Hole and Projectile Surfaces Caused By High Velocity Friction During Ballistic Impact

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Karamış, M. B.

    2018-01-01

    In this study, the deformations caused by the ballistic impact on the MM composites and on projectile surfaces are examined. The hole section and grain deformation of unreinforced targets are also examined after impact. The relatively high complexity of impact problems is caused by the large number of intervening parameters like relative velocity of projectile and target, shape of colliding objects, relative stiffness and masses, time-dependent surface of contact, geometry and boundary conditions and material characteristics. The material used in this investigation are 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloys as matrix reinforced with SiC and Al2O3 particles. The matrix materials are extensively used in defense applications due to its favorable ballistic properties, moderate strength, high corrosion resistance and super plastic potential. Two different composites were produced; one by casting and the other by lamination. The ballistic tests of the composite targets were carried out according to NIJ Standard-0101.04, Temperature 21 °C, RH=65% with 7.62 mm projectiles. The bullet weight was 9.6 g and their muzzle velocities were in the range of 770-800 m/s. The projectiles consisted of a steel core, copper jacket and lead material. The composite targets were positioned 15 m from the rifle. The interaction between projectiles and the target hole created after impact were examined by light microscopy and photography. Different damage and failure mechanisms such as petalling, cracking, spalling, dishing, etc., were observed on the target body. On the other hand, dramatic wear and damages on the projectile surface were also observed. The targets were supported with Al-5083 backing blocks having 40 mm thickness.

  2. Solution to Projectile Motion with Quadratic Drag and Graphing the Trajectory in Spreadsheets

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Benacka, Jan

    2010-01-01

    This note gives the analytical solution to projectile motion with quadratic drag by decomposing the velocity vector to "x," "y" coordinate directions. The solution is given by definite integrals. First, the impact angle is estimated from above, then the projectile coordinates are computed, and the trajectory is graphed at various launch angles and…

  3. Excalibur Precision 155mm Projectiles (Excalibur)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-12-01

    Selected Acquisition Report ( SAR ) RCS: DD-A&T(Q&A)823-366 Excalibur Precision 155mm Projectiles (Excalibur) As of FY 2017 President’s Budget...Defense Acquisition Management Information Retrieval (DAMIR) March 21, 2016 18:18:38 UNCLASSIFIED Excalibur December 2015 SAR March 21, 2016 18:18:38... SAR March 21, 2016 18:18:38 UNCLASSIFIED 3 PB - President’s Budget PE - Program Element PEO - Program Executive Officer PM - Program Manager POE

  4. Batch Computed Tomography Analysis of Projectiles

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-05-01

    error calculation. Projectiles are then grouped together according to the similarity of their components. Also discussed is graphical- cluster analysis...ballistic, armor, grouping, clustering 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU 18. NUMBER OF...Fig. 10 Graphical structure of 15 clusters of the jacket/core radii profiles with plots of the profiles contained within each cluster . The size of

  5. Techniques for Surface-Temperature Measurements and Transition Detection on Projectiles at Hypersonic Velocities--Status Report No. 2

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bogdanoff, D. W.; Wilder, M. C.

    2006-01-01

    The latest developments in a research effort to advance techniques for measuring surface temperatures and heat fluxes and determining transition locations on projectiles in hypersonic free flight in a ballistic range are described. Spherical and hemispherical titanium projectiles were launched at muzzle velocities of 4.6-5.8 km/sec into air and nitrogen at pressures of 95-380 Torr. Hemisphere models with diameters of 2.22 cm had maximum pitch and yaw angles of 5.5-8 degrees and 4.7-7 degrees, depending on whether they were launched using an evacuated launch tube or not. Hemisphere models with diameters of 2.86 cm had maximum pitch and yaw angles of 2.0-2.5 degrees. Three intensified-charge-coupled-device (ICCD) cameras with wavelength sensitivity ranges of 480-870 nm (as well as one infrared camera with a wavelength sensitivity range of 3 to 5 microns), were used to obtain images of the projectiles in flight. Helium plumes were used to remove the radiating gas cap around the projectiles at the locations where ICCD camera images were taken. ICCD and infrared (IR) camera images of titanium hemisphere projectiles at velocities of 4.0-4.4 km/sec are presented as well as preliminary temperature data for these projectiles. Comparisons were made of normalized temperature data for shots at approx.190 Torr in air and nitrogen and with and without the launch tube evacuated. Shots into nitrogen had temperatures 6% lower than those into air. Evacuation of the launch tube was also found to lower the projectile temperatures by approx.6%.

  6. Basic and applied studies of the ram accelerator as a hypervelocity projectile launcher

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bruckner, Adam P.; Knowlen, Carl

    1993-12-01

    The potential of using ram accelerator technology for an impulsive launcher of autonomously guided interceptors, such as the LEAP, has been studied during this contract period. In addition, fundamental investigations on some of the engineering issues which must be addressed for enabling ram accelerator propulsive modes to operate at 4 km/sec have been undertaken. An experimental investigation of the gas dynamic limits of ram accelerator operation has demonstrated the existence of two distinct limiting mechanisms that must be accounted for when designing projectiles for these launchers. Other experiments were conducted to make detailed pressure measurements of the flow fields at the tube walls to study the effects of projectile canting. Results from this LEAP launcher study and the experimental investigations indicate that the ram accelerator technology is well suited for applications as a transportable launcher capable of meeting the needs of theater ballistic missile defense missions.

  7. Optical fiber-based system for continuous measurement of in-bore projectile velocity.

    PubMed

    Wang, Guohua; Sun, Jinglin; Li, Qiang

    2014-08-01

    This paper reports the design of an optical fiber-based velocity measurement system and its application in measuring the in-bore projectile velocity. The measurement principle of the implemented system is based on Doppler effect and heterodyne detection technique. The analysis of the velocity measurement principle deduces the relationship between the projectile velocity and the instantaneous frequency (IF) of the optical fiber-based system output signal. To extract the IF of the fast-changing signal carrying the velocity information, an IF extraction algorithm based on the continuous wavelet transforms is detailed. Besides, the performance of the algorithm is analyzed by performing corresponding simulation. At last, an in-bore projectile velocity measurement experiment with a sniper rifle having a 720 m/s muzzle velocity is performed to verify the feasibility of the optical fiber-based velocity measurement system. Experiment results show that the measured muzzle velocity is 718.61 m/s, and the relative uncertainty of the measured muzzle velocity is approximately 0.021%.

  8. Optical fiber-based system for continuous measurement of in-bore projectile velocity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Guohua; Sun, Jinglin; Li, Qiang

    2014-08-01

    This paper reports the design of an optical fiber-based velocity measurement system and its application in measuring the in-bore projectile velocity. The measurement principle of the implemented system is based on Doppler effect and heterodyne detection technique. The analysis of the velocity measurement principle deduces the relationship between the projectile velocity and the instantaneous frequency (IF) of the optical fiber-based system output signal. To extract the IF of the fast-changing signal carrying the velocity information, an IF extraction algorithm based on the continuous wavelet transforms is detailed. Besides, the performance of the algorithm is analyzed by performing corresponding simulation. At last, an in-bore projectile velocity measurement experiment with a sniper rifle having a 720 m/s muzzle velocity is performed to verify the feasibility of the optical fiber-based velocity measurement system. Experiment results show that the measured muzzle velocity is 718.61 m/s, and the relative uncertainty of the measured muzzle velocity is approximately 0.021%.

  9. Developmental changes of misconception and misperception of projectiles.

    PubMed

    Kim, In-Kyeong

    2012-12-01

    This study investigated the developmental changes of perceptual and cognitive commonsense physical knowledge. Children 4 to 9 years old (N = 156; 79 boys, 77 girls) participated. Each child was asked to predict the landing positions of balls that rolled down and fell off a virtual ramp and to choose the most natural-looking motion from different projectile motions depicted. The landing position of the most natural-looking projectile was compared with the predicted landing position and also compared with the actual landing position. The results showed children predicted the ball's landing position closer to the ramp than the actual position. Children also chose the depiction in which the ball fell closer to the ramp than the accurate position, although the error in the prediction task was larger than in the perception task and decreased with age. The results indicated the developmental convergence of explicit reasoning and implicit perception, which suggest a single knowledge system with representational re-description.

  10. The Guilford-Carleton Eclipse Expedition of 1900

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    English, Thomas R., III

    2006-12-01

    The solar eclipse of 1900 May 28 provided an opportunity for American astronomers to make observations from home soil, as the shadow tracked across the southeastern United States from New Orleans to Norfolk. Eclipse parties were scattered throughout the southern states, including large-scale scientific teams traveling to sites in Georgia and North Carolina. These major operations, staffed by groups from Yerkes, Princeton, USNO, and Lick, featured multiple observing programs and all the modern techniques they could manage. In addition to the major astrophysical endeavors, there were many smaller parties in the field in 1900 that resembled the more casual eclipse expeditions that were characteristic of a few decades before. In these efforts, relatively small groups of observers used modest instruments and made mostly visual observations, and the expedition was as much a social event as it was a scientific venture. One such group was the party from Carleton College and Guilford College that observed from a fruit farm in Southern Pines, NC. At the turn of the century, the Goodsell Observatory at Carleton College in Minnesota was an important regional astronomical facility that had provided weather and time data for over 20 years, and was the site of publication of Popular Astronomy, a widely circulated astronomical journal. At Guilford College, on the other hand, the astronomy course was taught by the school’s Treasurer, and there were no significant astronomical facilities. The presentation will explain how these two schools came to combine efforts to study the 1900 solar eclipse, and will summarize the events of the trip and the observations made. This research was supported in part by the Herbert C. Pollock Award of the Dudley Observatory.

  11. Ballistic parameters of .177 (4.5 mm) caliber plastic-sleeved composite projectiles compared to conventional lead pellets.

    PubMed

    Frank, Matthias; Schönekeß, Holger; Jäger, Frank; Herbst, Jörg; Ekkernkamp, Axel; Nguyen, Thanh Tien; Bockholdt, Britta

    2013-11-01

    The capability of conventional air gun lead pellets (diabolo pellets) to cause severe injuries or fatalities even at low kinetic energy levels is well documented in medical literature. Modern composite hunting pellets, usually a metal core (made of steel, lead, zinc, or a zinc and aluminum alloy) encased in a plastic sleeve, are of special forensic and traumatological interest. These projectiles are advertised by the manufacturers to discharge at higher velocities than conventional air gun pellets, thus generating very high tissue-penetrating capabilities. Lack of experimental data on these uncommon air gun projectiles induced this work. Ballistic parameters of 12 different caliber .177 (4.5 mm) composite pellets, discharged from two spring-piston air guns (Weihrauch HW 35, Webley CUB) and three pneumatic air guns (Walther LGR, Walther LG400, Walther LP300), were investigated using a ballistic speed measurement system and compared to a conventional diabolo pellet (RWS Meisterkugel) as reference projectile. Although overall results were inconsistent, for some projectile-weapon combinations (particularly spring-piston air guns), a significant change of the kinetic energy (-53 up to +48 %) to the reference projectile was observed. The data provided in this work may serve as a basis for forensic investigation as well as traumatological diagnosis and treatment of injuries caused by these uncommon projectiles.

