Sample records for a1fi emission scenario

  1. Bleaching and mortality of a photosymbiotic bioeroding sponge under future carbon dioxide emission scenarios.

    PubMed

    Fang, James K H; Schönberg, Christine H L; Mello-Athayde, Matheus A; Achlatis, Michelle; Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove; Dove, Sophie

    2018-05-01

    The bioeroding sponge Cliona orientalis is photosymbiotic with dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium and is pervasive on the Great Barrier Reef. We investigated how C. orientalis responded to past and future ocean conditions in a simulated community setting. The experiment lasted over an Austral summer under four carbon dioxide emission scenarios: a pre-industrial scenario (PI), a present-day scenario (PD; control), and two future scenarios of combined ocean acidification and ocean warming, i.e., B1 (intermediate) and A1FI (extreme). The four scenarios also simulated natural variability of carbon dioxide partial pressure and temperature in seawater. Responses of C. orientalis generally remained similar between the PI and PD treatments. C. orientalis under B1 displayed a dramatic increase in lateral tissue extension, but bleached and displayed reduced rates of respiration and photosynthesis. Some B1 sponge replicates died by the end of the experiment. Under A1FI, strong bleaching and subsequent mortality of all C. orientalis replicates occurred at an early stage of the experiment. Mortality arrested bioerosion by C. orientalis under B1 and A1FI. Overall, the absolute amount of calcium carbonate eroded by C. orientalis under B1 or A1FI was similar to that under PI or PD at the end of the experiment. Although bioerosion rates were raised by short-term experimental acidification in previous studies, our findings from the photosymbiotic C. orientalis imply that the effects of bioerosion on reef carbonate budgets may only be temporary if the bioeroders cannot survive long-term in the future oceans.

  2. Emissions inventory and scenario analyses of air pollutants in Guangdong Province, China

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Hui; Meng, Jing

    2017-03-01

    Air pollution, causing significantly adverse health impacts and severe environmental problems, has raised great concerns in China in the past few decades. Guangdong Province faces major challenges to address the regional air pollution problem due to the lack of an emissions inventory. To fill this gap, an emissions inventory of primary fine particles (PM2.5) is compiled for the year 2012, and the key precursors (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides) are identified. Furthermore, policy packages are simulated during the period of 2012‒2030 to investigate the potential mitigation effect. The results show that in 2012, SO2, NO x , and PM2.5 emissions in Guangdong Province were as high as (951.7, 1363.6, and 294.9) kt, respectively. Industrial production processes are the largest source of SO2 and PM2.5 emissions, and transport is the top contributor of NO x emissions. Both the baseline scenario and policy scenario are constructed based on projected energy growth and policy designs. Under the baseline scenario, SO2, NO x , and PM2.5 emissions will almost double in 2030 without proper emissions control policies. The suggested policies are categorized into end-of- pipe control in power plants (ECP), end-of-pipe control in industrial processes (ECI), fuel improvement (FI), energy efficiency improvement (EEI), substitution-pattern development (SPD), and energy saving options (ESO). With the implementation of all these policies, SO2, NO x , and PM2.5 emissions are projected to drop to (303.1, 585.4, and 102.4) kt, respectively, in 2030. This inventory and simulated results will provide deeper insights for policy makers to understand the present situation and the evolution of key emissions in Guangdong Province.

  3. Sensitivity of U.S. surface ozone to future emissions and climate changes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tao, Zhining; Williams, Allen; Huang, Ho-Chun; Caughey, Michael; Liang, Xin-Zhong

    2007-04-01

    The relative contributions of projected future emissions and climate changes to U.S. surface ozone concentrations are investigated focusing on California, the Midwest, the Northeast, and Texas. By 2050 regional average ozone concentrations increase by 2-15% under the IPCC SRES A1Fi (``dirty'') scenario, and decrease by 4-12% under the B1 (relatively ``clean'') scenario. However, the magnitudes of ozone changes differ significantly between major metropolitan and rural areas. These ozone changes are dominated by the emissions changes in 61% area of the contiguous U.S. under the B1 scenario, but are largely determined by the projected climate changes in 46% area under the A1Fi scenario. In the ozone responses to climate changes, the biogenic emissions changes contribute strongly over the Northeast, moderately in the Midwest, and negligibly in other regions.

  4. Flying into the future: aviation emissions scenarios to 2050.

    PubMed

    Owen, Bethan; Lee, David S; Lim, Ling

    2010-04-01

    This study describes the methodology and results for calculating future global aviation emissions of carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen from air traffic under four of the IPCC/SRES (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change/Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) marker scenarios: A1B, A2, B1, and B2. In addition, a mitigation scenario has been calculated for the B1 scenario, requiring rapid and significant technology development and transition. A global model of aircraft movements and emissions (FAST) was used to calculate fuel use and emissions to 2050 with a further outlook to 2100. The aviation emission scenarios presented are designed to interpret the SRES and have been developed to aid in the quantification of the climate change impacts of aviation. Demand projections are made for each scenario, determined by SRES economic growth factors and the SRES storylines. Technology trends are examined in detail and developed for each scenario providing plausible projections for fuel efficiency and emissions control technology appropriate to the individual SRES storylines. The technology trends that are applied are calculated from bottom-up inventory calculations and industry technology trends and targets. Future emissions of carbon dioxide are projected to grow between 2000 and 2050 by a factor in the range of 2.0 and 3.6 depending on the scenario. Emissions of oxides of nitrogen associated with aviation over the same period are projected to grow by between a factor of 1.2 and 2.7.

  5. Inventories and scenarios of nitrous oxide emissions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Davidson, Eric A.; Kanter, David

    2014-10-01

    Effective mitigation for N2O emissions, now the third most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas and the largest remaining anthropogenic source of stratospheric ozone depleting substances, requires understanding of the sources and how they may increase this century. Here we update estimates and their uncertainties for current anthropogenic and natural N2O emissions and for emissions scenarios to 2050. Although major uncertainties remain, ‘bottom-up’ inventories and ‘top-down’ atmospheric modeling yield estimates that are in broad agreement. Global natural N2O emissions are most likely between 10 and 12 Tg N2O-N yr-1. Net anthropogenic N2O emissions are now about 5.3 Tg N2O-N yr-1. Gross anthropogenic emissions by sector are 66% from agriculture, 15% from energy and transport sectors, 11% from biomass burning, and 8% from other sources. A decrease in natural emissions from tropical soils due to deforestation reduces gross anthropogenic emissions by about 14%. Business-as-usual emission scenarios project almost a doubling of anthropogenic N2O emissions by 2050. In contrast, concerted mitigation scenarios project an average decline of 22% relative to 2005, which would lead to a near stabilization of atmospheric concentration of N2O at about 350 ppb. The impact of growing demand for biofuels on future projections of N2O emissions is highly uncertain; N2O emissions from second and third generation biofuels could remain trivial or could become the most significant source to date. It will not be possible to completely eliminate anthropogenic N2O emissions from agriculture, but better matching of crop N needs and N supply offers significant opportunities for emission reductions.

  6. Results from Evaluation of Proposed ASME AG-1 Section FI Metal Media Filters - 13063

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wilson, John A.; Giffin, Paxton K.; Parsons, Michael S.

    High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration technology is commonly used in Department of Energy (DOE) facilities that require control of radioactive particulate matter (PM) emissions due to treatment or management of radioactive materials. Although HEPA technology typically makes use of glass fiber media, metal and ceramic media filters are also capable of filtering efficiencies beyond the required 99.97%. Sintered metal fiber filters are good candidates for use in DOE facilities due to their resistance to corrosive environments and resilience at high temperature and elevated levels of relative humidity. Their strength can protect them from high differential pressure or pressure spikesmore » and allow for back pulse cleaning, extending filter lifetime. Use of these filters has the potential to reduce the cost of filtration in DOE facilities due to life cycle cost savings. ASME AG-1 section FI has not been approved due to a lack of protocols and performance criteria for qualifying section FI filters. The Institute for Clean Energy Technology (ICET) with the aid of the FI project team has developed a Section FI test stand and test plan capable of assisting in the qualification ASME AG-1 section FI filters. Testing done at ICET using the FI test stand evaluates resistance to rated air flow, test aerosol penetration and resistance to heated air of the section FI filters. Data collected during this testing consists of temperature, relative humidity, differential pressure, flow rate, upstream particle concentration, and downstream particle concentration. (authors)« less

  7. Emissions Scenarios and Fossil-fuel Peaking

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Brecha, R.

    2008-12-01

    Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emissions scenarios are based on detailed energy system models in which demographics, technology and economics are used to generate projections of future world energy consumption, and therefore, of greenhouse gas emissions. Built into the assumptions for these scenarios are estimates for ultimately recoverable resources of various fossil fuels. There is a growing chorus of critics who believe that the true extent of recoverable fossil resources is much smaller than the amounts taken as a baseline for the IPCC scenarios. In a climate optimist camp are those who contend that "peak oil" will lead to a switch to renewable energy sources, while others point out that high prices for oil caused by supply limitations could very well lead to a transition to liquid fuels that actually increase total carbon emissions. We examine a third scenario in which high energy prices, which are correlated with increasing infrastructure, exploration and development costs, conspire to limit the potential for making a switch to coal or natural gas for liquid fuels. In addition, the same increasing costs limit the potential for expansion of tar sand and shale oil recovery. In our qualitative model of the energy system, backed by data from short- and medium-term trends, we have a useful way to gain a sense of potential carbon emission bounds. A bound for 21st century emissions is investigated based on two assumptions: first, that extractable fossil-fuel resources follow the trends assumed by "peak oil" adherents, and second, that little is done in the way of climate mitigation policies. If resources, and perhaps more importantly, extraction rates, of fossil fuels are limited compared to assumptions in the emissions scenarios, a situation can arise in which emissions are supply-driven. However, we show that even in this "peak fossil-fuel" limit, carbon emissions are high enough to surpass 550 ppm or 2°C climate protection guardrails. Some

  8. Arctic shipping emissions inventories and future scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Corbett, J. J.; Lack, D. A.; Winebrake, J. J.; Harder, S.; Silberman, J. A.; Gold, M.

    2010-10-01

    This paper presents 5 km×5 km Arctic emissions inventories of important greenhouse gases, black carbon and other pollutants under existing and future (2050) scenarios that account for growth of shipping in the region, potential diversion traffic through emerging routes, and possible emissions control measures. These high-resolution, geospatial emissions inventories for shipping can be used to evaluate Arctic climate sensitivity to black carbon (a short-lived climate forcing pollutant especially effective in accelerating the melting of ice and snow), aerosols, and gaseous emissions including carbon dioxide. We quantify ship emissions scenarios which are expected to increase as declining sea ice coverage due to climate change allows for increased shipping activity in the Arctic. A first-order calculation of global warming potential due to 2030 emissions in the high-growth scenario suggests that short-lived forcing of ~4.5 gigagrams of black carbon from Arctic shipping may increase global warming potential due to Arctic ships' CO2 emissions (~42 000 gigagrams) by some 17% to 78%. The paper also presents maximum feasible reduction scenarios for black carbon in particular. These emissions reduction scenarios will enable scientists and policymakers to evaluate the efficacy and benefits of technological controls for black carbon, and other pollutants from ships.

  9. Misrepresentation of the IPCC CO2 emission scenarios

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Manning, Martin; Edmonds, James A.; Emori, S.

    2010-06-01

    Estimates of recent fossil fuel CO2 emissions have been compared with the IPCC SRES (Special Report on Emission Scenarios) emission scenarios that had been developed for analysis of future climate change, impacts and mitigation. In some cases this comparison uses averages across subgroups of SRES scenarios and for one category of greenhouse gases (industrial sources of CO2). That approach can be misleading and cause confusion as it is inconsistent with many of the papers on future climate change projections that are based on a specific subset of closely scrutinized SRES scenarios, known as illustrative marker scenarios. Here, we show thatmore » comparison between recent estimates of fossil fuel emissions trends and the SRES illustrative marker scenarios leads to the conclusion that recent trends are not outside the SRES range. Furthermore, the recent economic downturn appears to have brought actual emission back toward the middle of the SRES illustrative marker scenarios. We also note that SRES emission scenarios are designed to reflect potential alternative long-term trends in a world without climate policy intervention and the trend in the resulting climate change is not sensitive to short-term fluctuations.« less

  10. Arctic shipping emissions inventories and future scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Corbett, J. J.; Lack, D. A.; Winebrake, J. J.; Harder, S.; Silberman, J. A.; Gold, M.

    2010-04-01

    The Arctic is a sensitive region in terms of climate change and a rich natural resource for global economic activity. Arctic shipping is an important contributor to the region's anthropogenic air emissions, including black carbon - a short-lived climate forcing pollutant especially effective in accelerating the melting of ice and snow. These emissions are projected to increase as declining sea ice coverage due to climate change allows for increased shipping activity in the Arctic. To understand the impacts of these increased emissions, scientists and modelers require high-resolution, geospatial emissions inventories that can be used for regional assessment modeling. This paper presents 5 km×5 km Arctic emissions inventories of important greenhouse gases, black carbon and other pollutants under existing and future (2050) scenarios that account for growth of shipping in the region, potential diversion traffic through emerging routes, and possible emissions control measures. Short-lived forcing of ~4.5 gigagrams of black carbon from Arctic shipping may increase climate forcing; a first-order calculation of global warming potential due to 2030 emissions in the high-growth scenario suggests that short-lived forcing of ~4.5 gigagrams of black carbon from Arctic shipping may increase climate forcing due to Arctic ships by at least 17% compared to warming from these vessels' CO2 emissions (~42 000 gigagrams). The paper also presents maximum feasible reduction scenarios for black carbon in particular. These emissions reduction scenarios will enable scientists and policymakers to evaluate the efficacy and benefits of technological controls for black carbon, and other pollutants from ships.

  11. Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts on California

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hayhoe, K.; Cayan, D.; Field, C.B.; Frumhoff, P.C.; Maurer, E.P.; Miller, N.L.; Moser, S.C.; Schneider, S.H.; Cahill, K.N.; Cleland, E.E.; Dale, L.; Drapek, R.; Hanemann, R.M.; Kalkstein, L.S.; Lenihan, J.; Lunch, C.K.; Neilson, R.P.; Sheridan, S.C.; Verville, J.H.

    2004-01-01

    The magnitude of future climate change depends substantially on the greenhouse gas emission pathways we choose. Here we explore the implications of the highest and lowest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emissions pathways for climate change and associated impacts in California. Based on climate projections from two state-of-the-art climate models with low and medium sensitivity (Parallel Climate Model and Hadley Centre Climate Model, version 3, respectively), we find that annual temperature increases nearly double from the lower B1 to the higher A1fi emissions scenario before 2100. Three of four simulations also show greater increases in summer temperatures as compared with winter. Extreme heat and the associated impacts on a range of temperature-sensitive sectors are substantially greater under the higher emissions scenario, with some interscenario differences apparent before midcentury. By the end of the century under the B1 scenario, heatwaves and extreme heat in Los Angeles quadruple in frequency while heat-related mortality increases two to three times; alpine/subalpine forests are reduced by 50-75%; and Sierra snowpack is reduced 30-70%. Under A1fi, heatwaves in Los Angeles are six to eight times more frequent, with heat-related excess mortality increasing five to seven times; alpine/subalpine forests are reduced by 75-90%; and snowpack declines 73-90%, with cascading impacts on runoff and streamflow that, combined with projected modest declines in winter precipitation, could fundamentally disrupt California's water rights system. Although interscenario differences in climate impacts and costs of adaptation emerge mainly in the second half of the century, they are strongly dependent on emissions from preceding decades.

  12. Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts on California

    PubMed Central

    Hayhoe, Katharine; Cayan, Daniel; Field, Christopher B.; Frumhoff, Peter C.; Maurer, Edwin P.; Miller, Norman L.; Moser, Susanne C.; Schneider, Stephen H.; Cahill, Kimberly Nicholas; Cleland, Elsa E.; Dale, Larry; Drapek, Ray; Hanemann, R. Michael; Kalkstein, Laurence S.; Lenihan, James; Lunch, Claire K.; Neilson, Ronald P.; Sheridan, Scott C.; Verville, Julia H.

    2004-01-01

    The magnitude of future climate change depends substantially on the greenhouse gas emission pathways we choose. Here we explore the implications of the highest and lowest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emissions pathways for climate change and associated impacts in California. Based on climate projections from two state-of-the-art climate models with low and medium sensitivity (Parallel Climate Model and Hadley Centre Climate Model, version 3, respectively), we find that annual temperature increases nearly double from the lower B1 to the higher A1fi emissions scenario before 2100. Three of four simulations also show greater increases in summer temperatures as compared with winter. Extreme heat and the associated impacts on a range of temperature-sensitive sectors are substantially greater under the higher emissions scenario, with some interscenario differences apparent before midcentury. By the end of the century under the B1 scenario, heatwaves and extreme heat in Los Angeles quadruple in frequency while heat-related mortality increases two to three times; alpine/subalpine forests are reduced by 50–75%; and Sierra snowpack is reduced 30–70%. Under A1fi, heatwaves in Los Angeles are six to eight times more frequent, with heat-related excess mortality increasing five to seven times; alpine/subalpine forests are reduced by 75–90%; and snowpack declines 73–90%, with cascading impacts on runoff and streamflow that, combined with projected modest declines in winter precipitation, could fundamentally disrupt California's water rights system. Although interscenario differences in climate impacts and costs of adaptation emerge mainly in the second half of the century, they are strongly dependent on emissions from preceding decades. PMID:15314227

  13. Fertilizer Emission Scenario Tool for crop management system scenarios

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The Fertilizer Emission Scenario Tool for CMAQ is a high-end computer interface that simulates daily fertilizer application information for any gridded domain. It integrates the Weather Research and Forecasting model and CMAQ.

  14. Attribution of future US ozone pollution to regional emissions, climate change, long-range transport, and model deficiency

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    He, H.; Liang, X.-Z.; Lei, H.; Wuebbles, D. J.

    2014-10-01

    A regional chemical transport model (CTM) is used to quantify the relative contributions of future US ozone pollution from regional emissions, climate change, long-range transport (LRT) of pollutants, and model deficiency. After incorporating dynamic lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) from a global CTM, the representation of present-day US ozone pollution is notably improved. This nested system projects substantial surface ozone trends for 2050's: 6-10 ppbv decreases under the "clean" A1B scenario and ~15 ppbv increases under the "dirty" A1Fi scenario. Among the total trends, regional emissions changes dominate, contributing negative 20-50% in A1B and positive 20-40% in A1Fi, while LRT effects through chemical LBCs and climate changes account for respectively 15-50% and 10-30% in both scenarios. The projection uncertainty due to model biases is region dependent, ranging from -10 to 50%. It is shown that model biases of present-day simulations can propagate into future projections systematically but nonlinearly, and the accurate specification of LBCs is essential for US ozone projections.

  15. Beyond 'dangerous' climate change: emission scenarios for a new world.

    PubMed

    Anderson, Kevin; Bows, Alice

    2011-01-13

    The Copenhagen Accord reiterates the international community's commitment to 'hold the increase in global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius'. Yet its preferred focus on global emission peak dates and longer-term reduction targets, without recourse to cumulative emission budgets, belies seriously the scale and scope of mitigation necessary to meet such a commitment. Moreover, the pivotal importance of emissions from non-Annex 1 nations in shaping available space for Annex 1 emission pathways received, and continues to receive, little attention. Building on previous studies, this paper uses a cumulative emissions framing, broken down to Annex 1 and non-Annex 1 nations, to understand the implications of rapid emission growth in nations such as China and India, for mitigation rates elsewhere. The analysis suggests that despite high-level statements to the contrary, there is now little to no chance of maintaining the global mean surface temperature at or below 2°C. Moreover, the impacts associated with 2°C have been revised upwards, sufficiently so that 2°C now more appropriately represents the threshold between 'dangerous' and 'extremely dangerous' climate change. Ultimately, the science of climate change allied with the emission scenarios for Annex 1 and non-Annex 1 nations suggests a radically different framing of the mitigation and adaptation challenge from that accompanying many other analyses, particularly those directly informing policy.

  16. Year 2015 Aircraft Emission Scenario for Scheduled Air Traffic

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Baughcum, Steven L.; Sutkus, Donald J.; Henderson, Stephen C.

    1998-01-01

    This report describes the development of a three-dimensional scenario of aircraft fuel burn and emissions (fuel burned, NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons)for projected year 2015 scheduled air traffic. These emission inventories are available for use by atmospheric scientists conducting the Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP) modeling studies. Fuel burned and emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx as NO2), carbon monoxides, and hydrocarbons have been calculated on a 1 degree latitude x 1 degree longitude x 1 kilometer altitude grid and delivered to NASA as electronic files.

  17. Jet aircraft engine exhaust emissions database development: Year 1990 and 2015 scenarios

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Landau, Z. Harry; Metwally, Munir; Vanalstyne, Richard; Ward, Clay A.

    1994-01-01

    Studies relating to environmental emissions associated with the High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) military jet and charter jet aircraft were conducted by McDonnell Douglas Aerospace Transport Aircraft. The report includes engine emission results for baseline 1990 charter and military scenario and the projected jet engine emissions results for a 2015 scenario for a Mach 1.6 HSCT charter and military fleet. Discussions of the methodology used in formulating these databases are provided.

  18. Climate and health implications of future aerosol emission scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Partanen, Antti-Ilari; Landry, Jean-Sébastien; Damon Matthews, H.

    2018-02-01

    Anthropogenic aerosols have a net cooling effect on climate and also cause adverse health effects by degrading air quality. In this global-scale sensitivity study, we used a combination of the aerosol-climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ and the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model to assess the climate and health effects of aerosols emissions from three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) and two new (LOW and HIGH) aerosol emission scenarios derived from RCP4.5, but that span a wider spectrum of possible future aerosol emissions. All simulations had CO2 emissions and greenhouse gas forcings from RCP4.5. Aerosol forcing declined similarly in the standard RCP aerosol emission scenarios: the aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERF) decreased from -1.3 W m-2 in 2005 to between -0.1 W m-2 and -0.4 W m-2 in 2100. The differences in ERF were substantially larger between LOW (-0.02 W m-2 in 2100) and HIGH (-0.8 W m-2) scenarios. The global mean temperature difference between the simulations with standard RCP aerosol emissions was less than 0.18 °C, whereas the difference between LOW and HIGH reached 0.86 °C in 2061. In LOW, the rate of warming peaked at 0.48 °C per decade in the 2030s, whereas in HIGH it was the lowest of all simulations and never exceeded 0.23 °C per decade. Using present-day population density and baseline mortality rates for all scenarios, PM2.5-induced premature mortality was 2 371 800 deaths per year in 2010 and 525 700 in 2100 with RCP4.5 aerosol emissions; in HIGH, the premature mortality reached its maximum value of 2 780 800 deaths per year in 2030, whereas in LOW the premature mortality at 2030 was below 299 900 deaths per year. Our results show potential trade-offs in aerosol mitigation with respect to climate change and public health as ambitious reduction of aerosol emissions considerably increased warming while decreasing mortality.

  19. Queuing Time Prediction Using WiFi Positioning Data in an Indoor Scenario.

    PubMed

    Shu, Hua; Song, Ci; Pei, Tao; Xu, Lianming; Ou, Yang; Zhang, Libin; Li, Tao

    2016-11-22

    Queuing is common in urban public places. Automatically monitoring and predicting queuing time can not only help individuals to reduce their wait time and alleviate anxiety but also help managers to allocate resources more efficiently and enhance their ability to address emergencies. This paper proposes a novel method to estimate and predict queuing time in indoor environments based on WiFi positioning data. First, we use a series of parameters to identify the trajectories that can be used as representatives of queuing time. Next, we divide the day into equal time slices and estimate individuals' average queuing time during specific time slices. Finally, we build a nonstandard autoregressive (NAR) model trained using the previous day's WiFi estimation results and actual queuing time to predict the queuing time in the upcoming time slice. A case study comparing two other time series analysis models shows that the NAR model has better precision. Random topological errors caused by the drift phenomenon of WiFi positioning technology (locations determined by a WiFi positioning system may drift accidently) and systematic topological errors caused by the positioning system are the main factors that affect the estimation precision. Therefore, we optimize the deployment strategy during the positioning system deployment phase and propose a drift ratio parameter pertaining to the trajectory screening phase to alleviate the impact of topological errors and improve estimates. The WiFi positioning data from an eight-day case study conducted at the T3-C entrance of Beijing Capital International Airport show that the mean absolute estimation error is 147 s, which is approximately 26.92% of the actual queuing time. For predictions using the NAR model, the proportion is approximately 27.49%. The theoretical predictions and the empirical case study indicate that the NAR model is an effective method to estimate and predict queuing time in indoor public areas.

  20. METAL MEDIA FILTERS, AG-1 SECTION FI

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Adamson, D.

    One application of metal media filters is in various nuclear air cleaning processes including applications for protecting workers, the public and the environment from hazardous and radioactive particles. To support this application the development of the ASME AG-1 FI Standard on Metal Media has been under way for more than ten years. Development of the proposed section has required resolving several difficult issues associated with operating conditions (media velocity, pressure drop, etc.), qualification testing, and quality acceptance testing. Performance characteristics of metal media are dramatically different than the glass fiber media with respect to parameters like differential pressures, operating temperatures,more » media strength, etc. These differences make existing data for a glass fiber media inadequate for qualifying a metal media filter for AG-1. In the past much work has been conducted on metal media filters at facilities such as Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) to qualify the media as High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters. Particle retention testing has been conducted at Oak Ridge Filter Test Facility and at Air Techniques International (ATI) to prove that the metal media meets or exceeds the 99.97% particle retention required for a HEPA Filter. Even with his testing, data was lacking to complete an AG-1 FI Standard on metal media. With funding secured by Mississippi State University (MSU) from National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a research test stand is being designed and fabricated at MSU's Institute for Clean Energy Technology (ICET) Facility to obtain qualification data on metal media. This in turn will support required data needed for the FI Standard. The paper will discuss in detail how the test stand at MSU will obtain the necessary data to complete the FI Standard.« less

  1. Future Arctic temperature change resulting from a range of aerosol emissions scenarios

    DOE PAGES

    Wobus, Cameron; Flanner, Mark; Sarofim, Marcus C.; ...

    2016-05-17

    The Arctic temperature response to emissions of aerosols – specifically black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and sulfate – depends on both the sector and the region where these emissions originate. Thus, the net Arctic temperature response to global aerosol emissions reductions will depend strongly on the blend of emissions sources being targeted. We use recently published equilibrium Arctic temperature response factors for BC, OC, and sulfate to estimate the range of present-day and future Arctic temperature changes from seven different aerosol emissions scenarios. Globally, Arctic temperature changes calculated from all of these emissions scenarios indicate that present-day emissions frommore » the domestic and transportation sectors generate the majority of present-day Arctic warming from BC. However, in all of these scenarios, this warming is more than offset by cooling resulting from SO 2 emissions from the energy sector. Thus, long-term climate mitigation strategies that are focused on reducing carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from the energy sector could generate short-term, aerosol-induced Arctic warming. As a result, a properly phased approach that targets BC-rich emissions from the transportation sector as well as the domestic sectors in key regions – while simultaneously working toward longer-term goals of CO 2 mitigation – could potentially avoid some amount of short-term Arctic warming.« less

  2. Effects of emissions change, climate change and long-range transport on regional modeling of future U.S. particulate matter pollution and speciation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    He, Hao; Liang, Xin-Zhong; Wuebbles, Donald J.

    2018-04-01

    This study investigates the future U.S. PM2.5 pollution under multiple emissions scenarios, climate states, and long-range transport (LRT) effects using the regional Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model integrated with a regional climate model. CMAQ with fixed chemical lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) successfully reproduces the present-day PM2.5 pollution and its major species in rural and suburban areas, but has some discrepancies in urban areas such as the Los Angeles Basin, where detailed emissions and meteorology conditions cannot be resolved by the 30 km grid. Its performance is slightly worsened when using dynamic chemical LBCs from global chemical transport model (CTM) simulations, which provide cleaner conditions into the CMAQ lateral boundaries. Under future Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios, CMAQ projects large PM2.5 reductions (∼40% for A1B and ∼20% for A1Fi scenario) in the eastern United States, but slight to moderate increases (∼5% for A1B and ∼10% for A1Fi) in the western United States. The projected increases are particularly large (up to 30%) near the Mexico-U.S. border, suggesting that Mexico is a major source for future U.S. PM2.5 pollution. The effect from climate change alone is estimated to increase PM2.5 levels ubiquitously (∼5% for both A1B and A1Fi) over the United States, except for a small decrease in the Houston, Texas area, where anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) emissions dominate. This climate penalty, however, is substantially smaller than effects of emissions change, especially in the eastern United States. Future PM2.5 pollution is affected substantially (up to -20%) by changes in SO2 emissions and moderately (3-5%) by changes in NOx and NH3 emissions. The long-range transport (LRT) effects, which are estimated by comparing CMAQ simulations with fixed and dynamic LBCs, are regional dependent, causing up to 10-20% decrease over the western United

  3. Evaluation of electromagnetic interference and exposure assessment from s-health solutions based on Wi-Fi devices.

    PubMed

    de Miguel-Bilbao, Silvia; Aguirre, Erik; Lopez Iturri, Peio; Azpilicueta, Leire; Roldán, José; Falcone, Francisco; Ramos, Victoria

    2015-01-01

    In the last decade the number of wireless devices operating at the frequency band of 2.4 GHz has increased in several settings, such as healthcare, occupational, and household. In this work, the emissions from Wi-Fi transceivers applicable to context aware scenarios are analyzed in terms of potential interference and assessment on exposure guideline compliance. Near field measurement results as well as deterministic simulation results on realistic indoor environments are presented, providing insight on the interaction between the Wi-Fi transceiver and implantable/body area network devices as well as other transceivers operating within an indoor environment, exhibiting topological and morphological complexity. By following approaches (near field estimation/deterministic estimation), colocated body situations as well as large indoor emissions can be determined. The results show in general compliance with exposure levels and the impact of overall network deployment, which can be optimized in order to reduce overall interference levels while maximizing system performance.

  4. Evaluation of Electromagnetic Interference and Exposure Assessment from s-Health Solutions Based on Wi-Fi Devices

    PubMed Central

    de Miguel-Bilbao, Silvia; Aguirre, Erik; Lopez Iturri, Peio; Azpilicueta, Leire; Roldán, José; Falcone, Francisco; Ramos, Victoria

    2015-01-01

    In the last decade the number of wireless devices operating at the frequency band of 2.4 GHz has increased in several settings, such as healthcare, occupational, and household. In this work, the emissions from Wi-Fi transceivers applicable to context aware scenarios are analyzed in terms of potential interference and assessment on exposure guideline compliance. Near field measurement results as well as deterministic simulation results on realistic indoor environments are presented, providing insight on the interaction between the Wi-Fi transceiver and implantable/body area network devices as well as other transceivers operating within an indoor environment, exhibiting topological and morphological complexity. By following approaches (near field estimation/deterministic estimation), colocated body situations as well as large indoor emissions can be determined. The results show in general compliance with exposure levels and the impact of overall network deployment, which can be optimized in order to reduce overall interference levels while maximizing system performance. PMID:25632400

  5. Queuing Time Prediction Using WiFi Positioning Data in an Indoor Scenario

    PubMed Central

    Shu, Hua; Song, Ci; Pei, Tao; Xu, Lianming; Ou, Yang; Zhang, Libin; Li, Tao

    2016-01-01

    Queuing is common in urban public places. Automatically monitoring and predicting queuing time can not only help individuals to reduce their wait time and alleviate anxiety but also help managers to allocate resources more efficiently and enhance their ability to address emergencies. This paper proposes a novel method to estimate and predict queuing time in indoor environments based on WiFi positioning data. First, we use a series of parameters to identify the trajectories that can be used as representatives of queuing time. Next, we divide the day into equal time slices and estimate individuals’ average queuing time during specific time slices. Finally, we build a nonstandard autoregressive (NAR) model trained using the previous day’s WiFi estimation results and actual queuing time to predict the queuing time in the upcoming time slice. A case study comparing two other time series analysis models shows that the NAR model has better precision. Random topological errors caused by the drift phenomenon of WiFi positioning technology (locations determined by a WiFi positioning system may drift accidently) and systematic topological errors caused by the positioning system are the main factors that affect the estimation precision. Therefore, we optimize the deployment strategy during the positioning system deployment phase and propose a drift ratio parameter pertaining to the trajectory screening phase to alleviate the impact of topological errors and improve estimates. The WiFi positioning data from an eight-day case study conducted at the T3-C entrance of Beijing Capital International Airport show that the mean absolute estimation error is 147 s, which is approximately 26.92% of the actual queuing time. For predictions using the NAR model, the proportion is approximately 27.49%. The theoretical predictions and the empirical case study indicate that the NAR model is an effective method to estimate and predict queuing time in indoor public areas. PMID:27879663

  6. WiFi networks and malware epidemiology

    PubMed Central

    Hu, Hao; Myers, Steven; Colizza, Vittoria; Vespignani, Alessandro

    2009-01-01

    In densely populated urban areas WiFi routers form a tightly interconnected proximity network that can be exploited as a substrate for the spreading of malware able to launch massive fraudulent attacks. In this article, we consider several scenarios for the deployment of malware that spreads over the wireless channel of major urban areas in the US. We develop an epidemiological model that takes into consideration prevalent security flaws on these routers. The spread of such a contagion is simulated on real-world data for georeferenced wireless routers. We uncover a major weakness of WiFi networks in that most of the simulated scenarios show tens of thousands of routers infected in as little as 2 weeks, with the majority of the infections occurring in the first 24–48 h. We indicate possible containment and prevention measures and provide computational estimates for the rate of encrypted routers that would stop the spreading of the epidemics by placing the system below the percolation threshold. PMID:19171909

  7. WiFi networks and malware epidemiology.

    PubMed

    Hu, Hao; Myers, Steven; Colizza, Vittoria; Vespignani, Alessandro

    2009-02-03

    In densely populated urban areas WiFi routers form a tightly interconnected proximity network that can be exploited as a substrate for the spreading of malware able to launch massive fraudulent attacks. In this article, we consider several scenarios for the deployment of malware that spreads over the wireless channel of major urban areas in the US. We develop an epidemiological model that takes into consideration prevalent security flaws on these routers. The spread of such a contagion is simulated on real-world data for georeferenced wireless routers. We uncover a major weakness of WiFi networks in that most of the simulated scenarios show tens of thousands of routers infected in as little as 2 weeks, with the majority of the infections occurring in the first 24-48 h. We indicate possible containment and prevention measures and provide computational estimates for the rate of encrypted routers that would stop the spreading of the epidemics by placing the system below the percolation threshold.