  12. Speed, Acceleration, Chameleons and Cherry Pit Projectiles

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Planinsic, Gorazd; Likar, Andrej

    2012-01-01

    The paper describes the mechanics of cherry pit projectiles and ends with showing the similarity between cherry pit launching and chameleon tongue projecting mechanisms. The whole story is written as an investigation, following steps that resemble those typically taken by scientists and can therefore serve as an illustration of scientific…

  13. Penetrating chest trauma caused by a blank cartridge actuated rubber ball projectile: case presentation and ballistic investigation of an uncommon weapon type.

    PubMed

    Frank, Matthias; Peters, Dieter; Klemm, Wolfram; Grossjohann, Rico; Ekkernkamp, Axel; Bockholdt, Britta; Seifert, Julia

    2017-09-01

    Recently, an increasing number of an uncommon weapon type based on a caliber 6-mm Flobert blank cartridge actuated revolver which discharges 10-mm-diameter rubber ball projectiles has been confiscated by police authorities following criminal offenses. A recent trauma case presenting with a penetrating chest injury occasioned an investigation into the basic ballistic parameters of this type of weapon. Kinetic energy E of the test projectiles was calculated between 5.8 and 12.5 J. Energy density ED of the test projectiles was close to or higher than the threshold energy density of human skin. It can be concluded that penetrating skin injuries due to free-flying rubber ball projectiles discharged at close range cannot be ruled out. However, in case of a contact shot, the main injury potential of this weapon type must be attributed to the high energy density of the muzzle gas jet which may, similar to well-known gas or alarm weapons, cause life-threatening or even lethal injuries.

  14. Injuries caused by fragmenting rifle ammunition.

    PubMed

    Jorgensen, Jorgen Joakim; Naess, Paal Aksel; Gaarder, Christine

    2016-09-01

    Although penetrating injuries are encountered on a regular basis in high volume trauma centres, most civilian trauma teams will be unfamiliar with the treatment of patients with injuries caused by fragmenting ammunition. The terrorist attacks in Norway on July 22, 2011 included a shooting spree causing 69 deaths and 60 injured. One of the weapons used was a semi-automatic rifle, calibre 5.56mm, with soft tip, short stop ammunition. The aim of the present study was to describe the characteristic injury patterns and lessons learned from the treatment of multiple patients admitted at the regional trauma centre with injuries from this type of ammunition. We undertook an observational study of patients admitted at Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval after the shooting spree at Utoya on July 22, 2011. Data on demographics, injuries, injury severity, surgical procedures and outcome were collected prospectively. Of the 21 patients admitted after the shooting incident, 18 were identified with injuries caused by fragmenting ammunition and included in the study. Median age was 17 years (IQR 16, 19), median ISS 21 (IQR 12, 30) and 12 patients were female. They had been hit by a total of 38 projectiles, of which 32 were fragmenting bullets. Of the seven patients who sustained injuries to the head, neck and face, one patient required a craniotomy and one patient had a non-survivable head injury. Of the 11 patients with torso injuries, six of the eight patients with chest injuries had intra-thoracic injuries that could be treated with chest tubes only. One patient had cardiac tamponade, requiring thoracotomy. Six patients underwent laparotomy, four of them more than one. Of the 10 patients with extremity injuries, two had nerve injuries and six patients had fractures. Five amputations were performed within the first nine days. A total of 101 operations were required within the first four weeks. The majority of these were repeated soft tissue debridements due to progressive necrosis

  15. Amazing Physics: Learning about Work, Energy and Projectile Motion in a Historical Context

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tural, Guner

    2013-01-01

    Teaching physics through a historical context provides effective learning and increases students' motivation for and interest in physics. For example, trebuchets and mangonels may be interesting historical contexts for learning about energy, work, and projectile motion. In this study, the implementation of physics lessons related to these subjects…

  16. Some Statistical Properties of Tonality, 1650-1900

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    White, Christopher Wm.

    2013-01-01

    This dissertation investigates the statistical properties present within corpora of common practice music, involving a data set of more than 8,000 works spanning from 1650 to 1900, and focusing specifically on the properties of the chord progressions contained therein. In the first chapter, methodologies concerning corpus analysis are presented…

  17. An Inexpensive Mechanical Model for Projectile Motion

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kagan, David

    2011-01-01

    As experienced physicists, we see the beauty and simplicity of projectile motion. It is merely the superposition of uniform linear motion along the direction of the initial velocity vector and the downward motion due to the constant acceleration of gravity. We see the kinematic equations as just the mathematical machinery to perform the…

  18. Using Statcast to lift the discussion of projectile motion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Siegel, P. B.

    2017-04-01

    Home run data from Major League Baseball's Statcast can be described by adding a lift force to the equations of projectile motion commonly used in undergraduate computational physics courses. We discuss how the Statcast data can be implemented in the classroom.

  19. Increasing Student Engagement and Enthusiasm: A Projectile Motion Crime Scene

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bonner, David

    2010-05-01

    Connecting physics concepts with real-world events allows students to establish a strong conceptual foundation. When such events are particularly interesting to students, it can greatly impact their engagement and enthusiasm in an activity. Activities that involve studying real-world events of high interest can provide students a long-lasting understanding and positive memorable experiences, both of which heighten the learning experiences of those students. One such activity, described in depth in this paper, utilizes a murder mystery and crime scene investigation as an application of basic projectile motion.

  20. Global socioeconomic carbon stocks in long-lived products 1900-2008

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lauk, Christian; Haberl, Helmut; Erb, Karl-Heinz; Gingrich, Simone; Krausmann, Fridolin

    2012-09-01

    A better understanding of the global carbon cycle as well as of climate change mitigation options such as carbon sequestration requires the quantification of natural and socioeconomic stocks and flows of carbon. A so-far under-researched aspect of the global carbon budget is the accumulation of carbon in long-lived products such as buildings and furniture. We present a comprehensive assessment of global socioeconomic carbon stocks and the corresponding in- and outflows during the period 1900-2008. These data allowed calculation of the annual carbon sink in socioeconomic stocks during this period. The study covers the most important socioeconomic carbon fractions, i.e. wood, bitumen, plastic and cereals. Our assessment was mainly based on production and consumption data for plastic, bitumen and wood products and the respective fractions remaining in stocks in any given year. Global socioeconomic carbon stocks were 2.3 GtC in 1900 and increased to 11.5 GtC in 2008. The share of wood in total C stocks fell from 97% in 1900 to 60% in 2008, while the shares of plastic and bitumen increased to 16% and 22%, respectively. The rate of gross carbon sequestration in socioeconomic stocks increased from 17 MtC yr-1 in 1900 to a maximum of 247 MtC yr-1 in 2007, corresponding to 2.2%-3.4% of global fossil-fuel-related carbon emissions. We conclude that while socioeconomic carbon stocks are not negligible, their growth over time is not a major climate change mitigation option and there is an only modest potential to mitigate climate change by the increase of socioeconomic carbon stocks.

  1. A Laboratory Impact Study of Simulated Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt Objects

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ryan, Eileen V.; Davis, Donald R.; Giblin, Ian

    1999-11-01

    This paper reports on a series of laboratory impact experiments designed to provide basic data on how simulated Edgeworth-Kuiper belt objects (EKOs) fragment in an impact event. In September-October 1997 we carried out 20 low-velocity airgun shots at the Ames Vertical Gun Range into porous and homogeneous ice spheres using aluminum, fractured ice, and solid ice projectiles. We found that the porous ice targets behaved as strongly as solid ice in collision. Energy is apparently well dissipated by the void spaces within the target, such that these fragile ice structures respond as if they were strong in impacts. Therefore, it would appear that if EKOs are porous, they are not collisionally weak. Also, our data show that collisional outcomes for low-velocity impacts into ice targets depend on the type of projectile used as well as the properties of the target. We observed that the degree of fragmentation for a given type of target increases as the strength of the projectile increases. Aluminum projectiles are far more damaging to the target at the same collisional energy than are solid ice projectiles, which, in turn, are more damaging than fractured ice projectiles. One possible explanation for this behavior is the variable depth of penetration of the projectile for the different cases—stronger projectiles penetrate more deeply and couple more energy into the target than do weak projectiles. Based on this, if we assume that there has not been significant heating or differentiation in the Edgeworth-Kuiper (E-K) belt, the most applicable impact strength for the low-velocity E-K belt collisions is likely to be that derived from similar target/projectile materials impacting each other. The laboratory data from this analysis indicate that a value for impact strength>5×10 5 erg/cm 3 is appropriate for porous ice targets impacted with solid/porous ice projectiles.

  2. Linear Theory of a Projectile With a Rotating Internal Part in Atmospheric Flight

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-07-01

    shape, or form. Fuze mechanisms used on some indirect fire ammunition employ a rotor that is permitted to move slightly with respect to the main...series of experiments where a projectile with a loose internal part was driven by the rotor of a freely gimbaled gyroscope. The gyroscope yaw history...cases, weapon system designers require guidance on the effect of the rotating internal part as well as guidance on how to optimally configure such a

  3. Comparative analysis of properties of channels of deuteron and tritium production in {sup 16}Op collisions at a projectile momentum of 3.25 GeV/c per nucleon

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Olimov, K., E-mail: olimov@uzsci.net; Glagolev, V. V.; Gulamov, K. G.

    2014-12-15

    The results of a comparative analysis of channels involving the inclusive production of deuterons and tritons in {sup 16}Op collisions at a projectile momentum of 3.25 GeV/c per nucleon are presented. The mechanisms governing proton, deuteron, and triton production in the fragmentation of oxygen nuclei are found to be independent. It is shown that the observed proton-multiplicity correlations are associated predominantly with the character of the primary event of a proton-nucleon collision in {sup 16}Op interactions. It is found that, in reactions involving triton production, the contributions of processes leading to an increase in the mean proton multiplicity (n →more » p + π{sup −} and np → pn) and processes leading to its decrease (p → n + π{sup +}) compensate each other.« less

  4. Projectile Impact Effects on Aircraft Wire Harnesses

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1986-01-08

    circuits Aircraft wire harnesses Modified ETFE Projectile damage and fires 19 ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identit) by block number...Tile Firifinr~ari~ne An overview of tile test fiririý raný,e is shown in Figure b. In tile for-eyrouria is tre rifle, witzh stock removed, utor iuyo e

  5. 13 CFR 120.1900 - When does the Secondary Market Lending Authority Program end?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false When does the Secondary Market Lending Authority Program end? 120.1900 Section 120.1900 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Establishment of an SBA Direct Loan Program for Systemically Important Secondary...