  8. Emissions from international shipping: 2. Impact of future technologies on scenarios until 2050

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Eyring, V.; KöHler, H. W.; Lauer, A.; Lemper, B.

    2005-09-01

    In this study the today's fleet-average emission factors of the most important ship exhausts are used to calculate emission scenarios for the future. To develop plausible future technology scenarios, first upcoming regulations and compliance with future regulations through technological improvements are discussed. We present geographically resolved emission inventory scenarios until 2050, based on a mid-term prognosis for 2020 and a long-term prognosis for 2050. The scenarios are based on some very strict assumptions on future ship traffic demands and technological improvements. The four future ship traffic demand scenarios are mainly determined by the economic growth, which follows the IPCC SRES storylines. The resulting fuel consumption is projected through extrapolations of historical trends in economic growth, total seaborne trade and number of ships, as well as the average installed power per ship. For the future technology scenarios we assume a diesel-only fleet in 2020 resulting in fuel consumption between 382 and 409 million metric tons (Mt). For 2050 one technology scenario assumes that 25% of the fuel consumed by a diesel-only fleet can be saved by applying future alternative propulsion plants, resulting in a fuel consumption that varies between 402 and 543 Mt. The other scenario is a business-as-usual scenario for a diesel-only fleet even in 2050 and gives an estimate between 536 and 725 Mt. Dependent on how rapid technology improvements for diesel engines are introduced, possible technology reduction factors are applied to the today's fleet-average emission factors of all important species to estimate future ship emissions. Combining the four traffic demand scenarios with the four technology scenarios, our results suggest emissions between 8.8 and 25.0 Tg (NO2) in 2020, and between 3.1 to 38.8 Tg (NO2) in 2050. The development of forecast scenarios for CO2, NOx, SOx, CO, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter is driven by the requirements for global model

  9. Emissions reduction scenarios in the Argentinean Energy Sector

    DOE PAGES

    Di Sbroiavacca, Nicolás; Nadal, Gustavo; Lallana, Francisco; ...

    2016-04-14

    Here in this paper the LEAP, TIAM-ECN, and GCAM models were applied to evaluate the impact of a variety of climate change control policies (including carbon pricing and emission constraints relative to a base year) on primary energy consumption, final energy consumption, electricity sector development, and CO 2 emission savings of the energy sector in Argentina over the 2010-2050 period. The LEAP model results indicate that if Argentina fully implements the most feasible mitigation measures currently under consideration by official bodies and key academic institutions on energy supply and demand, such as the ProBiomass program, a cumulative incremental economic costmore » of 22.8 billion US$(2005) to 2050 is expected, resulting in a 16% reduction in GHG emissions compared to a business-as-usual scenario. These measures also bring economic co-benefits, such as a reduction of energy imports improving the balance of trade. A Low CO 2 price scenario in LEAP results in the replacement of coal by nuclear and wind energy in electricity expansion. A High CO 2 price leverages additional investments in hydropower. An emission cap scenario (2050 emissions 20% lower than 2010 emissions) is feasible by including such measures as CCS and Bio CCS, but at a significant cost. By way of cross-model comparison with the TIAM-ECN and GCAM global integrated assessment models, significant variation in projected emissions reductions in the carbon price scenarios was observed, which illustrates the inherent uncertainties associated with such long-term projections. These models predict approximately 37% and 94% reductions under the High CO 2 price scenario, respectively. By comparison, the LEAP model, using an approach based on the assessment of a limited set of mitigation options, predicts a 11.3% reduction under the ‘high’ carbon tax. The main reasons for this difference are differences in assumptions about technology cost and availability, CO 2 storage capacity, and the ability to

  10. Stabilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide via zero emissions--an alternative way to a stable global environment. Part 2: a practical zero-emissions scenario.

    PubMed

    Matsuno, Taroh; Maruyama, Koki; Tsutsui, Junichi

    2012-01-01

    Following Part 1, a comparison of CO(2)-emissions pathways between "zero-emissions stabilization (Z-stabilization)" and traditional stabilization is made under more realistic conditions that take into account the radiative forcings of other greenhouse gases and aerosols with the constraint that the temperature rise must not exceed 2 °C above the preindustrial level. It is shown that the findings in Part 1 on the merits of Z-stabilization hold under the more realistic conditions. The results clarify the scientific basis of the policy claim of 50% reduction of the world CO(2) emissions by 2050. Since the highest greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration and temperature occur only temporarily in Z-stabilization pathways, we may slightly relax the upper limit of the temperature rise. We can then search for a scenario with larger emissions in the 21st century; such a scenario may have potential for practical application. It is suggested that in this Z-stabilization pathway, larger emissions in the near future may be important from a socioeconomic viewpoint.

  11. Emissions Scenario Portal for Visualization of Low Carbon Pathways

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Friedrich, J.; Hennig, R. J.; Mountford, H.; Altamirano, J. C.; Ge, M.; Fransen, T.

    2016-12-01

    This proposal for a presentation is centered around a new project which is developed collaboratively by the World Resources Institute (WRI), Google Inc., and Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP). The project aims to develop an online, open portal, the Emissions Scenario Portal (ESP),to enable users to easily visualize a range of future greenhouse gas emission pathways linked to different scenarios of economic and energy developments, drawing from a variety of modeling tools. It is targeted to users who are not modelling experts, but instead policy analysts or advisors, investment analysts, and similar who draw on modelled scenarios to inform their work, and who can benefit from better access to, and transparency around, the wide range of emerging scenarios on ambitious climate action. The ESP will provide information from scenarios in a visually appealing and easy-to-understand manner that enable these users to recognize the opportunities to reduce GHG emissions, the implications of the different scenarios, and the underlying assumptions. To facilitate the application of the portal and tools in policy dialogues, a series of country-specific and potentially sector-specific workshops with key decision-makers and analysts, supported by relevant analysis, will be organized by the key partners and also in broader collaboration with others who might wish to convene relevant groups around the information. This project will provide opportunities for modelers to increase their outreach and visibility in the public space and to directly interact with key audiences of emissions scenarios, such as policy analysts and advisors. The information displayed on the portal will cover a wide range of indicators, sectors and important scenario characteristics such as macroeconomic information, emission factors and policy as well as technology assumptions in order to facilitate comparison. These indicators have been selected based on existing standards (such as the IIASA AR5

  12. Does extreme precipitation intensity depend on the emissions scenario?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pendergrass, Angeline; Lehner, Flavio; Sanderson, Benjamin; Xu, Yangyang

    2016-04-01

    The rate of increase of global-mean precipitation per degree surface temperature increase differs for greenhouse gas and aerosol forcings, and therefore depends on the change in composition of the emissions scenario used to drive climate model simulations for the remainder of the century. We investigate whether or not this is also the case for extreme precipitation simulated by a multi-model ensemble driven by four realistic emissions scenarios. In most models, the rate of increase of maximum annual daily rainfall per degree global warming in the multi-model ensemble is statistically indistinguishable across the four scenarios, whether this extreme precipitation is calculated globally, over all land, or over extra-tropical land. These results indicate that, in most models, extreme precipitation depends on the total amount of warming and does not depend on emissions scenario, in contrast to mean precipitation.

  13. ESP v1.0: Methodology for Exploring Emission Impacts of Future Scenarios in the United States

    EPA Science Inventory

    This article presents a methodology for creating anthropogenic emission inventories that can be used to simulate future regional air quality. The Emission Scenario Projection (ESP) methodology focuses on energy production and use, the principal sources of many air pollutants. Emi...

  14. Development of reduction scenarios for criteria air pollutants emission in Tehran Traffic Sector, Iran.

    PubMed

    Mohammadiha, Amir; Malakooti, Hossein; Esfahanian, Vahid

    2018-05-01

    Transport-related pollution as the main source of air pollution must be reduced in Tehran mega-city. The performance of various developed scenarios including BAU (Business As Usual) as baseline scenario, ECV (Elimination of carburetor equipped Vehicle), NEM (New Energy Motorcycles), HES (Higher Emission Standard), VCR (Vehicle Catalyst Replacement), FQE (Fuel Quality Enhancement), DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) and TSA (Total Scenarios Aggregation) are evaluated by International Vehicle Model up to 2028. In the short term, the ECV, VCR, and FQE scenarios provided high performance in CO, VOCs and NOx emissions control. Also FQE has an excellent effect on SOx emission reduction (86%) and DPF on PM emissions (20%). In the mid-term, the VCR, ECV, and FQE scenarios were presented desirable mean emission reduction on CO, VOCs, and NOx. Moreover, NOx emission reduction of DPF scenario is the most common (14%). Again FQE scenario proves to have great effect on SOx emission reduction in mid-term (86%), DPF and HES scenarios on PM (DPF: 49% and HES: 17%). Finally for the long term, VCR, ECV, FQE, and NEM scenarios were shown good performance in emission control on CO, VOCs and NOx. For SOx only FQE has a good effect in all time periods (FQE: 86%) and DPF and HES scenarios have the best effect on PM emission reduction respectively (DPF: 51% and HES: 27%) compared with BAU scenario. However, DPF scenario increases 12% SOx emission in long-term (2028). It can be generally concluded that VCR and ECV scenarios would achieve a significant reduction on gaseous pollutants emission except for SOx in general and FQE scenarios have desirable performance for all gaseous pollutants in the short term and also for SOx and VOCs in long term. In addition, the DPF and HES would be desirable scenario for emission control on PM in Tehran Traffic Sector. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  15. Incompressible inelasticity as an essential ingredient for the validity of the kinematic decomposition F =FeFi

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Reina, Celia; Conti, Sergio

    2017-10-01

    The multiplicative decomposition of the total deformation F =FeFi between an elastic (Fe) and an inelastic component (Fi) is standard in the modeling of many irreversible processes such as plasticity, growth, thermoelasticity, viscoelasticty or phase transformations. The heuristic argument for such kinematic assumption is based on the chain rule for the compatible scenario (CurlFi = 0) where the individual deformation tensors are gradients of deformation mappings, i.e. F = D φ = D (φe ∘φi) = (Dφe) ∘φi (Dφi) =FeFi . Yet, the conditions for its validity in the general incompatible case (CurlFi ≠ 0) has so far remained uncertain. We show in this paper that detFi = 1 and CurlFi bounded are necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of F =FeFi for a wide range of inelastic processes. In particular, in the context of crystal plasticity, we demonstrate via rigorous homogenization from discrete dislocations to the continuum level in two dimensions, that the volume preserving property of the mechanistics of dislocation glide, combined with a finite dislocation density, is sufficient to deliver F =FeFp at the continuum scale. We then generalize this result to general two-dimensional inelastic processes that may be described at a lower dimensional scale via a multiplicative decomposition while exhibiting a finite density of incompatibilities. The necessity of the conditions detFi = 1 and CurlFi bounded for such systems is demonstrated via suitable counterexamples.

  16. Evaluating Global Land-use Change Scenario: Carbon Emission in RCP Scenarios and its Effects on Climate Response

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kato, E.; Kawamiya, M.

    2011-12-01

    In CMIP5 experiments, new emissions scenarios for GCMs and Earth System Models (ESMs) have been constructed as Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) by a community effort of Integrated Assessment Modeling (IAM) groups. In RCP scenarios, regional land-use scenarios have been depicted based on the socio-economic assumption of IAMs, and also downscaled spatially explicit land-use maps from the regional scenarios are prepared. In the land-use harmonization project, integrated gridded land-use transition data for the past and future time period has been developed from the reconstruction based on HYDE 3 agricultural data and FAO wood harvest data, and the future land-use scenarios from IAMs. These gridded land-use dataset are used as a forcing of some ESMs participating to the CMIP5 experiments, to assess the biogeochemical and biogeophysical effects of land-use and land cover change in the climate change simulation. In this study, global net CO2 emissions from land-use change for RCP scenarios are evaluated with an offline terrestrial biogeochemical model, VISIT (Vegetation Integrative SImulation Tool). Also the emissions are evaluated with coupled ESM, MIROC-ESM following the LUCID-CMIP5 protocol to see the effect of land-use and land cover change on climate response. Using the model output, consistency of the land-use change CO2 emission scenarios provided by RCPs are evaluated in terms of effect of CO2 fertilization, climate change, and land-use transition itself including the effect of biomass crops production with CCS. We find that a land-use scenario with decreased agricultural land-use intensity such as RCP 6.0 shows possibility of further absorption of CO2 through the climate-carbon feedback, and cooling effect through both biogeochemical and biogeophysical effects.

  17. Future reef decalcification under a business-as-usual CO2 emission scenario

    PubMed Central

    Dove, Sophie G.; Kline, David I.; Pantos, Olga; Angly, Florent E.; Tyson, Gene W.; Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove

    2013-01-01

    Increasing atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is a major threat to coral reefs, but some argue that the threat is mitigated by factors such as the variability in the response of coral calcification to acidification, differences in bleaching susceptibility, and the potential for rapid adaptation to anthropogenic warming. However the evidence for these mitigating factors tends to involve experimental studies on corals, as opposed to coral reefs, and rarely includes the influence of multiple variables (e.g., temperature and acidification) within regimes that include diurnal and seasonal variability. Here, we demonstrate that the inclusion of all these factors results in the decalcification of patch-reefs under business-as-usual scenarios and reduced, although positive, calcification under reduced-emission scenarios. Primary productivity was found to remain constant across all scenarios, despite significant bleaching and coral mortality under both future scenarios. Daylight calcification decreased and nocturnal decalcification increased sharply from the preindustrial and control conditions to the future scenarios of low (reduced emissions) and high (business-as-usual) increases in pCO2. These changes coincided with deeply negative carbonate budgets, a shift toward smaller carbonate sediments, and an increase in the abundance of sediment microbes under the business-as-usual emission scenario. Experimental coral reefs demonstrated highest net calcification rates and lowest rates of coral mortality under preindustrial conditions, suggesting that reef processes may not have been able to keep pace with the relatively minor environmental changes that have occurred during the last century. Taken together, our results have serious implications for the future of coral reefs under business-as-usual environmental changes projected for the coming decades and century. PMID:24003127

  18. Future reef decalcification under a business-as-usual CO2 emission scenario.

    PubMed

    Dove, Sophie G; Kline, David I; Pantos, Olga; Angly, Florent E; Tyson, Gene W; Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove

    2013-09-17

    Increasing atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is a major threat to coral reefs, but some argue that the threat is mitigated by factors such as the variability in the response of coral calcification to acidification, differences in bleaching susceptibility, and the potential for rapid adaptation to anthropogenic warming. However the evidence for these mitigating factors tends to involve experimental studies on corals, as opposed to coral reefs, and rarely includes the influence of multiple variables (e.g., temperature and acidification) within regimes that include diurnal and seasonal variability. Here, we demonstrate that the inclusion of all these factors results in the decalcification of patch-reefs under business-as-usual scenarios and reduced, although positive, calcification under reduced-emission scenarios. Primary productivity was found to remain constant across all scenarios, despite significant bleaching and coral mortality under both future scenarios. Daylight calcification decreased and nocturnal decalcification increased sharply from the preindustrial and control conditions to the future scenarios of low (reduced emissions) and high (business-as-usual) increases in pCO2. These changes coincided with deeply negative carbonate budgets, a shift toward smaller carbonate sediments, and an increase in the abundance of sediment microbes under the business-as-usual emission scenario. Experimental coral reefs demonstrated highest net calcification rates and lowest rates of coral mortality under preindustrial conditions, suggesting that reef processes may not have been able to keep pace with the relatively minor environmental changes that have occurred during the last century. Taken together, our results have serious implications for the future of coral reefs under business-as-usual environmental changes projected for the coming decades and century.

  19. SAR in a child voxel phantom from exposure to wireless computer networks (Wi-Fi).

    PubMed

    Findlay, R P; Dimbylow, P J

    2010-08-07

    Specific energy absorption rate (SAR) values have been calculated in a 10 year old sitting voxel model from exposure to electromagnetic fields at 2.4 and 5 GHz, frequencies commonly used by Wi-Fi devices. Both plane-wave exposure of the model and irradiation from antennas in the near field were investigated for a variety of exposure conditions. In all situations studied, the SAR values calculated were considerably below basic restrictions. For a typical Wi-Fi exposure scenario using an inverted F antenna operating at 100 mW, a duty factor of 0.1 and an antenna-body separation of 34 cm, the maximum peak localized SAR was found to be 3.99 mW kg(-1) in the torso region. At 2.4 GHz, using a power of 100 mW and a duty factor of 1, the highest localized SAR value in the head was calculated as 5.7 mW kg(-1). This represents less than 1% of the SAR previously calculated in the head for a typical mobile phone exposure condition.

  20. Developing Shipping Emissions Assessments, Inventories and Scenarios (Invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Corbett, J. J.

    2010-12-01

    Inventories of shipping have been important contributions to scientific understanding of regional pollution and transboundary transport. These inventories have also been used to evaluate global scale environmental and climate effects and trends. However, these inventories also inform policy making decisions and this role is increasingly occurring within the timescale of scientific assessment. Shipping exhibits a growth trend for uncontrolled pollutants that is highly coupled to economic activity, and historically increasing faster than many other anthropogenic sources on a global and regional scale. Shipping emissions are being regulated asymmetrically in various dimensions. Some pollutants are being controlled more than others, some regions are subject to stricter controls, and correlated changes in operations are affecting unregulated pollutant emissions. Shipping inventories require more than current assessments, including historic and future scenarios. Generally conceived as sets of business-as-usual (BAU) and high-growth scenarios, ship inventories now also need regulatory control pathways and maximum feasible reduction (MFR) scenarios. In this context, shipping inventories also present other challenges to both scientists and policymakers. Systemic bias can occur in non-shipping assessments when emissions along well-traveled shipping lanes are ignored by far offshore scientific studies, even some campaigns that control very carefully the potential influence of the shipping platforms for their measurements. Examples where shipping may contribute understood and potential biases include: a. Health impacts from transboundary pollution b. Ozone trends over the Pacific c. Sulfur emissions from biogenic sources in Northern hemisphere d. Acidification of coastal waters (potential) e. Arctic impacts on snow and ice Other challenges exist. The fuels and technology used by ships are unique from other transportation, from other stationary sources - and these are changing

  1. Mortality, greenhouse gas emissions and consumer cost impacts of combined diet and physical activity scenarios: a health impact assessment study.

    PubMed

    Tainio, Marko; Monsivais, Pablo; Jones, Nicholas Rv; Brand, Christian; Woodcock, James

    2017-02-22

    To quantify changes in mortality, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and consumer costs for physical activity and diet scenarios. For the physical activity scenarios, all car trips from <1 to <8 miles long were progressively replaced with cycling. For the diet scenarios, the study population was assumed to increase fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption by 1-5 portions of F&V per day, or to eat at least 5 portions per day. Health effects were modelled with the comparative risk assessment method. Consumer costs were based on fuel cost savings and average costs of F&V, and GHG emissions to fuel usage and F&V production. Working age population for England. Data from the Health Survey for England, National Travel Survey and National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Changes in premature deaths, consumer costs and GHG emissions stratified by age, gender and socioeconomic status (SES). Premature deaths were reduced by between 75 and 7648 cases per year for the physical activity scenarios, and 3255 and 6187 cases per year for the diet scenarios. Mortality reductions were greater among people of medium and high SES in the physical activity scenarios, whereas people with lower SES benefited more in the diet scenarios. Similarly, transport fuel costs fell more for people of high SES, whereas diet costs increased most for the lowest SES group. Net GHG emissions decreased by between 0.2 and 10.6 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO 2 e) per year for the physical activity scenarios and increased by between 1.3 and 6.3 MtCO 2 e/year for the diet scenarios. Increasing F&V consumption offers the potential for large health benefits and reduces health inequalities. Replacing short car trips with cycling offers the potential for net benefits for health, GHG emissions and consumer costs. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

  2. Scenarios of global mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rafaj, P.; Bertok, I.; Cofala, J.; Schöpp, W.

    2013-11-01

    This paper discusses the impact of air quality and climate policies on global mercury emissions in the time horizon up to 2050. Evolution of mercury emissions is based on projections of energy consumption for a scenario without any global greenhouse gas mitigation efforts, and for a 2 °C climate policy scenario, which assumes internationally coordinated action to mitigate climate change. The assessment takes into account current air quality legislation in each country, as well as provides estimates of maximum feasible reductions in mercury through 2050. Results indicate significant scope for co-benefits of climate policies for mercury emissions. Atmospheric releases of mercury from anthropogenic sources under the global climate mitigation regime are reduced in 2050 by 45% when compared to the case without climate measures. Around one third of world-wide co-benefits for mercury emissions by 2050 occur in China. An annual Hg-abatement of about 800 tons is estimated for the coal combustion in power sector if the current air pollution legislation and climate policies are adopted in parallel.

  3. Temperature - Emissivity Separation Assessment in a Sub-Urban Scenario

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moscadelli, M.; Diani, M.; Corsini, G.

    2017-10-01

    In this paper, a methodology that aims at evaluating the effectiveness of different TES strategies is presented. The methodology takes into account the specific material of interest in the monitored scenario, sensor characteristics, and errors in the atmospheric compensation step. The methodology is proposed in order to predict and analyse algorithms performances during the planning of a remote sensing mission, aimed to discover specific materials of interest in the monitored scenario. As case study, the proposed methodology is applied to a real airborne data set of a suburban scenario. In order to perform the TES problem, three state-of-the-art algorithms, and a recently proposed one, are investigated: Temperature-Emissivity Separation '98 (TES-98) algorithm, Stepwise Refining TES (SRTES) algorithm, Linear piecewise TES (LTES) algorithm, and Optimized Smoothing TES (OSTES) algorithm. At the end, the accuracy obtained with real data, and the ones predicted by means of the proposed methodology are compared and discussed.

  4. When could global warming reach 4°C?

    PubMed

    Betts, Richard A; Collins, Matthew; Hemming, Deborah L; Jones, Chris D; Lowe, Jason A; Sanderson, Michael G

    2011-01-13

    The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) assessed a range of scenarios of future greenhouse-gas emissions without policies to specifically reduce emissions, and concluded that these would lead to an increase in global mean temperatures of between 1.6°C and 6.9°C by the end of the twenty-first century, relative to pre-industrial. While much political attention is focused on the potential for global warming of 2°C relative to pre-industrial, the AR4 projections clearly suggest that much greater levels of warming are possible by the end of the twenty-first century in the absence of mitigation. The centre of the range of AR4-projected global warming was approximately 4°C. The higher end of the projected warming was associated with the higher emissions scenarios and models, which included stronger carbon-cycle feedbacks. The highest emissions scenario considered in the AR4 (scenario A1FI) was not examined with complex general circulation models (GCMs) in the AR4, and similarly the uncertainties in climate-carbon-cycle feedbacks were not included in the main set of GCMs. Consequently, the projections of warming for A1FI and/or with different strengths of carbon-cycle feedbacks are often not included in a wider discussion of the AR4 conclusions. While it is still too early to say whether any particular scenario is being tracked by current emissions, A1FI is considered to be as plausible as other non-mitigation scenarios and cannot be ruled out. (A1FI is a part of the A1 family of scenarios, with 'FI' standing for 'fossil intensive'. This is sometimes erroneously written as A1F1, with number 1 instead of letter I.) This paper presents simulations of climate change with an ensemble of GCMs driven by the A1FI scenario, and also assesses the implications of carbon-cycle feedbacks for the climate-change projections. Using these GCM projections along with simple climate-model projections, including uncertainties in carbon

  5. Climate Change Scenarios in the Yucatan Peninsula to the year 2020

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Orellana, R.; Espadas, C.; Conde, C.; Gay, C.

    2010-03-01

    A topic that has not been sufficiently analyzed is that the global warming is already affecting, and that it will have worst consequences in those regions with transitional climates, which have more sensibility to changes. This is the case of the Yucatan Peninsula which is semi-arid in their northern portion, and toward the south is subhumid, with a tendency to be more rainy toward the south. To have an estimation of what could happen in the future, the Intergovernmental Panel of Climatic Change (IPCC) has promoted the use of General Circulation Models (GCM), as well as the construction of possible emission scenarios that integrate different global and regional socioeconomic and demographic conditions, which project then a possible increase of emissions of greenhouse gases. These conditions are recognized as the decisive forces that will determine the variations of temperature and of precipitation. These projections are useful for the analysis of climatic change, and in particular for the assessments of the possible impacts and of the initiatives of adaptation and of mitigation that should be implemented in every country or region. In Mexico, most of those evaluations of climate change have been carried out generally at country level. For that reason, it is necessary to direct the research at regional level. In this work, we evaluated the potential climatic changes on the Yucatan Peninsula, considering the different changes of temperature and precipitation as a consequence for different emission scenarios and for the horizon 2020. To project the environmental responses of the region, we used as a base scenario the available temperature and precipitation information of the period 1961-1990, registered in 85 meteorological stations of the peninsula. With these data, we generated climate change scenarios using the outputs of four General Circulation Models: HADLEY, ECHAM, GFDL and CGCM, and the emission scenarios A1FI, A2, B1 and B2. The outputs of these models were

  6. The impact of traffic emissions on air quality in the Berlin-Brandenburg region - a case study on cycling scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kuik, F.; Lauer, A.; von Schneidemesser, E.; Butler, T. M.

    2016-12-01

    Many European cities continue to struggle with exceedances of NO2 limit values at measurement sites near roads, of which a large contribution is attributed to emissions from traffic. In this study, we explore how urban air quality can be improved with different traffic measures using the example of the Berlin-Brandenburg region. In order to simulate urban background air quality we use the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem) at a horizontal resolution of 1km. We use emission input data at a horizontal resolution of 1km obtained by downscaling TNO-MACC III emissions based on local proxy data including population and traffic densities. In addition we use a statistical approach combining the simulated urban background concentrations with information on traffic densities to estimate NO2 at street level. This helps assessing whether the emission scenarios studied here can lead to significant reductions in NO2 concentrations at street level. The emission scenarios in this study represent a range of scenarios in which car traffic is replaced with bicycle traffic. Part of this study was an initial discussion phase with stakeholders, including policy makers and NGOs. The discussions have shown that the different stakeholders are interested in a scientific assessment of the impact of replacing car traffic with bicycle traffic in the Berlin-Brandenburg urban area. Local policy makers responsible for city planning and implementing traffic measures can make best use of scientific modeling results if input data and scenarios are as realistic as possible. For these reasons, the scenarios cover very idealized optimistic ("all passenger cars are replaced by bicycles") and pessimistic ("all cyclists are replaced by cars") scenarios to explore the sensitivity of simulated urban background air quality to these changes, as well as additional scenarios based on city-specific data to analyze more realistic situations. Of particular interest is how these impact

  7. Mortality, greenhouse gas emissions and consumer cost impacts of combined diet and physical activity scenarios: a health impact assessment study

    PubMed Central

    Monsivais, Pablo; Jones, Nicholas RV; Brand, Christian; Woodcock, James

    2017-01-01

    Objective To quantify changes in mortality, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and consumer costs for physical activity and diet scenarios. Design For the physical activity scenarios, all car trips from <1 to <8 miles long were progressively replaced with cycling. For the diet scenarios, the study population was assumed to increase fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption by 1–5 portions of F&V per day, or to eat at least 5 portions per day. Health effects were modelled with the comparative risk assessment method. Consumer costs were based on fuel cost savings and average costs of F&V, and GHG emissions to fuel usage and F&V production. Setting Working age population for England. Participants Data from the Health Survey for England, National Travel Survey and National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Primary outcomes measured Changes in premature deaths, consumer costs and GHG emissions stratified by age, gender and socioeconomic status (SES). Results Premature deaths were reduced by between 75 and 7648 cases per year for the physical activity scenarios, and 3255 and 6187 cases per year for the diet scenarios. Mortality reductions were greater among people of medium and high SES in the physical activity scenarios, whereas people with lower SES benefited more in the diet scenarios. Similarly, transport fuel costs fell more for people of high SES, whereas diet costs increased most for the lowest SES group. Net GHG emissions decreased by between 0.2 and 10.6 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) per year for the physical activity scenarios and increased by between 1.3 and 6.3 MtCO2e/year for the diet scenarios. Conclusions Increasing F&V consumption offers the potential for large health benefits and reduces health inequalities. Replacing short car trips with cycling offers the potential for net benefits for health, GHG emissions and consumer costs. PMID:28399514

  8. Emissions from residential combustion considering end-uses and spatial constraints: Part II, emission reduction scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Winijkul, Ekbordin; Bond, Tami C.

    2016-01-01

    Cooking, heating, and other activities in the residential sector are major sources of indoor and outdoor air pollution, especially when solid fuels are used to provide energy. Because of their deleterious effects on the atmosphere and human health, multinational strategies to reduce emissions have been proposed. This study examines the effects of some possible policies, considering realistic factors that constrain mitigation: end-uses, spatial constraints involving proximity to forest or electricity, existing technology, and assumptions about user behavior. Reduction scenarios are applied to a year-2010, spatially distributed baseline of emissions of particulate matter, black carbon, organic carbon, nitrogen oxides, methane, non-methane hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Scenarios explored are: (1) cleanest current stove, where we assume that existing technology in each land type is applied to burn existing fuels; (2) stove standards, where we assume that stoves are designed to meet performance standards; and (3) clean fuels, where users adopt the cleanest fuels plausible in each land type. We assume that people living in forest access areas continue to use wood regardless of available fuels, so the clean-fuels scenario leads to a reduction in emissions of 18-25%, depending on the pollutant, across the study region. Cleaner stoves preferentially affect land types with forest access, where about half of the fuel is used; emission reductions range from 25 to 82%, depending on the pollutant. If stove performance standards can be met, particulate matter emissions are reduced by 62% for the loosest standards and 95% for the tightest standards, and carbon monoxide is reduced by 40% and 62% for the loosest and tightest standards. Reductions in specific regions and countries depend on the existing fuel mixture and the population division among land types, and are explored for Latin America, Africa, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.

  9. Commercial Aircraft Emission Scenario for 2020: Database Development and Analysis

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sutkus, Donald J., Jr.; Baughcum, Steven L.; DuBois, Douglas P.; Wey, Chowen C. (Technical Monitor)

    2003-01-01

    This report describes the development of a three-dimensional database of aircraft fuel use and emissions (NO(x), CO, and hydrocarbons) for the commercial aircraft fleet projected to 2020. Global totals of emissions and fuel burn for 2020 are compared to global totals from previous aircraft emission scenario calculations.

  10. Development of Future Scenario Emission Inventories for East Asia in Support of Multiple Modeling Studies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Y.; Woo, J. H.; Choi, K. C.; Lee, J. B.; Song, C. K.; Kim, S. K.; Hong, J.; Hong, S. C.; Zhang, Q.; Hong, C.; Tong, D.

    2015-12-01

    Future emission scenarios based on up-to-date regional socio-economic and control policy information were developed in support of climate-air quality integrated modeling research over East Asia. Two IPCC-participated Integrated Assessment Models(IAMs) were used to developed those scenario pathways. The two emission processing systems, KU-EPS and SMOKE-Asia, were used to convert these future scenario emissions to comprehensive chemical transport model-ready form. The NIER/KU-CREATE (Comprehensive Regional Emissions inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment) served as the regional base-year emission inventory. For anthropogenic emissions, it has 54 fuel classes, 201 sub-sectors and 13 pollutants, including CO2, CH4, N2O, SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3, OC, BC, PM10, PM2.5, and mercury. Fast energy growth and aggressive penetration of the control measures make emissions projection very active for East Asia. Despite of more stringent air pollution control policies by the governments, however, air quality over the region seems not been improved as much - even worse in many cases. The needs of more scientific understanding of inter-relationship among emissions, transport, chemistry over the region are very high to effectively protect public health and ecosystems against ozone, fine particles, and other toxic pollutants in the air. After developing these long-term future emissions, therefore, we also tried to apply our future scenarios to develop the present emissions inventory for chemical weather forecasting and aircraft field campaign. On site, we will present; 1) the future scenario development framework and process methodologies, 2) initial development results of the future emission pathways, 3) present emission inventories from short-term projection, and 4) air quality modeling performance improvements over the region.

  11. Modeling Future Land Use Scenarios in South Korea: Applying the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios and the SLEUTH Model on a Local Scale

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Han, Haejin; Hwang, YunSeop; Ha, Sung Ryong; Kim, Byung Sik

    2015-05-01

    This study developed three scenarios of future land use/land cover on a local level for the Kyung-An River Basin and its vicinity in South Korea at a 30-m resolution based on the two scenario families of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report Emissions Scenarios (SRES): A2 and B1, as well as a business-as-usual scenario. The IPCC SRES A2 and B1 were used to define future local development patterns and associated land use change. We quantified the population-driven demand for urban land use for each qualitative storyline and allocated the urban demand in geographic space using the SLEUTH model. The model results demonstrate the possible land use/land cover change scenarios for the years from 2000 to 2070 by examining the broad narrative of each SRES within the context of a local setting, such as the Kyoungan River Basin, constructing narratives of local development shifts and modeling a set of `best guess' approximations of the future land use conditions in the study area. This study found substantial differences in demands and patterns of land use changes among the scenarios, indicating compact development patterns under the SRES B1 compared to the rapid and dispersed development under the SRES A2.