  6. Projectile Motion in the "Language" of Orbital Motion

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Zurcher, Ulrich

    2011-01-01

    We consider the orbit of projectiles launched with arbitrary speeds from the Earth's surface. This is a generalization of Newton's discussion about the transition from parabolic to circular orbits, when the launch speed approaches the value [image omitted]. We find the range for arbitrary launch speeds and angles, and calculate the eccentricity of…

  7. Morphology and chemistry of projectile residue in small experimental impact craters

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Horz, F.; Fechtig, H.; Janicke, J.; Schneider, E.

    1983-11-01

    Small-scale impact craters (5-7 mm in diameter) were produced with a light gas gun in high purity Au and Cu targets using soda lime glass (SL) and man-made basalt glass (BG) as projectiles. Maximum impact velocity was 6.4 km/s resulting in peak pressures of approximately 120-150 GPa. Copious amounts of projectile melts are preserved as thin glass liners draping the entire crater cavity; some of this liner may be lost by spallation, however. SEM investigations reveal complex surface textures including multistage flow phenomena and distinct temporal deposition sequences of small droplets. Inasmuch as some of the melts were generated at peak pressures greater than 120 GPa, these glasses represent the most severely shocked silicates recovered from laboratory experiments to date. Major element analyses reveal partial loss of alkalis; Na2O loss of 10-15 percent is observed, while K2O loss may be as high as 30-50 percent. Although the observed volatile loss in these projectile melts is significant, it still remains uncertain whether target melts produced on planetary surfaces are severely fractionated by selective volatilization processes.

  8. Projectile motion without calculus

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rizcallah, Joseph A.

    2018-07-01

    Projectile motion is a constant theme in introductory-physics courses. It is often used to illustrate the application of differential and integral calculus. While most of the problems used for this purpose, such as maximizing the range, are kept at a fairly elementary level, some, such as determining the safe domain, involve not so elementary techniques, which can hardly be assumed of the targeted audience. In the literature, several attempts have been undertaken to avoid calculus altogether and keep the exposition entirely within the realm of algebra and/or geometry. In this paper, we propose yet another non-calculus approach which uses the projectile’s travel times to shed new light on these problems and provide instructors with an alternate method to address them with their students.

  9. The effects of external acoustic pressure fields on a free-running supercavitating projectile.

    PubMed

    Cameron, Peter J K; Rogers, Peter H; Doane, John W

    2010-12-01

    Proliferation of supercavitating torpedoes has motivated research on countermeasures against them as well as on the fluid phenomenon which makes them possible. The goal of this research was to investigate an envisaged countermeasure, an acoustic field capable of slowing or diverting the weapon by disrupting the cavitation envelope. The research focused on the interactions between high pressure amplitude sound waves and a supercavity produced by a small free-flying projectile. The flight dynamics and cavity geometry measurements were compared to control experiments and theoretical considerations were made for evaluating the effects. Corrugations on the cavity/water interface caused by the pressure signal have been observed and characterized. Results also show that the accuracy of a supercavitating projectile can be adversely affected by the sound signal. This research concludes with results that indicate that it is acoustic cavitation in the medium surrounding the supercavity, caused by the high pressure amplitude sound, that is responsible for the reduced accuracy. A hypothesis has been presented addressing the means by which the acoustic cavitation could cause this effect.

  10. Target Acquisition for Projectile Vision-Based Navigation

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-03-01

    Future Work 20 8. References 21 Appendix A. Simulation Results 23 Appendix B. Derivation of Ground Resolution for a Diffraction-Limited Pinhole Camera...results for visual acquisition (left) and target recognition (right). ..........19 Figure B-1. Differential object and image areas for pinhole camera...projectile and target (measured in terms of the angle ) will depend on target heading. In particular, because we have aligned the x axis along the

  11. Wound Ballistics Modeling for Blast Loading Blunt Force Impact and Projectile Penetration.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Taylor, Paul A.

    Light body armor development for the warfighter is based on trial-and-error testing of prototype designs against ballistic projectiles. Torso armor testing against blast is nonexistent but necessary to protect the heart and lungs. In tests against ballistic projectiles, protective apparel is placed over ballistic clay and the projectiles are fired into the armor/clay target. The clay represents the human torso and its behind-armor, permanent deflection is the principal metric used to assess armor protection. Although this approach provides relative merit assessment of protection, it does not examine the behind-armor blunt trauma to crucial torso organs. We propose a modeling andmore » simulation (M&S) capability for wound injury scenarios to the head, neck, and torso of the warfighter. We will use this toolset to investigate the consequences of, and mitigation against, blast exposure, blunt force impact, and ballistic projectile penetration leading to damage of critical organs comprising the central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. We will leverage Sandia codes and our M&S expertise on traumatic brain injury to develop virtual anatomical models of the head, neck, and torso and the simulation methodology to capture the physics of wound mechanics. Specifically, we will investigate virtual wound injuries to the head, neck, and torso without and with protective armor to demonstrate the advantages of performing injury simulations for the development of body armor. The proposed toolset constitutes a significant advance over current methods by providing a virtual simulation capability to investigate wound injury and optimize armor design without the need for extensive field testing.« less

  12. A NASTRAN investigation of simulated projectile damage effects on a UH-1B tail boom model

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Futterer, A. T.

    1980-01-01

    A NASTRAN model of a UH-1B tail boom that had been designed for another project was used to investigate the effect on structural integrity of simulated projectile damage. Elements representing skin, and sections of stringers, longerons and bulkheads were systematically deleted to represent projectile damage. The structure was loaded in a manner to represent the flight loads that would be imposed on the tail boom at a 130 knot cruise. The deflection of four points on the rear of the tail boom relative to the position of these points for the unloaded, undamaged condition of the tail boom was used as a measure of the loss of structural rigidity. The same procedure was then used with the material properties of the aluminum alloys replaced with the material properties of T300/5208 high strength graphite/epoxy fibrous composite material, (0, + or - 45, 90)s for the skin and (0, + or - 45)s for the longerons, stringers, and bulk heads.

  13. Reaction dynamics of {sup 34-38}Mg projectile with carbon target using Glauber model

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shama, Mahesh K., E-mail: maheshphy82@gmail.com; Department of Applied Sciences, Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran Mohali-140307; Panda, R. N.

    2015-08-28

    We have studied nuclear reaction cross-sections for {sup 34-38}Mg isotopes as projectile with {sup 12}C target at projectile energy 240AMeV using Glauber model with the conjunction of densities from relativistic mean filed formalism. We found good agreement with the available experimental data. The halo status of {sup 37}Mg is also investigated.

  14. Investigation of Inertia Welding Process for Applying Gilding Metal Rotating Bands to Projectile, 155-mm, M483A1.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1978-07-01

    AISI 4140 steel body, but additional work remains to be done because pure copper behaves differently than gilding metal when subjected to the inertia...bands to AISI 1340 steel bodies used with the 155-mm, M483A1 Projectile. As a result of the effort it was demon- strated that the process is practical...rotating bands to AISI 1340 steel bodies used with the 155-mm, M483A1 Projectile. As a result of the effort it was demonstrated that the process is

  15. 36. SOUTHWEST TO BELTPOWERED CIRCA 1900 DROP HAMMER IN NORTHEASTERN ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    36. SOUTHWEST TO BELT-POWERED CIRCA 1900 DROP HAMMER IN NORTHEASTERN QUADRANT OF FACTORY OPPOSITE FROM THE BLACKSMITH SHOP AREA. THIS MACHINE WAS USED TO SHAPE THE STEEL VANE HINGE PART AFTER IT WAS HEATED IN THE FORGE IN THE ADJACENT BLACKSMITH SHOP AREA. USE OF THE ROTATING POWER OF THE PULLEY AT THE TO MADE LIFTING THE HAMMER COMPARATIVELY QUICK AND EASY. AROUND THE MACHINE ARE WHEEL PARTS FOR ELI WINDMILLS. AT THE LEFT FOREGROUND IS A CIRCA 1900 FOUR-SPINDLE PRODUCTION DRILL PRESS WHICH WAS RELOCATED TO THIS AREA APPARENTLY AFTER THE END OF WINDMILL MANUFACTURE. - Kregel Windmill Company Factory, 1416 Central Avenue, Nebraska City, Otoe County, NE

  16. 40 CFR 147.1900 - State-administered program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) STATE, TRIBAL, AND EPA-ADMINISTERED UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAMS Oregon § 147.1900 State-administered program. The UIC program for all classes of wells in the State of Oregon, except those on Indian lands, is administered by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, approved by...

  17. 40 CFR 147.1900 - State-administered program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) STATE, TRIBAL, AND EPA-ADMINISTERED UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAMS Oregon § 147.1900 State-administered program. The UIC program for all classes of wells in the State of Oregon, except those on Indian lands, is administered by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, approved by...

  18. 40 CFR 147.1900 - State-administered program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) STATE, TRIBAL, AND EPA-ADMINISTERED UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAMS Oregon § 147.1900 State-administered program. The UIC program for all classes of wells in the State of Oregon, except those on Indian lands, is administered by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, approved by...

  19. 40 CFR 147.1900 - State-administered program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) STATE, TRIBAL, AND EPA-ADMINISTERED UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAMS Oregon § 147.1900 State-administered program. The UIC program for all classes of wells in the State of Oregon, except those on Indian lands, is administered by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, approved by...

  20. Experimental study of hydraulic ram effects on a liquid storage tank: Analysis of overpressure and cavitation induced by a high-speed projectile.

    PubMed

    Lecysyn, Nicolas; Bony-Dandrieux, Aurélia; Aprin, Laurent; Heymes, Frédéric; Slangen, Pierre; Dusserre, Gilles; Munier, Laurent; Le Gallic, Christian

    2010-06-15

    This work is part of a project for evaluating catastrophic tank failures caused by impacts with a high-speed solid body. Previous studies on shock overpressure and drag events have provided analytical predictions, but they are not sufficient to explain ejection of liquid from the tank. This study focuses on the hydrodynamic behavior of the liquid after collision to explain subsequent ejection of liquid. The study is characterized by use of high-velocity projectiles and analysis of projectile dynamics in terms of energy loss to tank contents. New tests were performed at two projectile velocities (963 and 1255 m s(-1)) and over a range of viscosities (from 1 to 23.66 mPa s) of the target liquid. Based on data obtained from a high-speed video recorder, a phenomenological description is proposed for the evolution of intense pressure waves and cavitation in the target liquids. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  1. Evidence for a Sudden Magnetic Field Reconfiguration in Soft Gamma Repeater 1900+14

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Woods, Peter M.; Kouveliotou, Chryssa; Gogus, Ersin; Finger, Mark H.; Swank, Jean; Smith, Don A.; Hurley, Kevin; Thompson, Christopher

    2001-01-01

    We report the detection of large flux changes in the persistent X-ray flux of soft gamma repeater (SGR) 1900 + 14 during its burst active episode in 1998. Most notably, we find a factor of approx. 700 increase in the nonburst X-ray flux following the August 27 flare, which decayed in time as a power law. Our measurements indicate that the pulse fraction remains constant throughout this decay. This suggests a global flux enhancement as a consequence of the August 27 flare rather than localized heating. While the persistent flux has since recovered to the preoutburst level, the pulse profile has not. The pulse shape changed to a near sinusoidal profile within the tail of the August 27 flare (in gamma-rays), and this effect has persisted for more than 1.5 years (in X-rays). The results presented here suggest that the magnetic field of the neutron star in SGR 1900 + 14 was significantly altered (perhaps globally) during the giant flare of August 27.