  12. Modeling future land use scenarios in South Korea: applying the IPCC special report on emissions scenarios and the SLEUTH model on a local scale.

    PubMed

    Han, Haejin; Hwang, YunSeop; Ha, Sung Ryong; Kim, Byung Sik

    2015-05-01

    This study developed three scenarios of future land use/land cover on a local level for the Kyung-An River Basin and its vicinity in South Korea at a 30-m resolution based on the two scenario families of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report Emissions Scenarios (SRES): A2 and B1, as well as a business-as-usual scenario. The IPCC SRES A2 and B1 were used to define future local development patterns and associated land use change. We quantified the population-driven demand for urban land use for each qualitative storyline and allocated the urban demand in geographic space using the SLEUTH model. The model results demonstrate the possible land use/land cover change scenarios for the years from 2000 to 2070 by examining the broad narrative of each SRES within the context of a local setting, such as the Kyoungan River Basin, constructing narratives of local development shifts and modeling a set of 'best guess' approximations of the future land use conditions in the study area. This study found substantial differences in demands and patterns of land use changes among the scenarios, indicating compact development patterns under the SRES B1 compared to the rapid and dispersed development under the SRES A2.

  13. Emissions implications of downscaled electricity generation scenarios for the western United States

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Nsanzineza, Rene; O’Connell, Matthew; Brinkman, Gregory

    This study explores how emissions from electricity generation in the Western Interconnection region of the U.S. might respond in circa 2030 to contrasting scenarios for fuel prices and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions fees. We examine spatial and temporal variations in generation mix across the region and year using the PLEXOS unit commitment and dispatch model with a production cost model database adapted from the Western Electricity Coordinating Council. Emissions estimates are computed by combining the dispatch model results with unit-specific, emissions-load relationships. Wind energy displaces natural gas and coal in scenarios with relatively expensive natural gas or with GHG fees.more » Correspondingly, annual emissions of NOx, SO2, and CO2 are reduced by 20-40% in these cases. NOx emissions, which are a concern as a precursor of ground-level ozone, are relatively high and consistent across scenarios during summer, when peak electricity loads occur and wind resources in the region are comparatively weak. Accounting for the difference in start-up versus stabilized NOx emissions rates for natural gas plants had little impact on region-wide emissions estimates due to the dominant contribution from coal-fired plants, but would be more important in the vicinity of the natural gas units.« less

  14. Satellite Evidence that <fi>E. huxleyifi> Phytoplankton Blooms Weaken Marine Carbon Sinks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kondrik, D. V.; Pozdnyakov, D. V.; Johannessen, O. M.

    2018-01-01

    Phytoplankton blooms of the coccolithophore <fi>Emiliania huxleyifi> are known to produce CO2, causing less uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean, but a global assessment of this phenomenon has so far not been quantified. Therefore, here we quantify the increase in CO2 partial pressure (Δ<fi>p>CO2) at the ocean surface within <fi>E. huxleyifi> blooms for polar and subpolar seas using an 18 year ocean color time series (1998-2015). When normalized to <fi>p>CO2 in the absence of bloom, the mean and maximum Δ<fi>p>CO2 values within the bloom areas varied between 21.0%-43.3% and 31.6%-62.5%, respectively. These results might have appreciable implications for climatology, marine chemistry, and ecology.

  15. The Technology of LiFi: A Brief Introduction

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ramadhani, E.; Mahardika, G. P.

    2018-03-01

    Light Fidelity (LiFi) is a Visible Light Communication (VLC) based technology that making a light as a media of communication replacing the cable wire communication. LiFi is evolve to overcome the rate speed in WiFi, while using LiFi the rate speed can reach until 14 Gbps. This paper presents an introduction of the LiFi technology including the architecture, modulation, performance, and the challenges. The result of this paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of the LiFi technology.

  16. Future U.S. ozone projections dependence on regional emissions, climate change, long-range transport and differences in modeling design

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    He, Hao; Liang, Xin-Zhong; Lei, Hang; Wuebbles, Donald J.

    2016-03-01

    A consistent modeling framework with nested global and regional chemical transport models (CTMs) is used to separate and quantitatively assess the relative contributions to projections of future U.S. ozone pollution from the effects of emissions changes, climate change, long-range transport (LRT) of pollutants, and differences in modeling design. After incorporating dynamic lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) from a global CTM, a regional CTM's representation of present-day U.S. ozone pollution is notably improved, especially relative to results from the regional CTM with fixed LBCs or from the global CTM alone. This nested system of global and regional CTMs projects substantial surface ozone trends for the 2050's: 6-10 ppb decreases under the 'clean' A1B scenario and ∼15 ppb increases under the 'dirty' A1Fi scenario. Among the total trends of future ozone, regional emissions changes dominate, contributing negative 25-60% in A1B and positive 30-45% in A1Fi. Comparatively, climate change contributes positive 10-30%, while LRT effects through changing chemical LBCs account for positive 15-20% in both scenarios, suggesting introducing dynamic LBCs could influence projections of the U.S. future ozone pollution with a magnitude comparable to effects of climate change alone. The contribution to future ozone projections due to differences in modeling design, including model formulations, emissions treatments, and other factors between the global and the nested regional CTMs, is regionally dependent, ranging from negative 20% to positive 25%. It is shown that the model discrepancies for present-day simulations between global and regional CTMs can propagate into future U.S. ozone projections systematically but nonlinearly, especially in California and the Southeast. Therefore in addition to representations of emissions change and climate change, accurate treatment of LBCs for the regional CTM is essential for projecting the future U.S. ozone pollution.

  17. Non-variable TeV emission from the extended jet of a blazar in the stochastic acceleration scenario: the case of the hard TeV emission of 1ES 1101-232

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yan, Dahai; Zeng, Houdun; Zhang, Li

    2012-08-01

    The detections of X-ray emission from the kiloparsec-scale jets of blazars and radio galaxies could imply the existence of high-energy electrons in these extended jets, and these electrons could produce high-energy emission through the inverse Compton (IC) process. In this paper, we study the non-variable hard TeV emission from a blazar. The multiband emission consists of two components: (i) the traditional synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission from the inner jet; (ii) the emission produced via SSC and IC scattering of cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons (IC/CMB) and extragalactic background light (EBL) photons by relativistic electrons in the extended jet under the stochastic acceleration scenario. Such a model is applied to 1ES 1101-232. The results indicate the following. (i) The non-variable hard TeV emission of 1ES 1101-232, which is dominated by IC/CMB emission from the extended jet, can be reproduced well by using three characteristic values of the Doppler factor (δD = 5, 10 and 15) for the TeV-emitting region in the extended jet. (ii) In the cases of δD = 15 and 10, the physical parameters can achieve equipartition (or quasi-equipartition) between the relativistic electrons and the magnetic field. In contrast, the physical parameters largely deviate from equipartition for the case of δD = 5. Therefore, we conclude that the TeV emission region of 1ES 1101-232 in the extended jet should be moderately or highly beamed.

  18. A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5 °C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Grubler, Arnulf; Wilson, Charlie; Bento, Nuno; Boza-Kiss, Benigna; Krey, Volker; McCollum, David L.; Rao, Narasimha D.; Riahi, Keywan; Rogelj, Joeri; De Stercke, Simon; Cullen, Jonathan; Frank, Stefan; Fricko, Oliver; Guo, Fei; Gidden, Matt; Havlík, Petr; Huppmann, Daniel; Kiesewetter, Gregor; Rafaj, Peter; Schoepp, Wolfgang; Valin, Hugo

    2018-06-01

    Scenarios that limit global warming to 1.5 °C describe major transformations in energy supply and ever-rising energy demand. Here, we provide a contrasting perspective by developing a narrative of future change based on observable trends that results in low energy demand. We describe and quantify changes in activity levels and energy intensity in the global North and global South for all major energy services. We project that global final energy demand by 2050 reduces to 245 EJ, around 40% lower than today, despite rises in population, income and activity. Using an integrated assessment modelling framework, we show how changes in the quantity and type of energy services drive structural change in intermediate and upstream supply sectors (energy and land use). Down-sizing the global energy system dramatically improves the feasibility of a low-carbon supply-side transformation. Our scenario meets the 1.5 °C climate target as well as many sustainable development goals, without relying on negative emission technologies.

  19. How much can we save? Impact of different emission scenarios on future snow cover in the Alps

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Marty, Christoph; Schlögl, Sebastian; Bavay, Mathias; Lehning, Michael

    2017-02-01

    This study focuses on an assessment of the future snow depth for two larger Alpine catchments. Automatic weather station data from two diverse regions in the Swiss Alps have been used as input for the Alpine3D surface process model to compute the snow cover at a 200 m horizontal resolution for the reference period (1999-2012). Future temperature and precipitation changes have been computed from 20 downscaled GCM-RCM chains for three different emission scenarios, including one intervention scenario (2 °C target) and for three future time periods (2020-2049, 2045-2074, 2070-2099). By applying simple daily change values to measured time series of temperature and precipitation, small-scale climate scenarios have been calculated for the median estimate and extreme changes. The projections reveal a decrease in snow depth for all elevations, time periods and emission scenarios. The non-intervention scenarios demonstrate a decrease of about 50 % even for elevations above 3000 m. The most affected elevation zone for climate change is located below 1200 m, where the simulations show almost no snow towards the end of the century. Depending on the emission scenario and elevation zone the winter season starts half a month to 1 month later and ends 1 to 3 months earlier in this last scenario period. The resulting snow cover changes may be roughly equivalent to an elevation shift of 500-800 or 700-1000 m for the two non-intervention emission scenarios. At the end of the century the number of snow days may be more than halved at an elevation of around 1500 m and only 0-2 snow days are predicted in the lowlands. The results for the intervention scenario reveal no differences for the first scenario period but clearly demonstrate a stabilization thereafter, comprising much lower snow cover reductions towards the end of the century (ca. 30 % instead of 70 %).

  20. Transient Climate Impacts for Scenarios of Aerosol Emissions from Asia: A Story of Coal versus Gas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Grandey, B. S.; Cheng, H.; Wang, C.

    2014-12-01

    Projections of anthropogenic aerosol emissions are uncertain. In Asia, it is possible that emissions may increase if business continues as usual, with economic growth driving an increase in coal burning. But it is also possible that emissions may decrease rapidly due to the widespread adoption of cleaner technology or a shift towards non-coal fuels, such as natural gas. In this study, the transient climate impacts of three aerosol emissions scenarios are investigated: an RCP4.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5) control; a scenario with reduced Asian anthropogenic aerosol emissions; and a scenario with enhanced Asian anthropogenic aerosol emissions. A coupled atmosphere-ocean configuration of CESM (Community Earth System Model), including CAM5 (Community Atmosphere Model version 5), is used. Enhanced Asian aerosol emissions are found to delay global mean warming by one decade at the end of the century. Aerosol-induced suppression of the East Asian and South Asian summer monsoon precipitation occurs. The enhanced Asian aerosol emissions also remotely impact precipitation in other parts of the world: over the Sahel, West African monsoon precipitation is suppressed; and over Australia, austral summer monsoon precipitation is enhanced. These remote impacts on precipitation are associated with a southward shift of the ITCZ. The aerosol-induced sea surface temperature (SST) response appears to play an important role in the precipitation changes over South Asia and Australia, but not over East Asia. These results indicate that energy production in Asia, through the consequent aerosol emissions and associated radiative effects, might significantly influence future climate both locally and globally.

  1. Estimating criteria pollutant emissions using the California Regional Multisector Air Quality Emissions (CA-REMARQUE) model v1.0

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zapata, Christina B.; Yang, Chris; Yeh, Sonia; Ogden, Joan; Kleeman, Michael J.

    2018-04-01

    The California Regional Multisector Air Quality Emissions (CA-REMARQUE) model is developed to predict changes to criteria pollutant emissions inventories in California in response to sophisticated emissions control programs implemented to achieve deep greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. Two scenarios for the year 2050 act as the starting point for calculations: a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and an 80 % GHG reduction (GHG-Step) scenario. Each of these scenarios was developed with an energy economic model to optimize costs across the entire California economy and so they include changes in activity, fuels, and technology across economic sectors. Separate algorithms are developed to estimate emissions of criteria pollutants (or their precursors) that are consistent with the future GHG scenarios for the following economic sectors: (i) on-road, (ii) rail and off-road, (iii) marine and aviation, (iv) residential and commercial, (v) electricity generation, and (vi) biorefineries. Properly accounting for new technologies involving electrification, biofuels, and hydrogen plays a central role in these calculations. Critically, criteria pollutant emissions do not decrease uniformly across all sectors of the economy. Emissions of certain criteria pollutants (or their precursors) increase in some sectors as part of the overall optimization within each of the scenarios. This produces nonuniform changes to criteria pollutant emissions in close proximity to heavily populated regions when viewed at 4 km spatial resolution with implications for exposure to air pollution for those populations. As a further complication, changing fuels and technology also modify the composition of reactive organic gas emissions and the size and composition of particulate matter emissions. This is most notably apparent through a comparison of emissions reductions for different size fractions of primary particulate matter. Primary PM2.5 emissions decrease by 4 % in the GHG-Step scenario vs

  2. A High Resolution Technology-based Emissions Inventory for Nepal: Present and Future Scenario

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sadavarte, P.; Das, B.; Rupakheti, M.; Byanju, R.; Bhave, P.

    2016-12-01

    A comprehensive regional assessment of emission sources is a major hindrance for a complete understanding of the air quality and for designing appropriate mitigation solutions in Nepal, a landlocked country in foothills of the Himalaya. This study attempts, for the first time, to develop a fine resolution (1km × 1km) present day emission inventory of Nepal with a higher tier approach using our understanding of the currently used technologies, energy consumption used in various energy sectors and its resultant emissions. We estimate present-day emissions of aerosols (BC, OC and PM2.5), trace gases (SO2, CO, NOX and VOC) and greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O and CH4) from non-open burning sources (residential, industry, transport, commercial) and open-burning sources (agriculture and municipal solid waste burning) for the base year 2013. We used methodologies published in literatures, and both primary and secondary data to estimate energy production and consumption in each sector and its sub-sector and associated emissions. Local practices and activity rates are explicitly accounted for energy consumption and dispersed often under-documented emission sources like brick manufacturing, diesel generator sets, mining, stone crushing, solid waste burning and diesel use in farms are considered. Apart from pyrogenic source of CH4 emissions, methanogenic and enteric fermentation sources are also accounted. Region-specific and newly measured country-specific emission factors are used for emission estimates. Activity based proxies are used for spatial and temporal distribution of emissions. Preliminary results suggest that 80% of national energy consumption is in residential sector followed by industry (8%) and transport (7%). More than 90% of the residential energy is supplied by biofuel which needs immediate attention to reduce emissions. Further, the emissions would be compared with other contemporary studies, regional and global datasets and used in the model simulations to

  3. Transient Climate Impacts for Scenarios of Aerosol Emissions from Asia: A Story of Coal versus Gas

    DOE PAGES

    Grandey, Benjamin S.; Cheng, Haiwen; Wang, Chien

    2016-04-06

    Fuel usage is an important driver of anthropogenic aerosol emissions. In Asia, it is possible that aerosol emissions may increase if business continues as usual, with economic growth driving an increase in coal burning. But it is also possible that emissions may decrease rapidly as a result of the widespread adoption of cleaner technologies or a shift toward noncoal fuels, such as natural gas. In this study, the transient climate impacts of two aerosol emissions scenarios are investigated: a representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) control, which projects a decrease in anthropogenic aerosol emissions, and a scenario with enhanced anthropogenic aerosolmore » emissions from Asia. A coupled atmosphere–ocean configuration of the Community Earth System Model (CESM), including the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5), is used. Three sets of initial conditions are used to produce a three-member ensemble for each scenario. Enhanced Asian aerosol emissions are found to exert a large cooling effect across the Northern Hemisphere, partially offsetting greenhouse gas–induced warming. Aerosol-induced suppression of the East Asian and South Asian summer monsoon precipitation occurs. The enhanced Asian aerosol emissions also remotely impact precipitation in other parts of the world. Over Australia, austral summer monsoon precipitation is enhanced, an effect associated with a southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone, driven by the aerosol-induced cooling of the Northern Hemisphere. Over the Sahel, West African monsoon precipitation is suppressed, likely via a weakening of the West African westerly jet. These results indicate that fuel usage in Asia, through the consequent aerosol emissions and associated radiative effects, might significantly influence future climate both locally and globally.« less

  4. Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in China 2012: Inventory and Supply Chain Analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Bo; Zhang, Yaowen; Zhao, Xueli; Meng, Jing

    2018-01-01

    Reliable inventory information is critical in informing emission mitigation efforts. Using the latest officially released emission data, which is production based, we take a consumption perspective to estimate the non-CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for China in 2012. The non-CO2 GHG emissions, which cover CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6, amounted to 2003.0 Mt. CO2-eq (including 1871.9 Mt. CO2-eq from economic activities), much larger than the total CO2 emissions in some developed countries. Urban consumption (30.1%), capital formation (28.2%), and exports (20.6%) derived approximately four fifths of the total embodied emissions in final demand. Furthermore, the results from structural path analysis help identify critical embodied emission paths and key economic sectors in supply chains for mitigating non-CO2 GHG emissions in Chinese economic systems. The top 20 paths were responsible for half of the national total embodied emissions. Several industrial sectors such as <fi>Construction, Production and Supply of Electricity and Steamfi>, <fi>Manufacture of Food and Tobaccofi> and <fi>Manufacture of Chemicalsfi>, <fi>and Chemical Productsfi> played as the important transmission channels. Examining both production- and consumption-based non-CO2 GHG emissions will enrich our understanding of the influences of industrial positions, final consumption demands, and trades on national non-CO2 GHG emissions by considering the comprehensive abatement potentials in the supply chains.

  5. Projections of NH3 emissions from manure generated by livestock production in China to 2030 under six mitigation scenarios.

    PubMed

    Xu, Peng; Koloutsou-Vakakis, Sotiria; Rood, Mark J; Luan, Shengji

    2017-12-31

    China's rapid urbanization, large population, and increasing consumption of calorie-and meat-intensive diets, have resulted in China becoming the world's largest source of ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions from livestock production. This is the first study to use provincial, condition-specific emission factors based on most recently available studies on Chinese manure management and environmental conditions. The estimated NH 3 emission temporal trends and spatial patterns are interpreted in relation to government policies affecting livestock production. Scenario analysis is used to project emissions and estimate mitigation potential of NH 3 emissions, to year 2030. We produce a 1km×1km gridded NH 3 emission inventory for 2008 based on county-level activity data, which can help identify locations of highest NH 3 emissions. The total NH 3 emissions from manure generated by livestock production in 2008 were 7.3TgNH 3 ·yr -1 (interquartile range from 6.1 to 8.6TgNH 3 ·yr -1 ), and the major sources were poultry (29.9%), pigs (28.4%), other cattle (27.9%), and dairy cattle (7.0%), while sheep and goats (3.6%), donkeys (1.3%), horses (1.2%), and mules (0.7%) had smaller contributions. From 1978 to 2008, annual NH 3 emissions fluctuated with two peaks (1996 and 2006), and total emissions increased from 2.2 to 7.3Tg·yr -1 increasing on average 4.4%·yr -1 . Under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, NH 3 emissions in 2030 are expected to be 13.9TgNH 3 ·yr -1 (11.5-16.3TgNH 3 ·yr -1 ). Under mitigation scenarios, the projected emissions could be reduced by 18.9-37.3% compared to 2030 BAU emissions. This study improves our understanding of NH 3 emissions from livestock production, which is needed to guide stakeholders and policymakers to make well informed mitigation decisions for NH 3 emissions from livestock production at the country and regional levels. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  6. Working Toward Policy-Relevant Air Quality Emissions Scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Holloway, T.

    2010-12-01

    Though much work has been done to develop accurate chemical emission inventories, few publicly available inventories are appropriate for realistic policy analysis. Emissions from the electricity and transportation sectors, in particular, respond in complex ways to policy, technology, and energy use change. Many widely used inventories, such as the EPA National Emissions Inventory, are well-suited for modeling current air quality, but do not have the specificity needed to address "what if?" questions. Changes in electricity demand, fuel prices, new power sources, and emission controls all influence the emissions from regional power production, requiring a plant-by-plant assessment to capture the spatially explicit impacts. Similarly, land use, freight distribution, or driving behavior will yield differentiated transportation emissions for urban areas, suburbs, and rural highways. We here present results from three recent research projects at the University of Wisconsin—Madison, where bottom-up emission inventories for electricity, freight transport, and urban vehicle use were constructed to support policy-relevant air quality research. These three studies include: 1) Using the MyPower electricity dispatch model to calculate emissions and air quality impacts of Renewable Portfolio Standards and other carbon-management strategies; 2) Using advanced vehicle and commodity flow data from the Federal Highway Administration to evaluate the potential to shift commodities from truck to rail (assuming expanded infrastructure), and assess a range of alternative fuel suggestions; and 3) Working with urban planners to connect urban density with vehicle use to evaluate the air quality impacts of smart-growth in major Midwest cities. Drawing on the results of these three studies, and on challenges overcome in their execution, we discuss the current state of policy-relevant emission dataset generation, as well as techniques and attributes that need to be further refined in order

  7. Stabilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide via zero emissions—An alternative way to a stable global environment. Part 2: A practical zero-emissions scenario

    PubMed Central

    MATSUNO, Taroh; MARUYAMA, Koki; TSUTSUI, Junichi

    2012-01-01

    Following Part 1, a comparison of CO2-emissions pathways between “zero-emissions stabilization (Z-stabilization)” and traditional stabilization is made under more realistic conditions that take into account the radiative forcings of other greenhouse gases and aerosols with the constraint that the temperature rise must not exceed 2 ℃ above the preindustrial level. It is shown that the findings in Part 1 on the merits of Z-stabilization hold under the more realistic conditions. The results clarify the scientific basis of the policy claim of 50% reduction of the world CO2 emissions by 2050. Since the highest greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration and temperature occur only temporarily in Z-stabilization pathways, we may slightly relax the upper limit of the temperature rise. We can then search for a scenario with larger emissions in the 21st century; such a scenario may have potential for practical application. It is suggested that in this Z-stabilization pathway, larger emissions in the near future may be important from a socioeconomic viewpoint. PMID:22850728

  8. Aminopyridinate-FI hybrids, their hafnium and titanium complexes, and their application in the living polymerization of 1-hexene.

    PubMed

    Haas, Isabelle; Dietel, Thomas; Press, Konstantin; Kol, Moshe; Kempe, Rhett

    2013-10-11

    Based on two well-established ligand systems, the aminopyridinato (Ap) and the phenoxyimine (FI) ligand systems, new Ap-FI hybrid ligands were developed. Four different Ap-FI hybrid ligands were synthesized through a simple condensation reaction and fully characterized. The reaction of hafnium tetrabenzyl with all four Ap-FI hybrid ligands exclusively led to mono(Ap-FI) complexes of the type [(Ap-FI)HfBn2 ]. The ligands acted as tetradentate dianionic chelates. Upon activation with tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, the hafnium-dibenzyl complexes led to highly active catalysts for the polymerization of 1-hexene. Ultrahigh molecular weights and extremely narrow polydispersities support the living nature of this polymerization process. A possible deactivation product of the hafnium catalysts was characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis and is discussed. The coordination modes of these new ligands were studied with the help of model titanium complexes. The reaction of titanium(IV) isopropoxide with ligand 1 led to a mono(Ap-FI) complex, which showed the desired fac-mer coordination mode. Titanium (IV) isopropoxide reacted with ligand 4 to give a complex of the type [(ApH-FI)2 Ti(OiPr)2 ], which featured the ligand in its monoanionic form. The two titanium complexes were characterized by X-ray crystal-structure analysis. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  9. Impact of a future H2-based road transportation sector on the composition and chemistry of the atmosphere - Part 1: Tropospheric composition and air quality

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, D.; Jia, W.; Olsen, S. C.; Wuebbles, D. J.; Dubey, M. K.; Rockett, A. A.

    2013-07-01

    Vehicles burning fossil fuel emit a number of substances that change the composition and chemistry of the atmosphere, and contribute to global air and water pollution and climate change. For example, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted as byproducts of fossil fuel combustion are key precursors to ground-level ozone and aerosol formation. In addition, on-road vehicles are major CO2 emitters. In order to tackle these problems, molecular hydrogen (H2) has been proposed as an energy carrier to substitute for fossil fuels in the future. However, before implementing any such strategy it is crucial to evaluate its potential impacts on air quality and climate. Here, we evaluate the impact of a future (2050) H2-based road transportation sector on tropospheric chemistry and air quality for several possible growth and technology adoption scenarios. The growth scenarios are based on the high and low emissions Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, A1FI and B1, respectively. The technological adoption scenarios include H2 fuel cell and H2 internal combustion engine options. The impacts are evaluated with the Community Atmospheric Model Chemistry global chemistry transport model (CAM-Chem). Higher resolution simulations focusing on the contiguous United States are also carried out with the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ) regional chemistry transport model. For all scenarios future air quality improves with the adoption of a H2-based road transportation sector; however, the magnitude and type of improvement depend on the scenario. Model results show that the adoption of H2 fuel cells would decrease tropospheric burdens of ozone (7%), CO (14%), NOx (16%), soot (17%), sulfate aerosol (4%), and ammonium nitrate aerosol (12%) in the A1FI scenario, and would decrease those of ozone (5%), CO (4%), NOx (11%), soot (7%), sulfate aerosol (4%), and ammonium nitrate aerosol (9%) in the B1 scenario

  10. Changes in future air quality, deposition, and aerosol-cloud interactions under future climate and emission scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Glotfelty, Timothy; Zhang, Yang; Karamchandani, Prakash; Streets, David G.

    2016-08-01

    The prospect of global climate change will have wide scale impacts, such as ecological stress and human health hazards. One aspect of concern is future changes in air quality that will result from changes in both meteorological forcing and air pollutant emissions. In this study, the GU-WRF/Chem model is employed to simulate the impact of changing climate and emissions following the IPCC AR4 SRES A1B scenario. An average of 4 future years (2020, 2030, 2040, and 2050) is compared against an average of 2 current years (2001 and 2010). Under this scenario, by the Mid-21st century global air quality is projected to degrade with a global average increase of 2.5 ppb in the maximum 8-hr O3 level and of 0.3 μg m-3 in 24-hr average PM2.5. However, PM2.5 changes are more regional due to regional variations in primary aerosol emissions and emissions of gaseous precursor for secondary PM2.5. Increasing NOx emissions in this scenario combines with a wetter climate elevating levels of OH, HO2, H2O2, and the nitrate radical and increasing the atmosphere's near surface oxidation state. This differs from findings under the RCP scenarios that experience declines in OH from reduced NOx emissions, stratospheric recovery of O3, and increases in CH4 and VOCs. Increasing NOx and O3 levels enhances the nitrogen and O3 deposition, indicating potentially enhanced crop damage and ecosystem stress under this scenario. The enhanced global aerosol level results in enhancements in aerosol optical depth, cloud droplet number concentration, and cloud optical thickness. This leads to dimming at the Earth's surface with a global average reduction in shortwave radiation of 1.2 W m-2. This enhanced dimming leads to a more moderate warming trend and different trends in radiation than those found in NCAR's CCSM simulation, which does not include the advanced chemistry and aerosol treatment of GU-WRF/Chem and cannot simulate the impacts of changing climate and emissions with the same level of detailed

  11. Modeling potential climate change impacts on the trees of the northeastern United States

    Treesearch

    Louis Iverson; Anantha Prasad; Stephen Matthews

    2008-01-01

    We evaluated 134 tree species from the eastern United States for potential response to several scenarios of climate change, and summarized those responses for nine northeastern United States. We modeled and mapped each species individually and show current and potential future distributions for two emission scenarios (A1fi [higher emission] and B1 [lower emission]) and...

  12. Global production, use, and emission volumes of short-chain chlorinated paraffins - A minimum scenario.

    PubMed

    Glüge, Juliane; Wang, Zhanyun; Bogdal, Christian; Scheringer, Martin; Hungerbühler, Konrad

    2016-12-15

    Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) show high persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity (PBT properties). Consequently, restrictions on production and use have been enforced in several countries/regions. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants recognized the PBT properties and long-range transport potential of SCCPs in 2015 and is now evaluating a possible global phase-out or restrictions. In this context, it is relevant to know which countries are producing/using SCCPs and in which amounts, and which applications contribute most to their environmental emissions. To provide a first comprehensive overview, we review and integrate all publicly available data on the global production and use of both chlorinated paraffins (CPs) as a whole and specifically SCCPs. Considerable amount of data on production/use of CPs and SCCPs are missing. Based on the available data and reported emission factors, we estimate the past and current worldwide SCCP emissions from individual applications. Using the available data as a minimum scenario, we conclude: (i) SCCP production and use is increasing, with the current worldwide production volume being 165,000t/year at least, whereas the global production of total CPs exceeds 1milliont/year. (ii) The worldwide release of SCCPs from their production and use to air, surface water, and soil between 1935 and 2012 has been in the range of 1690-41,400t, 1660-105,000t, and 9460-81,000t, respectively. (iii) The SCCP manufacture and use in PVC, the use in metal working applications and sealants/adhesives, and the use in plastics and rubber contribute most to the emissions to air, surface water, and soil. Thus, the decrease in the environmental emissions of SCCPs requires reduction of SCCP use in (almost) all applications. (iv) Emissions due to the disposal of waste SCCPs cannot be accurately estimated, because relevant information is missing. Instead, we conduct a scenario analysis to provide some insights into

  13. The impact of a future H2-based road transportation sector on the composition and chemistry of the atmosphere - Part 1: Tropospheric composition and air quality

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, D.; Jia, W.; Olsen, S. C.; Wuebbles, D. J.; Dubey, M. K.; Rockett, A. A.

    2012-08-01

    Vehicles burning fossil fuel emit a number of substances that change the composition and chemistry of the atmosphere, and contribute to global air and water pollution and climate change. For example, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted as byproducts of fossil fuel combustion are key precursors to ground-level ozone and aerosol formation. In addition, on-road vehicles are major CO2 emitters. In order to tackle these problems, molecular hydrogen (H2) has been proposed as an energy carrier to substitute for fossil fuel in the future. However, before implementing any such strategy it is crucial to evaluate its potential impacts on air quality and climate. Here we evaluate the impact of a future (2050) H2-based road transportation sector on tropospheric chemistry and air quality for several possible growth and technology adoption scenarios. The growth scenarios are based on the high and low emissions Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, A1FI and B1, respectively. The technological adoption scenarios include H2 fuel cell and H2 internal combustion engine options. The impacts are evaluated with the Community Atmospheric Model Chemistry global chemistry transport model (CAM-Chem). Higher resolution simulations focusing on the contiguous United States are also carried out with the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ) regional chemistry transport model. For all scenarios future air quality improves with the adoption of a H2-based road transportation sector, however, the magnitude and type of improvement depend on the scenario. Model results show that with the adoption of H2 fuel cells decreases tropospheric burdens of ozone (7%), CO (14%), NOx (16%), soot (17%), sulfate aerosol (4%), and ammonium nitrate aerosol (12%) in the A1FI scenario, and decreases those of ozone (5%), CO (4%), NOx (11%), soot (7%), sulfate aerosol (4%), and ammonium nitrate aerosol (9 %) in the B1 scenario. The

  14. Temperature Rise and Allowable Carbon Emissions for the RCP2.6 Scenario

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tachiiri, K.; Hargreaves, J. C.; Annan, J. D.; Huntingford, C.; Kawamiya, M.

    2012-12-01

    Climate research centres are running Earth System Models (ESMs) forced by Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. While these GCM studies increase process based knowledge, the number of simulations is small, making it difficult to interpret the resulting distribution of responses in a probabilistic way. We use a probabilistic framework to estimate the range of future temperature change and allowable emissions for a low mitigation CO2 concentration pathway RCP 2.6. Uncertainty is initially estimated by allowing modelled equilibrium climate sensitivity, aerosol forcing and intrinsic physical and biogeochemical processes to vary within widely accepted ranges. Results are then further constrained by extensive use of contemporary measurements. Despite this, the resulting range of temperatures for RCP 2.6 remains large. The predicted peak global temperature increase, reached around 2100, from pre-industrial is 0.8 - 1.9 K and 1.0 - 1.9 K (95% range) for the unconstrained and the constrained cases, respectively. Allowable emissions at the time of peak emission period is projected as 6.0 - 10.8 PgC yr-1 and 7.4 - 10.2 PgC yr-1 for each case. After year 2100, negative net emissions are required with a probability of some 84 %, and related uncertainty in cumulative emissions is large.

  15. [Hi-Fi simulation: Teaching crisis resource management to surgery residents].

    PubMed

    Georgescu, Mihai; Tanoubi, Issam; Drolet, Pierre; Robitaille, Arnaud; Perron, Roger; Patenaude, Jean Victor

    2015-02-01

    High-fidelity (HiFi) simulation has shown its effectiveness for teaching crisis resource management (CRM) principles, and our institutional experience in this area is mainly with anesthesiology residents. We recently added to our postgraduate curriculum a new CRM course designed to cater to the specific needs of surgical residents. This short communication describes the experience of the University of Montreal Simulation Centre (Centre d'Apprentissage des Attitudes et Habiletés Cliniques CAAHC) regarding HiFi simulationbased CRM and communication skills teaching for surgical residents. Thirty residents agreed to participate in a simulation course with pre-established scenarios and educational CRM objectives on a voluntary basis. When surveyed immediately after the activity, all residents agreed that the educational objectives were well defined (80% "strongly agree" and 20% "agree"). The survey also showed that the course was well accepted by all participants (96% "strongly agree" and 4% "agree"). Further trials with randomized groups and more reliable assessment tools are needed to validate our results. Still, integrating HiFi simulation based CRM learning in the surgical residency curriculum seems like an interesting step.

  16. Evaluating Uncertainty in GHG Emission Scenarios: Mapping IAM Outlooks With an Energy System Phase Space

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ritchie, W. J.; Dowlatabadi, H.

    2017-12-01

    Climate change modeling relies on projections of future greenhouse gas emissions and other phenomena leading to changes in planetary radiative forcing (RF). Pathways for long-run fossil energy use that map to total forcing outcomes are commonly depicted with integrated assessment models (IAMs). IAMs structure outlooks for 21st-century emissions with various theories for developments in demographics, economics, land-use, energy markets and energy service demands. These concepts are applied to understand global changes in two key factors relevant for scenarios of carbon emissions: total energy use (E) this century and the carbon intensity of that energy (F/E). A simple analytical and graphical approach can also illustrate the full range of outcomes for these variables to determine if IAMs provide sufficient coverage of the uncertainty space for future energy use. In this talk, we present a method for understanding uncertainties relevant to RF scenario components in a phase space. The phase space of a dynamic system represents significant factors as axes to capture the full range of physically possible states. A two-dimensional phase space of E and F/E presents the possible system states that can lead to various levels of total 21st-century carbon emissions. Once defined in this way, a phase space of these energy system coordinates allows for rapid characterization of large IAM scenario sets with machine learning techniques. This phase space method is applied to the levels of RF described by the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The resulting RCP phase space identifies characteristics of the baseline energy system outlooks provided by IAMs for IPCC Working Group III. We conduct a k-means cluster analysis to distinguish the major features of IAM scenarios for each RCP range. Cluster analysis finds the IAM scenarios in AR5 illustrate RCPs with consistent combinations of energy resources. This suggests IAM scenarios understate uncertainty ranges for future

  17. Evaluating EDGARv4.tox2 speciated mercury emissions ex-post scenarios and their impacts on modelled global and regional wet deposition patterns

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Muntean, Marilena; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Song, Shaojie; Giang, Amanda; Selin, Noelle E.; Zhong, Hui; Zhao, Yu; Olivier, Jos G. J.; Guizzardi, Diego; Crippa, Monica; Schaaf, Edwin; Dentener, Frank

    2018-07-01

    Speciated mercury gridded emissions inventories together with chemical transport models and concentration measurements are essential when investigating both the effectiveness of mitigation measures and the mercury cycle in the environment. Since different mercury species have contrasting behaviour in the atmosphere, their proportion in anthropogenic emissions could determine the spatial impacts. In this study, the time series from 1970 to 2012 of the EDGARv4.tox2 global mercury emissions inventory are described; the total global mercury emission in 2010 is 1772 tonnes. Global grid-maps with geospatial distribution of mercury emissions at a 0.1° × 0.1° resolution are provided for each year. Compared to the previous tox1 version, tox2 provides updates for more recent years and improved emissions in particular for agricultural waste burning, power generation and artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) sectors. We have also developed three retrospective emissions scenarios based on different hypotheses related to the proportion of mercury species in the total mercury emissions for each activity sector; improvements in emissions speciation are seen when using information primarily from field measurements. We evaluated them using the GEOS-Chem 3-D mercury model in order to explore the influence of speciation shifts, to reactive mercury forms in particular, on regional wet deposition patterns. The reference scenario S1 (EDGARv4.tox2_S1) uses speciation factors from the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP); scenario S2 ("EPA_power") uses factors from EPA's Information Collection Request (ICR); and scenario S3 ("Asia_filedM") factors from recent scientific publications. In the reference scenario, the sum of reactive mercury emissions (Hg-P and Hg2+) accounted for 25.3% of the total global emissions; the regions/countries that have shares of reactive mercury emissions higher than 6% in total global reactive mercury are China+ (30.9%), India+ (12.5%) and

  18. Coexistence of ZigBee-Based WBAN and WiFi for Health Telemonitoring Systems.

    PubMed

    Kim, Yena; Lee, SeungSeob; Lee, SuKyoung

    2016-01-01

    The development of telemonitoring via wireless body area networks (WBANs) is an evolving direction in personalized medicine and home-based mobile health. A WBAN consists of small, intelligent medical sensors which collect physiological parameters such as electrocardiogram, electroencephalography, and blood pressure. The recorded physiological signals are sent to a coordinator via wireless technologies, and are then transmitted to a healthcare monitoring center. One of the most widely used wireless technologies in WBANs is ZigBee because it is targeted at applications that require a low data rate and long battery life. However, ZigBee-based WBANs face severe interference problems in the presence of WiFi networks. This problem is caused by the fact that most ZigBee channels overlap with WiFi channels, severely affecting the ability of healthcare monitoring systems to guarantee reliable delivery of physiological signals. To solve this problem, we have developed an algorithm that controls the load in WiFi networks to guarantee the delay requirement for physiological signals, especially for emergency messages, in environments with coexistence of ZigBee-based WBAN and WiFi. Since WiFi applications generate traffic with different delay requirements, we focus only on WiFi traffic that does not have stringent timing requirements. In this paper, therefore, we propose an adaptive load control algorithm for ZigBee-based WBAN/WiFi coexistence environments, with the aim of guaranteeing that the delay experienced by ZigBee sensors does not exceed a maximally tolerable period of time. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm guarantees the delay performance of ZigBee-based WBANs by mitigating the effects of WiFi interference in various scenarios.

  19. Inventories and reduction scenarios of urban waste-related greenhouse gas emissions for management potential.

    PubMed

    Yang, Dewei; Xu, Lingxing; Gao, Xueli; Guo, Qinghai; Huang, Ning

    2018-06-01

    Waste-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been recognized as one of the prominent contributors to global warming. Current urban waste regulations, however, face increasing challenges from stakeholders' trade-offs and hierarchic management. A combined method, i.e., life cycle inventories and scenario analysis, was employed to investigate waste-related GHG emissions during 1995-2015 and to project future scenarios of waste-driven carbon emissions by 2050 in a pilot low carbon city, Xiamen, China. The process-based carbon analysis of waste generation (prevention and separation), transportation (collection and transfer) and disposal (treatment and recycling) shows that the main contributors of carbon emissions are associated with waste disposal processes, solid waste, the municipal sector and Xiamen Mainland. Significant spatial differences of waste-related CO 2e emissions were observed between Xiamen Island and Xiamen Mainland using the carbon intensity and density indexes. An uptrend of waste-related CO 2e emissions from 2015 to 2050 is identified in the business as usual, waste disposal optimization, waste reduction and the integrated scenario, with mean annual growth rates of 8.86%, 8.42%, 6.90% and 6.61%, respectively. The scenario and sensitivity analysis imply that effective waste-related carbon reduction requires trade-offs among alternative strategies, actions and stakeholders in a feasible plan, and emphasize a priority of waste prevention and collection in Xiamen. Our results could benefit to the future modeling of urban multiple wastes and life-cycle carbon control in similar cities within and beyond China. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  20. SNMP Over Wi-Fi Wireless Networks

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-03-01

    headphone, 1 x microphone, 1 x AC adapter 73 Wireless connectivity IrDA, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11b) Power Battery installed (max) 1 x Lithium Ion battery ...headphone, 1 x microphone, 1 x AC adapter Wireless connectivity Bluetooth, IrDA, Wi-Fi Power Battery installed (max) 1 x Lithium Ion battery ...is required. However Microsoft released the new version of Embedded Visual Tool that integrated Pocket PC 2002 SDK and Smartphone 2002 SDK on

  1. Scenario and modelling uncertainty in global mean temperature change derived from emission-driven global climate models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Booth, B. B. B.; Bernie, D.; McNeall, D.; Hawkins, E.; Caesar, J.; Boulton, C.; Friedlingstein, P.; Sexton, D. M. H.

    2013-04-01

    We compare future changes in global mean temperature in response to different future scenarios which, for the first time, arise from emission-driven rather than concentration-driven perturbed parameter ensemble of a global climate model (GCM). These new GCM simulations sample uncertainties in atmospheric feedbacks, land carbon cycle, ocean physics and aerosol sulphur cycle processes. We find broader ranges of projected temperature responses arising when considering emission rather than concentration-driven simulations (with 10-90th percentile ranges of 1.7 K for the aggressive mitigation scenario, up to 3.9 K for the high-end, business as usual scenario). A small minority of simulations resulting from combinations of strong atmospheric feedbacks and carbon cycle responses show temperature increases in excess of 9 K (RCP8.5) and even under aggressive mitigation (RCP2.6) temperatures in excess of 4 K. While the simulations point to much larger temperature ranges for emission-driven experiments, they do not change existing expectations (based on previous concentration-driven experiments) on the timescales over which different sources of uncertainty are important. The new simulations sample a range of future atmospheric concentrations for each emission scenario. Both in the case of SRES A1B and the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), the concentration scenarios used to drive GCM ensembles, lies towards the lower end of our simulated distribution. This design decision (a legacy of previous assessments) is likely to lead concentration-driven experiments to under-sample strong feedback responses in future projections. Our ensemble of emission-driven simulations span the global temperature response of the CMIP5 emission-driven simulations, except at the low end. Combinations of low climate sensitivity and low carbon cycle feedbacks lead to a number of CMIP5 responses to lie below our ensemble range. The ensemble simulates a number of high-end responses which lie

  2. Global Scenarios of Air Pollutant Emissions from Road Transport through to 2050

    PubMed Central

    Takeshita, Takayuki

    2011-01-01

    This paper presents global scenarios of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) emissions from road transport through to 2050, taking into account the potential impacts of: (1) the timing of air pollutant emission regulation implementation in developing countries; (2) global CO2 mitigation policy implementation; and (3) vehicle cost assumptions, on study results. This is done by using a global energy system model treating the transport sector in detail. The major conclusions are the following. First, as long as non-developed countries adopt the same vehicle emission standards as in developed countries within a 30-year lag, global emissions of SO2, NOx, and PM from road vehicles decrease substantially over time. Second, light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty trucks make a large and increasing contribution to future global emissions of SO2, NOx, and PM from road vehicles. Third, the timing of air pollutant emission regulation implementation in developing countries has a large impact on future global emissions of SO2, NOx, and PM from road vehicles, whereas there is a possibility that global CO2 mitigation policy implementation has a comparatively small impact on them. PMID:21845172

  3. Influence of future anthropogenic emissions on climate, natural emissions, and air quality

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jacobson, Mark Z.; Streets, David G.

    2009-04-01

    This study examines the effects of future anthropogenic emissions on climate, and the resulting feedback to natural emissions and air quality. Speciated sector- and region-specific 2030 emission factors were developed to produce gas and particle emission inventories that followed Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A1B and B1 emission trajectories. Current and future climate model simulations were run, in which anthropogenic emission changes affected climate, which fed back to natural emissions from lightning (NO, NO2, HONO, HNO3, N2O, H2O2, HO2, CO), soils (dust, bacteria, NO, N2O, H2, CH4, H2S, DMS, OCS, CS2), the ocean (bacteria, sea spray, DMS, N2O, H2, CH4), vegetation (pollen, spores, isoprene, monoterpenes, methanol, other VOCs), and photosynthesis/respiration. New methods were derived to calculate lightning flash rates as a function of size-resolved collisions and other physical principles and pollen, spore, and bacteria emissions. Although the B1 scenario was "cleaner" than the A1B scenario, global warming increased more in the B1 scenario because much A1B warming was masked by additional reflective aerosol particles. Thus neither scenario is entirely beneficial from a climate and health perspective, and the best control measure is to reduce warming gases and warming/cooling particles together. Lightning emissions declined by ˜3% in the B1 scenario and ˜12% in the A1B scenario as the number of ice crystals, thus charge-separating bounceoffs, decreased. Net primary production increased by ˜2% in both scenarios. Emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes increased by ˜1% in the A1B scenario and 4-5% in the B1 scenario. Near-surface ozone increased by ˜14% in the A1B scenario and ˜4% in the B1 scenario, reducing ambient isoprene in the latter case. Gases from soils increased in both scenarios due to higher temperatures. Near-surface PM2.5 mass increased by ˜2% in the A1B scenario and decreased by ˜2% in the B1 scenario. The resulting 1.4% higher

  4. Glypican-1-antibody-conjugated Gd–Au nanoclusters for FI/MRI dual-modal targeted detection of pancreatic cancer

    PubMed Central

    Zhu, Huanhuan; Le, Wenjun; Cui, Shaobin; Chen, Xin; Li, Wei; Zhang, Fulei; Huang, Yong; Sh, Donglu; Cui, Zheng; Shao, Chengwei; Chen, Bingdi

    2018-01-01

    Introduction Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a poor prognosis with high mortality, due to the lack of effective early diagnostic and prognostic tools. Materials and methods In order to target and diagnose PC, we developed a dual-modal imaging probe using Glypican-1 (GPC-1) antibody conjugated with Gd–Au nanoclusters (NCs; Gd-Au-NC-GPC-1). GPC-1 is a type of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan, which is often highly expressed in PC. The probe was successfully prepared with a hydrodynamic diameter ranging from 13.5 to 24.4 nm. Results Spectral characteristics showed absorption at 280 nm and prominent emission at 650 nm. Confocal microscopic imaging showed effective detection of GPC-1 highly expressed PC cells by Gd-Au-NC-GPC-1, which was consistent with flow cytometry results. In vitro relaxivity characterization demonstrated that the r1 value of the probe was 17.722 s−1 mM−1 Gd, which was almost 4 times higher compared with that of Gd-diethylenetriaminepentacetate (DTPA; r1 value =4.6 s−1 mM−1 Gd). Gd-Au-NC-GPC-1 exhibited similar magnetic resonance (MR) signals when compared to Gd-DTPA even at lower Gd concentrations. Much higher MR signals were registered in PC cells (COLO-357) compared with normal cells (293T). Furthermore, Gd-Au-NC-GPC-1 could effectively detect PC cells in vivo by dual-modal fluorescence imaging/magnetic resonance imaging (FI/MRI) at 30 minutes postinjection. In addition, Gd-Au-NC-GPC-1 did not show significant biotoxicity to normal cells at tested concentrations both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Gd-Au-NC-GPC-1 has demonstrated to be a promising dual-modal FI/MRI contrast agent for targeted diagnosis of PC. PMID:29750031

  5. Glypican-1-antibody-conjugated Gd-Au nanoclusters for FI/MRI dual-modal targeted detection of pancreatic cancer.

    PubMed

    Huang, Xin; Fan, Chengqi; Zhu, Huanhuan; Le, Wenjun; Cui, Shaobin; Chen, Xin; Li, Wei; Zhang, Fulei; Huang, Yong; Sh, Donglu; Cui, Zheng; Shao, Chengwei; Chen, Bingdi

    2018-01-01

    Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a poor prognosis with high mortality, due to the lack of effective early diagnostic and prognostic tools. In order to target and diagnose PC, we developed a dual-modal imaging probe using Glypican-1 (GPC-1) antibody conjugated with Gd-Au nanoclusters (NCs; Gd-Au-NC-GPC-1). GPC-1 is a type of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan, which is often highly expressed in PC. The probe was successfully prepared with a hydrodynamic diameter ranging from 13.5 to 24.4 nm. Spectral characteristics showed absorption at 280 nm and prominent emission at 650 nm. Confocal microscopic imaging showed effective detection of GPC-1 highly expressed PC cells by Gd-Au-NC-GPC-1, which was consistent with flow cytometry results. In vitro relaxivity characterization demonstrated that the r1 value of the probe was 17.722 s -1 mM -1 Gd, which was almost 4 times higher compared with that of Gd-diethylenetriaminepentacetate (DTPA; r1 value =4.6 s -1 mM -1 Gd). Gd-Au-NC-GPC-1 exhibited similar magnetic resonance (MR) signals when compared to Gd-DTPA even at lower Gd concentrations. Much higher MR signals were registered in PC cells (COLO-357) compared with normal cells (293T). Furthermore, Gd-Au-NC-GPC-1 could effectively detect PC cells in vivo by dual-modal fluorescence imaging/magnetic resonance imaging (FI/MRI) at 30 minutes postinjection. In addition, Gd-Au-NC-GPC-1 did not show significant biotoxicity to normal cells at tested concentrations both in vitro and in vivo. Gd-Au-NC-GPC-1 has demonstrated to be a promising dual-modal FI/MRI contrast agent for targeted diagnosis of PC.

  6. Spatiotemporal Characteristics, Determinants and Scenario Analysis of CO2 Emissions in China Using Provincial Panel Data.

    PubMed

    Wang, Shaojian; Fang, Chuanglin; Li, Guangdong

    2015-01-01

    This paper empirically investigated the spatiotemporal variations, influencing factors and future emission trends of China's CO2 emissions based on a provincial panel data set. A series of panel econometric models were used taking the period 1995-2011 into consideration. The results indicated that CO2 emissions in China increased over time, and were characterized by noticeable regional discrepancies; in addition, CO2 emissions also exhibited properties of spatial dependence and convergence. Factors such as population scale, economic level and urbanization level exerted a positive influence on CO2 emissions. Conversely, energy intensity was identified as having a negative influence on CO2 emissions. In addition, the significance of the relationship between CO2 emissions and the four variables varied across the provinces based on their scale of economic development. Scenario simulations further showed that the scenario of middle economic growth, middle population increase, low urbanization growth, and high technology improvement (here referred to as Scenario BTU), constitutes the best development model for China to realize the future sustainable development. Based on these empirical findings, we also provide a number of policy recommendations with respect to the future mitigation of CO2 emissions.

  7. Spatiotemporal Characteristics, Determinants and Scenario Analysis of CO2 Emissions in China Using Provincial Panel Data

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Shaojian

    2015-01-01

    This paper empirically investigated the spatiotemporal variations, influencing factors and future emission trends of China’s CO2 emissions based on a provincial panel data set. A series of panel econometric models were used taking the period 1995–2011 into consideration. The results indicated that CO2 emissions in China increased over time, and were characterized by noticeable regional discrepancies; in addition, CO2 emissions also exhibited properties of spatial dependence and convergence. Factors such as population scale, economic level and urbanization level exerted a positive influence on CO2 emissions. Conversely, energy intensity was identified as having a negative influence on CO2 emissions. In addition, the significance of the relationship between CO2 emissions and the four variables varied across the provinces based on their scale of economic development. Scenario simulations further showed that the scenario of middle economic growth, middle population increase, low urbanization growth, and high technology improvement (here referred to as Scenario BTU), constitutes the best development model for China to realize the future sustainable development. Based on these empirical findings, we also provide a number of policy recommendations with respect to the future mitigation of CO2 emissions. PMID:26397373

  8. Greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector in Argentina in business-as-usual and mitigation scenarios.

    PubMed

    Santalla, Estela; Córdoba, Verónica; Blanco, Gabriel

    2013-08-01

    The objective of this work was the application of 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for the estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the waste sector in Argentina as a preliminary exercise for greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory development and to compare with previous inventories based on 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Emissions projections to 2030 were evaluated under two scenarios--business as usual (BAU), and mitigation--and the calculations were done by using the ad hoc developed IPCC software. According to local activity data, in the business-as-usual scenario, methane emissions from solid waste disposal will increase by 73% by 2030 with respect to the emissions of year 2000. In the mitigation scenario, based on the recorded trend of methane captured in landfills, a decrease of 50% from the BAU scenario should be achieved by 2030. In the BAU scenario, GHG emissions from domestic wastewater will increase 63% from 2000 to 2030. Methane emissions from industrial wastewater, calculated from activity data of dairy, swine, slaughterhouse, citric, sugar, and wine sectors, will increase by 58% from 2000 to 2030 while methane emissions from domestic will increase 74% in the same period. Results show that GHG emissions calculated from 2006 IPCC Guidelines resulted in lower levels than those reported in previous national inventories for solid waste disposal and domestic wastewater categories, while levels were 18% higher for industrial wastewater. The implementation of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Inventories is now considering by the UNFCCC for non-Annex I countries in order to enhance the compilation of inventories based on comparable good practice methods. This work constitutes the first GHG emissions estimation from the waste sector of Argentina applying the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the ad doc developed software. It will contribute to identifying the main differences between the models applied in the estimation of

  9. The impact of a future H2-based road transportation sector on the composition and chemistry of the atmosphere - Part 2: Stratospheric ozone

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, D.; Jia, W.; Olsen, S. C.; Wuebbles, D. J.; Dubey, M. K.; Rockett, A. A.

    2012-08-01

    The prospective future adoption of hydrogen to power the road transportation sector could greatly improve tropospheric air quality but also raises the question whether the adoption would have adverse effects on stratospheric ozone. The possibility of these undesirable impacts must be fully evaluated to guide future policy decisions. Here we evaluate the possible impact of a future (2050) H2-based road transportation sector on stratospheric composition and chemistry, especially on stratospheric ozone, with the MOZART chemical transport model. Since future growth is highly uncertain we evaluate the impact for two world evolution scenarios, one based on a high emitting scenario (IPCC A1FI) and the other on a low emitting scenario (IPCC B1), as well as two technological options: H2 fuel cells and H2 internal combustion engines. We assume a H2 leakage rate of 2.5% and a complete market penetration of H2 vehicles in 2050. The model simulations show that a H2-based road transportation sector would reduce stratospheric ozone concentrations as a result of perturbed catalytic ozone destruction cycles. The magnitude of the impact depends on which growth scenario the world evolves and which H2 technology option is applied. For the same world evolution scenario, stratospheric ozone decreases more in the H2 fuel cell scenarios than in the H2 internal combustion engine scenarios because of the NOx emissions in the latter case. If the same technological option is applied, the impact is larger in the A1FI emission scenario. The largest impact, a 0.54% decrease in annual average global mean stratospheric column ozone, is found with a H2 fuel cell type road transportation sector in the A1FI scenario; whereas the smallest impact, a 0.04% increase in stratospheric ozone, is found with applications of H2 internal combustion engine vehicles in the B1 scenario. The impacts of the other two scenarios fall between the above two bounding scenarios. However, the magnitude of these changes is

  10. BECCS capability of dedicated bioenergy crops under a future land-use scenario targeting net negative carbon emissions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kato, E.; Yamagata, Y.

    2014-12-01

    Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is a key component of mitigation strategies in future socio-economic scenarios that aim to keep mean global temperature rise below 2°C above pre-industrial, which would require net negative carbon emissions in the end of the 21st century. Because of the additional need for land, developing sustainable low-carbon scenarios requires careful consideration of the land-use implications of deploying large-scale BECCS. We evaluated the feasibility of the large-scale BECCS in RCP2.6, which is a scenario with net negative emissions aiming to keep the 2°C temperature target, with a top-down analysis of required yields and a bottom-up evaluation of BECCS potential using a process-based global crop model. Land-use change carbon emissions related to the land expansion were examined using a global terrestrial biogeochemical cycle model. Our analysis reveals that first-generation bioenergy crops would not meet the required BECCS of the RCP2.6 scenario even with a high fertilizer and irrigation application. Using second-generation bioenergy crops can marginally fulfill the required BECCS only if a technology of full post-process combustion CO2 capture is deployed with a high fertilizer application in the crop production. If such an assumed technological improvement does not occur in the future, more than doubling the area for bioenergy production for BECCS around 2050 assumed in RCP2.6 would be required, however, such scenarios implicitly induce large-scale land-use changes that would cancel half of the assumed CO2 sequestration by BECCS. Otherwise a conflict of land-use with food production is inevitable.

  11. BECCS capability of dedicated bioenergy crops under a future land-use scenario targeting net negative carbon emissions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kato, Etsushi; Yamagata, Yoshiki

    2014-09-01

    Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is a key component of mitigation strategies in future socioeconomic scenarios that aim to keep mean global temperature rise below 2°C above preindustrial, which would require net negative carbon emissions in the end of the 21st century. Because of the additional need for land, developing sustainable low-carbon scenarios requires careful consideration of the land-use implications of deploying large scale BECCS. We evaluated the feasibility of the large-scale BECCS in RCP2.6, which is a scenario with net negative emissions aiming to keep the 2°C temperature target, with a top-down analysis of required yields and a bottom-up evaluation of BECCS potential using a process-based global crop model. Land-use change carbon emissions related to the land expansion were examined using a global terrestrial biogeochemical cycle model. Our analysis reveals that first-generation bioenergy crops would not meet the required BECCS of the RCP2.6 scenario even with a high-fertilizer and irrigation application. Using second-generation bioenergy crops can marginally fulfill the required BECCS only if a technology of full postprocess combustion CO2 capture is deployed with a high-fertilizer application in the crop production. If such an assumed technological improvement does not occur in the future, more than doubling the area for bioenergy production for BECCS around 2050 assumed in RCP2.6 would be required; however, such scenarios implicitly induce large-scale land-use changes that would cancel half of the assumed CO2 sequestration by BECCS. Otherwise, a conflict of land use with food production is inevitable.

  12. Future methane emissions from the heavy-duty natural gas transportation sector for stasis, high, medium, and low scenarios in 2035.

    PubMed

    Clark, Nigel N; Johnson, Derek R; McKain, David L; Wayne, W Scott; Li, Hailin; Rudek, Joseph; Mongold, Ronald A; Sandoval, Cesar; Covington, April N; Hailer, John T

    2017-12-01

    Today's heavy-duty natural gas-fueled fleet is estimated to represent less than 2% of the total fleet. However, over the next couple of decades, predictions are that the percentage could grow to represent as much as 50%. Although fueling switching to natural gas could provide a climate benefit relative to diesel fuel, the potential for emissions of methane (a potent greenhouse gas) from natural gas-fueled vehicles has been identified as a concern. Since today's heavy-duty natural gas-fueled fleet penetration is low, today's total fleet-wide emissions will be also be low regardless of per vehicle emissions. However, predicted growth could result in a significant quantity of methane emissions. To evaluate this potential and identify effective options for minimizing emissions, future growth scenarios of heavy-duty natural gas-fueled vehicles, and compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas fueling stations that serve them, have been developed for 2035, when the populations could be significant. The scenarios rely on the most recent measurement campaign of the latest manufactured technology, equipment, and vehicles reported in a companion paper as well as projections of technology and practice advances. These "pump-to-wheels"(PTW) projections do not include methane emissions outside of the bounds of the vehicles and fuel stations themselves and should not be confused with a complete wells-to-wheels analysis. Stasis, high, medium, and low scenario PTW emissions projections for 2035 were 1.32%, 0.67%, 0.33%, and 0.15% of the fuel used. The scenarios highlight that a large emissions reductions could be realized with closed crankcase operation, improved best practices, and implementation of vent mitigation technologies. Recognition of the potential pathways for emissions reductions could further enhance the heavy-duty transportation sectors ability to reduce carbon emissions. Newly collected pump-to-wheels methane emissions data for current natural gas technologies

  13. Global Health Impacts of Future Aviation Emissions Under Alternative Control Scenarios

    PubMed Central

    2015-01-01

    There is strong evidence of an association between fine particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in aerodynamic diameter and adverse health outcomes. This study analyzes the global excess mortality attributable to the aviation sector in the present (2006) and in the future (three 2050 scenarios) using the integrated exposure response model that was also used in the 2010 Global Burden of Disease assessment. The PM2.5 concentrations for the present and future scenarios were calculated using aviation emission inventories developed by the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center and a global chemistry-climate model. We found that while excess mortality due to the aviation sector emissions is greater in 2050 compared to 2006, improved fuel policies (technology and operations improvements yielding smaller increases in fuel burn compared to 2006, and conversion to fully sustainable fuels) in 2050 could lead to 72% fewer deaths for adults 25 years and older than a 2050 scenario with no fuel improvements. Among the four health outcomes examined, ischemic heart disease was the greatest cause of death. Our results suggest that implementation of improved fuel policies can have substantial human health benefits. PMID:25412200

  14. Global health impacts of future aviation emissions under alternative control scenarios.

    PubMed

    Morita, Haruka; Yang, Suijia; Unger, Nadine; Kinney, Patrick L

    2014-12-16

    There is strong evidence of an association between fine particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in aerodynamic diameter and adverse health outcomes. This study analyzes the global excess mortality attributable to the aviation sector in the present (2006) and in the future (three 2050 scenarios) using the integrated exposure response model that was also used in the 2010 Global Burden of Disease assessment. The PM2.5 concentrations for the present and future scenarios were calculated using aviation emission inventories developed by the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center and a global chemistry-climate model. We found that while excess mortality due to the aviation sector emissions is greater in 2050 compared to 2006, improved fuel policies (technology and operations improvements yielding smaller increases in fuel burn compared to 2006, and conversion to fully sustainable fuels) in 2050 could lead to 72% fewer deaths for adults 25 years and older than a 2050 scenario with no fuel improvements. Among the four health outcomes examined, ischemic heart disease was the greatest cause of death. Our results suggest that implementation of improved fuel policies can have substantial human health benefits.

  15. GFEChutes Lo-Fi

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gist, Emily; Turner, Gary; Shelton, Robert; Vautier, Mana; Shaikh, Ashraf

    2013-01-01

    NASA needed to provide a software model of a parachute system for a manned re-entry vehicle. NASA has parachute codes, e.g., the Descent Simulation System (DSS), that date back to the Apollo Program. Since the space shuttle did not rely on parachutes as its primary descent control mechanism, DSS has not been maintained or incorporated into modern simulation architectures such as Osiris and Antares, which are used for new mission simulations. GFEChutes Lo-Fi is an object-oriented implementation of conventional parachute codes designed for use in modern simulation environments. The GFE (Government Furnished Equipment), low-fidelity (Lo-Fi) parachute model (GFEChutes Lo-Fi) is a software package capable of modeling the effects of multiple parachutes, deployed concurrently and/or sequentially, on a vehicle during the subsonic phase of reentry into planetary atmosphere. The term "low-fidelity" distinguishes models that represent the parachutes as simple forces acting on the vehicle, as opposed to independent aerodynamic bodies. GFEChutes Lo-Fi was created from these existing models to be clean, modular, certified as NASA Class C software, and portable, or "plug and play." The GFE Lo-Fi Chutes Model provides basic modeling capability of a sequential series of parachute activities. Actions include deploying the parachute, changing the reefing on the parachute, and cutting away the parachute. Multiple chutes can be deployed at any given time, but all chutes in that case are assumed to behave as individually isolated chutes; there is no modeling of any interactions between deployed chutes. Drag characteristics of a deployed chute are based on a coefficient of drag, the face area of the chute, and the local dynamic pressure only. The orientation of the chute is approximately modeled for purposes of obtaining torques on the vehicle, but the dynamic state of the chute as a separate entity is not integrated - the treatment is simply an approximation. The innovation in GFEChutes

  16. Study on an Indoor Positioning System for Harsh Environments Based on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy.

    PubMed

    de Blasio, Gabriel; Quesada-Arencibia, Alexis; García, Carmelo R; Molina-Gil, Jezabel Miriam; Caballero-Gil, Cándido

    2017-06-06

    This paper presents a study of positioning system that provides advanced information services based on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technologies. It uses Wi-Fi for rough positioning and BLE for fine positioning. It is designed for use in public transportation system stations and terminals where the conditions are "hostile" or unfavourable due to signal noise produced by the continuous movement of passengers and buses, data collection conducted in the constant presence thereof, multipath fading, non-line of sight (NLOS) conditions, the fact that part of the wireless communication infrastructure has already been deployed and positioned in a way that may not be optimal for positioning purposes, variable humidity conditions, etc. The ultimate goal is to provide a service that may be used to assist people with special needs. We present experimental results based on scene analysis; the main distance metric used was the Euclidean distance but the Mahalanobis distance was also used in one case. The algorithm employed to compare fingerprints was the weighted k -nearest neighbor one. For Wi-Fi, with only three visible access points, accuracy ranged from 3.94 to 4.82 m, and precision from 5.21 to 7.0 m 90% of the time. With respect to BLE, with a low beacon density (1 beacon per 45.7 m²), accuracy ranged from 1.47 to 2.15 m, and precision from 1.81 to 3.58 m 90% of the time. Taking into account the fact that this system is designed to work in real situations in a scenario with high environmental fluctuations, and comparing the results with others obtained in laboratory scenarios, our results are promising and demonstrate that the system would be able to position users with these reasonable values of accuracy and precision.

  17. Study on an Indoor Positioning System for Harsh Environments Based on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy

    PubMed Central

    de Blasio, Gabriel; Quesada-Arencibia, Alexis; García, Carmelo R.; Molina-Gil, Jezabel Miriam; Caballero-Gil, Cándido

    2017-01-01

    This paper presents a study of positioning system that provides advanced information services based on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technologies. It uses Wi-Fi for rough positioning and BLE for fine positioning. It is designed for use in public transportation system stations and terminals where the conditions are “hostile” or unfavourable due to signal noise produced by the continuous movement of passengers and buses, data collection conducted in the constant presence thereof, multipath fading, non-line of sight (NLOS) conditions, the fact that part of the wireless communication infrastructure has already been deployed and positioned in a way that may not be optimal for positioning purposes, variable humidity conditions, etc. The ultimate goal is to provide a service that may be used to assist people with special needs. We present experimental results based on scene analysis; the main distance metric used was the Euclidean distance but the Mahalanobis distance was also used in one case. The algorithm employed to compare fingerprints was the weighted k-nearest neighbor one. For Wi-Fi, with only three visible access points, accuracy ranged from 3.94 to 4.82 m, and precision from 5.21 to 7.0 m 90% of the time. With respect to BLE, with a low beacon density (1 beacon per 45.7 m2), accuracy ranged from 1.47 to 2.15 m, and precision from 1.81 to 3.58 m 90% of the time. Taking into account the fact that this system is designed to work in real situations in a scenario with high environmental fluctuations, and comparing the results with others obtained in laboratory scenarios, our results are promising and demonstrate that the system would be able to position users with these reasonable values of accuracy and precision. PMID:28587285

  18. Possible climate change over Eurasia under different emission scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sokolov, A. P.; Monier, E.; Scott, J. R.; Forest, C. E.; Schlosser, C. A.