  2. Minimum velocity necessary for nonconventional projectiles to penetrate the eye: an experimental study using pig eyes.

    PubMed

    Marshall, John W; Dahlstrom, Dean B; Powley, Kramer D

    2011-06-01

    To satisfy the Criminal Code of Canada's definition of a firearm, a barreled weapon must be capable of causing serious bodily injury or death to a person. Canadian courts have accepted the forensically established criteria of "penetration or rupture of an eye" as serious bodily injury. The minimal velocity of nonconventional ammunition required to penetrate the eye including airsoft projectiles has yet to be established. To establish minimal threshold requirements for eye penetration, empirical tests were conducted using a variety of airsoft projectiles. Using the data obtained from these tests, and previous research using "air gun" projectiles, an "energy density" parameter was calculated for the minimum penetration threshold of an eye. Airsoft guns capable of achieving velocities in excess of 99 m/s (325 ft/s) using conventional 6-mm airsoft ammunition will satisfy the forensically established criteria of "serious bodily injury." The energy density parameter for typical 6-mm plastic airsoft projectiles is 4.3 to 4.8 J/cm². This calculation also encompasses 4.5-mm steel BBs.

  3. Systematic study of probable projectile-target combinations for the synthesis of the superheavy nucleus 302120

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Santhosh, K. P.; Safoora, V.

    2016-08-01

    Probable projectile-target combinations for the synthesis of the superheavy element 302120 have been studied taking the Coulomb and proximity potential as the interaction barrier. The probabilities of the compound nucleus formation PCN for the projectile-target combinations found in the cold reaction valley of 302120 are estimated. At energies near and above the Coulomb barrier, we have calculated the capture, fusion, and evaporation residue cross sections for the reactions of all probable projectile-target combinations so as to predict the most promising projectile-target combinations for the synthesis of the superheavy element 302120 in heavy-ion fusion reactions. The calculated fusion and evaporation cross sections for the more asymmetric ("hotter") projectile-target combination is found to be higher than the less asymmetric ("colder") combination. It can be seen from the nature of the quasifission barrier height, mass asymmetry, the probability of compound nucleus formation, survival probability, and excitation energy, the systems 44Ar+258No , 46Ar+256No , 48Ca+254Fm , 50Ca+252Fm , 54Ti+248Cf , and 58Cr+244Cm in deep region I of the cold reaction valley and the systems 62Fe+240Pu , 64Fe+238Pu , 68Ni+234U , 70Ni+232U , 72Ni+230U , and 74Zn+228Th in the other cold valleys are identified as the better projectile-target combinations for the synthesis of 302120. Our predictions on the synthesis of 302120 superheavy nuclei using the combinations 54Cr+248Cm , 58Fe+244Pu , 64Ni+238U , and 50Ti+249Cf are compared with available experimental data and other theoretical predictions.

  4. The national air pollutant emission trends, 1900-1998

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2000-03-01

    The National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Report, 1900-1998 presents the most : recent estimate of national emissions of the criteria air pollutants. The : emissions of each pollutant are estimated for many different source categories, : which colle...

  5. Vomiting Larry: a simulated vomiting system for assessing environmental contamination from projectile vomiting related to norovirus infection

    PubMed Central

    2014-01-01

    Infectious diseases such as norovirus can induce emesis (vomiting), which can be of a projectile nature. Although studies have been carried out on transmission, prevalence and decontamination of such micro-organisms within various environments, little is known about the extent to which the surrounding environment is contaminated when an individual vomits. This is an important consideration for infection control purposes. The aim of this study was to develop a simulated vomiting system (Vomiting Larry) to be used for assessing the extent to which projected fluid can contaminate the environment. Vomiting Larry was set up within a Controlled Atmosphere Chamber (CAC) facility at the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL). Simulated vomiting was undertaken using water as a vomitus substitute containing a fluorescent marker enabling small splashes, ordinarily missed, to be visualised using UV lighting. Experiments revealed that splashes and droplets produced during an episode of projectile vomiting can travel great distances (>3 m forward spread and 2.6 m lateral spread). The research highlighted that small droplets can be hard to see and therefore cleaning all contaminated surfaces is difficult to achieve. Evidence from this study suggests that areas of at least 7.8 m2 should be decontaminated following an episode of projectile vomiting. PMID:25419239

  6. Evaluation of eye injury risk from projectile shooting toys using the focus headform - biomed 2009.

    PubMed

    Bisplinghoff, Jill A; Duma, Stefan M

    2009-01-01

    Half of eye injuries in the United States are caused by a blunt impact and more specifically, eye injuries effecting children often result from projectile shooting toys. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk of eye injuries of currently available projectile shooting toys. In order to assess the risk of each toy, a Facial and Ocular Countermeasure Safety (FOCUS) headform was used to measure the force applied to the eye during each hit for a total of 18 tests. The selected toys included a dart gun, a foam launcher, and a ball launcher. The force ranged from 4-93 N and was analyzed using the injury risk function for globe rupture for the FOCUS headform. Projectile characteristics were also examined using normalized energy to determine risk of corneal abrasion, hyphema, lens dislocation, retinal damage and globe rupture. It was found that the three toys tested produced peak loads corresponding with risk of globe rupture between 0% and 17.3%. The normalized energy results show no risk of hyphema, lens dislocation, retinal damage or globe rupture and a maximum risk of corneal abrasion of 5.9%. This study concludes that although there are many eye injuries caused by projectiles, the selected toys show a very low risk of eye injury.

  7. Numerical simulation of the effect of regular and sub-caliber projectiles on military bunkers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jiricek, Pavel; Foglar, Marek

    2015-09-01

    One of the most demanding topics in blast and impact engineering is the modelling of projectile impact. To introduce this topic, a set of numerical simulations was undertaken. The simulations study the impact of regular and sub-calibre projectile on Czech pre-WW2 military bunkers. The penetrations of the military objects are well documented and can be used for comparison. The numerical model composes of a part from a wall of a military object. The concrete block is subjected to an impact of a regular and sub-calibre projectile. The model is divided into layers to simplify the evaluation of the results. The simulations are processed within ANSYS AUTODYN software. A nonlinear material model of with damage and incorporated strain-rate effect was used. The results of the numerical simulations are evaluated in means of the damage of the concrete block. Progress of the damage is described versus time. The numerical simulation provides good agreement with the documented penetrations.

  8. Occult lawn mower projectile injury presenting with hemoptysis.

    PubMed

    Darvie, Patric J; Ballard, David H; Harris, Nicholas; Bhargava, Peeyush; Rao, Vyas R; Samra, Navdeep S

    2017-12-01

    We present the case of a 72-year-old man with hemoptysis after a thoracic projectile injury, which occurred while mowing the lawn. Chest radiograph followed by a computed tomography angiogram revealed a metallic foreign body in the right middle lobe of the lung. The patient underwent a right anterolateral thoracotomy where the object was successfully retrieved. The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery.

  9. Asymmetric material impact: Achieving free surfaces velocities nearly double that of the projectile

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Aslam, Tariq; Dattelbaum, Dana; Gustavsen, Richard

    Hypervelocity impact speeds are often limited by practical considerations in guns and explosive driven systems. In particular, for gas guns (both powder driven and light gas guns), there is the general trend that higher projectile speeds often come at the expense of smaller diameters, and thus less time for examining shock phenomena prior to two dimensional release waves affecting the observed quantities of interest. Similarly, explosive driven systems have their own set of limiting conditions due to limitations in explosive energy and size of devices required as engineering dimensions increase. The focus in this study is to present a methodologymore » of obtaining free surface velocities well in excess of the projectile velocity. The key to this approach is in using a high impedance projectile that impacts a series of progressively lower impedance materials. The free surface velocity (if they were separated) of each of the progressively lower impedance materials would increase for each material. The theory behind this approach, as well as experimental results are presented.« less

  10. Asymmetric material impact: Achieving free surfaces velocities nearly double that of the projectile

    DOE PAGES

    Aslam, Tariq; Dattelbaum, Dana; Gustavsen, Richard; ...

    2015-05-19

    Hypervelocity impact speeds are often limited by practical considerations in guns and explosive driven systems. In particular, for gas guns (both powder driven and light gas guns), there is the general trend that higher projectile speeds often come at the expense of smaller diameters, and thus less time for examining shock phenomena prior to two dimensional release waves affecting the observed quantities of interest. Similarly, explosive driven systems have their own set of limiting conditions due to limitations in explosive energy and size of devices required as engineering dimensions increase. The focus in this study is to present a methodologymore » of obtaining free surface velocities well in excess of the projectile velocity. The key to this approach is in using a high impedance projectile that impacts a series of progressively lower impedance materials. The free surface velocity (if they were separated) of each of the progressively lower impedance materials would increase for each material. The theory behind this approach, as well as experimental results are presented.« less

  11. The Long Decay Model of One-Dimensional Projectile Motion

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lattery, Mark Joseph

    2008-01-01

    This article introduces a research study on student model formation and development in introductory mechanics. As a point of entry, I present a detailed analysis of the Long Decay Model of one-dimensional projectile motion. This model has been articulated by Galileo ("in De Motu") and by contemporary students. Implications for instruction are…

  12. Study on miss distance based on projectile shock wave sensor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gu, Guohua; Cheng, Gang; Zhang, Chenjun; Zhou, Lei

    2017-05-01

    The paper establishes miss distance models based on physical characteristic of shock-wave. The aerodynamic theory shows that the shock-wave of flying super-sonic projectile is generated for the projectile compressing and expending its ambient atmosphere. It advances getting miss distance according to interval of the first sensors, which first catches shock-wave, to solve the problem such as noise filtering on severe background, and signals of amplifier vibration dynamic disposal and electromagnetism compatibility, in order to improves the precision and reliability of gathering wave N signals. For the first time, it can identify the kinds of pills and firing units automatically, measure miss distance and azimuth when pills are firing. Application shows that the tactics and technique index is advanced all of the world.