    2011-12-01

    In an attempt to evaluate possible climate change over EURASIA, we analyze results of six AMIP type simulations with CAM version 3 (CAM3) at 2x2.5 degree resolution. CAM3 is driven by time series of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice obtained by running the MIT IGSM2.3, which consists of a 3D ocean GCM coupled to a zonally-averaged atmospheric climate-chemistry model. In addition to changes in SSTs, CAM3 is forced by changes in greenhouse gases and ozone concentrations, sulfate aerosol forcing and black carbon loading calculated by the IGSM2.3. An essential feature of the IGSM is the possibility to vary its climate sensitivity (using a cloud adjustment technique) and the strength of the aerosol forcing. For consistency, new modules were developed in CAM3 to modify its climate sensitivity and aerosol forcing to match those used in the simulations with the IGSM2.3. The simulations presented in this paper were carried out for two emission scenarios, a "Business as usual" scenario and a 660 ppm of CO2-EQ stabilization, which are similar to the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios, respectively. Values of climate sensitivity used in the simulations within the IGSM-CAM framework are median and the bounds of the 90% probability interval of the probability distribution obtained by comparing the 20th century climate simulated by different versions of the IGSM with observations. The associated strength of the aerosol forcing was chosen to ensure a good agreement with the observed climate change over the 20th century. Because the concentration of sulfate aerosol significantly decreases over the 21st century in both emissions scenarios, climate changes obtained in these simulations provide a good approximation for the median, and the 5th and 95th percentiles of the probability distribution of 21st century climate change.

  19. Possible climate change over Eurasia under different emission scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sokolov, A. P.; Monier, E.; Gao, X.

    2012-12-01

    In an attempt to evaluate possible climate change over EURASIA, we analyze results of six AMIP type simulations with CAM version 3 (CAM3) at 2x2.5 degree resolution. CAM3 is driven by time series of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice obtained by running the MIT IGSM2.3, which consists of a 3D ocean GCM coupled to a zonally-averaged atmospheric climate-chemistry model. In addition to changes in SSTs, CAM3 is forced by changes in greenhouse gases and ozone concentrations, sulfate aerosol forcing and black carbon loading calculated by the IGSM2.3. An essential feature of the IGSM is the possibility to vary its climate sensitivity (using a cloud adjustment technique) and the strength of the aerosol forcing. For consistency, new modules were developed in CAM3 to modify its climate sensitivity and aerosol forcing to match those used in the simulations with the IGSM2.3. The simulations presented in this paper were carried out for two emission scenarios, a "Business as usual" scenario and a 660 ppm of CO2-EQ stabilization, which are similar to the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios, respectively. Values of climate sensitivity used in the simulations within the IGSM-CAM framework are median and the bounds of the 90% probability interval of the probability distribution obtained by comparing the 20th century climate simulated by different versions of the IGSM with observations. The associated strength of the aerosol forcing was chosen to ensure a good agreement with the observed climate change over the 20th century. Because the concentration of sulfate aerosol significantly decreases over the 21st century in both emissions scenarios, climate changes obtained in these simulations provide a good approximation for the median, and the 5th and 95th percentiles of the probability distribution of 21st century climate change.

  20. Evaluating the use of biomass energy with carbon capture and storage in low emission scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vaughan, Naomi E.; Gough, Clair; Mander, Sarah; Littleton, Emma W.; Welfle, Andrew; Gernaat, David E. H. J.; van Vuuren, Detlef P.

    2018-04-01

    Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is heavily relied upon in scenarios of future emissions that are consistent with limiting global mean temperature increase to 1.5 °C or 2 °C above pre-industrial. These temperature limits are defined in the Paris Agreement in order to reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. Here, we explore the use of BECCS technologies in a reference scenario and three low emission scenarios generated by an integrated assessment model (IMAGE). Using these scenarios we investigate the feasibility of key implicit and explicit assumptions about these BECCS technologies, including biomass resource, land use, CO2 storage capacity and carbon capture and storage (CCS) deployment rate. In these scenarios, we find that half of all global CO2 storage required by 2100 occurs in USA, Western Europe, China and India, which is compatible with current estimates of regional CO2 storage capacity. CCS deployment rates in the scenarios are very challenging compared to historical rates of fossil, renewable or nuclear technologies and are entirely dependent on stringent policy action to incentivise CCS. In the scenarios, half of the biomass resource is derived from agricultural and forestry residues and half from dedicated bioenergy crops grown on abandoned agricultural land and expansion into grasslands (i.e. land for forests and food production is protected). Poor governance of the sustainability of bioenergy crop production can significantly limit the amount of CO2 removed by BECCS, through soil carbon loss from direct and indirect land use change. Only one-third of the bioenergy crops are grown in regions associated with more developed governance frameworks. Overall, the scenarios in IMAGE are ambitious but consistent with current relevant literature with respect to assumed biomass resource, land use and CO2 storage capacity.

  1. Modeling the impact of crop rotation with legume on nitrous oxide emissions from rain-fed agricultural systems in Australia under alternative future climate scenarios.

    PubMed

    Ma, Yuchun; Schwenke, Graeme; Sun, Liying; Liu, De Li; Wang, Bin; Yang, Bo

    2018-07-15

    Limited information exists on potential impacts of climate change on nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions by including N 2 -fixing legumes in crop rotations from rain-fed cropping systems. Data from two 3-yr crop rotations in northern NSW, Australia, viz. chickpea-wheat-barley (CpWB) and canola-wheat-barley (CaWB), were used to gain an insight on the role of legumes in mitigation of N 2 O emissions. High-frequency N 2 O fluxes measured with an automated system of static chambers were utilized to test the applicability of Denitrification and Decomposition model. The DNDC model was run using the on-site observed weather, soil and farming management conditions as well as the representative concentration pathways adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its Fifth Assessment Report. The DNDC model captured the cumulative N 2 O emissions with variations falling within the deviation ranges of observations (0.88±0.31kgNha -1 rotation -1 for CpWB, 1.44±0.02kgNha -1 rotation -1 for CaWB). The DNDC model can be used to predict between modeled and measured N 2 O flux values for CpWB (n=390, RSR=0.45) and CaWB (n=390, RSR=0.51). Long-term (80-yr) simulations were conducted with RCP 4.5 representing a global greenhouse gas stabilization scenario, as well RCP 8.5 representing a very high greenhouse gas emission scenario based on RCP scenarios. Compared with the baseline scenarios for CpWB and CaWB, the long-term simulation results under RCP scenarios showed that, (1) N 2 O emissions would increase by 35-44% for CpWB and 72-76% for CaWB under two climate scenarios; (2) grain yields would increase by 9% and 18% under RCP 4.5, and 2% and 14% under RCP 8.5 for CpWB and CaWB, respectively; and (3) yield-scaled N 2 O-N emission would increase by 24-42% for CpWB and 46-54% for CaWB under climate scenarios, respectively. Our results suggest that 25% of the yield-scaled N 2 O-N emission would be saved by switching to a legume rotation under climate change conditions. Crown

  2. Future atmospheric abundances and climate forcings from scenarios of global and regional hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Velders, Guus J. M.; Fahey, David W.; Daniel, John S.; Andersen, Stephen O.; McFarland, Mack

    2015-12-01

    Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are manufactured for use as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances that are being phased out globally under Montreal Protocol regulations. While HFCs do not deplete ozone, many are potent greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. Here, new global scenarios show that baseline emissions of HFCs could reach 4.0-5.3 GtCO2-eq yr-1 in 2050. The new baseline (or business-as-usual) scenarios are formulated for 10 HFC compounds, 11 geographic regions, and 13 use categories. The scenarios rely on detailed data reported by countries to the United Nations; projections of gross domestic product and population; and recent observations of HFC atmospheric abundances. In the baseline scenarios, by 2050 China (31%), India and the rest of Asia (23%), the Middle East and northern Africa (11%), and the USA (10%) are the principal source regions for global HFC emissions; and refrigeration (40-58%) and stationary air conditioning (21-40%) are the major use sectors. The corresponding radiative forcing could reach 0.22-0.25 W m-2 in 2050, which would be 12-24% of the increase from business-as-usual CO2 emissions from 2015 to 2050. National regulations to limit HFC use have already been adopted in the European Union, Japan and USA, and proposals have been submitted to amend the Montreal Protocol to substantially reduce growth in HFC use. Calculated baseline emissions are reduced by 90% in 2050 by implementing the North America Montreal Protocol amendment proposal. Global adoption of technologies required to meet national regulations would be sufficient to reduce 2050 baseline HFC consumption by more than 50% of that achieved with the North America proposal for most developed and developing countries.

  3. Expert assessment concludes negative emissions scenarios may not deliver

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vaughan, Naomi E.; Gough, Clair

    2016-09-01

    Many integrated assessment models (IAMs) rely on the availability and extensive use of biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) to deliver emissions scenarios consistent with limiting climate change to below 2 °C average temperature rise. BECCS has the potential to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, delivering ‘negative emissions’. The deployment of BECCS at the scale assumed in IAM scenarios is highly uncertain: biomass energy is commonly used but not at such a scale, and CCS technologies have been demonstrated but not commercially established. Here we present the results of an expert elicitation process that explores the explicit and implicit assumptions underpinning the feasibility of BECCS in IAM scenarios. Our results show that the assumptions are considered realistic regarding technical aspects of CCS but unrealistic regarding the extent of bioenergy deployment, and development of adequate societal support and governance structures for BECCS. The results highlight concerns about the assumed magnitude of carbon dioxide removal achieved across a full BECCS supply chain, with the greatest uncertainty in bioenergy production. Unrealistically optimistic assumptions regarding the future availability of BECCS in IAM scenarios could lead to the overshoot of critical warming limits and have significant impacts on near-term mitigation options.

  4. ESP v2.0: Enhanced method for exploring emission impacts of future scenarios in the United States – addressing spatial allocation

    EPA Science Inventory

    The Emission Scenario Projection (ESP) method produces future-year air pollutant emissions for mesoscale air quality modeling applications. We present ESP v2.0, which expands upon ESP v1.0 by spatially allocating future-year emissions to account for projected population and land ...

  5. Analysis of consistency of global net land-use change carbon emission scenario using offline vegetation model and earth system model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kato, E.; Kawamiya, M.

    2010-12-01

    For CMIP5 experiments, emissions scenarios data sets for climate models are prepared as Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) by the Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs). IAMs also have depicted regional land-use scenarios based on the socioeconomic assumption of the future scenarios of RCPs. In the land-use harmonization project, gridded land-use transition data has been constructed from the regional IAMs future land-use scenarios which smoothly connects historical reconstructions of land-use based on HYDE 3 data and FAO wood harvest data. In this study, using the gridded transition land-use scenario data, global net CO2 emission from land-use change for each RCPs scenarios is evaluated with a offline version of terrestrial biogeochemical model, VISIT (Vegetation Integrative SImulation Tool), utilizing a protocol to estimate carbon emission from deforested biomass considering delayed decomposition of product pools, and regrowth absorption from the secondary lands with abandoned agricultural lands. From the model output, effect of CO2 fertilization and land-use scenario itself on the emission is assessed to see the consistency of the scenarios. In addition, to see the effect of climate change and the climate-carbon feedback on terrestrial ecosystems, net land-use change CO2 emission is also evaluated with an earth system model, MIROC-ESM incorporating a DGVM with land-use change component. In the simulations with earth system model, RCP 6.0 scenario has been evaluated by model runs with and without land-use change forcing.

  6. Multimodel ensemble projection of precipitation in eastern China under A1B emission scenario

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Niu, Xiaorui; Wang, Shuyu; Tang, Jianping; Lee, Dong-Kyou; Gao, Xuejie; Wu, Jia; Hong, Songyou; Gutowski, William J.; McGregor, John

    2015-10-01

    As part of the Regional Climate Model Intercomparison Project for Asia, future precipitation projection in China is constructed using five regional climate models (RCMs) driven by the same global climate model (GCM) of European Centre/Hamburg version 5. The simulations cover both the control climate (1978-2000) and future projection (2041-2070) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission scenario A1B. For the control climate, the RCMs have an advantage over the driving GCM in reproducing the summer mean precipitation distribution and the annual cycle. The biases in simulating summer precipitation mainly are caused by the deficiencies in reproducing the low-level circulation, such as the western Pacific subtropical high. In addition, large inter-RCM differences exist in the summer precipitation simulations. For the future climate, consistent and inconsistent changes in precipitation between the driving GCM and the nested RCMs are observed. Similar changes in summer precipitation are projected by RCMs over western China, but model behaviors are quite different over eastern China, which is dominated by the Asian monsoon system. The inter-RCM difference of rainfall changes is more pronounced in spring over eastern China. North China and the southern part of South China are very likely to experience less summer rainfall in multi-RCM mean (MRM) projection, while limited credibility in increased summer rainfall MRM projection over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. The inter-RCM variability is the main contributor to the total uncertainty for the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin and South China during 2041-2060, while lowest for Northeast China, being less than 40%.

  7. Decarbonizing the Global Economy - An Integrated Assessment of Low Carbon Emission Scenarios proposed in Climate Policy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hokamp, Sascha; Khabbazan, Mohammad Mohammadi

    2017-04-01

    In 2015, the Conference of the Parties (COP 21) reaffirmed to targeting the global mean temperature rise below 2 °C in 2100 while finding no consent on decarbonizing the global economy, and instead, the final agreement called for enhanced scientific investigation of low carbon emission scenarios (UNFCC, 2015). In addition, the Climate Action Network International (CAN) proposes Special Reports to address decarbonization and low carbon development including 1.5 °C scenarios (IPCC, 2016). In response to these developments, we investigate whether the carbon emission cuts, in accordance with the recent climate policy proposals, may reach the climate target. To tackle this research question, we employ the coupled climate-energy-economy integrated assessment Model of INvestment and endogenous technological Development (MIND, cf. Edenhofer et al., 2005, Neubersch et al. 2014). Extending MIND's climate module to the two-box version used in the Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy (DICE, cf. Nordhaus and Sztorc, 2013, Nordhaus 2014), we perform a cost-effectiveness analysis with constraints on anthropogenic carbon emissions. We show that a climate policy scenario with early decarbonization complies with the 2° C climate target, even without Carbon Capturing and Storage (CCS) or negative emissions (see van Vuuren et al., 2013, for negative emissions). However, using emission inertia of 3.7 percent annually, reflecting the inflexibility on transforming the energy sector, we find a climate policy with moderately low emissions from 2100 onwards at a cost in terms of Balanced Growth Equivalents (BGE, cf. Anthoff and Tol, 2009) of 0.764 % that requires an early (2035 vs. 2120) peak of investments in renewable energy production compared to a business-as-usual scenario. Hence, decarbonizing the global economy and achieving the 2 °C target might still be possible before 2100, but the window of opportunity is beginning to close. References: Anthoff, D., and Tol, R

  8. Impact of a future H2-based road transportation sector on the composition and chemistry of the atmosphere - Part 2: Stratospheric ozone

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, D.; Jia, W.; Olsen, S. C.; Wuebbles, D. J.; Dubey, M. K.; Rockett, A. A.

    2013-07-01

    The prospective future adoption of molecular hydrogen (H2) to power the road transportation sector could greatly improve tropospheric air quality but also raises the question of whether the adoption would have adverse effects on the stratospheric ozone. The possibility of undesirable impacts must be fully evaluated to guide future policy decisions. Here we evaluate the possible impact of a future (2050) H2-based road transportation sector on stratospheric composition and chemistry, especially on the stratospheric ozone, with the MOZART (Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers) model. Since future growth is highly uncertain, we evaluate the impact of two world evolution scenarios, one based on an IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) high-emitting scenario (A1FI) and the other on an IPCC low-emitting scenario (B1), as well as two technological options: H2 fuel cells and H2 internal combustion engines. We assume a H2 leakage rate of 2.5% and a complete market penetration of H2 vehicles in 2050. The model simulations show that a H2-based road transportation sector would reduce stratospheric ozone concentrations as a result of perturbed catalytic ozone destruction cycles. The magnitude of the impact depends on which growth scenario evolves and which H2 technology option is applied. For the evolution growth scenario, stratospheric ozone decreases more in the H2 fuel cell scenarios than in the H2 internal combustion engine scenarios because of the NOx emissions in the latter case. If the same technological option is applied, the impact is larger in the A1FI emission scenario. The largest impact, a 0.54% decrease in annual average global mean stratospheric column ozone, is found with a H2 fuel cell type road transportation sector in the A1FI scenario; whereas the smallest impact, a 0.04% increase in stratospheric ozone, is found with applications of H2 internal combustion engine vehicles in the B1 scenario. The impacts of the other two scenarios fall

  9. Testing the Young Neutron Star Scenario with Persistent Radio Emission Associated with FRB 121102

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kashiyama, Kazumi; Murase, Kohta

    Recently a repeating fast radio burst (FRB) 121102 has been confirmed to be an extragalactic event and a persistent radio counterpart has been identified. While other possibilities are not ruled out, the emission properties are broadly consistent with Murase et al. that theoretically proposed quasi-steady radio emission as a counterpart of both FRBs and pulsar-driven supernovae. Here, we constrain the model parameters of such a young neutron star scenario for FRB 121102. If the associated supernova has a conventional ejecta mass of M {sub ej} ≳ a few M {sub ⊙}, a neutron star with an age of t {submore » age} ∼ 10–100 years, an initial spin period of P{sub i} ≲ a few ms, and a dipole magnetic field of B {sub dip} ≲ a few × 10{sup 13} G can be compatible with the observations. However, in this case, the magnetically powered scenario may be favored as an FRB energy source because of the efficiency problem in the rotation-powered scenario. On the other hand, if the associated supernova is an ultra-stripped one or the neutron star is born by the accretion-induced collapse with M {sub ej} ∼ 0.1 M {sub ⊙}, a younger neutron star with t {sub age} ∼ 1–10 years can be the persistent radio source and might produce FRBs with the spin-down power. These possibilities can be distinguished by the decline rate of the quasi-steady radio counterpart.« less

  10. Scenario and modelling uncertainty in global mean temperature change derived from emission driven Global Climate Models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Booth, B. B. B.; Bernie, D.; McNeall, D.; Hawkins, E.; Caesar, J.; Boulton, C.; Friedlingstein, P.; Sexton, D.

    2012-09-01

    We compare future changes in global mean temperature in response to different future scenarios which, for the first time, arise from emission driven rather than concentration driven perturbed parameter ensemble of a Global Climate Model (GCM). These new GCM simulations sample uncertainties in atmospheric feedbacks, land carbon cycle, ocean physics and aerosol sulphur cycle processes. We find broader ranges of projected temperature responses arising when considering emission rather than concentration driven simulations (with 10-90 percentile ranges of 1.7 K for the aggressive mitigation scenario up to 3.9 K for the high end business as usual scenario). A small minority of simulations resulting from combinations of strong atmospheric feedbacks and carbon cycle responses show temperature increases in excess of 9 degrees (RCP8.5) and even under aggressive mitigation (RCP2.6) temperatures in excess of 4 K. While the simulations point to much larger temperature ranges for emission driven experiments, they do not change existing expectations (based on previous concentration driven experiments) on the timescale that different sources of uncertainty are important. The new simulations sample a range of future atmospheric concentrations for each emission scenario. Both in case of SRES A1B and the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), the concentration pathways used to drive GCM ensembles lies towards the lower end of our simulated distribution. This design decision (a legecy of previous assessments) is likely to lead concentration driven experiments to under-sample strong feedback responses in concentration driven projections. Our ensemble of emission driven simulations span the global temperature response of other multi-model frameworks except at the low end, where combinations of low climate sensitivity and low carbon cycle feedbacks lead to responses outside our ensemble range. The ensemble simulates a number of high end responses which lie above the CMIP5 carbon

  11. RF Exposure Analysis for Multiple Wi-Fi Devices In Enclosed Environment

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hwu, Shian U.; Rhodes, Bryan A.; deSilva, B. Kanishka; Sham, Catherine C.; Keiser, James R.

    2013-01-01

    Wi-Fi devices operated inside a metallic enclosure have been investigation in the recent years. A motivation for this study is to investigate wave propagation inside an enclosed environment such as elevator, car, aircraft, and spacecraft. There are performances and safety concerned that when the RF transmitters are used in the metallic enclosed environments. In this paper, the field distributions inside a confined room were investigated with multiple portable Wi-Fi devices. Computer simulations were performed using the rigorous computational electromagnetics (CEM). The method of moments (MoM) was used to model the mutual coupling among antennas. The geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) was applied for the multiple reflections off the ground and walls. The prediction of the field distribution inside such environment is useful for the planning and deployment of a wireless radio and sensor system. Factors that affect the field strengths and distributions of radio waves in confined space were analyzed. The results could be used to evaluate the RF exposure safety in confined environment. By comparing the field distributions for various scenarios, it was observed that the Wi-Fi device counts, spacing and relative locations in the room are important factors in such environments. The RF Keep Out Zone (KOZ), where the electric field strengths exceed the permissible RF exposure limit, could be used to assess the RF human exposure compliance. As shown in this study, it s possible to maximize or minimize field intensity in specific area by arranging the Wi-Fi devices as a function of the relative location and spacing in a calculated manner.

  12. Climate change and growth scenarios for California wildfire

    Treesearch

    A.L. Westerling; B.P. Bryant; H.K. Preisler; T.P. Holmes; H.G. Hildalgo; T. Das; S.R. Shrestha

    2011-01-01

    Large wildfire occurrence and burned area are modeled using hydroclimate and landsurface characteristics under a range of future climate and development scenarios. The range of uncertainty for future wildfire regimes is analyzed over two emissions pathways (the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios [SRES] A2 and B1 scenarios); three global climate models (Centre...

  13. FiGHTS: a preliminary screening tool for adolescent firearms-carrying.

    PubMed

    Hayes, D Neil; Sege, Robert

    2003-12-01

    Adolescent firearms-carrying is a risk factor for serious injury and death. Clinical screening tools for firearms-carrying have not yet been developed. We present the development of a preliminary screening test for adolescent firearms-carrying based on the growing body of knowledge of firearms-related risk factors. A convenience sample of 15,000 high school students from the 1999 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey was analyzed for the purpose of model building. Known risk factors for firearms-carrying were candidates for 2 models predicting recent firearms-carrying. The "brief FiGHTS score" screening tool excluded terms related to sexual behavior, significant substance abuse, or criminal behavior (Fi=fighting, G=gender, H=hurt while fighting, T=threatened, S=smoker). An "extended FiGHTS score," which included 13 items, was developed for more precise estimates. The brief FiGHTS score had a sensitivity of 82%, a specificity of 71%, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.84. The extended FiGHTS score had an area under the ROC curve of 0.90. Both models performed well in a validation data set of 55,000 students. The brief and extended FiGHTS scores have high sensitivity and specificity for predicting firearms-carrying and may be appropriate for clinical testing.

  14. Regulated deficit irrigation can decrease soil CO2 emissions in fruit orchards

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zornoza, Raul; Acosta, José Alberto; Martínez-Martínez, Silvia; De la Rosa, Jose M.°; Faz, Angel; Pérez-Pastor, Alejandro

    2016-04-01

    Irrigation water restrictions in the Mediterranean area have created a growing interest in water conservation. Apart from environmental and economic benefits by water savings, regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) may contribute to reduce soil CO2 emissions and enhance C sequestration in soils, by decreasing microbial and root activity in response to decreased soil moisture levels. An experiment was established in four orchards (peach, apricot, Saturn peach and grape) to investigate the effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on soil CO2 emissions. Two irrigation treatments were assayed: full irrigation (FI), and RDI, irrigated as FI except for postharvest period (peach, apricot, Saturn peach) or post-veraison period (grape) were 50% of FI was applied. The application of deficit caused a significant decrease in CO2 emission rates, with rates in average of 90 mg CO2-C m-2 h-1, 120 mg CO2-C m-2 h-1, 60 mg CO2-C m-2 h-1 and 60 mg CO2-C m-2 h-1 lower than FI during the period when deficit was applied for peach, apricot, Saturn peach and grape. This confirms the high effectiveness of the RDI strategies not only to save water consumption but also to decrease soil CO2 emissions. However, monitoring during longer periods is needed to verify that this trend is long-term maintained, and assess if soil carbon stocks are increase or most CO2 emissions derive from root respiration. Acknowledgements This work has been funded by the European Union LIFE+ project IRRIMAN (LIFE13 ENV/ES/000539).

  15. Measurements of Radiofrequency Radiation with a Body-Borne Exposimeter in Swedish Schools with Wi-Fi.

    PubMed

    Hedendahl, Lena K; Carlberg, Michael; Koppel, Tarmo; Hardell, Lennart

    2017-01-01

    Wireless access to the Internet is now commonly used in schools. Many schools give each student their own laptop and utilize the laptops and wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) connection for educational purposes. Most children also bring their own mobile phones to school. Since children are obliged by law to attend school, a safe environment is important. Lately, it has been discussed if radiofrequency (RF) radiation can have long-term adverse effects on children's health. This study conducted exposimetric measurements in schools to assess RF emissions in the classroom by measuring the teachers' RF exposure in order to approximate the children's exposure. Teachers in grades 7-12 carried a body-borne exposimeter, EME-Spy 200, in school during 1-4 days of work. The exposimeter can measure 20 different frequency bands from 87 to 5,850 MHz. Eighteen teachers from seven schools participated. The mean exposure to RF radiation ranged from 1.1 to 66.1 µW/m 2 . The highest mean level, 396.6 µW/m 2 , occurred during 5 min of a lesson when the teacher let the students stream and watch YouTube videos. Maximum peaks went up to 82,857 µW/m 2 from mobile phone uplink. Our measurements are in line with recent exposure studies in schools in other countries. The exposure levels varied between the different Wi-Fi systems, and if the students were allowed to use their own smartphones on the school's Wi-Fi network or if they were connected to GSM/3G/4G base stations outside the school. An access point over the teacher's head gave higher exposure compared with a school with a wired Internet connection for the teacher in the classroom. All values were far below International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection's reference values, but most mean levels measured were above the precautionary target level of 3-6 µW/m 2 as proposed by the Bioinitiative Report. The length of time wireless devices are used is an essential determinant in overall exposure. Measures to minimize

  16. Electromagnetic radiation (Wi-Fi) and epilepsy induce calcium entry and apoptosis through activation of TRPV1 channel in hippocampus and dorsal root ganglion of rats.

    PubMed

    Ghazizadeh, Vahid; Nazıroğlu, Mustafa

    2014-09-01

    Incidence rates of epilepsy and use of Wi-Fi worldwide have been increasing. TRPV1 is a Ca(2+) permeable and non-selective channel, gated by noxious heat, oxidative stress and capsaicin (CAP). The hyperthermia and oxidant effects of Wi-Fi may induce apoptosis and Ca(2+) entry through activation of TRPV1 channel in epilepsy. Therefore, we tested the effects of Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) exposure on Ca(2+) influx, oxidative stress and apoptosis through TRPV1 channel in the murine dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and hippocampus of pentylentetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic rats. Rats in the present study were divided into two groups as controls and PTZ. The PTZ groups were divided into two subgroups namely PTZ + Wi-Fi and PTZ + Wi-Fi + capsazepine (CPZ). The hippocampal and DRG neurons were freshly isolated from the rats. The DRG and hippocampus in PTZ + Wi-Fi and PTZ + Wi-Fi + CPZ groups were exposed to Wi-Fi for 1 hour before CAP stimulation. The cytosolic free Ca(2+), reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, caspase-3 and -9 values in hippocampus were higher in the PTZ group than in the control although cell viability values decreased. The Wi-Fi exposure induced additional effects on the cytosolic Ca(2+) increase. However, pretreatment of the neurons with CPZ, results in a protection against epilepsy-induced Ca(2+) influx, apoptosis and oxidative damages. In results of whole cell patch-clamp experiments, treatment of DRG with Ca(2+) channel antagonists [thapsigargin, verapamil + diltiazem, 2-APB, MK-801] indicated that Wi-Fi exposure induced Ca(2+) influx via the TRPV1 channels. In conclusion, epilepsy and Wi-Fi in our experimental model is involved in Ca(2+) influx and oxidative stress-induced hippocampal and DRG death through activation of TRPV1 channels, and negative modulation of this channel activity by CPZ pretreatment may account for the neuroprotective activity against oxidative stress.

  17. Scenario analysis on the goal of carbon emission peaking around 2030 of China proposed in the China-U.S. joint statement on climate change

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zheng, T.

    2015-12-01

    A goal of carbon (C) emission peaking around 2030 of China was declared in the China-U.S. joint statement on climate change, and emphasized in China's intended nationally determined contributions (INDC). Here, we predicted the carbon emission of China during the period 2011~2050 under seven scenarios, and analyzed the scientific and social implications of realizing the goal. Our results showed that: (1) C emissions of China will reach their peaks at 2022~2045 (with peak values 3.15~5.10 Pg C), and the predicted decay rates of C intensity were 2.1~4.2% in 2011~2050; (2) the precondition that the national C emission reaches the peak before 2030 is that the annual decay rates of C intensity must exceed 3.3% , as decay rates under different scenarios were predicted higher than that except for Past G8 scenario; (3) the national C emission would reach the peak before 2030, if the government of China should realize the C emissions reduction goals of China's 12th five-year plan, climate commitments of Copenhagen and INDC; (4) Chinese government could realize the goal of C emission peaking around 2030 from just controlling C emission intensity , but associated with relatively higher government's burden. In summary, China's C emission may well peak before 2030, meanwhile the combination of emissions reduction and economic macro-control would be demanded to avoid heavier social pressure of C emissions reduction occurred.

  18. Spectrum sharing between a surveillance radar and secondary Wi-Fi networks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hessar, Farzad; Roy, Sumit

    2016-06-01

    Co-existence between unlicensed networks that share spectrum spatio-temporally with terrestrial (e.g. Air Traffic Control) and shipborne radars in 3-GHz band is attracting significant interest. Similar to every primary-secondary coexistence scenario, interference from unlicensed devices to a primary receiver must be within acceptable bounds. In this work, we formulate the spectrum sharing problem between a pulsed, search radar (primary) and 802.11 WLAN as the secondary. We compute the protection region for such a search radar for a) a single secondary user (initially) as well as b) a random spatial distribution of multiple secondary users. Furthermore, we also analyze the interference to the WiFi devices from the radar's transmissions to estimate the impact on achievable WLAN throughput as a function of distance to the primary radar.

  19. A study of the security technology and a new security model for WiFi network

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huang, Jing

    2013-07-01

    The WiFi network is one of the most rapidly developing wireless communication networks, which makes wireless office and wireless life possible and greatly expands the application form and scope of the internet. At the same time, the WiFi network security has received wide attention, and this is also the key factor of WiFi network development. This paper makes a systematic introduction to the WiFi network and WiFi network security problems, and the WiFi network security technology are reviewed and compared. In order to solve the security problems in WiFi network, this paper presents a new WiFi network security model and the key exchange algorithm. Experiments are performed to test the performance of the model, the results show that the new security model can withstand external network attack and ensure stable and safe operation of WiFi network.

  20. The Emissions Scenarios Portal: Visualizing Low-Carbon Pathways for the 21st Century

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hennig, R. J.; Friedrich, J.; Ge, M.; Mountford, H.; Fransen, T.; Altamirano, J. C.; Thanawala, Z.; Arcipowska, A.

    2017-12-01

    The Emissions Scenarios Portal (ESP) is a newly developed exploration tool for 21st century low-carbon pathways and investigation of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC's) that countries have put forward under the Paris Agreement. It is open to the public and aims to help achieve the goal of limiting global temperature increase to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by enhancing access to high-quality, up-to-date scenario information. It can guide users to set ambitious, realistic emission mitigation goals and understand what these goals imply for different sectors of the economy. Data will be integrated from a wide variety of economic and energy-system models with results from both national models as well as globally integrated assessment models (IAM's) and countries biennial update reports (BUR's). This information can support policy and investment decision making that will lead to a low carbon future. It is designed to help find answers to questions such as "Are the NDC's enough to put the world on a 2DC track?", "What do NDC's imply for different sectors of the economy under different assumptions?" or "What are good ways to increase ambition beyond NDC's?". The portal strives to achieve both inter-comparability across a wide range of different models and nationally reported scenarios, as well as flexibility to allow modelers to bring out the strengths and purpose of their model on the platform. Furthermore, it aims to enhance standardized and transparent reporting of emissions scenarios and relevant metadata, assumptions and results to improve understanding, accessibility and impact of the scenarios. On the data side, these rivaling objectives present interesting challenges for both the collection and communication of the data and in this presentation we will present some of our ideas for tackling these. This project will be part of Climate Watch, a new data platform developed jointly by the World Resources Institute and the NDC

  1. Semantic wireless localization of WiFi terminals in smart buildings

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ahmadi, H.; Polo, A.; Moriyama, T.; Salucci, M.; Viani, F.

    2016-06-01

    The wireless localization of mobile terminals in indoor scenarios by means of a semantic interpretation of the environment is addressed in this work. A training-less approach based on the real-time calibration of a simple path loss model is proposed which combines (i) the received signal strength information measured by the wireless terminal and (ii) the topological features of the localization domain. A customized evolutionary optimization technique has been designed to estimate the optimal target position that fits the complex wireless indoor propagation and the semantic target-environment relation, as well. The proposed approach is experimentally validated in a real building area where the available WiFi network is opportunistically exploited for data collection. The presented results point out a reduction of the localization error obtained with the introduction of a very simple semantic interpretation of the considered scenario.

  2. Therapeutic Administration of Broadly Neutralizing FI6 Antibody Reveals Lack of Interaction Between Human IgG1 and Pig Fc Receptors.

    PubMed

    Morgan, Sophie B; Holzer, Barbara; Hemmink, Johanneke D; Salguero, Francisco J; Schwartz, John C; Agatic, Gloria; Cameroni, Elisabetta; Guarino, Barbara; Porter, Emily; Rijal, Pramila; Townsend, Alain; Charleston, Bryan; Corti, Davide; Tchilian, Elma

    2018-01-01

    Influenza virus infection is a significant global health threat. Because of the lack of cross-protective universal vaccines, short time window during which antivirals are effective and drug resistance, new therapeutic anti-influenza strategies are required. Broadly, cross-protective antibodies that target conserved sites in the hemagglutinin (HA) stem region have been proposed as therapeutic agents. FI6 is the first proven such monoclonal antibody to bind to H1-H16 and is protective in mice and ferrets. Multiple studies have shown that Fc-dependent mechanisms are essential for FI6 in vivo efficacy. Here, we show that therapeutic administration of FI6 either intravenously or by aerosol to pigs did not reduce viral load in nasal swabs or broncho-alveolar lavage, but aerosol delivery of FI6 reduced gross pathology significantly. We demonstrate that pig Fc receptors do not bind human IgG1 and that FI6 did not mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) with pig PBMC, confirming that ADCC is an important mechanism of protection by anti-stem antibodies in vivo . Enhanced respiratory disease, which has been associated with pigs with cross-reactive non-neutralizing anti-HA antibodies, did not occur after FI6 administration. Our results also show that in vitro neutralizing antibody responses are not a robust correlate of protection for the control of influenza infection and pathology in a natural host model.

  3. Selective FLT3 inhibitor FI-700 neutralizes Mcl-1 and enhances p53-mediated apoptosis in AML cells with activating mutations of FLT3 through Mcl-1/Noxa axis.

    PubMed

    Kojima, K; Konopleva, M; Tsao, T; Andreeff, M; Ishida, H; Shiotsu, Y; Jin, L; Tabe, Y; Nakakuma, H

    2010-01-01

    Treatment using Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) inhibitors is a promising approach to overcome the dismal prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with activating FLT3 mutations. Current trials are combining FLT3 inhibitors with p53-activating conventional chemotherapy. The mechanisms of cytotoxicity of FLT3 inhibitors are poorly understood. We investigated the interaction of FLT3 and p53 pathways after their simultaneous blockade using the selective FLT3 inhibitor FI-700 and the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3 in AML. We found that FI-700 immediately reduced antiapoptotic Mcl-1 levels and enhanced Nutlin-induced p53-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in FLT3/internal tandem duplication cells through the Mcl-1/Noxa axis. FI-700 induced proteasome-mediated degradation of Mcl-1, resulting in the reduced ability of Mcl-1 to sequester proapoptotic Bim. Nutlin-3 induced Noxa, which displaced Bim from Mcl-1. The FI-700/Nutlin-3 combination profoundly activated Bax and induced apoptosis. Our findings suggest that FI-700 actively enhances p53 signaling toward mitochondrial apoptosis and that a combination strategy aimed at inhibiting FLT3 and activating p53 signaling could potentially be effective in AML.

  4. LiFi: transforming fibre into wireless

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yin, Liang; Islim, Mohamed Sufyan; Haas, Harald

    2017-01-01

    Light-fidelity (LiFi) uses energy-efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for high-speed wireless communication, and it has a great potential to be integrated with fibre communication for future gigabit networks. However, by making fibre communication wireless, multiuser interference arises. Traditional methods use orthogonal multiple access (OMA) for interference avoidance. In this paper, multiuser interference is exploited with the use of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) relying on successive interference cancellation (SIC). The residual interference due to imperfect SIC in practical scenarios is characterized with a proportional model. Results show that NOMA offers 5 -10 dB gain on the equivalent signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) over OMA. The bit error rate (BER) performance of direct current optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) is shown to be significantly improved when SIC is used.

  5. 20-Gbps optical LiFi transport system.

    PubMed

    Ying, Cheng-Ling; Lu, Hai-Han; Li, Chung-Yi; Cheng, Chun-Jen; Peng, Peng-Chun; Ho, Wen-Jeng

    2015-07-15

    A 20-Gbps optical light-based WiFi (LiFi) transport system employing vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and external light injection technique with 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulating signal is proposed. Good bit error rate (BER) performance and clear constellation map are achieved in our proposed optical LiFi transport systems. An optical LiFi transport system, delivering 16-QAM-OFDM signal over a 6-m free-space link, with a data rate of 20 Gbps, is successfully demonstrated. Such a 20-Gbps optical LiFi transport system provides the advantage of a free-space communication link for high data rates, which can accelerate the visible laser light communication (VLLC) deployment.

  6. Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security in 2050 under a Range of Plausible Socioeconomic and Emissions Scenarios

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wiebe, K.; Lotze-Campen, H.; Bodirsky, B.; Kavallari, A.; Mason-d'Croz, D.; van der Mensbrugghe, D.; Robinson, S.; Sands, R.; Tabeau, A.; Willenbockel, D.; Islam, S.; van Meijl, H.; Mueller, C.; Robertson, R.

    2014-12-01

    Previous studies have combined climate, crop and economic models to examine the impact of climate change on agricultural production and food security, but results have varied widely due to differences in models, scenarios and data. Recent work has examined (and narrowed) these differences through systematic model intercomparison using a high-emissions pathway to highlight the differences. New work extends that analysis to cover a range of plausible socioeconomic scenarios and emission pathways. Results from three general circulation models are combined with one crop model and five global economic models to examine the global and regional impacts of climate change on yields, area, production, prices and trade for coarse grains, rice, wheat, oilseeds and sugar to 2050. Results show that yield impacts vary with changes in population, income and technology as well as emissions, but are reduced in all cases by endogenous changes in prices and other variables.

  7. Experimental Investigation of the Performance of Vertical Handover Algorithms between WiFi and UMTS Networks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Busanelli, Stefano; Martalò, Marco; Ferrari, Gianluigi; Spigoni, Giovanni; Iotti, Nicola

    In this paper, we analyze the performance of vertical handover (VHO) algorithms for seamless mobility between WiFi and UMTS networks. We focus on a no-coupling scenario, characterized by the lack of any form of cooperation between the involved players (users and network operators). In this context, we first propose a low-complexity Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)-based algorithm, and then an improved hybrid RSSI/goodput version. We present experimental results based on the implementation of a real testbed with commercial WiFi (Guglielmo) and UMTS (Telecom Italia) deployed networks. Despite the relatively long handover times experienced in our testbed, the proposed RSSI-based VHO algorithm guarantees an effective goodput increase at the MTs. Moreover, this algorithm mitigates the ping-pong phenomenon.

  8. Life cycle assessment of ethanol derived from sawdust.

    PubMed

    Roy, Poritosh; Dutta, Animesh

    2013-12-01

    The life cycle of ethanol derived from sawdust by enzymatic hydrolysis process is evaluated to determine if environmentally preferable and economically viable ethanol can be produced. Two scenarios are considered to estimate net energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and production costs. The estimated net energy consumption, GHG emission and production costs are 12.29-13.37 MJ/L, 0.75-0.92 kg CO2 e/L and about $0.98-$1.04/L, respectively depending on the scenarios of this study. The result confirmed that environmental benefit can be gained with present technologies; however, economic viability remains doubtful unless Feed-in Tariff (FiT) is considered. The production cost of ethanol reduces to $0.5/L, if FiT is considered to be $0.025/MJ. This study indicates that the implementation of FiT program for ethanol industry not only helps Ontario mitigate GHG emissions, but may also attract more investment and create rural employment opportunities. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Tracking Human Mobility Using WiFi Signals.

    PubMed

    Sapiezynski, Piotr; Stopczynski, Arkadiusz; Gatej, Radu; Lehmann, Sune

    2015-01-01

    We study six months of human mobility data, including WiFi and GPS traces recorded with high temporal resolution, and find that time series of WiFi scans contain a strong latent location signal. In fact, due to inherent stability and low entropy of human mobility, it is possible to assign location to WiFi access points based on a very small number of GPS samples and then use these access points as location beacons. Using just one GPS observation per day per person allows us to estimate the location of, and subsequently use, WiFi access points to account for 80% of mobility across a population. These results reveal a great opportunity for using ubiquitous WiFi routers for high-resolution outdoor positioning, but also significant privacy implications of such side-channel location tracking.

  10. Aircraft Emission Scenarios Projected in Year 2015 for the NASA Technology Concept Aircraft (TCA) High Speed Civil Transport

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Baughcum, Steven L.; Henderson, Stephen C.

    1998-01-01

    This report describes the development of a three-dimensional database of aircraft fuel burn and emissions (fuel burned, NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons) from projected fleets of high speed civil transports (HSCTs) on a universal airline network. Inventories for 500 and 1000 HSCT fleets, as well as the concurrent subsonic fleets, were calculated. The HSCT scenarios are calculated using the NASA technology concept airplane (TCA) and update an earlier report. These emissions inventories are available for use by atmospheric scientists conducting the Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft (AESA) modeling studies. Fuel burned and emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx as NO2), carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons have been calculated on a 1 degree latitude x 1 degree longitude x 1 kilometer pressure altitude grid and delivered to NASA as electronic files.

  11. Review on Li-Fi Technology

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chaudhuri, Rajarshi Roy; Dutta, Kaustav; Saha, Archisman

    With advent of various communication technologies one can access the whole world at one go. The impact of internet on our day to day life has been so extensive that it is impossible to think of a day without it. It has become a fundamental requirement in our daily lives. Survey reports show that nearly 46 % of homes throughout the world have access to the internet. And the percentage is growing each day. With such a high demand there has been a looming Radio Frequency spectrum crisis, which paved the way of the invention of a new technology:-LI-FI. LI-FI, acronym of light fidelity, is a new wireless technology which has the ability to provide high speed internet connection within localized environment. Till today we are familiar with WI-FI which uses radio spectrum for communication. Even though it gives a speed of nearly 150 Mbps (as per IEEE802.11n), it isn't sufficient to satisfy all users. On the other hand LI-FI uses spectrum which comprises a wide range of frequencies, from the infrared through visible, down to the ultraviolet spectrum for communication which has the ability to produce a theoretical speed of 10 Gbps. It is not only confined to light-emitting diode (LED) or laser technology or to any specific receiving technique, LI-FI is a framework for all those technologies which provides new ways to all present as well as future services or applications.

  12. Tracking Human Mobility Using WiFi Signals

    PubMed Central

    Sapiezynski, Piotr; Stopczynski, Arkadiusz; Gatej, Radu; Lehmann, Sune

    2015-01-01

    We study six months of human mobility data, including WiFi and GPS traces recorded with high temporal resolution, and find that time series of WiFi scans contain a strong latent location signal. In fact, due to inherent stability and low entropy of human mobility, it is possible to assign location to WiFi access points based on a very small number of GPS samples and then use these access points as location beacons. Using just one GPS observation per day per person allows us to estimate the location of, and subsequently use, WiFi access points to account for 80% of mobility across a population. These results reveal a great opportunity for using ubiquitous WiFi routers for high-resolution outdoor positioning, but also significant privacy implications of such side-channel location tracking. PMID:26132115

  13. Patient Scenarios Illustrating Benefits of Automation in DoD Medical Treatment Facilities.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1981-10-23

    d-ntif by block nmber) This report outlines the difference that automation may make in patient encounters within the military health care system. Two...automation may make in patient encounters with the military health care system, as part of a task to characterize the benefit set of automation in...FI-RI4 323 PATIENT SCENARIOS ILLUSTRATING BENEFITS OF AUTOM ATION 1/1 IDOD MEDICAL TREATMENT FACILITIES(U) LITTLE (ARTHUR D) INC CAMBRIDGE MR

  14. Impacts and responses to sea-level rise: a global analysis of the SRES scenarios over the twenty-first century.

    PubMed

    Nicholls, Robert J; Tol, Richard S J

    2006-04-15

    Taking the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) climate and socio-economic scenarios (A1FI, A2, B1 and B2 'future worlds'), the potential impacts of sea-level rise through the twenty-first century are explored using complementary impact and economic analysis methods at the global scale. These methods have never been explored together previously. In all scenarios, the exposure and hence the impact potential due to increased flooding by sea-level rise increases significantly compared to the base year (1990). While mitigation reduces impacts, due to the lagged response of sea-level rise to atmospheric temperature rise, impacts cannot be avoided during the twenty-first century by this response alone. Cost-benefit analyses suggest that widespread protection will be an economically rational response to land loss due to sea-level rise in the four SRES futures that are considered. The most vulnerable future worlds to sea-level rise appear to be the A2 and B2 scenarios, which primarily reflects differences in the socio-economic situation (coastal population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and GDP/capita), rather than the magnitude of sea-level rise. Small islands and deltaic settings stand out as being more vulnerable as shown in many earlier analyses. Collectively, these results suggest that human societies will have more choice in how they respond to sea-level rise than is often assumed. However, this conclusion needs to be tempered by recognition that we still do not understand these choices and significant impacts remain possible. Future worlds which experience larger rises in sea-level than considered here (above 35 cm), more extreme events, a reactive rather than proactive approach to adaptation, and where GDP growth is slower or more unequal than in the SRES futures remain a concern. There is considerable scope for further research to better understand these diverse issues.

  15. Large Gain in Air Quality Compared to an Alternative Anthropogenic Emissions Scenario

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Daskalakis, Nikos; Tsigaridis, Kostas; Myriokefalitakis, Stelios; Fanourgakis, George S.; Kanakidou, Maria

    2016-01-01

    During the last 30 years, significant effort has been made to improve air quality through legislation for emissions reduction. Global three-dimensional chemistrytransport simulations of atmospheric composition over the past 3 decades have been performed to estimate what the air quality levels would have been under a scenario of stagnation of anthropogenic emissions per capita as in 1980, accounting for the population increase (BA1980) or using the standard practice of neglecting it (AE1980), and how they compare to the historical changes in air quality levels. The simulations are based on assimilated meteorology to account for the yearto- year observed climate variability and on different scenarios of anthropogenic emissions of pollutants. The ACCMIP historical emissions dataset is used as the starting point. Our sensitivity simulations provide clear indications that air quality legislation and technology developments have limited the rapid increase of air pollutants. The achieved reductions in concentrations of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, black carbon, and sulfate aerosols are found to be significant when comparing to both BA1980 and AE1980 simulations that neglect any measures applied for the protection of the environment. We also show the potentially large tropospheric air quality benefit from the development of cleaner technology used by the growing global population. These 30-year hindcast sensitivity simulations demonstrate that the actual benefit in air quality due to air pollution legislation and technological advances is higher than the gain calculated by a simple comparison against a constant anthropogenic emissions simulation, as is usually done. Our results also indicate that over China and India the beneficial technological advances for the air quality may have been masked by the explosive increase in local population and the disproportional increase in energy demand partially due to the globalization of the economy.

  16. Designing a Methodology for Future Air Travel Scenarios

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wuebbles, Donald J.; Baughcum, Steven L.; Gerstle, John H.; Edmonds, Jae; Kinnison, Douglas E.; Krull, Nick; Metwally, Munir; Mortlock, Alan; Prather, Michael J.

    1992-01-01

    The growing demand on air travel throughout the world has prompted several proposals for the development of commercial aircraft capable of transporting a large number of passengers at supersonic speeds. Emissions from a projected fleet of such aircraft, referred to as high-speed civil transports (HSCT's), are being studied because of their possible effects on the chemistry and physics of the global atmosphere, in particular, on stratospheric ozone. At the same time, there is growing concern about the effects on ozone from the emissions of current (primarily subsonic) aircraft emissions. Evaluating the potential atmospheric impact of aircraft emissions from HSCT's requires a scientifically sound understanding of where the aircraft fly and under what conditions the aircraft effluents are injected into the atmosphere. A preliminary set of emissions scenarios are presented. These scenarios will be used to understand the sensitivity of environment effects to a range of fleet operations, flight conditions, and aircraft specifications. The baseline specifications for the scenarios are provided: the criteria to be used for developing the scenarios are defined, the required data base for initiating the development of the scenarios is established, and the state of the art for those scenarios that have already been developed is discussed. An important aspect of the assessment will be the evaluation of realistic projections of emissions as a function of both geographical distribution and altitude from an economically viable commercial HSCT fleet. With an assumed introduction date of around the year 2005, it is anticipated that there will be no HSCT aircraft in the global fleet at that time. However, projections show that, by 2015, the HSCT fleet could reach significant size. We assume these projections of HSCT and subsonic fleets for about 2015 can the be used as input to global atmospheric chemistry models to evaluate the impact of the HSCT fleets, relative to an all

  17. Projection of global terrestrial nitrous oxide emission using future scenarios of climate and land-use management

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Inatomi, M. I.; Ito, A.

    2016-12-01

    Nitrous oxide (N2O), with a centennial mean residence time in the atmosphere, is one of the most remarkable greenhouse gases. Because natural and anthropogenic emissions make comparable contributions, we need to take account of different sources of N2O such as natural soils and fertilizer in croplands to predict the future emission change and to discuss its mitigation. In this study, we conduct a series of simulations of future change in nitrous oxide emission from terrestrial ecosystems using a process-based model, VISIT. We assume a couple of scenarios of future climate change, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, fertilizer input, and land-use change. In particular, we develop a new scenario of cropland fertilizer input on the basis of changes in crop productivity and fertilizer production cost. Expansion of biofuel crop production is considered but in a simplified manner (e.g., a specific fraction of pasture conversion to biofuel cultivation). Regional and temporal aspects of N2O emission are investigated and compared with previous studies. Finally, we make discussions, on the basis of simulated results, about the high-end of N2O emission, mitigation options, and impact of fertilizer input.

  18. A Self-Adaptive Model-Based Wi-Fi Indoor Localization Method.

    PubMed

    Tuta, Jure; Juric, Matjaz B

    2016-12-06

    This paper presents a novel method for indoor localization, developed with the main aim of making it useful for real-world deployments. Many indoor localization methods exist, yet they have several disadvantages in real-world deployments-some are static, which is not suitable for long-term usage; some require costly human recalibration procedures; and others require special hardware such as Wi-Fi anchors and transponders. Our method is self-calibrating and self-adaptive thus maintenance free and based on Wi-Fi only. We have employed two well-known propagation models-free space path loss and ITU models-which we have extended with additional parameters for better propagation simulation. Our self-calibrating procedure utilizes one propagation model to infer parameters of the space and the other to simulate the propagation of the signal without requiring any additional hardware beside Wi-Fi access points, which is suitable for real-world usage. Our method is also one of the few model-based Wi-Fi only self-adaptive approaches that do not require the mobile terminal to be in the access-point mode. The only input requirements of the method are Wi-Fi access point positions, and positions and properties of the walls. Our method has been evaluated in single- and multi-room environments, with measured mean error of 2-3 and 3-4 m, respectively, which is similar to existing methods. The evaluation has proven that usable localization accuracy can be achieved in real-world environments solely by the proposed Wi-Fi method that relies on simple hardware and software requirements.

  19. A Self-Adaptive Model-Based Wi-Fi Indoor Localization Method

    PubMed Central

    Tuta, Jure; Juric, Matjaz B.

    2016-01-01

    This paper presents a novel method for indoor localization, developed with the main aim of making it useful for real-world deployments. Many indoor localization methods exist, yet they have several disadvantages in real-world deployments—some are static, which is not suitable for long-term usage; some require costly human recalibration procedures; and others require special hardware such as Wi-Fi anchors and transponders. Our method is self-calibrating and self-adaptive thus maintenance free and based on Wi-Fi only. We have employed two well-known propagation models—free space path loss and ITU models—which we have extended with additional parameters for better propagation simulation. Our self-calibrating procedure utilizes one propagation model to infer parameters of the space and the other to simulate the propagation of the signal without requiring any additional hardware beside Wi-Fi access points, which is suitable for real-world usage. Our method is also one of the few model-based Wi-Fi only self-adaptive approaches that do not require the mobile terminal to be in the access-point mode. The only input requirements of the method are Wi-Fi access point positions, and positions and properties of the walls. Our method has been evaluated in single- and multi-room environments, with measured mean error of 2–3 and 3–4 m, respectively, which is similar to existing methods. The evaluation has proven that usable localization accuracy can be achieved in real-world environments solely by the proposed Wi-Fi method that relies on simple hardware and software requirements. PMID:27929453

  20. Future emissions pathways consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Millar, R.; Fuglestvedt, J. S.; Grubb, M.; Rogelj, J.; Skeie, R. B.; Friedlingstein, P.; Forster, P.; Frame, D. J.; Pierrehumbert, R.; Allen, M. R.

    2016-12-01

    The stated aim of the 2015 UNFCCC Paris Agreement is `holding the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit temperature increases to 1.5°C'. We show that emissions reductions proportional to those achieved in an ambitious mitigation scenario, RCP2.6, but beginning in 2017, give a median estimated peak warming of 1.5°C, with a likely (66% probability) range of uncertainty of 1.2-2.0°C. Such a scenario would be approximately consistent with the most ambitious interpretation of the 2030 emissions pledges, but requires reduction rates exceeding 0.3GtC/yr/yr after 2030. A steady reduction at less than half this rate would achieve the same temperature outcome if initiated in 2020. Limiting total CO2 emissions after 2015 to 200GtC would limit future warming to likely less than 0.6°C above present, consistent with 1.5°C above pre-industrial, based on the distribution of responses of the CMIP5 Earth System, but the CMIP5 simulations do not correspond to scenarios that aim to limit warming to such low levels. If future CO2 emissions are successfully adapted to the emerging climate response so as to limit warming in 2100 to 0.6°C above present, and non-CO2 emissions follow the ambitious RCP2.6 scenario, then we estimate that resulting CO2 emissions will unlikely be restricted to less than 250GtC given current uncertainties in climate system response, although still-poorly-modelled carbon cycle feedbacks, such as release from permafrost, may encroach on this budget. Even under a perfectly successful adaptive mitigation regime, emissions consistent with limiting warming to 0.6°C above present are unlikely to be greater than 500GtC.These estimates suggest the 1.5°C goal may not yet be geophysically insurmountable but will nevertheless require, at minimum, the full implementation of the most ambitious interpretation of the Paris pledges followed by accelerated and more fundamental changes in our

  1. Wi-Fi/MARG Integration for Indoor Pedestrian Localization.

    PubMed

    Tian, Zengshan; Jin, Yue; Zhou, Mu; Wu, Zipeng; Li, Ze

    2016-12-10

    With the wide deployment of Wi-Fi networks, Wi-Fi based indoor localization systems that are deployed without any special hardware have caught significant attention and have become a currently practical technology. At the same time, the Magnetic, Angular Rate, and Gravity (MARG) sensors installed in commercial mobile devices can achieve highly-accurate localization in short time. Based on this, we design a novel indoor localization system by using built-in MARG sensors and a Wi-Fi module. The innovative contributions of this paper include the enhanced Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) and Wi-Fi localization approaches, and an Extended Kalman Particle Filter (EKPF) based fusion algorithm. A new Wi-Fi/MARG indoor localization system, including an Android based mobile client, a Web page for remote control, and a location server, is developed for real-time indoor pedestrian localization. The extensive experimental results show that the proposed system is featured with better localization performance, with the average error 0.85 m, than the one achieved by using the Wi-Fi module or MARG sensors solely.

  2. Wi-Fi/MARG Integration for Indoor Pedestrian Localization

    PubMed Central

    Tian, Zengshan; Jin, Yue; Zhou, Mu; Wu, Zipeng; Li, Ze

    2016-01-01

    With the wide deployment of Wi-Fi networks, Wi-Fi based indoor localization systems that are deployed without any special hardware have caught significant attention and have become a currently practical technology. At the same time, the Magnetic, Angular Rate, and Gravity (MARG) sensors installed in commercial mobile devices can achieve highly-accurate localization in short time. Based on this, we design a novel indoor localization system by using built-in MARG sensors and a Wi-Fi module. The innovative contributions of this paper include the enhanced Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) and Wi-Fi localization approaches, and an Extended Kalman Particle Filter (EKPF) based fusion algorithm. A new Wi-Fi/MARG indoor localization system, including an Android based mobile client, a Web page for remote control, and a location server, is developed for real-time indoor pedestrian localization. The extensive experimental results show that the proposed system is featured with better localization performance, with the average error 0.85 m, than the one achieved by using the Wi-Fi module or MARG sensors solely. PMID:27973412

  3. The Development of the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview-Fidelity Instrument (CFI-FI): A Pilot Study

    PubMed Central

    Aggarwal, Neil Krishan; Glass, Andrew; Tirado, Amilcar; Boiler, Marit; Nicasio, Andel; Alegría, Margarita; Wall, Melanie; Lewis-Fernández, Roberto

    2015-01-01

    This paper reports on the development of the Cultural Formulation Interview-Fidelity Instrument (CFI-FI) which assesses clinician fidelity to the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI). The CFI consists of a manualized set of standard questions that can precede every psychiatric evaluation. It is based on the DSM-IV Outline for Cultural Formulation, the cross-cultural assessment with the most evidence in psychiatric training. Using the New York sample of the DSM-5 CFI field trial, two independent raters created and finalized items for the CFI-FI based on six audio-taped and transcribed interviews. The raters then used the final CFI-FI to rate the remaining 23 interviews. Inter-rater reliability ranged from .73 to 1 for adherence items and .52 to 1 for competence items. The development of the CFI-FI can help researchers and administrators determine whether the CFI has been implemented with fidelity, permitting future intervention research. PMID:25130248

  4. Scenarios of land use and land cover change in the conterminous United States: Utilizing the special report on emission scenarios at ecoregional scales

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Sleeter, Benjamin M.; Sohl, Terry L.; Bouchard, Michelle A.; Reker, Ryan R.; Soulard, Christopher E.; Acevedo, William; Griffith, Glenn E.; Sleeter, Rachel R.; Auch, Roger F.; Sayler, Kristi L.; Prisley, Stephen; Zhu, Zhi-Liang

    2012-01-01

    Global environmental change scenarios have typically provided projections of land use and land cover for a relatively small number of regions or using a relatively coarse resolution spatial grid, and for only a few major sectors. The coarseness of global projections, in both spatial and thematic dimensions, often limits their direct utility at scales useful for environmental management. This paper describes methods to downscale projections of land-use and land-cover change from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Special Report on Emission Scenarios to ecological regions of the conterminous United States, using an integrated assessment model, land-use histories, and expert knowledge. Downscaled projections span a wide range of future potential conditions across sixteen land use/land cover sectors and 84 ecological regions, and are logically consistent with both historical measurements and SRES characteristics. Results appear to provide a credible solution for connecting regionalized projections of land use and land cover with existing downscaled climate scenarios, under a common set of scenario-based socioeconomic assumptions.

  5. A universal definition of ARDS: the PaO2/FiO2 ratio under a standard ventilatory setting--a prospective, multicenter validation study.

    PubMed

    Villar, Jesús; Pérez-Méndez, Lina; Blanco, Jesús; Añón, José Manuel; Blanch, Lluís; Belda, Javier; Santos-Bouza, Antonio; Fernández, Rosa Lidia; Kacmarek, Robert M

    2013-04-01

    The PaO2/FiO2 is an integral part of the assessment of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The American-European Consensus Conference definition does not mandate any standardization procedure. We hypothesized that the use of PaO2/FiO2 calculated under a standard ventilatory setting within 24 h of ARDS diagnosis allows a more clinically relevant ARDS classification. We studied 452 ARDS patients enrolled prospectively in two independent, multicenter cohorts treated with protective mechanical ventilation. At the time of ARDS diagnosis, patients had a PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200. In the derivation cohort (n = 170), we measured PaO2/FiO2 with two levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) (≥ 5 and ≥ 10 cmH2O) and two levels of FiO2 (≥ 0.5 and 1.0) at ARDS onset and 24 h later. Dependent upon PaO2 response, patients were reclassified into three groups: mild (PaO2/FiO2 > 200), moderate (PaO2/FiO2 101-200), and severe (PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 100) ARDS. The primary outcome measure was ICU mortality. The standard ventilatory setting that reached the highest significance difference in mortality among these categories was tested in a separate cohort (n = 282). The only standard ventilatory setting that identified the three PaO2/FiO2 risk categories in the derivation cohort was PEEP ≥ 10 cmH2O and FiO2 ≥ 0.5 at 24 h after ARDS onset (p = 0.0001). Using this ventilatory setting, patients in the validation cohort were reclassified as having mild ARDS (n = 47, mortality 17 %), moderate ARDS (n = 149, mortality 40.9 %), and severe ARDS (n = 86, mortality 58.1 %) (p = 0.00001). Our method for assessing PaO2/FiO2 greatly improved risk stratification of ARDS and could be used for enrolling appropriate ARDS patients into therapeutic clinical trials.

  6. Assessing Concentrations and Health Impacts of Air Quality Management Strategies: Framework for Rapid Emissions Scenario and Health impact ESTimation (FRESH-EST)

    PubMed Central

    Milando, Chad W.; Martenies, Sheena E.; Batterman, Stuart A.

    2017-01-01

    In air quality management, reducing emissions from pollutant sources often forms the primary response to attaining air quality standards and guidelines. Despite the broad success of air quality management in the US, challenges remain. As examples: allocating emissions reductions among multiple sources is complex and can require many rounds of negotiation; health impacts associated with emissions, the ultimate driver for the standards, are not explicitly assessed; and long dispersion model run-times, which result from the increasing size and complexity of model inputs, limit the number of scenarios that can be evaluated, thus increasing the likelihood of missing an optimal strategy. A new modeling framework, called the "Framework for Rapid Emissions Scenario and Health impact ESTimation" (FRESH-EST), is presented to respond to these challenges. FRESH-EST estimates concentrations and health impacts of alternative emissions scenarios at the urban scale, providing efficient computations from emissions to health impacts at the Census block or other desired spatial scale. In addition, FRESH-EST can optimize emission reductions to meet specified environmental and health constraints, and a convenient user interface and graphical displays are provided to facilitate scenario evaluation. The new framework is demonstrated in an SO2 non-attainment area in southeast Michigan with two optimization strategies: the first minimizes emission reductions needed to achieve a target concentration; the second minimizes concentrations while holding constant the cumulative emissions across local sources (e.g., an emissions floor). The optimized strategies match outcomes in the proposed SO2 State Implementation Plan without the proposed stack parameter modifications or shutdowns. In addition, the lower health impacts estimated for these strategies suggest the potential for FRESH-EST to identify pollution control alternatives for air quality management planning. PMID:27318620

  7. Assessing concentrations and health impacts of air quality management strategies: Framework for Rapid Emissions Scenario and Health impact ESTimation (FRESH-EST).

    PubMed

    Milando, Chad W; Martenies, Sheena E; Batterman, Stuart A

    2016-09-01

    In air quality management, reducing emissions from pollutant sources often forms the primary response to attaining air quality standards and guidelines. Despite the broad success of air quality management in the US, challenges remain. As examples: allocating emissions reductions among multiple sources is complex and can require many rounds of negotiation; health impacts associated with emissions, the ultimate driver for the standards, are not explicitly assessed; and long dispersion model run-times, which result from the increasing size and complexity of model inputs, limit the number of scenarios that can be evaluated, thus increasing the likelihood of missing an optimal strategy. A new modeling framework, called the "Framework for Rapid Emissions Scenario and Health impact ESTimation" (FRESH-EST), is presented to respond to these challenges. FRESH-EST estimates concentrations and health impacts of alternative emissions scenarios at the urban scale, providing efficient computations from emissions to health impacts at the Census block or other desired spatial scale. In addition, FRESH-EST can optimize emission reductions to meet specified environmental and health constraints, and a convenient user interface and graphical displays are provided to facilitate scenario evaluation. The new framework is demonstrated in an SO2 non-attainment area in southeast Michigan with two optimization strategies: the first minimizes emission reductions needed to achieve a target concentration; the second minimizes concentrations while holding constant the cumulative emissions across local sources (e.g., an emissions floor). The optimized strategies match outcomes in the proposed SO2 State Implementation Plan without the proposed stack parameter modifications or shutdowns. In addition, the lower health impacts estimated for these strategies suggest that FRESH-EST could be used to identify potentially more desirable pollution control alternatives in air quality management planning

  8. Greenhouse gas emissions from different municipal solid waste management scenarios in China: Based on carbon and energy flow analysis.