  13. Fractures Due to Gunshot Wounds: Do Retained Bullet Fragments Affect Union?

    PubMed

    Riehl, John T; Connolly, Keith; Haidukewych, George; Koval, Ken

    2015-01-01

    Many types of projectiles, including modern hollow point bullets, fragment into smaller pieces upon impact, particularly when striking bone. This study was performed to examine the effect on time to union with retained bullet material near a fracture site in cases of gunshot injury. All gunshot injuries operatively treated with internal fixation at a Level 1 Trauma Center between March 2008 and August 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Retained bullet load near the fracture site was calculated based on percentage of material retained compared to the cortical diameter of the involved bone. Analyses were performed to assess the effect of the lead-cortical ratio and amount of comminution on time to fracture union. Thirty-two patients (34 fractures) met the inclusion criteria, with an equal number of comminuted (17) and non-comminuted fractures (17). Seventeen of 34 fractures (50%) united within 4 months, 16/34 (47%) developed a delayed union, and 1/34 (3%) developed a nonunion requiring revision surgery. Sixteen of 17 fractures (94%) that united by 4 months had a cumulative amount of bullet fragmentation retained near the fracture site of less than 20% of the cortical diameter. Nine out of 10 fractures (90%) with retained fragments near the fracture site was equal to or exceeding 20% of the cortical diameter had delayed or nonunion. Fracture comminution had no effect on time to union. The quantity of retained bullet material near the fracture site was more predictive of the rate of fracture union than was comminution. Fractures with bullet fragmentation equal to or exceeding 20% of the cortical width demonstrated a significantly higher rate of delayed union/nonunion compared to those fractures with less retained bullet material, which may indicate a local cytotoxic effect from lead on bone healing. These findings may influence decisions on timing of secondary surgeries. Level III.

  14. Fractures Due to Gunshot Wounds: Do Retained Bullet Fragments Affect Union?

    PubMed Central

    Riehl, John T.; Connolly, Keith; Haidukewych, George; Koval, Ken

    2015-01-01

    Background Many types of projectiles, including modern hollow point bullets, fragment into smaller pieces upon impact, particularly when striking bone. This study was performed to examine the effect on time to union with retained bullet material near a fracture site in cases of gunshot injury. Methods All gunshot injuries operatively treated with internal fixation at a Level 1 Trauma Center between March 2008 and August 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Retained bullet load near the fracture site was calculated based on percentage of material retained compared to the cortical diameter of the involved bone. Analyses were performed to assess the effect of the lead-cortical ratio and amount of comminution on time to fracture union. Results Thirty-two patients (34 fractures) met the inclusion criteria, with an equal number of comminuted (17) and non-comminuted fractures (17). Seventeen of 34 fractures (50%) united within 4 months, 16/34 (47%) developed a delayed union, and 1/34 (3%) developed a nonunion requiring revision surgery. Sixteen of 17 fractures (94%) that united by 4 months had a cumulative amount of bullet fragmentation retained near the fracture site of less than 20% of the cortical diameter. Nine out of 10 fractures (90%) with retained fragments near the fracture site was equal to or exceeding 20% of the cortical diameter had delayed or nonunion. Fracture comminution had no effect on time to union. Conclusions The quantity of retained bullet material near the fracture site was more predictive of the rate of fracture union than was comminution. Fractures with bullet fragmentation equal to or exceeding 20% of the cortical width demonstrated a significantly higher rate of delayed union/nonunion compared to those fractures with less retained bullet material, which may indicate a local cytotoxic effect from lead on bone healing. These findings may influence decisions on timing of secondary surgeries. Level of Evidence Level III PMID:26361445

  15. The Chicxulub impact at the K-Pg boundary - search for traces of the projectile

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Deutsch, A.

    2012-04-01

    One of the most interesting problems in the context of the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact is the question after the whererabouts of the main mass of the projectile. The nature of this >10 km-sized Chicxulub projectile was constrained by an anomaly in the chromium isotope 54 in the K-Pg deposit at Stevens Klint, Denmark, to a carbonaceous chondrite of type CM2 [1]. About 1.5 % of the estimated mass of the projectile has been detected world-wide in the K-Pg boundary layer; mainly in the form of platinum group elements (PGE) as well as other siderophile elements (Ni, Co ... ). A contamination by or even a major contribution of other "projectile" elements to the K-Pg event bed was rarely proposed. The few examples in the literature (cf. compilation in [2, 3]) used rare earth elements (REE) distribution patterns that are slightly inconsistent with REE patterns typical for the upper continental crust (UCC). Ejecta consisting of UCC target rocks is expected to form the overwhelming mass of the ejecta. In most K-Pg layers, however, the ejecta is diluted or even totally masked by a component of more local origin and with features of high-energy deposition mechanisms. Numerical models [4] indicate a deposition of >500km3 projectile material, corresponding to >2 x 10exp9 tons of mainly silica, iron, and magnesium in the K-Pg event bed. Detecting the "meteoritic" origin of these major elements, however, in a matrix of siliceous detritus, is practically impossible. Recent LA-ICP-MS analyses show that siliceous impact spherules - hydrated glass or altered to chlorite - in the Chicxulub event bed at various locations (e.g., Shell Creek, La Lajilla, La Popa) have REE patterns that are flat and un-fractionated, corresponding quite well to a typical CI-pattern. The REE abundances are chondritic to sub-chondritic. Mixing calculations indicate that the maximum REE contribution of UCC material to the REE budget of these spherules is on the order of 2 %, but usually much less. These

  16. Charge exchange of highly charged argon ions as a function of projectile energy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Allen, F. I.; Biedermann, C.; Radtke, R.; Fussmann, G.

    2007-03-01

    X-ray emission of highly charged argon ions following charge exchange collisions with argon atoms has been measured as a function of projectile energy. The ions are extracted from the Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) in Berlin and selected according to their massto-charge ratios. Experiments focussed on hydrogen-like and bare argon ions which were decelerated from 125q eV/amu to below 0.25q eV/amu prior to interaction with an argon gas target. The x-ray spectra recorded probe the cascading transitions resulting from electron capture into Rydberg states and are found to vary significantly with collision velocity. This indicates a shift in the orbital angular momentum of the capture state. Hardness ratios are observed to increase with decreasing projectile energy though at a rate which differs from the results of simulations. For comparison, measurements of the x-ray emission following charge exchange within the trap were carried out and are in agreement with the findings of the EBIT group at LLNL. Both of these in situ measurements, however, are in discrepancy with the results of the experiments using extracted ions.

  17. Aerodynamic Optimization of a Supersonic Bending Body Projectile by a Vector-Evaluated Genetic Algorithm

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-12-01

    Evaluated Genetic Algorithm prepared by Justin L Paul Academy of Applied Science 24 Warren Street Concord, NH 03301 under contract W911SR...Supersonic Bending Body Projectile by a Vector-Evaluated Genetic Algorithm prepared by Justin L Paul Academy of Applied Science 24 Warren Street... Genetic Algorithm 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER W199SR-15-2-001 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Justin L Paul 5d. PROJECT

  18. Structures of endothiapepsin-fragment complexes from crystallographic fragment screening using a novel, diverse and affordable 96-compound fragment library.

    PubMed

    Huschmann, Franziska U; Linnik, Janina; Sparta, Karine; Ühlein, Monika; Wang, Xiaojie; Metz, Alexander; Schiebel, Johannes; Heine, Andreas; Klebe, Gerhard; Weiss, Manfred S; Mueller, Uwe

    2016-05-01

    Crystallographic screening of the binding of small organic compounds (termed fragments) to proteins is increasingly important for medicinal chemistry-oriented drug discovery. To enable such experiments in a widespread manner, an affordable 96-compound library has been assembled for fragment screening in both academia and industry. The library is selected from already existing protein-ligand structures and is characterized by a broad ligand diversity, including buffer ingredients, carbohydrates, nucleotides, amino acids, peptide-like fragments and various drug-like organic compounds. When applied to the model protease endothiapepsin in a crystallographic screening experiment, a hit rate of nearly 10% was obtained. In comparison to other fragment libraries and considering that no pre-screening was performed, this hit rate is remarkably high. This demonstrates the general suitability of the selected compounds for an initial fragment-screening campaign. The library composition, experimental considerations and time requirements for a complete crystallographic fragment-screening campaign are discussed as well as the nine fully refined obtained endothiapepsin-fragment structures. While most of the fragments bind close to the catalytic centre of endothiapepsin in poses that have been observed previously, two fragments address new sites on the protein surface. ITC measurements show that the fragments bind to endothiapepsin with millimolar affinity.

  19. Structures of endothiapepsin–fragment complexes from crystallographic fragment screening using a novel, diverse and affordable 96-compound fragment library

    PubMed Central

    Huschmann, Franziska U.; Linnik, Janina; Sparta, Karine; Ühlein, Monika; Wang, Xiaojie; Metz, Alexander; Schiebel, Johannes; Heine, Andreas; Klebe, Gerhard; Weiss, Manfred S.; Mueller, Uwe

    2016-01-01

    Crystallographic screening of the binding of small organic compounds (termed fragments) to proteins is increasingly important for medicinal chemistry-oriented drug discovery. To enable such experiments in a widespread manner, an affordable 96-compound library has been assembled for fragment screening in both academia and industry. The library is selected from already existing protein–ligand structures and is characterized by a broad ligand diversity, including buffer ingredients, carbohydrates, nucleotides, amino acids, peptide-like fragments and various drug-like organic compounds. When applied to the model protease endothiapepsin in a crystallographic screening experiment, a hit rate of nearly 10% was obtained. In comparison to other fragment libraries and considering that no pre-screening was performed, this hit rate is remarkably high. This demonstrates the general suitability of the selected compounds for an initial fragment-screening campaign. The library composition, experimental considerations and time requirements for a complete crystallographic fragment-screening campaign are discussed as well as the nine fully refined obtained endothiapepsin–fragment structures. While most of the fragments bind close to the catalytic centre of endothiapepsin in poses that have been observed previously, two fragments address new sites on the protein surface. ITC measurements show that the fragments bind to endothiapepsin with millimolar affinity. PMID:27139825

  20. Generating an Aerodynamic Model for Projectile Flight Simulation Using Unsteady, Time Accurate Computational Fluid Dynamic Results

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-09-01

    Figure 17. Station line center of Magnus force vs. Mach number for spin-stabilized projectile...forces and moments on the projectile. It is also relatively easy to change the wind tunnel model to allow detailed parametric effects to be...such as pitch and roll damping, as well as, Magnus force and moment coefficients, are difficult to obtain in a wind tunnel and require a complex

  1. Ejecta velocity distribution of impact craters formed on quartz sand: Effect of projectile density on crater scaling law

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tsujido, Sayaka; Arakawa, Masahiko; Suzuki, Ayako I.; Yasui, Minami