    PubMed

    Liu, Yili; Sun, Weixin; Liu, Jianguo

    2017-10-01

    Waste management is a major source of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and many opportunities exist to reduce these emissions. To identify the GHG emissions from waste management in China, the characteristics of MSW and the current and future treatment management strategies, five typical management scenarios were modeled by EaseTech software following the principles of life cycle inventory and analyzed based on the carbon and energy flows. Due to the high organic fraction (50-70%) and moisture content (>50%) of Chinese municipal solid waste (MSW), the net GHG emissions in waste management had a significant difference from the developed countries. It was found that the poor landfill gas (LFG) collection efficiency and low carbon storage resulted landfilling with flaring and landfilling with biogas recovery scenarios were the largest GHG emissions (192 and 117 kgCO 2 -Eq/t, respectively). In contrast, incineration had the best energy recovery rate (19%), and, by grid emissions substitution, led to a substantial decrease in net GHG emissions (-124 kgCO 2 -Eq/t). Due to the high energy consumption in operation, the unavoidable leakage of CH 4 and N 2 O in treatment, and the further release of CH 4 in disposing of the digested residue or composted product, the scenarios with biological treatment of the organic fractions after sorting, such as composting or anaerobic digestion (AD), did not lead to the outstanding GHG reductions (emissions of 32 and -36 kgCO 2 -Eq/t, respectively) as expected. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  9. Early UV emission from disc-originated matter (DOM) in Type Ia supernovae in the double-degenerate scenario

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Levanon, Naveh; Soker, Noam

    2017-09-01

    We show that the blue and UV excess emission in the first few days of some Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) can be accounted in the double-degenerate (DD) scenario by the collision of the SN ejecta with circumstellar matter that was blown by the accretion disc formed during the merger process of the two white dwarfs (WDs). We assume that in cases of excess early light, the disc blows the circumstellar matter, that we term disc-originated matter (DOM), hours to days before explosion. To perform our analysis, we first provide a model-based definition for early excess light, replacing the definition of excess light relative to a power-law fit to the rising luminosity. We then examine the light curves of the SNe Ia iPTF14atg and SN 2012cg, and find that the collision of the ejecta with a DOM in the frame of the DD scenario can account for their early excess emission. Thus, early excess light does not necessarily imply the presence of a stellar companion in the frame of the single-degenerate scenario. Our findings further increase the variety of phenomena that the DD scenario can account for, and emphasize the need to consider all different SN Ia scenarios when interpreting observations.

  10. OCEANOGRAPHY. Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO₂ emissions scenarios.

    PubMed

    Gattuso, J-P; Magnan, A; Billé, R; Cheung, W W L; Howes, E L; Joos, F; Allemand, D; Bopp, L; Cooley, S R; Eakin, C M; Hoegh-Guldberg, O; Kelly, R P; Pörtner, H-O; Rogers, A D; Baxter, J M; Laffoley, D; Osborn, D; Rankovic, A; Rochette, J; Sumaila, U R; Treyer, S; Turley, C

    2015-07-03

    The ocean moderates anthropogenic climate change at the cost of profound alterations of its physics, chemistry, ecology, and services. Here, we evaluate and compare the risks of impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems—and the goods and services they provide—for growing cumulative carbon emissions under two contrasting emissions scenarios. The current emissions trajectory would rapidly and significantly alter many ecosystems and the associated services on which humans heavily depend. A reduced emissions scenario—consistent with the Copenhagen Accord's goal of a global temperature increase of less than 2°C—is much more favorable to the ocean but still substantially alters important marine ecosystems and associated goods and services. The management options to address ocean impacts narrow as the ocean warms and acidifies. Consequently, any new climate regime that fails to minimize ocean impacts would be incomplete and inadequate. Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

  11. Effect of long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on testes functions.

    PubMed

    Dasdag, Suleyman; Taş, Muzaffer; Akdag, Mehmet Zulkuf; Yegin, Korkut

    2015-03-01

    The aim of this study was to investigate long-term effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted from a Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) system on testes. The study was carried out on 16 Wistar Albino adult male rats by dividing them into two groups such as sham (n: 8) and exposure (n: 8). Rats in the exposure group were exposed to 2.4 GHz RFR radiation for 24 h/d during 12 months (1 year). The same procedure was applied to the rats in the sham control group except the Wi-Fi system was turned off. Immediately after the last exposure, rats were sacrificed and reproductive organs were removed. Motility (%), concentration (×10(6)/mL), tail defects (%), head defects (%) and total morphologic defects (%) of sperms and weight of testes (g), left epididymis (g), prostate (g), seminal vesicles (g) were determined. Seminiferous tubules diameter (μm) and tunica albuginea thickness (μm) were also measured. However, the results were evaluated by using Johnsen's score. Head defects increased in the exposure group (p < 0.05) while weight of the epididymis and seminal vesicles, seminiferous tubules diameter and tunica albuginea thickness were decreased in the exposure group (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.0001). However, other alterations of other parameters were not found significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, we observed that long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz RF emitted from Wi-Fi (2420 μW/kg, 1 g average) affects some of the reproductive parameters of male rats. We suggest Wi-Fi users to avoid long-term exposure of RF emissions from Wi-Fi equipment.

  12. Assessing the Energy and Emissions Implications of Alternative Population Scenarios Using a State-Level Integrated Assessment Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shi, W.; Nolte, C. G.; Loughlin, D. H.; Ou, Y.; Smith, S. J.

    2017-12-01

    We use GCAM-USA to examine the sensitivity of energy demands and resulting pollutant emissions and health impacts to differing population projections. The population projections are based on future fertility, mortality, migration and education assumptions consistent with the five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) (Jones and O'Neill, 2016). By using a state-level integrated assessment model, we capture the energy and emissions implications of population changes. Additionally, we overlay heating degree days and cooling degree days calculated from climate change projections to assess the individual and combined impacts of population shifts and climate change. A unique aspect of this work is the explicit representation of important regulatory drivers, such as the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule and vehicle efficiency standards. Preliminary results indicate there are significant differences across population scenarios in both U.S. national and state-level emissions. In this presentation, we will examine the influence of underlying factors such as climate, population, and technology changes on emissions and environmental impacts at 2050.

  13. Potential climate engineering effectiveness and side effects during a high carbon dioxide-emission scenario

    PubMed Central

    Keller, David P.; Feng, Ellias Y.; Oschlies, Andreas

    2014-01-01

    The realization that mitigation efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions have, until now, been relatively ineffective has led to an increasing interest in climate engineering as a possible means of preventing the potentially catastrophic consequences of climate change. While many studies have addressed the potential effectiveness of individual methods there have been few attempts to compare them. Here we use an Earth system model to compare the effectiveness and side effects of afforestation, artificial ocean upwelling, ocean iron fertilization, ocean alkalinization and solar radiation management during a high carbon dioxide-emission scenario. We find that even when applied continuously and at scales as large as currently deemed possible, all methods are, individually, either relatively ineffective with limited (<8%) warming reductions, or they have potentially severe side effects and cannot be stopped without causing rapid climate change. Our simulations suggest that the potential for these types of climate engineering to make up for failed mitigation may be very limited. PMID:24569320

  14. Light fidelity (Li-Fi): An effective solution for data transmission

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sharma, Vaishali; Rajput, Shreya; Sharma, Praveen Kumar

    2016-03-01

    The rapid advancement in the field of science has led to the development of many technologies, gadgets and equipment which in turn has hold pressure on Wi-Fi, modems, board band connections etc., to lessen this stress new revolution in this field has rooted on termed "LI-FI". Li-Fi stands for light fidelity i.e. light is used for the transmission of data. The concept of Li-Fi is taking the fiber out of fiber optics sending information through an LED that varies in intensity faster than human eye can follow. Li-Fi offers an entirely new paradigm in wireless technology in term of communication, speed, flexibility, usability etc. The idea of data through illumination is similar to radio waves communication difference lies in the use of LED in LI-Fi, which made it superior than Wi-Fi. Hence Li-Fi is linked to the visible light communication network provision transmission which is looked upon as an advancement. Thus a new class of light with high intensity light source of solid state design bringing clean lighting solution to general and specialty lighting. With energy efficiency, long useful lifetime, full spectrum and dimming. Li-Fi is just not only confined to light and LED indeed it is a platform with versatile advantages and facilities. This paper gives a brief idea about the introduction of Li-Fi, its working, advantages, limitations etc.

  15. Impacts of Different Anthropogenic Aerosol Emission Scenarios on Hydrology in the Mekong Basins and their Effects on Irrigation and Hydropower

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yeo, L. K.; Wang, C.

    2016-12-01

    Water distribution is closely linked to food and energy security. Aerosol emissions affect cloud properties, as well as atmospheric stability, changing the distribution of precipitation. These changes in precipitation causes changes in water availability, affecting food production and energy generation. These impacts are especially important in Southeast Asia, which uses up to 90% of their water supply for irrigation. In addition, the Mekong river, the largest inland fishery in the world, has 30,000MW of hydropower potential in its lower reaches alone. Modelling the impacts of these anthropogenic emission scenarios will allow us to better understand their downstream effects on hydrology, and any potential feedbacks it may have on future aerosol emissions. In the first step, we run the WRF model using FNL reanlaysis data from 2014 and 2015 to generate the WRF-hydro model forcing inputs. We then run the WRF-hydro model and compare the output with current measurements of soil moisture, river flow, and precipitation. Secondly, we run the WRF-Chem model with various anthropogenic emission scenarios and put the results through the WRF-hydro model to determine the impact of these emission scenarios on soil moisture and river flow. The scenarios include enhanced anthropogenic emissions in Asia, anologous to widespread adoption of coal burning as an energy source in Asia. Anthropogenic emissions have the potential to affect energy policy in countries affected by these emissions. When hydropower generation is affected by changes in precipitation, the affected countries will have to switch to alternative sources of fuel to meet their energy needs. These sources typically result in changes in anthropogenic aerosol emisssions, especially if coal is used as an alternative source of energy.

  16. The Audacity of Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) Networks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Maier, Martin; Ghazisaidi, Navid; Reisslein, Martin

    A plethora of enabling optical and wireless technologies have been emerging that can be used to build future-proof bimodal fiber-wireless (FiWi) broadband access networks. After overviewing key enabling radio-over-fiber (RoF) and radio-and-fiber (R&F) technologies and briefly surveying the state of the art of FiWi networks, we introduce an Ethernet-based access-metro FiWi network, called SuperMAN, that integrates next-generation WiFi and WiMAX networks with WDM-enhanced EPON and RPR networks. Throughout the paper we pay close attention to the technical challenges and opportunities of FiWi networks, but also elaborate on their societal benefits and potential to shift the current research focus from optical-wireless networking to the exploitation of personal and in-home computing facilities to create new unforeseen services and applications as we are about to enter the Petabyte age.

  17. Indoor positioning using differential Wi-Fi lateration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Retscher, Guenther; Tatschl, Thomas

    2017-12-01

    For Wi-Fi positioning usually location fingerprinting or (tri)lateration are employed whereby the received signal strengths (RSSs) of the surrounding Wi-Fi Access Points (APs) are scanned on the mobile devices and used to perform localization. Within the scope of this study, the position of a mobile user is determined on the basis of lateration. Two new differential approaches are developed and compared to two common models, i.e., the one-slope and multi-wall model, for the conversion of the measured RSS of the Wi-Fi signals into ranges. The two novel methods are termed DWi-Fi as they are derived either from the well-known DGPS or VLBI positioning principles. They make use of a network of reference stations deployed in the area of interest. From continuous RSS observations on these reference stations correction parameters are derived and applied by the user in real-time. This approach leads to a reduced influence of temporal and spatial variations and various propagation effects on the positioning result. In practical use cases conducted in a multi-storey office building with three different smartphones, it is proven that the two DWi-Fi approaches outperform the common models as static positioning yielded to position errors of about 5 m in average under good spatial conditions.

  18. High-resolution interpolation of climate scenarios for Canada derived from general circulation model simulations

    Treesearch

    D. T. Price; D. W. McKenney; L. A. Joyce; R. M. Siltanen; P. Papadopol; K. Lawrence

    2011-01-01

    Projections of future climate were selected for four well-established general circulation models (GCMs) forced by each of three greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), namely scenarios A2, A1B, and B1 of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. Monthly data for the period 1961-2100 were...

  19. 40 CFR 98.213 - Calculating GHG emissions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... calcination fractions with Equation U-1 of this section. ER30OC09.077 Where: ECO2 = Annual CO2 mass emissions... ton carbonate consumed. Fi = Fraction calcination achieved for each particular carbonate type i (decimal fraction). As an alternative to measuring the calcination fraction, a value of 1.0 can be used. n...

  20. External validation of the adult spinal deformity (ASD) frailty index (ASD-FI).

    PubMed

    Miller, Emily K; Vila-Casademunt, Alba; Neuman, Brian J; Sciubba, Daniel M; Kebaish, Khaled M; Smith, Justin S; Alanay, Ahmet; Acaroglu, Emre R; Kleinstück, Frank; Obeid, Ibrahim; Sánchez Pérez-Grueso, Francisco Javier; Carreon, Leah Y; Schwab, Frank J; Bess, Shay; Scheer, Justin K; Lafage, Virginie; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Pellisé, Ferran; Ames, Christopher P

    2018-03-30

    To assess the ability of the recently developed adult spinal deformity frailty index (ASD-FI) to predict odds of perioperative complications, odds of reoperation, and length of hospital stay after adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery using a database other than the one used to create the index. We used the ASD-FI to calculate frailty scores for 266 ASD patients who had minimum postoperative follow-up of 2 years in the European Spine Study Group (ESSG) database. Patients were enrolled from 2012 through 2013. Using ASD-FI scores, we categorized patients as not frail (NF) (< 0.3 points), frail (0.3-0.5 points), or severely frail (SF) (> 0.5 points). Multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for preoperative and surgical factors such as operative time and blood loss, was performed to determine the relationship between ASD-FI category and odds of major complications, odds of reoperation, and length of hospital stay. We categorized 135 patients (51%) as NF, 90 patients (34%) as frail, and 41 patients (15%) as SF. Overall mean ASD-FI score was 0.29 (range 0-0.8). The adjusted odds of experiencing a major intraoperative or postoperative complication (OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.0-10) or having a reoperation (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.7-8.9) were higher for SF patients compared with NF patients. Mean hospital stay was 2.1 times longer (95% CI 1.8-2.4) for SF patients compared with NF patients. Greater patient frailty, as measured by the ASD-FI, is associated with longer hospital stays and greater odds of major complications and reoperation. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

  1. Downscaled climate change impacts on agricultural water resources in Puerto Rico

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Harmsen, E.W.; Miller, N.L.; Schlegel, N.J.

    2009-04-01

    The purpose of this study is to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ET{sub o}), rainfall deficit (rainfall - ET{sub o}) and relative crop yield reduction for a generic crop under climate change conditions for three locations in Puerto Rico: Adjuntas, Mayaguez, and Lajas. Reference evapotranspiration is estimated by the Penman-Monteith method. Rainfall and temperature data were statistically downscaled and evaluated using the DOE/NCAR PCM global circulation model projections for the B1 (low), A2 (mid-high) and A1fi (high) emission scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenarios. Relative crop yield reductions were estimated from a function dependent watermore » stress factor, which is a function of soil moisture content. Average soil moisture content for the three locations was determined by means of a simple water balance approach. Results from the analysis indicate that the rainy season will become wetter and the dry season will become drier. The 20-year mean 1990-2010 September rainfall excess (i.e., rainfall - ET{sub o} > 0) increased for all scenarios and locations from 149.8 to 356.4 mm for 2080-2100. Similarly, the 20-year average February rainfall deficit (i.e., rainfall - ET{sub o} < 0) decreased from a -26.1 mm for 1990-2010 to -72.1 mm for the year 2080-2100. The results suggest that additional water could be saved during the wet months to offset increased irrigation requirements during the dry months. Relative crop yield reduction did not change significantly under the B1 projected emissions scenario, but increased by approximately 20% during the summer months under the A1fi emissions scenario. Components of the annual water balance for the three climate change scenarios are rainfall, evapotranspiration (adjusted for soil moisture), surface runoff, aquifer recharge and change in soil moisture storage. Under the A1fi scenario, for all locations, annual evapotranspiration decreased owing to lower soil

  2. Development and initial evaluation of the SCI-FI/AT.

    PubMed

    Jette, Alan M; Slavin, Mary D; Ni, Pengsheng; Kisala, Pamela A; Tulsky, David S; Heinemann, Allen W; Charlifue, Susie; Tate, Denise G; Fyffe, Denise; Morse, Leslie; Marino, Ralph; Smith, Ian; Williams, Steve

    2015-05-01

    To describe the domain structure and calibration of the Spinal Cord Injury Functional Index for samples using Assistive Technology (SCI-FI/AT) and report the initial psychometric properties of each domain. Cross sectional survey followed by computerized adaptive test (CAT) simulations. Inpatient and community settings. A sample of 460 adults with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) stratified by level of injury, completeness of injury, and time since injury. None SCI-FI/AT RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Item response theory (IRT) analyses identified 4 unidimensional SCI-FI/AT domains: Basic Mobility (41 items) Self-care (71 items), Fine Motor Function (35 items), and Ambulation (29 items). High correlations of full item banks with 10-item simulated CATs indicated high accuracy of each CAT in estimating a person's function, and there was high measurement reliability for the simulated CAT scales compared with the full item bank. SCI-FI/AT item difficulties in the domains of Self-care, Fine Motor Function, and Ambulation were less difficult than the same items in the original SCI-FI item banks. With the development of the SCI-FI/AT, clinicians and investigators have available multidimensional assessment scales that evaluate function for users of AT to complement the scales available in the original SCI-FI.

  3. Effective therapy for a murine model of human anaplastic large-cell lymphoma with the anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody, HeFi-1, does not require activating Fc receptors

    PubMed Central

    Zhang, Meili; Yao, Zhengsheng; Zhang, Zhuo; Garmestani, Kayhan; Goldman, Carolyn K.; Ravetch, Jeffrey V.; Janik, John; Brechbiel, Martin W.; Waldmann, Thomas A.

    2006-01-01

    CD30 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. Overexpression of CD30 on some neoplasms versus its limited expression on normal tissues makes this receptor a promising target for antibody-based therapy. Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) represents a heterogeneous group of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas characterized by the strong expression of CD30. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of HeFi-1, a mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes the ligand-binding site on CD30, and humanized anti-Tac antibody (daclizumab), which recognizes CD25, in a murine model of human ALCL. The ALCL model was established by intravenous injection of karpas299 cells into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immuno-deficient (SCID/NOD) wild-type or SCID/NOD Fc receptor common γ chain–deficient (FcRγ–/–) mice. HeFi-1, given at a dose of 100 μg weekly for 4 weeks, significantly prolonged survival of the ALCL-bearing SCID/NOD wild-type and SCID/NOD FcRγ–/– mice (P < .01) as compared with the control groups. In vitro studies showed that HeFi-1 inhibited the proliferation of karpas299 cells, whereas daclizumab did not inhibit cell proliferation. We demonstrated that the expression of FcRγ on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes was not required for HeFi-1–mediated tumor growth inhibition in vivo, although it was required for daclizumab. PMID:16551968

  4. The impact of aerosol emissions on the 1.5 °C pathways

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hienola, Anca; Partanen, Antti-Ilari; Pietikäinen, Joni-Pekka; O’Donnell, Declan; Korhonen, Hannele; Damon Matthews, H.; Laaksonen, Ari

    2018-04-01

    To assess the impact of anthropogenic aerosol emission reduction on limiting global temperature increase to 1.5 °C or 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, two climate modeling approaches have been used (MAGICC6, and a combination of ECHAM-HAMMOZ and the UVic ESCM), with two aerosol control pathways under two greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction scenarios. We found that aerosol emission reductions associated with CO2 co-emissions had a significant warming effect during the first half of the century and that the near-term warming is dependent on the pace of aerosol emission reduction. The modeling results show that these aerosol emission reductions account for about 0.5 °C warming relative to 2015, on top of the 1 °C above pre-industrial levels that were already reached in 2015. We found also that the decreases in aerosol emissions lead to different decreases in the magnitude of the aerosol radiative forcing in the two models. By 2100, the aerosol forcing is projected by ECHAM–UVic to diminish in magnitude by 0.96 W m‑2 and by MAGICC6 by 0.76 W m‑2 relative to 2000. Despite this discrepancy, the climate responses in terms of temperature are similar. Aggressive aerosol control due to air quality legislation affects the peak temperature, which is 0.2 °C–0.3 °C above the 1.5 °C limit even within the most ambitious CO2/GHG reduction scenario. At the end of the century, the temperature differences between aerosol reduction scenarios in the context of ambitious CO2 mitigation are negligible.

  5. Long-term (2005-2014) trends in formaldehyde (HCHO) columns across North America as seen by the OMI satellite instrument: Evidence of changing emissions of volatile organic compounds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhu, Lei; Mickley, Loretta J.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Marais, Eloïse A.; Sheng, Jianxiong; Hu, Lu; Abad, Gonzalo González; Chance, Kelly