    2015-12-01

    In order to clarify the effects of projectile density on ejecta velocity distributions for a granular target, impact cratering experiments on a quartz sand target were conducted by using eight types of projectiles with different densities ranging from 11 g cm-3 to 1.1 g cm-3, which were launched at about 200 m s-1 from a vertical gas gun at Kobe University. The scaling law of crater size, the ejection angle of ejecta grains, and the angle of the ejecta curtain were also investigated. The ejecta velocity distribution obtained from each projectile was well described by the π-scaling theory of v0/√{gR} =k2(x0/R)-1/μ , where v0, g, R and x0 are the ejection velocity, gravitational acceleration, crater radius and ejection position, respectively, and k2 and μ are constants mostly depending on target material properties (Housen, K.R., Holsapple, K.A. [2011]. Icarus 211, 856-875). The value of k2 was found to be almost constant at 0.7 for all projectiles except for the nylon projectile, while μ increased with the projectile density, from 0.43 for the low-density projectile to 0.6-0.7 for the high-density projectile. On the other hand, the π-scaling theory for crater size gave a μ value of 0.57, which was close to the average of the μ values obtained from ejecta velocity distributions. The ejection angle, θ, of each grain decreased slightly with distance, from higher than 45° near the impact point to 30-40° at 0.6 R. The ejecta curtain angle is controlled by the two elementary processes of ejecta velocity distribution and ejection angle; it gradually increased from 52° to 63° with the increase of the projectile density. The comparison of our experimental results with the theoretical model of the crater excavation flow known as the Z-model revealed that the relationship between μ and θ obtained by our experiments could not be described by the Z-model (Maxwell, D.E. [1977]. In: Roddy, D.J., Pepin, R.O., Merrill, R.B. (Eds.), Impact and Explosion Cratering

  2. Control Performance, Aerodynamic Modeling, and Validation of Coupled Simulation Techniques for Guided Projectile Roll Dynamics

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-11-01

    39–44) has been explored in depth in the literature. Of particular interest for this study are investigations into roll control. Isolating the...Control Performance, Aerodynamic Modeling, and Validation of Coupled Simulation Techniques for Guided Projectile Roll Dynamics by Jubaraj...Simulation Techniques for Guided Projectile Roll Dynamics Jubaraj Sahu, Frank Fresconi, and Karen R. Heavey Weapons and Materials Research

  3. When Does Air Resistance Become Significant in Projectile Motion?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mohazzabi, Pirooz

    2018-01-01

    In an article in this journal, it was shown that air resistance could never be a significant source of error in typical free-fall experiments in introductory physics laboratories. Since projectile motion is the two-dimensional version of the free-fall experiment and usually follows the former experiment in such laboratories, it seemed natural to…

  4. Effects of silicon additions on oxidation and mechanical behavior of the nickel-base superalloy B-1900

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Miner, R. V., Jr.; Lowell, C. E.

    1975-01-01

    Test specimens with nominal additions of Si were tested in oxidation, thermal fatigue, sulfidation, tension, and stress rupture, and were also extensively studied metallographically. Alloy B-1900 modified with 0.6- or 1.2-wt% Si exhibited oxidation resistance equivalent to that of aluminide-coated B-1900 during cyclic, high-gas-velocity oxidation tests. Resistances to thermal fatigue and sulfidation were improved by the Si additions, but were not superior to aluminide-coated B-1900. Stress-rupture tests at 1000 C of specimens given the standard heat treatment to simulate an aluminide coating cycle showed Si to be detrimental. However, application of another heat treatment increased the rupture life of the alloy with 0.6-wt% Si to that of the unmodified B-1900 given the standard heat treatment.

  5. 48 CFR 1553.216-71 - EPA Form 1900-41B, CPAF Contract Individual Performance Event.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... Contract Individual Performance Event. 1553.216-71 Section 1553.216-71 Federal Acquisition Regulations... 1900-41B, CPAF Contract Individual Performance Event. As prescribed in 1516.404-278, EPA Form 1900-41B shall be used to document individual performance events under CPAF contracts. ...

  6. In situ observation of penetration process in silica aerogel: Deceleration mechanism of hard spherical projectiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Niimi, Rei; Kadono, Toshihiko; Arakawa, Masahiko; Yasui, Minami; Dohi, Koji; Nakamura, Akiko M.; Iida, Yosuke; Tsuchiyama, Akira

    2011-02-01

    A large number of cometary dust particles were captured with low-density silica aerogels by NASA's Stardust Mission. Knowledge of the details of the capture mechanism of hypervelocity particles in silica aerogel is needed in order to correctly derive the original particle features from impact tracks. However, the mechanism has not been fully understood yet. We shot hard spherical projectiles of several different materials into silica aerogel of density 60 mg cm -3 and observed their penetration processes using an image converter or a high-speed video camera. In order to observe the deceleration of projectiles clearly, we carried out impact experiments at two velocity ranges; ˜4 km s -1 and ˜200 m s -1. From the movies we took, it was indicated that the projectiles were decelerated by hydrodynamic force which was proportional to v2 ( v: projectile velocity) during the faster penetration process (˜4 km s -1) and they were merely overcoming the aerogel crushing strength during the slower penetration process (˜200 m s -1). We applied these deceleration mechanisms for whole capture process to calculate the track length. Our model well explains the track length in the experimental data set by Burchell et al. (Burchell, M.J., Creighton, J.A., Cole, M.J., Mann, J., Kearsley, A.T. [2001]. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36, 209-221).

  7. Maximum range of a projectile launched from a height h: a non-calculus treatment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ganci, S.; Lagomarsino, D.

    2014-07-01

    The classical example of problem solving, maximizing the range of a projectile launched from height h with velocity v over the ground level, has received various solutions. In some of these, one can find the maximization of the range R by differentiating R as a function of an independent variable or through the implicit differentiation in Cartesian or polar coordinates. In other papers, various elegant non-calculus solutions can be found. In this paper, this problem is revisited on the basis of the elementary analytical geometry and the trigonometry only.

  8. Groundwater depletion in the United States (1900−2008)

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Konikow, Leonard F.

    2013-01-01

    A natural consequence of groundwater withdrawals is the removal of water from subsurface storage, but the overall rates and magnitude of groundwater depletion in the United States are not well characterized. This study evaluates long-term cumulative depletion volumes in 40 separate aquifers or areas and one land use category in the United States, bringing together information from the literature and from new analyses. Depletion is directly calculated using calibrated groundwater models, analytical approaches, or volumetric budget analyses for multiple aquifer systems. Estimated groundwater depletion in the United States during 1900–2008 totals approximately 1,000 cubic kilometers (km3). Furthermore, the rate of groundwater depletion has increased markedly since about 1950, with maximum rates occurring during the most recent period (2000–2008) when the depletion rate averaged almost 25 km3 per year (compared to 9.2 km3 per year averaged over the 1900–2008 timeframe).

  9. Towards a population synthesis model of self-gravitating disc fragmentation and tidal downsizing II: the effect of fragment-fragment interactions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Forgan, D. H.; Hall, C.; Meru, F.; Rice, W. K. M.

    2018-03-01

    It is likely that most protostellar systems undergo a brief phase where the protostellar disc is self-gravitating. If these discs are prone to fragmentation, then they are able to rapidly form objects that are initially of several Jupiter masses and larger. The fate of these disc fragments (and the fate of planetary bodies formed afterwards via core accretion) depends sensitively not only on the fragment's interaction with the disc, but also with its neighbouring fragments. We return to and revise our population synthesis model of self-gravitating disc fragmentation and tidal downsizing. Amongst other improvements, the model now directly incorporates fragment-fragment interactions while the disc is still present. We find that fragment-fragment scattering dominates the orbital evolution, even when we enforce rapid migration and inefficient gap formation. Compared to our previous model, we see a small increase in the number of terrestrial-type objects being formed, although their survival under tidal evolution is at best unclear. We also see evidence for disrupted fragments with evolved grain populations - this is circumstantial evidence for the formation of planetesimal belts, a phenomenon not seen in runs where fragment-fragment interactions are ignored. In spite of intense dynamical evolution, our population is dominated by massive giant planets and brown dwarfs at large semimajor axis, which direct imaging surveys should, but only rarely, detect. Finally, disc fragmentation is shown to be an efficient manufacturer of free-floating planetary mass objects, and the typical multiplicity of systems formed via gravitational instability will be low.

  10. Adolescents' cognition of projectile motion: a pilot study.

    PubMed

    Zhao, Jun-Yan; Yu, Guoliang

    2009-04-01

    Previous work on the development of intuitive knowledge about projectile motion has shown a dissociation between action knowledge expressed on an action task and conceptual knowledge expressed on a judgment task for young children. The research investigated the generality of dissociation for adolescents. On the action task, participants were asked to swing Ball A of a bifilar pendulum to some height then release it to collide with Ball B, which was projected to hit a target. On the judgment task, participants indicated orally the desired swing angle at which Ball A should be released so that Ball B would strike a target. Unlike previous findings with adults, the adolescents showed conceptual difficulties on the judgment task and well-developed action knowledge on the action task, which suggests dissociation between the two knowledge systems is also present among adolescents. The result further supports the hypothesis that the two knowledge systems follow different developmental trajectories and at different speeds.

  11. 76 FR 2432 - Bancshares Capital, L.P.; Notice of Surrender Under 13 CFR 107.1900

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-13

    ... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [License No. 10/10-0194] Bancshares Capital, L.P.; Notice of Surrender Under 13 CFR 107.1900 Pursuant to the authority granted to the United States Small Business... 107.1900 of the Small Business Administration Rules and Regulations Bancshares Capital, L.P., 16118...

  12. 32. VAL, DETAIL SHOWING LOADING PLATFORM, PROJECTILE LOADING CAR, LAUNCHER ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    32. VAL, DETAIL SHOWING LOADING PLATFORM, PROJECTILE LOADING CAR, LAUNCHER SLAB AND UNDERSIDE OF LAUNCHER BRIDGE LOOKING SOUTHWEST. - Variable Angle Launcher Complex, Variable Angle Launcher, CA State Highway 39 at Morris Reservior, Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA

  13. Dynamic fracture of inorganic glasses by hard spherical and conical projectiles.

    PubMed

    Chaudhri, M Munawar

    2015-03-28

    In this article, high-speed photographic investigations of the dynamic crack initiation and propagation in several inorganic glasses by the impact of small spherical and conical projectiles are described. These were carried out at speeds of up to approximately 2×10(6) frames s(-1). The glasses were fused silica, 'Pyrex' (a borosilicate glass), soda lime and B(2)O(3). The projectiles were 0.8-2 mm diameter spheres of steel, glass, sapphire and tungsten carbide, and their velocities were up to 340 m s(-1). In fused silica and Pyrex, spherical projectiles' impact produced Hertzian cone cracks travelling at terminal crack velocities, whereas in soda-lime glass fast splinter cracks were generated. No crack bifurcation was observed, which has been explained by the nature of the stress intensity factor of the particle-impact-generated cracks, which leads to a stable crack growth. Crack bifurcation was, however, observed in thermally tempered glass; this bifurcation has been explained by the tensile residual stress and the associated unstable crack growth. A new explanation has been proposed for the decrease of the included angle of the Hertzian cone cracks with increasing impact velocity. B(2)O(3) glass showed dynamic compaction and plasticity owing to impact with steel spheres. Other observations, such as total contact time, crack lengths and response to oblique impacts, have also been explained. © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

  14. Vocationalism and Its Promoters in British Columbia, 1900-1929.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dunn, Timothy A.

    1980-01-01

    In British Columbia, the educational system was dramatically overhauled between 1900 and 1929, often in accordance with social reformers' suggestions. This paper examines one strand of that school reform as education's societal relationships changed and adapted with the transition to a maturing urban industrial province. (Author/SJL)

  15. Locating the source of projectile fluid droplets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Varney, Christopher R.; Gittes, Fred

    2011-08-01

    The ill-posed projectile problem of finding the source height from spattered droplets of viscous fluid is a longstanding obstacle to accident reconstruction and crime-scene analysis. It is widely known how to infer the impact angle of droplets on a surface from the elongation of their impact profiles. However, the lack of velocity information makes finding the height of the origin from the impact position and angle of individual drops not possible. From aggregate statistics of the spatter and basic equations of projectile motion, we introduce a reciprocal correlation plot that is effective when the polar launch angle is concentrated in a narrow range. The vertical coordinate depends on the orientation of the spattered surface and equals the tangent of the impact angle for a level surface. When the horizontal plot coordinate is twice the reciprocal of the impact distance, we can infer the source height as the slope of the data points in the reciprocal correlation plot. If the distribution of launch angles is not narrow, failure of the method is evident in the lack of linear correlation. We perform a number of experimental trials, as well as numerical calculations and show that the height estimate is relatively insensitive to aerodynamic drag. Besides its possible relevance for crime investigation, reciprocal-plot analysis of spatter may find application to volcanism and other topics and is most immediately applicable for undergraduate science and engineering students in the context of crime-scene analysis.

  16. On the non-equilibrium dynamics of cavitation around the underwater projectile in variable motion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Y.; Lu, C. J.; Li, J.; Chen, X.; Gong, Z. X.

    2015-12-01

    In this work, the dynamic behavior of the non-equilibrium cavitation occurring around the underwater projectiles navigating with variable speed was numerically and theoretically investigated. The cavity collapse induced by the decelerating motion of the projectiles can be classified into two types: periodic oscillation and damped oscillation. In each type the evolution of the total mass of vapor in cavity are found to have strict correlation with the pressure oscillation in far field. By defining the equivalent radius of cavity, we introduce the specific kinetic energy of collapse and demonstrate that its change-rate is in good agreement with the pressure disturbance. We numerically investigated the influence of angle of attack on the collapse effect. The result shows that when the projectile decelerates, an asymmetric-focusing effect of the pressure induced by collapse occurs on its pressure side. We analytically explained such asymmetric-focusing effect.

  17. 7 CFR 1900.56 - Non-appealable decisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... scope of this subpart as set out in § 1900.53. (b) Decisions that do not meet the definition of an “adverse decision” under 7 CFR part 11. (c) Decisions involving parties who do not meet the definition of “participant” under 7 CFR part 11. (d) Decisions with subject matters not covered by 7 CFR part 11. (e...

  18. Dispersion of Projectile and Target Debris Upon Penetration of Thin Targets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gwynn, D.; Bernhard, R. P.; See, T. H.; Horz, F.

    1996-03-01

    We continue to conduct penetration experiments of thin foils to support the development of cosmic-dust flight instruments that utilize thin films for the measurement of particle trajectories, or for the potential soft capture of hypervelocity impactors for subsequent compositional analysis upon retrieval to Earth. Each experiment is equipped with a witness plate, mounted to the rear of the target and fabricated from soft Aluminum-1100, ~30 x 30 cm in size and ranging from 2 to 5 mm thick; these witness plates essentially simulate the rear wall of a capture cell onto which the projectile material will plate out, including material that is being dislodged from the penetrated foil itself. Using compositionally contrasting projectile and foil materials in the laboratory, such as soda-lime glass impactors and aluminum targets, one produces two distinct populations of craters on the witness plates.

  19. 32 CFR 1900.34 - Requests for expedited processing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... processing and will notify the requester of its decision. The certification shall set forth with specificity... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Requests for expedited processing. 1900.34... AGENCY PUBLIC ACCESS TO CIA RECORDS UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA) Additional Administrative...

  20. Concept of the Exponential Law Prior to 1900

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Curtis, Lorenzo J.

    1978-01-01

    Presents the historical development of perceptions and applications of the exponential law, tracing it from its ancient origins until the year 1900. Shows that many concepts such as mean life and half life and their relationships to differential equations were known long before their application to nuclear radioactivity. (GA)

  1. Transonic static and dynamic stability characteristics of a finned projectile configuration

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Boyden, R. P.; Brooks, C. W., Jr.; Davenport, E. E.

    1978-01-01

    Static and dynamic stability tests were made of a finned projectile configuration with the aft-mounted fins arranged in a cruciform pattern. The tests were made at free stream Mach numbers of 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, and 1.2 in the Langley 8-foot transonic pressure tunnel. Some of the parameters measured during the tests were lift, drag, pitching moment, pitch damping, and roll damping. Configurations tested included the body with undeflected fins, the body with various fin deflections for control, and the body with fins removed. Theoretical estimates of the stability derivatives were made for the fins on configuration.

  2. MULE SPINNING, LOCATION UNIDENTIFIED. PHOTOCOPY OF c. 1900 VIEW. From ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    MULE SPINNING, LOCATION UNIDENTIFIED. PHOTOCOPY OF c. 1900 VIEW. From the collection of Mr. George Durette, Photographer, Manchester, N. H. - Amoskeag Millyard, Canal Street, Manchester, Hillsborough County, NH

  3. 1. Historic American Buildings Survey 1900 OLDEST KNOWN PHOTOGRAPH OF ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    1. Historic American Buildings Survey 1900 OLDEST KNOWN PHOTOGRAPH OF THE JONATHAN HAGER HOUSE AVAILABLE TO THE CHAIRMAN OF RESTORATION - Jonathan Hager House (Foundation), Hagerstown, Washington County, MD

  4. 2. Historic American Buildings Survey 1900 OLDEST KNOWN PHOTOGRAPH OF ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    2. Historic American Buildings Survey 1900 OLDEST KNOWN PHOTOGRAPH OF THE JONATHAN HAGER HOUSE AVAILABLE TO THE CHAIRMAN OF RESTORATION - Jonathan Hager House (Foundation), Hagerstown, Washington County, MD

  5. An historical context of modern principles in the management of intracranial injury from projectiles.

    PubMed

    Agarwalla, Pankaj K; Dunn, Gavin P; Laws, Edward R

    2010-05-01

    The contemporary management of projectile head injuries owes much to the lessons neurosurgeons have distilled from their experiences in war. Through early investigation and an increasingly detailed account of wartime clinical experience, neurosurgeons--including the field's early giants--began to gain a greater understanding not only of intracranial missile pathophysiology but also of appropriate management. In this paper, the authors trace the development of the principles of managing intracranial projectile injury from the Crimean War in the 19th century through the Vietnam War to provide a context that frames a summary of today's core management principles.

  6. 22. VAL, VIEW OF PROJECTILE LOADING DECK LOOKING NORTHEAST TOWARD ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    22. VAL, VIEW OF PROJECTILE LOADING DECK LOOKING NORTHEAST TOWARD TOP OF CONCRETE 'A' FRAME STRUCTURE SHOWING DRIVE CABLES, DRIVE GEAR, BOTTOM OF CAMERA TOWER AND 'CROWS NEST' CONTROL ROOM. - Variable Angle Launcher Complex, Variable Angle Launcher, CA State Highway 39 at Morris Reservior, Azusa, Los Angeles County, CA

  7. The shapes of fragments in hypervelocity impact experiments ranging from cratering to catastrophic disruption

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Michikami, T.; Hagermann, A.; Kadokawa, T.; Yoshida, A.; Shimada, A.; Hasegawa, S.; Tsuchiyama, A.

    2015-12-01

    Laboratory impact experiments have found that the shapes of impact fragments as defined by axes a, b and c, these being the maximum dimensions of the fragment in three mutually orthogonal planes (a ≥ b ≥ c) are distributed around mean values of the axial ratios b/a ~0.7 and c/a ~0.5, i.e., corresponding to a : b: c in the simple proportion 2: √2: 1. The shape distributions of some boulders on asteroid Eros, the small- and fast-rotating asteroids (diameter < 200 m and rotation period < 1 h), and asteroids in young families, are similar to those of laboratory fragments in catastrophic disruption. However, the shapes of laboratory fragments were obtained from the experiments that resulted in catastrophic disruption, a process that is different from impact cratering. In order to systematically investigate the shapes of fragments in the range from impact cratering to catastrophic disruption, impact experiments for basalt targets 5 to 15 cm in size were performed. A total of 28 impact experiments were carried out by a spherical nylon projectile (diameter 7.14 mm) perpendicularly into the target surface at velocities of 1.6 to 7.0 km/s. More than 13,000 fragments with b ≥ 4 mm generated in the impact experiments were measured. In the experiments, the mean value of c/a in each impact decreases with decreasing impact energy per unit target mass. For instance, the mean value of c/a in an impact cratering event is nearly 0.2, which is less than that c/a in a catastrophic disruption (~0.5). To apply the experimental results to real collisions on asteroids, we investigated the shapes of 21 arbitrarily selected boulders (> 8 m) on asteroid Itokawa. The mean value of c/a of these boulders is 0.46, which is similar to the value for catastrophic disruption. This implies that the parent body of Itokawa could have experienced a catastrophic disruption.

  8. Strong Coulomb effects on pions produced in heavy ion collisons

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sullivan, J. P.; Bistirlich, J. A.; Bowman, H. R.; Bossingham, R.; Buttke, T.; Crowe, K. M.; Frankel, K. A.; Martoff, C. J.; Miller, J.; Murphy, D. L.; Rasmussen, J. O.; Zajc, W. A.; Hashimoto, O.; Koike, M.; Péter, J.; Benenson, W.; Crawley, G. M.; Kashy, E.; Nolen, J. A.

    1982-03-01

    Doubly differential cross sections for the production of π+ and π- near the velocity of the incident beam for pion laboratory angles from 0 to 20 degrees are presented. Beams of 20Ne with EA=280, 380, and 480 MeV and 40Ar with EA=535 MeV incident on C, NaF, KCl, Cu, and U targets were used. A sharp peak in the π- spectrum and a depression in the π+ spectrum is observed at 0° near the incident projectile velocity. The effect is explained in terms of Coulomb interactions between pions and fragments of the incident beam. Least squares fits to the data using the Coulomb correction formulas of Gyulassy and Kauffmann and an effective projectile fragment charge are made. The relationship between these data and previously measured projectile fragmentation data is discussed and a simple parametrization of projectile mass, target mass, and beam energy dependence of the differential cross sections is given. NUCLEAR REACTIONS C, NaF, Cu, U (20Ne,π+/-)X, EA=280-480 MeV; C, KCl (40Ar,π+/-)X, EA=535 MeV; measured σ(Eπ,θπ), θπ=0°-20°, π velocity near beam velocity; deduced projectile fragment charges, Coulomb effects.

  9. Effect of isospin diffusion on the production of neutron-rich nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Niu, Fei; Chen, Peng-Hui; Guo, Ya-Fei; Ma, Chun-Wang; Feng, Zhao-Qing

    2018-03-01

    The isospin dissipation dynamics in multinucleon transfer reactions has been investigated within the dinuclear system model. Production cross sections of neutron-rich isotopes around projectile-like and target-like fragments are estimated in collisions of Ni,6458+208Pb and 78.86,91Kr +198Pt near Coulomb barrier energies. The isospin diffusion in the nucleon transfer process is coupled to the dissipation of relative motion energy and angular momentum of colliding system. The available data of projectile-like fragments via multinucleon transfer reactions are nicely reproduced. It is found that the light projectile-like fragments are produced in the neutron-rich region because of the isospin equilibrium in two colliding nuclei. However, the heavy target-like fragments tend to be formed on the neutron-poor side above the β -stability line. The neutron-rich projectiles move the maximal yields of heavy nuclei to the neutron-rich domain and are available for producing the heavy exotic isotopes, in particular around the neutron shell closure of N =126 .

  10. 7 CFR 1900.154 - Determining the need for special handling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... SERVICE, RURAL BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE, RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, AND FARM SERVICE AGENCY, DEPARTMENT... Under Public Law 103-354 Assistance to Employees, Relatives, and Associates § 1900.154 Determining the...

  11. High speed observation of fragment impact initiation of nitromethane charges

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cook, M. D.; Haskins, P. J.; Briggs, R. I.; Cheese, P.; Stennett, C.; Fellows, J.

    2000-04-01

    Ultra high-speed digital photography has been used to record the onset and build-up of reaction in nitromethane charges that have been impacted by steel fragments. The nitromethane charges were housed in PMMA cylinders and back-lit using conventional flash bulbs. Flat plates of aluminum were glued to one end of the cylinder and PMMA plates to the other. The completed charge was positioned to allow normal impact of the projectiles through the aluminum barrier plate. The events were filmed using an Imacon 468, ultra high-speed digital image system, capable of framing at up to 100 million pictures per second. Using this system it was possible to record detailed photographic information concerning the onset and growth of reaction due to shock initiation of the nitromethane charges. The results obtained to date are consistent with the established concepts for initiation of homogeneous and heterogeneous materials.

  12. High Speed Observation of Fragment Impact Initiation of Nitromethane Charges

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cook, M. D.; Briggs, R. I.; Haskins, P. J.; Stennett, C.

    1999-06-01

    Ultra high speed digital photography has been used to record the onset and build-up of reaction in nitromethane charges that have been impacted by steel fragments. The nitromethane charges were housed in perspex cylinders and back-lit using conventional flash bulbs. Flat plates of aluminium of varying thicknesses were glued to one end of the cylinder and perspex plates to the other. The completed charge was positioned to allow normal impact of the projectiles. The events were filmed using and Imacon 468, ultra high speed digital image system capable of framing at up to 100 million pictures per second, with a minimum interframe time of 10 nanoseconds, and exposure time of between 10ns and 1 millisecond. Using this system it was possible to record detailed photographic information concerning the onset and growth of reaction due to shock initiation of the nitromethane charges. The implications of these results for the ignition and growth process in nitromethane are discussed.

  13. Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900-1940.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Child, Brenda J.

    This book draws on hundreds of letters by students, parents, and school officials to explore American Indian, specifically Ojibwa, perspectives of the boarding school experience in the period from 1900-1940. The three institutions studied are Haskell Institute (Kansas), Flandreau School (South Dakota), and Pipestone School (Minnesota). Chapter 1…

  14. Off-shell gluon production in interaction of a projectile with 2 or 3 targets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Braun, M. A.; Salykin, M. Yu.

    2017-07-01

    Within the effective QCD action for the Regge kinematics, the amplitudes for virtual gluon emission are studied in collision of a projectile with two and three targets. It is demonstrated that all non-Feynman singularities cancel between induced vertices and rescattering contributions. Formulas simplify considerably in a special gauge, which is a straightforward generalization of the light-cone gauge for emission of real gluons.

  15. Influence of impact conditions on plasma generation during hypervelocity impact by aluminum projectile

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Song, Weidong, E-mail: swdgh@bit.edu.cn; Lv, Yangtao; Li, Jianqiao

    2016-07-15

    For describing hypervelocity impact (relative low-speed as related to space debris and much lower than travelling speed of meteoroids) phenomenon associated with plasma generation, a self-developed 3D code was advanced to numerically simulate projectiles impacting on a rigid wall. The numerical results were combined with a new ionization model which was developed in an early study to calculate the ionized materials during the impact. The calculated results of ionization were compared with the empirical formulas concluded by experiments in references and a good agreement was obtained. Then based on the reliable 3D numerical code, a series of impacts with differentmore » projectile configurations were simulated to investigate the influence of impact conditions on hypervelocity impact generated plasma. It was found that the form of empirical formula needed to be modified. A new empirical formula with a critical impact velocity was advanced to describe the velocity dependence of plasma generation and the parameters of the modified formula were ensured by the comparison between the numerical predictions and the empirical formulas. For different projectile configurations, the changes of plasma charges with time are different but the integrals of charges on time almost stayed in the same level.« less

  16. New Laboratory-Based Satellite Impact Experiments for Breakup Fragment Characterization

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Liou, J.-C.; Fitz-Coy, N.; Dikova, R.; Wilson, M.; Huynh, T.; Sorge, M.; Sheaffer, P.; Opiela, J.; Cowardin, H.; Krisko, P.; hide

    2014-01-01

    A consortium consisting of the NASA Orbital Debris Program Office, U.S. Air Force's Space and Missile Systems Center, the Aerospace Corporation, and University of Florida is planning a series of hypervelocity impact experiments on mockup targets at the U.S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC) in early 2014. The target for the first experiment resembles a rocket upper stage whereas the target for the second experiment represents a typical 60-cm/50-kg class payload that incorporates modern spacecraft materials and components as well as exterior wrap of multi-layer insulation and three solar panels. The projectile is designed with the maximum mass that AEDC's Range G two-stage light gas gun can accelerate to an impact speed of 7 km/sec. The impact energy is expected to be close to 15 MJ to ensure catastrophic destruction of the target after the impact. Low density foam panels are installed inside the target chamber to slow down and soft-catch the fragments for post-impact processing. Diagnostic instruments, such as x-ray and high speed optical cameras, will also be used to record the breakup process. The main goal of this "DebriSat" project is to characterize the physical properties, including size, mass, shape, and density distributions, of orbital debris that would be generated by a hypervelocity collision involving an upper stage or a modern satellite in the low Earth orbit environment. In addition, representative fragments will be selected for laboratory optical and radar measurements to allow for better interpretation of data obtained by telescope and radar observations. This paper will provide a preliminary report of the impact results and the plans to process, measure, and analyze the fragments.

  17. Supercavitating flow around high-speed underwater projectile near free surface induced by air entrainment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xu, Chang; Huang, Jian; Wang, Yiwei; Wu, Xiaocui; Huang, Chenguang; Wu, Xianqian

    2018-03-01

    Cavitating flow near free surface is a complicated issue and may provide new inspiration on high-speed surface cruising. This study observes stable supercavitating flow as a new phenomenon in a launch experiment of axisymmetric projectile when the upper side of the projectile coincides with the free surface. A numerical approach is established using large eddy-simulation and volume-of-fluid methods, and good agreements are achieved between numerical and experimental results. Supercavity formation mechanism is revealed by analyzing the experiment photographs and the iso-surface of 90% water volume fraction in numerical results. The entrainment of a large amount of air into the cavity can cause the pressure inside the cavity to similarly increase with the pressure outside the cavity, which makes the actual cavitation number close to zero and is similar to supercavitation. Cases with various headforms of the projectile and cavitation numbers on the cavitating flow, as well as the drag reduction effects are further examined. Results indicate that the present strategy near the free surface could possibly be a new effective approach for high-speed cruising after vigorous design optimization in the future.

  18. 'The Monkey and the Hunter' and Other Projectile Motion Experiments with Logo.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kolodiy, George Oleh

    1988-01-01

    Presents the LOGO computer language as a source to experience and investigate scientific laws. Discusses aspects and uses of LOGO. Lists two LOGO programs, one to simulate a gravitational field and the other projectile motion. (MVL)

  19. The motion of an arbitrarily rotating spherical projectile and its application to ball games

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Robinson, Garry; Robinson, Ian

    2013-07-01

    In this paper the differential equations which govern the motion of a spherical projectile rotating about an arbitrary axis in the presence of an arbitrary ‘wind’ are developed. Three forces are assumed to act on the projectile: (i) gravity, (ii) a drag force proportional to the square of the projectile's velocity and in the opposite direction to this velocity and (iii) a lift or ‘Magnus’ force also assumed to be proportional to the square of the projectile's velocity and in a direction perpendicular to both this velocity and the angular velocity vector of the projectile. The problem has been coded in Matlab and some illustrative model trajectories are presented for ‘ball-games’, specifically golf and cricket, although the equations could equally well be applied to other ball-games such as tennis, soccer or baseball. Spin about an arbitrary axis allows for the treatment of situations where, for example, the spin has a component about the direction of travel. In the case of a cricket ball the subtle behaviour of so-called ‘drift’, particularly ‘late drift’, and also ‘dip’, which may be produced by a slow bowler's off or leg-spin, are investigated. It is found that the trajectories obtained are broadly in accord with those observed in practice. We envisage that this paper may be useful in two ways: (i) for its inherent scientific value as, to the best of our knowledge, the fundamental equations derived here have not appeared in the literature and (ii) in cultivating student interest in the numerical solution of differential equations, since so many of them actively participate in ball-games, and they will be able to compare their own practical experience with the overall trends indicated by the numerical results. As the paper presents equations which can be further extended, it may be of interest to research workers. However, since only the most basic principles of fundamental mechanics are employed, it should be well within the grasp of first

  20. 32 CFR 1900.03 - Contact for general information and requests.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PUBLIC ACCESS TO CIA RECORDS UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA) General § 1900.03... communication in writing to the Information and Privacy Coordinator, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, DC...