    2017-07-01

    Satellite observations of formaldehyde (HCHO) columns provide top-down information on emissions of highly reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We examine the long-term trends in HCHO columns observed by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument from 2005 to 2014 across North America. Biogenic isoprene is the dominant source of HCHO, and its emission has a large temperature dependence. After correcting for this dependence, we find a general pattern of increases in much of North America but decreases in the southeastern U.S. Over the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria industrial area, HCHO columns decreased by 2.2% a-1 from 2005 to 2014, consistent with trends in emissions of anthropogenic VOCs. Over the Cold Lake Oil Sands in the southern Alberta in Canada, HCHO columns increased by 3.8% a-1, consistent with the increase in crude oil production there. HCHO variability in the northwestern U.S. and Midwest could be related to afforestation and corn silage production. Although NO<fi>x> levels can affect the HCHO yield from isoprene oxidation, we find that decreases in anthropogenic NO<fi>x> emissions made only a small contribution to the observed HCHO trends.Plain Language SummaryWe use satellite observations to diagnose long-term trends in HCHO columns across North America from 2005 to 2014. HCHO generally increased from 2005-2009 to 2010-2014 but decreased in the southeastern U.S. We find significant regional trends in excess of 20% related to decreases in urban anthropogenic VOC <span class="hlt">emissions</span> (Houston metropolitan area) and increases in oil/gas production (oil sands in western Canada). Significant regional trends in the northwestern U.S. and in the Midwest may be driven by afforestation and agricultural activity. The impact of declining NO<<span class="hlt">fi>x</fi</span>> <span class="hlt">emission</span> over the U.S. on HCHO columns is likely small over this time frame.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29928794','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29928794"><span>Evolution of the US energy system and related <span class="hlt">emissions</span> under varying social and technological development paradigms: Plausible <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for use in robust decision making.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brown, Kristen E; Hottle, Troy Alan; Bandyopadhyay, Rubenka; Babaee, Samaneh; Dodder, Rebecca Susanne; Kaplan, Pervin Ozge; Lenox, Carol; Loughlin, Dan</p> <p>2018-06-21</p> <p>The energy system is the primary source of air pollution. Thus, evolution of the energy system into the future will affect society's ability to maintain air quality. Anticipating this evolution is difficult because of inherent uncertainty in predicting future energy demand, fuel use, and technology adoption. We apply <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Planning to address this uncertainty, developing four very different visions of the future. Stakeholder engagement suggested technological progress and social attitudes toward the environment are critical and uncertain factors for determining future <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Combining transformative and static assumptions about these factors yields <span class="hlt">a</span> matrix of four <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> that encompass <span class="hlt">a</span> wide range of outcomes. We implement these <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in the U.S. EPA MARKAL model. Results suggest that both shifting attitudes and technology transformation may lead to <span class="hlt">emission</span> reductions relative to present, even without additional policies. <span class="hlt">Emission</span> caps, such as the Cross State Air Pollution Rule, are most effective at protecting against future <span class="hlt">emission</span> increases. An important outcome of this work is the <span class="hlt">scenario</span> implementation approach, which uses technology-specific discount rates to encourage <span class="hlt">scenario</span>-specific technology and fuel choices. End-use energy demands are modified to approximate societal changes. This implementation allows the model to respond to perturbations in manners consistent with each <span class="hlt">scenario</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29762340','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29762340"><span>External Validation of the Adult Spinal Deformity (ASD) Frailty Index (ASD-<span class="hlt">FI</span>) in the Scoli-RISK-<span class="hlt">1</span> Patient Database.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Miller, Emily K; Lenke, Lawrence G; Neuman, Brian J; Sciubba, Daniel M; Kebaish, Khaled M; Smith, Justin S; Qiu, Yong; Dahl, Benny T; Pellisé, Ferran; Matsuyama, Yukihiro; Carreon, Leah Y; Fehlings, Michael G; Cheung, Kenneth M; Lewis, Stephen; Dekutoski, Mark B; Schwab, Frank J; Boachie-Adjei, Oheneba; Mehdian, Hossein; Bess, Shay; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Ames, Christopher P</p> <p>2018-05-14</p> <p>Analysis of <span class="hlt">a</span> prospective multicenter database. To assess the ability of the recently created Adult Spinal Deformity (ASD) Frailty Index (ASD-<span class="hlt">FI</span>) to predict odds of major complications and length of hospital stay for patients who had more severe preoperative deformity and underwent more invasive ASD surgery compared with patients in the database used to create the index. Accurate preoperative estimates of risk are necessary given the high complication rates currently associated with ASD surgery. Patients were enrolled by participating institutions in Europe, Asia, and North America from 2009 to 2011. ASD-<span class="hlt">FI</span> scores were used to classify 267 patients as not frail (NF) (<0.3), frail (0.3-0. 5), or severely frail (SF) (>0.5). Multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for preoperative and surgical covariates such as operative time and blood loss, was performed to determine the relationship between ASD-<span class="hlt">FI</span> category and incidence of major complications, overall incidence of complications, and length of hospital stay. The mean ASD-<span class="hlt">FI</span> score was 0.3 (range, 0-0.7). We categorized 105 patients as NF, 103 as frail, and 59 as SF. The adjusted odds of developing <span class="hlt">a</span> major complication were higher for SF patients (odds ratio = 4.4; 95% CI 2.0, 9.9) compared with NF patients. After adjusting for covariates, length of hospital stay for SF patients increased by 19% (95% CI <span class="hlt">1</span>.4%, 39%) compared with NF patients. The odds of developing <span class="hlt">a</span> major complication or having increased length of stay were similar between frail and NF patients. Greater patient frailty, as measured by the ASD-<span class="hlt">FI</span>, is associated with <span class="hlt">a</span> longer hospital stay and greater risk of major complications among patients who have severe preoperative deformity and undergo invasive surgical procedures. 2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1191174-future-climate-change-under-rcp-emission-scenarios-giss-modele2','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1191174-future-climate-change-under-rcp-emission-scenarios-giss-modele2"><span>Future climate change under RCP <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> with GISS ModelE2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Nazarenko, L.; Schmidt, G. A.; Miller, R. L.; ...</p> <p>2015-02-24</p> <p>We examine the anthropogenically forced climate response for the 21st century representative concentration pathway (RCP) <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and their extensions for the period 2101–2500. The experiments were performed with ModelE2, <span class="hlt">a</span> new version of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Sciences (GISS) coupled general circulation model that includes three different versions for the atmospheric composition components: <span class="hlt">a</span> noninteractive version (NINT) with prescribed composition and <span class="hlt">a</span> tuned aerosol indirect effect (AIE), the TCAD version with fully interactive aerosols, whole-atmosphere chemistry, and the tuned AIE, and the TCADI version which further includes <span class="hlt">a</span> parameterized first indirect aerosol effect on clouds. Each atmosphericmore » version is coupled to two different ocean general circulation models: the Russell ocean model (GISS-E2-R) and HYCOM (GISS-E2-H). By 2100, global mean warming in the RCP <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> ranges from <span class="hlt">1</span>.0 to 4.5° C relative to 1850–1860 mean temperature in the historical simulations. In the RCP2.6 <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, the surface warming in all simulations stays below <span class="hlt">a</span> 2 °C threshold at the end of the 21st century. For RCP8.5, the range is 3.5–4.5° C at 2100. Decadally averaged sea ice area changes are highly correlated to global mean surface air temperature anomalies and show steep declines in both hemispheres, with <span class="hlt">a</span> larger sensitivity during winter months. By the year 2500, there are complete recoveries of the globally averaged surface air temperature for all versions of the GISS climate model in the low-forcing <span class="hlt">scenario</span> RCP2.6. TCADI simulations show enhanced warming due to greater sensitivity to CO₂, aerosol effects, and greater methane feedbacks, and recovery is much slower in RCP2.6 than with the NINT and TCAD versions. All coupled models have decreases in the Atlantic overturning stream function by 2100. In RCP2.6, there is <span class="hlt">a</span> complete recovery of the Atlantic overturning stream function by the year 2500 while with <span class="hlt">scenario</span> RCP8.5, the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22589339-light-fidelity-li-fi-effective-solution-data-transmission','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22589339-light-fidelity-li-fi-effective-solution-data-transmission"><span>Light fidelity (Li-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>): An effective solution for data transmission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sharma, Vaishali, E-mail: vaishalisharma202@gmail.com; Rajput, Shreya, E-mail: rajputshreya15@gmail.com; Sharma, Praveen Kumar, E-mail: psv.bkbiet@gmail.com</p> <p></p> <p>The rapid advancement in the field of science has led to the development of many technologies, gadgets and equipment which in turn has hold pressure on Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>, modems, board band connections etc., to lessen this stress new revolution in this field has rooted on termed “LI-FI”. Li-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> stands for light fidelity i.e. light is used for the transmission of data. The concept of Li-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> is taking the fiber out of fiber optics sending information through an LED that varies in intensity faster than human eye can follow. Li-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> offers an entirely new paradigm in wireless technology in term of communication,more » speed, flexibility, usability etc. The idea of data through illumination is similar to radio waves communication difference lies in the use of LED in LI-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>, which made it superior than Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>. Hence Li-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> is linked to the visible light communication network provision transmission which is looked upon as an advancement. Thus <span class="hlt">a</span> new class of light with high intensity light source of solid state design bringing clean lighting solution to general and specialty lighting. With energy efficiency, long useful lifetime, full spectrum and dimming. Li-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> is just not only confined to light and LED indeed it is <span class="hlt">a</span> platform with versatile advantages and facilities. This paper gives <span class="hlt">a</span> brief idea about the introduction of Li-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>, its working, advantages, limitations etc.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1338837','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1338837"><span>2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for <span class="hlt">a</span> Thriving Bioeconomy, Volume 2: Environmental Sustainability Effects of Select <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> from Volume <span class="hlt">1</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Efroymson, Rebecca Ann; Langholtz, Matthew H.</p> <p></p> <p>With the goal of understanding environmental effects of <span class="hlt">a</span> growing bioeconomy, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), national laboratories, and U.S. Forest Service research laboratories, together with academic and industry collaborators, undertook <span class="hlt">a</span> study to estimate environmental effects of potential biomass production <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in the United States, with an emphasis on agricultural and forest biomass. Potential effects investigated include changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, water quality and quantity, air <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, and biodiversity. Effects of altered land-management regimes were analyzed based on select county-level biomass-production <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for 2017 and 2040 taken from the 2016 Billion-Ton Report:more » Advancing Domestic Resources for <span class="hlt">a</span> Thriving Bioeconomy (BT16), volume <span class="hlt">1</span>, which assumes that the land bases for agricultural and forestry would not change over time. The <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> reflect constraints on biomass supply (e.g., excluded areas; implementation of management practices; and consideration of food, feed, forage, and fiber demands and exports) that intend to address sustainability concerns. Nonetheless, both beneficial and adverse environmental effects might be expected. To characterize these potential effects, this research sought to estimate where and under what modeled <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> or conditions positive and negative environmental effects could occur nationwide. The report also includes <span class="hlt">a</span> discussion of land-use change (LUC) (i.e., land management change) assumptions associated with the <span class="hlt">scenario</span> transitions (but not including analysis of indirect LUC [ILUC]), analyses of climate sensitivity of feedstock productivity under <span class="hlt">a</span> set of potential <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, and <span class="hlt">a</span> qualitative environmental effects analysis of algae production under carbon dioxide (CO2) co-location <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Because BT16 biomass supplies are simulated independent of <span class="hlt">a</span> defined end use, most analyses do not include benefits from displacing fossil fuels or other</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1810100M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1810100M"><span>Impact of road traffic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> on tropospheric ozone in Europe for present day and future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mertens, Mariano; Kerkweg, Astrid; Grewe, Volker; Jöckel, Patrick</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Road traffic is an important anthropogenic source of NOx, CO and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) which act as precursors for the formation of tropospheric ozone. The formation of ozone is highly non-linear. This means that the contribution of the road traffic sector cannot directly be derived from the amount of emitted species, because they are also determined by local <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of other anthropogenic and natural sources. In addition, long range transport of precursors and ozone can play an important role in determining the local ozone budget. For <span class="hlt">a</span> complete assessment of the impact of road traffic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> it is therefore important to resolve both, local <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and long range transport. This can be achieved by the use of the newly developed MECO(n) model system, which on-line couples the global chemistry-climate-model EMAC with the regional chemistry-climate-model COSMO-CLM/MESSy. Both models use the same chemical speciation. This allows <span class="hlt">a</span> highly consistent model chain from the global to the local scale. To quantify the contribution of the road traffic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> to tropospheric ozone we use an accounting system of the relevant reaction pathways of the different species from different sources (called tagging method). This tagging scheme is implemented consistently on all scales, allowing <span class="hlt">a</span> direct comparison of the contributions. With this model configuration we investigate the impact of road traffic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> to the tropospheric ozone budget in Europe. For the year 2008 we compare different <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and investigate the influence of both model and <span class="hlt">emission</span> resolution. In addition, results of <span class="hlt">a</span> mitigation <span class="hlt">scenario</span> for the year 2030 are presented. They indicate that the contribution of the road traffic sector can be reduced by local reductions of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> during summer. During winter the importance of long range transport increases. This can lead to increased contributions of the road traffic sector (e.g. by increased <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in the US) even if local</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......228D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......228D"><span>Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> real time location systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Doll, Benjamin A.</p> <p></p> <p>This thesis objective was to determine the viability of utilizing an untrained Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>. real time location system as <span class="hlt">a</span> GPS alternative for indoor environments. Background. research showed that GPS is rarely able to penetrate buildings to provide reliable. location data. The benefit of having location information in <span class="hlt">a</span> facility and how they might. be used for disaster or emergency relief personnel and their resources motivated this. research. <span class="hlt">A</span> building was selected with <span class="hlt">a</span> well-deployed Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> infrastructure and its. untrained location feature was used to determine the distance between the specified. test points and the system identified location. It was found that the average distance. from the test point throughout the facility was 14.3 feet 80% of the time. This fell within. the defined viable range and supported that an untrained Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> RTLS system could be <span class="hlt">a</span>. viable solution for GPS's lack of availability indoors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4445031','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4445031"><span>Development and initial evaluation of the SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jette, Alan M.; Slavin, Mary D.; Ni, Pengsheng; Kisala, Pamela A.; Tulsky, David S.; Heinemann, Allen W.; Charlifue, Susie; Tate, Denise G.; Fyffe, Denise; Morse, Leslie; Marino, Ralph; Smith, Ian; Williams, Steve</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Objectives To describe the domain structure and calibration of the Spinal Cord Injury Functional Index for samples using Assistive Technology (SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT) and report the initial psychometric properties of each domain. Design Cross sectional survey followed by computerized adaptive test (CAT) simulations. Setting Inpatient and community settings. Participants <span class="hlt">A</span> sample of 460 adults with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) stratified by level of injury, completeness of injury, and time since injury. Interventions None Main outcome measure SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT Results Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Item response theory (IRT) analyses identified 4 unidimensional SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT domains: Basic Mobility (41 items) Self-care (71 items), Fine Motor Function (35 items), and Ambulation (29 items). High correlations of full item banks with 10-item simulated CATs indicated high accuracy of each CAT in estimating <span class="hlt">a</span> person's function, and there was high measurement reliability for the simulated CAT scales compared with the full item bank. SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT item difficulties in the domains of Self-care, Fine Motor Function, and Ambulation were less difficult than the same items in the original SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> item banks. Conclusion With the development of the SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT, clinicians and investigators have available multidimensional assessment scales that evaluate function for users of AT to complement the scales available in the original SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>. PMID:26010975</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5038705','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5038705"><span>Continuous Indoor Positioning Fusing Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>, Smartphone Sensors and Landmarks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Deng, Zhi-An; Wang, Guofeng; Qin, Danyang; Na, Zhenyu; Cui, Yang; Chen, Juan</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>To exploit the complementary strengths of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning, pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR), and landmarks, we propose <span class="hlt">a</span> novel fusion approach based on an extended Kalman filter (EKF). For Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning, unlike previous fusion approaches setting measurement noise parameters empirically, we deploy <span class="hlt">a</span> kernel density estimation-based model to adaptively measure the related measurement noise statistics. Furthermore, <span class="hlt">a</span> trusted area of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning defined by fusion results of previous step and Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal outlier detection are exploited to reduce computational cost and improve Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning accuracy. For PDR, we integrate <span class="hlt">a</span> gyroscope, an accelerometer, and <span class="hlt">a</span> magnetometer to determine the user heading based on another EKF model. To reduce accumulation error of PDR and enable continuous indoor positioning, not only the positioning results but also the heading estimations are recalibrated by indoor landmarks. Experimental results in <span class="hlt">a</span> realistic indoor environment show that the proposed fusion approach achieves substantial positioning accuracy improvement than individual positioning approaches including PDR and Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning. PMID:27608019</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27608019','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27608019"><span>Continuous Indoor Positioning Fusing Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>, Smartphone Sensors and Landmarks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deng, Zhi-An; Wang, Guofeng; Qin, Danyang; Na, Zhenyu; Cui, Yang; Chen, Juan</p> <p>2016-09-05</p> <p>To exploit the complementary strengths of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning, pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR), and landmarks, we propose <span class="hlt">a</span> novel fusion approach based on an extended Kalman filter (EKF). For Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning, unlike previous fusion approaches setting measurement noise parameters empirically, we deploy <span class="hlt">a</span> kernel density estimation-based model to adaptively measure the related measurement noise statistics. Furthermore, <span class="hlt">a</span> trusted area of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning defined by fusion results of previous step and Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal outlier detection are exploited to reduce computational cost and improve Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning accuracy. For PDR, we integrate <span class="hlt">a</span> gyroscope, an accelerometer, and <span class="hlt">a</span> magnetometer to determine the user heading based on another EKF model. To reduce accumulation error of PDR and enable continuous indoor positioning, not only the positioning results but also the heading estimations are recalibrated by indoor landmarks. Experimental results in <span class="hlt">a</span> realistic indoor environment show that the proposed fusion approach achieves substantial positioning accuracy improvement than individual positioning approaches including PDR and Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526118','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526118"><span>Effects of elevated nutrients and CO2 <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> on three coral reef macroalgae.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bender-Champ, Dorothea; Diaz-Pulido, Guillermo; Dove, Sophie</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Coral reef macroalgae are expected to thrive in the future under conditions that are deleterious to the health of reef-building corals. Here we examined how macroalgae would be affected by exposure to future CO 2 <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (pCO 2 and temperature), enriched nutrients and combinations of both. The species tested, Laurencia intricata (Rhodophyta), Turbinaria ornata and Chnoospora implexa (both Phaeophyceae), have active carbon-concentrating mechanisms but responded differently to the treatments. L. intricata showed high mortality under nutrient enriched RCP4.5 ("reduced" CO 2 <span class="hlt">emission</span>) and RCP8.5 ("business-as-usual" CO 2 <span class="hlt">emission</span>) and grew best under pre-industrial (PI) conditions, where it could take up carbon using external carbonic anhydrase combined, potentially, with proton extrusion. T. ornata's growth rate showed <span class="hlt">a</span> trend for reduction under RCP8.5 but was unaffected by nutrient enrichment. In C. implexa, highest growth was observed under PI conditions, but highest net photosynthesis occurred under RCP8.5, suggesting that under RCP8.5, carbon is stored and respired at greater rates while it is directed to growth under PI conditions. None of the species showed growth enhancement under future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, nutrient enrichment or combinations of both. This leads to the conclusion that under such conditions these species are unlikely to pose an increasing threat to coral reefs. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23914568','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23914568"><span>[Synergistic <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction of chief air pollutants and greenhouse gases-based on <span class="hlt">scenario</span> simulations of energy consumptions in Beijing].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xie, Yuan-bo; Li, Wei</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>It is one of the common targets and important tasks for energy management and environmental control of Beijing to improve urban air quality while reducing the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of greenhouse gases (GHG). Here, based on the interim and long term developmental planning and energy structure of the city, three energy consumption <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in low, moderate and high restrictions were designed by taking the potential energy saving policies and environmental targets into account. The long-range energy alternatives planning (LEAP) model was employed to predict and evaluate reduction effects of the chief air pollutants and GHG during 2010 to 2020 under the three given <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. The results showed that if urban energy consumption system was optimized or adjusted by exercising energy saving and <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction and pollution control measures, the predicted energy uses will be reduced by 10 to 30 million tons of coal equivalents by 2020. Under the two energy <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> with moderate and high restrictions, the anticipated <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of SO2, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, VOC and GHG will be respectively reduced to 71 to 100.2, 159.2 to 218.7, 89.8 to 133.8, 51.4 to 96.0, 56.4 to 74.8 and 148 200 to 164 700 thousand tons. Correspondingly, when compared with the low-restriction <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, the reducing rate will be 53% to 67% , 50% to 64% , 33% to 55% , 25% to 60% , 41% to 55% and 26% to 34% respectively. Furthermore, based on <span class="hlt">a</span> study of synergistic <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction of the air pollutants and GHG, it was proposed that the adjustment and control of energy consumptions shall be intensively developed in the three sectors of industry, transportation and services. In this way the synergistic reduction of the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of chief air pollutants and GHG will be achieved; meanwhile the pressures of energy demands may be deliberately relieved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20220364','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20220364"><span>Experimental verification of <span class="hlt">a</span> radiofrequency power model for Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> technology.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fang, Minyu; Malone, David</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>When assessing the power emitted from <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> network, it has been observed that these networks operate at <span class="hlt">a</span> relatively low duty cycle. In this paper, we extend <span class="hlt">a</span> recently introduced model of emitted power in Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> networks to cover conditions where devices do not always have packets to transmit. We present experimental results to validate the original model and its extension by developing approximate, but practical, testbed measurement techniques. The accuracy of the models is confirmed, with small relative errors: less than 5-10%. Moreover, we confirm that the greatest power is emitted when the network is saturated with traffic. Using this, we give <span class="hlt">a</span> simple technique to quickly estimate power output based on traffic levels and give examples showing how this might be used in practice to predict current or future power output from <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> network.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29276803','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29276803"><span>Projections of temperature-related excess mortality under climate change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gasparrini, Antonio; Guo, Yuming; Sera, Francesco; Vicedo-Cabrera, Ana Maria; Huber, Veronika; Tong, Shilu; de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Micheline; Nascimento Saldiva, Paulo Hilario; Lavigne, Eric; Matus Correa, Patricia; Valdes Ortega, Nicolas; Kan, Haidong; Osorio, Samuel; Kyselý, Jan; Urban, Aleš; Jaakkola, Jouni J K; Ryti, Niilo R I; Pascal, Mathilde; Goodman, Patrick G; Zeka, Ariana; Michelozzi, Paola; Scortichini, Matteo; Hashizume, Masahiro; Honda, Yasushi; Hurtado-Diaz, Magali; Cesar Cruz, Julio; Seposo, Xerxes; Kim, Ho; Tobias, Aurelio; Iñiguez, Carmen; Forsberg, Bertil; Åström, Daniel Oudin; Ragettli, Martina S; Guo, Yue Leon; Wu, Chang-Fu; Zanobetti, Antonella; Schwartz, Joel; Bell, Michelle L; Dang, Tran Ngoc; Van, Dung Do; Heaviside, Clare; Vardoulakis, Sotiris; Hajat, Shakoor; Haines, Andy; Armstrong, Ben</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Climate change can directly affect human health by varying exposure to non-optimal outdoor temperature. However, evidence on this direct impact at <span class="hlt">a</span> global scale is limited, mainly due to issues in modelling and projecting complex and highly heterogeneous epidemiological relationships across different populations and climates. We collected observed daily time series of mean temperature and mortality counts for all causes or non-external causes only, in periods ranging from Jan <span class="hlt">1</span>, 1984, to Dec 31, 2015, from various locations across the globe through the Multi-Country Multi-City Collaborative Research Network. We estimated temperature-mortality relationships through <span class="hlt">a</span> two-stage time series design. We generated current and future daily mean temperature series under four <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of climate change, determined by varying trajectories of greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, using five general circulation models. We projected excess mortality for cold and heat and their net change in 1990-2099 under each <span class="hlt">scenario</span> of climate change, assuming no adaptation or population changes. Our dataset comprised 451 locations in 23 countries across nine regions of the world, including 85 879 895 deaths. Results indicate, on average, <span class="hlt">a</span> net increase in temperature-related excess mortality under high-<span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, although with important geographical differences. In temperate areas such as northern Europe, east Asia, and Australia, the less intense warming and large decrease in cold-related excess would induce <span class="hlt">a</span> null or marginally negative net effect, with the net change in 2090-99 compared with 2010-19 ranging from -<span class="hlt">1</span>·2% (empirical 95% CI -3·6 to <span class="hlt">1</span>·4) in Australia to -0·<span class="hlt">1</span>% (-2·<span class="hlt">1</span> to <span class="hlt">1</span>·6) in east Asia under the highest <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, although the decreasing trends would reverse during the course of the century. Conversely, warmer regions, such as the central and southern parts of America or Europe, and especially southeast Asia, would experience <span class="hlt">a</span> sharp surge in heat</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19216190','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19216190"><span>Methane <span class="hlt">emission</span> estimation from landfills in Korea (1978-2004): quantitative assessment of <span class="hlt">a</span> new approach.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Hyun-Sun; Yi, Seung-Muk</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Quantifying methane <span class="hlt">emission</span> from landfills is important to evaluating measures for reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. To quantify GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and identify sensitive parameters for their measurement, <span class="hlt">a</span> new assessment approach consisting of six different <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> was developed using Tier <span class="hlt">1</span> (mass balance method) and Tier 2 (the first-order decay method) methodologies for GHG estimation from landfills, suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Methane <span class="hlt">emissions</span> using Tier <span class="hlt">1</span> correspond to trends in disposed waste amount, whereas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from Tier 2 gradually increase as disposed waste decomposes over time. The results indicate that the amount of disposed waste and the decay rate for anaerobic decomposition were decisive parameters for <span class="hlt">emission</span> estimation using Tier <span class="hlt">1</span> and Tier 2. As for the different <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, methane <span class="hlt">emissions</span> were highest under Scope <span class="hlt">1</span> (<span class="hlt">scenarios</span> I and II), in which all landfills in Korea were regarded as one landfill. Methane <span class="hlt">emissions</span> under <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> III, IV, and V, which separated the dissimilated fraction of degradable organic carbon (DOC(F)) by waste type and/or revised the methane correction factor (MCF) by waste layer, were underestimated compared with <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> II and III. This indicates that the methodology of <span class="hlt">scenario</span> I, which has been used in most previous studies, may lead to an overestimation of methane <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Additionally, separate DOC(F) and revised MCF were shown to be important parameters for methane <span class="hlt">emission</span> estimation from landfills, and revised MCF by waste layer played an important role in <span class="hlt">emission</span> variations. Therefore, more precise information on each landfill and careful determination of parameter values and characteristics of disposed waste in Korea should be used to accurately estimate methane <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from landfills.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/42089','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/42089"><span>Developing <span class="hlt">a</span> dynamic life cycle greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emission</span> inventory for wood construction for two different end-of-life <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Richard D. Bergman; James Salazar; Scott Bowe</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Static life cycle assessment does not fully describe the carbon footprint of construction wood because of carbon changes in the forest and product pools over time. This study developed <span class="hlt">a</span> dynamic greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory approach using US Forest Service and life-cycle data to estimate GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> on construction wood for two different end-of-life <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>....</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=65597&keyword=fever&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=65597&keyword=fever&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF ZINC-CONTAINING <span class="hlt">EMISSION</span> PARTICLES IN THREE RAT STRAINS: MULTIPLE EXPOSURE <span class="hlt">SCENARIOS</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Abstract<br> Pulmonary and Systemic Effects of Zinc-Containing <span class="hlt">Emission</span> Particles in Three Rat Strains: Multiple Exposure <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span>. Kodavanti, U. P., Schladweiler, M. C. J., Ledbetter, <span class="hlt">A</span>. D., Hauser, R.*, Christiani, D. C.*, McGee, J., Richards, J. R., and Costa, D. L. (2002)....</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26690447','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26690447"><span>An Indoor Continuous Positioning Algorithm on the Move by Fusing Sensors and Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> on Smartphones.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Huaiyu; Chen, Xiuwan; Jing, Guifei; Wang, Yuan; Cao, Yanfeng; Li, Fei; Zhang, Xinlong; Xiao, Han</p> <p>2015-12-11</p> <p>Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning algorithms experience large positioning error and low stability when continuously positioning terminals that are on the move. This paper proposes <span class="hlt">a</span> novel indoor continuous positioning algorithm that is on the move, fusing sensors and Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> on smartphones. The main innovative points include an improved Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning algorithm and <span class="hlt">a</span> novel positioning fusion algorithm named the Trust Chain Positioning Fusion (TCPF) algorithm. The improved Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning algorithm was designed based on the properties of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals on the move, which are found in <span class="hlt">a</span> novel "quasi-dynamic" Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal experiment. The TCPF algorithm is proposed to realize the "process-level" fusion of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and Pedestrians Dead Reckoning (PDR) positioning, including three parts: trusted point determination, trust state and positioning fusion algorithm. An experiment is carried out for verification in <span class="hlt">a</span> typical indoor environment, and the average positioning error on the move is <span class="hlt">1</span>.36 m, <span class="hlt">a</span> decrease of 28.8% compared to an existing algorithm. The results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the influence caused by the unstable Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals, and improve the accuracy and stability of indoor continuous positioning on the move.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5993232','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5993232"><span>Biogeophysical Impacts of Land‐Use Change on Climate Extremes in Low‐<span class="hlt">Emission</span> <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span>: Results From HAPPI‐Land</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Beyerle, Urs; Boysen, Lena R.; Brovkin, Victor; Davin, Edouard L.; Doelman, Jonathan C.; Kim, Hyungjun; Mitchell, Daniel M.; Nitta, Tomoko; Shiogama, Hideo; Sparrow, Sarah; Stehfest, Elke; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Wilson, Simon</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Abstract The impacts of land use have been shown to have considerable influence on regional climate. With the recent international commitment to limit global warming to well below 2°C, <span class="hlt">emission</span> reductions need to be ambitious and could involve major land‐use change (LUC). Land‐based mitigation efforts to curb <span class="hlt">emissions</span> growth include increasing terrestrial carbon sequestration through reforestation, or the adoption of bioenergy crops. These activities influence local climate through biogeophysical feedbacks, however, it is uncertain how important they are for <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">1</span>.5° climate target. This was the motivation for HAPPI‐Land: the half <span class="hlt">a</span> degree additional warming, prognosis, and projected impacts—land‐use <span class="hlt">scenario</span> experiment. Using four Earth system models, we present the first multimodel results from HAPPI‐Land and demonstrate the critical role of land use for understanding the characteristics of regional climate extremes in low‐<span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. In particular, our results show that changes in temperature extremes due to LUC are comparable in magnitude to changes arising from half <span class="hlt">a</span> degree of global warming. We also demonstrate that LUC contributes to more than 20% of the change in temperature extremes for large land areas concentrated over the Northern Hemisphere. However, we also identify sources of uncertainty that influence the multimodel consensus of our results including how LUC is implemented and the corresponding biogeophysical feedbacks that perturb climate. Therefore, our results highlight the urgent need to resolve the challenges in implementing LUC across models to quantify the impacts and consider how LUC contributes to regional changes in extremes associated with sustainable development pathways.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EaFut...6..396H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EaFut...6..396H"><span>Biogeophysical Impacts of Land-Use Change on Climate Extremes in Low-<span class="hlt">Emission</span> <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span>: Results From HAPPI-Land</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hirsch, Annette L.; Guillod, Benoit P.; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Beyerle, Urs; Boysen, Lena R.; Brovkin, Victor; Davin, Edouard L.; Doelman, Jonathan C.; Kim, Hyungjun; Mitchell, Daniel M.; Nitta, Tomoko; Shiogama, Hideo; Sparrow, Sarah; Stehfest, Elke; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Wilson, Simon</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The impacts of land use have been shown to have considerable influence on regional climate. With the recent international commitment to limit global warming to well below 2°C, <span class="hlt">emission</span> reductions need to be ambitious and could involve major land-use change (LUC). Land-based mitigation efforts to curb <span class="hlt">emissions</span> growth include increasing terrestrial carbon sequestration through reforestation, or the adoption of bioenergy crops. These activities influence local climate through biogeophysical feedbacks, however, it is uncertain how important they are for <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">1</span>.5° climate target. This was the motivation for HAPPI-Land: the half <span class="hlt">a</span> degree additional warming, prognosis, and projected impacts—land-use <span class="hlt">scenario</span> experiment. Using four Earth system models, we present the first multimodel results from HAPPI-Land and demonstrate the critical role of land use for understanding the characteristics of regional climate extremes in low-<span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. In particular, our results show that changes in temperature extremes due to LUC are comparable in magnitude to changes arising from half <span class="hlt">a</span> degree of global warming. We also demonstrate that LUC contributes to more than 20% of the change in temperature extremes for large land areas concentrated over the Northern Hemisphere. However, we also identify sources of uncertainty that influence the multimodel consensus of our results including how LUC is implemented and the corresponding biogeophysical feedbacks that perturb climate. Therefore, our results highlight the urgent need to resolve the challenges in implementing LUC across models to quantify the impacts and consider how LUC contributes to regional changes in extremes associated with sustainable development pathways.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..148a2021A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..148a2021A"><span><span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> reducing greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emission</span> from motor vehicles in State University of Malang</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Agustin, I. W.; Meidiana, C.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>State University of Malang (UM) is one of the universities in Malang city. It has the second largest number of student after Brawijaya University (UB) with the growing number of students each year, resulting in increase the amount of motorized vehicle usage on campus. The State University of Malang condition shows the number of motorcycles in the provided parking area exceeded the capacity, causing the emergence of the improperly parking area. The condition causes the increase of mileage for vehicles that do not get <span class="hlt">a</span> parking space. They must find and move to another parking area were still empty. The movement to another parking area resulted in the increase of exhaust <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from motorized vehicles into the air. The main purpose of the research was to create alternative <span class="hlt">scenario</span> of greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> reduction in the State University of Malang. Alternative <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction based on strategies of Avoid-Shift-Improve (<span class="hlt">A</span>-S-I), and the importance level of alternative determined with Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA). The result showed that selected alternative in <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction with the highest score of 40 per cent was centralized parking management.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14962040','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14962040"><span>In vivo characterization of Lactobacillus johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785 for use as <span class="hlt">a</span> defined competitive exclusion agent against bacterial pathogens in poultry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>La Ragione, R M; Narbad, A; Gasson, M J; Woodward, M J</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>To test the efficacy of Lactobacillus johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785 in reducing the colonization and shedding of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, Escherichia coli O78:K80 and Clostridium perfringens in poultry. Specific pathogen-free chicks (<span class="hlt">1</span> day old) were dosed with <span class="hlt">a</span> single oral inoculum of <span class="hlt">1</span>x10(9) CFU. Lactobacillus johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785 and 24 h later were challenged in separate experiments with S. Enteritidis (S1400, nalr) and E. coli O78:K80 (EC34195, nalr). There were no significant effects against S. Enteritidis whereas colonization of the small intestine by E. coli O78:K80 was reduced significantly. Both S. Enteritidis and E. coli colonized the caeca and colon to levels equivalent to control birds and there was no reduction in shedding as assessed by <span class="hlt">a</span> semi-quantitative cloacal swabbing technique. Specific pathogen-free chicks (20 day old) were dosed with <span class="hlt">a</span> single oral inoculum of <span class="hlt">1</span>x10(9) CFU L. johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785 and 24 h later were challenged with C. perfringens. <span class="hlt">A</span> single oral dose of L. johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785 was sufficient to suppress all aspects of colonization and persistence of C. perfringens. Lactobacillus johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785 may be given to poultry for use as <span class="hlt">a</span> competitive exclusion agent to control C. perfringens. Lactobacillus johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785 may be <span class="hlt">a</span> valuable tool to control the endemic disease of necrotic enteritis, thereby reducing economic losses associated with reduced use of antimicrobials in the poultry industry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol20-sec91-419.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol20-sec91-419.pdf"><span>40 CFR 91.419 - Raw <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">a</span> test [g/kW-hr]. Wi = Average mass flow rate (WHC, WCO, WNOx) of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> from the test engine during mode i, [g/hr]. <span class="hlt">fi</span> = Weighting factors for each mode according to § 91.410(<span class="hlt">a</span>) Pi = Average power... brake-specific fuel consumption in grams of fuel per kilowatt-hour (g/kW-hr). <span class="hlt">Fi</span> = Fuel mass flow rate...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol20-sec91-419.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol20-sec91-419.pdf"><span>40 CFR 91.419 - Raw <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">a</span> test [g/kW-hr]. Wi = Average mass flow rate (WHC, WCO, WNOx) of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> from the test engine during mode i, [g/hr]. <span class="hlt">fi</span> = Weighting factors for each mode according to § 91.410(<span class="hlt">a</span>) Pi = Average power... brake-specific fuel consumption in grams of fuel per kilowatt-hour (g/kW-hr). <span class="hlt">Fi</span> = Fuel mass flow rate...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol20-sec91-419.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol20-sec91-419.pdf"><span>40 CFR 91.419 - Raw <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">a</span> test [g/kW-hr]. Wi = Average mass flow rate (WHC, WCO, WNOx) of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> from the test engine during mode i, [g/hr]. <span class="hlt">fi</span> = Weighting factors for each mode according to § 91.410(<span class="hlt">a</span>) Pi = Average power... brake-specific fuel consumption in grams of fuel per kilowatt-hour (g/kW-hr). <span class="hlt">Fi</span> = Fuel mass flow rate...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol21-sec91-419.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol21-sec91-419.pdf"><span>40 CFR 91.419 - Raw <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">a</span> test [g/kW-hr]. Wi = Average mass flow rate (WHC, WCO, WNOx) of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> from the test engine during mode i, [g/hr]. <span class="hlt">fi</span> = Weighting factors for each mode according to § 91.410(<span class="hlt">a</span>) Pi = Average power... brake-specific fuel consumption in grams of fuel per kilowatt-hour (g/kW-hr). <span class="hlt">Fi</span> = Fuel mass flow rate...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol21-sec91-419.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol21-sec91-419.pdf"><span>40 CFR 91.419 - Raw <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">a</span> test [g/kW-hr]. Wi = Average mass flow rate (WHC, WCO, WNOx) of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> from the test engine during mode i, [g/hr]. <span class="hlt">fi</span> = Weighting factors for each mode according to § 91.410(<span class="hlt">a</span>) Pi = Average power... brake-specific fuel consumption in grams of fuel per kilowatt-hour (g/kW-hr). <span class="hlt">Fi</span> = Fuel mass flow rate...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1326131-assessing-global-fossil-fuel-availability-scenario-framework','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1326131-assessing-global-fossil-fuel-availability-scenario-framework"><span>Assessing global fossil fuel availability in <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> framework</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Bauer, Nico; Hilaire, Jérôme; Brecha, Robert J.</p> <p></p> <p>This study assesses global, long-term economic availability of coal, oil and gas within the Shared Socio-economic Pathway (SSP) <span class="hlt">scenario</span> framework considering alternative assumptions as to highly uncertain future developments of technology, policy and the economy. Diverse sets of trajectories are formulated varying the challenges to mitigation and adaptation of climate change. The potential CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from fossil fuels make it <span class="hlt">a</span> crucial element subject to deep uncertainties. The analysis is based on <span class="hlt">a</span> well-established data set of cost-quantity combinations that assumes favorable techno-economic developments, but ignores additional constraints on the extraction sector. This study significantly extends that analysis to includemore » alternative assumptions for the fossil fuel sector consistent with the SSP <span class="hlt">scenario</span> families and applies these filters to the original data set, thus resulting in alternative cumulative fossil fuel availability curves. In <span class="hlt">a</span> Middle-of-the-Road <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, low cost fossil fuels embody carbon consistent with <span class="hlt">a</span> RCP6.0 <span class="hlt">emission</span> profile, if all the CO2 were emitted freely during the 21st century. In <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> with high challenges to mitigation, the assumed embodied carbon in low-cost fossil fuels can trigger <span class="hlt">a</span> RCP8.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span>; low mitigation challenges <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are still consistent with <span class="hlt">a</span> RCP4.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29573716','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29573716"><span>Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> is an important threat to human health.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pall, Martin L</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>Repeated Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> studies show that Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with each such effect being documented in from 10 to 16 reviews. Therefore, each of these seven EMF effects are established effects of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and of other microwave frequency EMFs. Each of these seven is also produced by downstream effects of the main action of such EMFs, voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation. While VGCC activation via EMF interaction with the VGCC voltage sensor seems to be the predominant mechanism of action of EMFs, other mechanisms appear to have minor roles. Minor roles include activation of other voltage-gated ion channels, calcium cyclotron resonance and the geomagnetic magnetoreception mechanism. Five properties of non-thermal EMF effects are discussed. These are that pulsed EMFs are, in most cases, more active than are non-pulsed EMFs; artificial EMFs are polarized and such polarized EMFs are much more active than non-polarized EMFs; dose-response curves are non-linear and non-monotone; EMF effects are often cumulative; and EMFs may impact young people more than adults. These general findings and data presented earlier on Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> effects were used to assess the Foster and Moulder (F&M) review of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>. The F&M study claimed that there were seven important studies of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> that each showed no effect. However, none of these were Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> studies, with each differing from genuine Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> in three distinct ways. F&M could, at most conclude that there was no statistically significant evidence of an effect. The tiny numbers studied in each of these seven F&M-linked studies show that each of them lack power to make any substantive conclusions. In conclusion, there are seven repeatedly found Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> effects which have also been shown to be caused by other</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162422','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162422"><span>Electromagnetic immunity of implantable pacemakers exposed to wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> devices.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mattei, Eugenio; Censi, Federica; Triventi, Michele; Calcagnini, Giovanni</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential for electromagnetic interference (EMI) and to assess the immunity level of implantable pacemakers (PM) when exposed to the radiofrequency (RF) field generated by Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices. Ten PM from five manufacturers, representative of what today is implanted in patients, have been tested in vitro and exposed to the signal generated by <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> transmitter. An exposure setup that reproduces the actual IEEE 802.11b/g protocol has been designed and used during the tests. The system is able to amplify the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal and transmits at power levels higher than those allowed by current international regulation. Such approach allows one to obtain, in case of no EMI, <span class="hlt">a</span> safety margin for PM exposed to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals, which otherwise cannot be derived if using commercial Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> equipment. The results of this study mitigate concerns about using Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices close to PM: none of the PM tested exhibit any degradation of their performance, even when exposed to RF field levels five times higher than those allowed by current international regulation (20 W EIRP). In conclusion, Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices do not pose risks of EMI to implantable PM. The immunity level of modern PM is much higher than the transmitting power of RF devices operating at 2.4 GHz.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol21-sec90-426.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol21-sec90-426.pdf"><span>40 CFR 90.426 - Dilute <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations-gasoline fueled engines.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... NOX) [g/kW-hr] Wi = Average mass flow rate of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> (HC, CO, CO2, NOX) from <span class="hlt">a</span> test engine during... is also equal to <span class="hlt">1</span> for all two-stroke engines. (b) The mass flow rate, Wi in g/hr, of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> for... rate, <span class="hlt">Fi</span>, can be either measured or calculated using the following formula: ER03JY95.046 Where: MFUEL...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol21-sec90-426.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol21-sec90-426.pdf"><span>40 CFR 90.426 - Dilute <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations-gasoline fueled engines.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... NOX) [g/kW-hr] Wi = Average mass flow rate of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> (HC, CO, CO2, NOX) from <span class="hlt">a</span> test engine during... is also equal to <span class="hlt">1</span> for all two-stroke engines. (b) The mass flow rate, Wi in g/hr, of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> for... rate, <span class="hlt">Fi</span>, can be either measured or calculated using the following formula: ER03JY95.046 Where: MFUEL...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol20-sec90-426.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol20-sec90-426.pdf"><span>40 CFR 90.426 - Dilute <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations-gasoline fueled engines.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... NOX) [g/kW-hr] Wi = Average mass flow rate of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> (HC, CO, CO2, NOX) from <span class="hlt">a</span> test engine during... is also equal to <span class="hlt">1</span> for all two-stroke engines. (b) The mass flow rate, Wi in g/hr, of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> for... rate, <span class="hlt">Fi</span>, can be either measured or calculated using the following formula: ER03JY95.046 Where: MFUEL...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol20-sec90-426.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol20-sec90-426.pdf"><span>40 CFR 90.426 - Dilute <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations-gasoline fueled engines.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... NOX) [g/kW-hr] Wi = Average mass flow rate of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> (HC, CO, CO2, NOX) from <span class="hlt">a</span> test engine during... is also equal to <span class="hlt">1</span> for all two-stroke engines. (b) The mass flow rate, Wi in g/hr, of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> for... rate, <span class="hlt">Fi</span>, can be either measured or calculated using the following formula: ER03JY95.046 Where: MFUEL...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol20-sec90-426.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol20-sec90-426.pdf"><span>40 CFR 90.426 - Dilute <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations-gasoline fueled engines.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... NOX) [g/kW-hr] Wi = Average mass flow rate of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> (HC, CO, CO2, NOX) from <span class="hlt">a</span> test engine during... is also equal to <span class="hlt">1</span> for all two-stroke engines. (b) The mass flow rate, Wi in g/hr, of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> for... rate, <span class="hlt">Fi</span>, can be either measured or calculated using the following formula: ER03JY95.046 Where: MFUEL...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8334E..3QG','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8334E..3QG"><span>Applied research of embedded Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> technology in the motion capture system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gui, Haixia</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Embedded wireless Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> technology is one of the current wireless hot spots in network applications. This paper firstly introduces the definition and characteristics of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>. With the advantages of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> such as using no wiring, simple operation and stable transmission, this paper then gives <span class="hlt">a</span> system design for the application of embedded wireless Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> technology in the motion capture system. Also, it verifies the effectiveness of design in the Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-based wireless sensor hardware and software program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4721770','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4721770"><span>An Indoor Continuous Positioning Algorithm on the Move by Fusing Sensors and Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> on Smartphones</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Huaiyu; Chen, Xiuwan; Jing, Guifei; Wang, Yuan; Cao, Yanfeng; Li, Fei; Zhang, Xinlong; Xiao, Han</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning algorithms experience large positioning error and low stability when continuously positioning terminals that are on the move. This paper proposes <span class="hlt">a</span> novel indoor continuous positioning algorithm that is on the move, fusing sensors and Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> on smartphones. The main innovative points include an improved Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning algorithm and <span class="hlt">a</span> novel positioning fusion algorithm named the Trust Chain Positioning Fusion (TCPF) algorithm. The improved Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning algorithm was designed based on the properties of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals on the move, which are found in <span class="hlt">a</span> novel “quasi-dynamic” Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal experiment. The TCPF algorithm is proposed to realize the “process-level” fusion of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and Pedestrians Dead Reckoning (PDR) positioning, including three parts: trusted point determination, trust state and positioning fusion algorithm. An experiment is carried out for verification in <span class="hlt">a</span> typical indoor environment, and the average positioning error on the move is <span class="hlt">1</span>.36 m, <span class="hlt">a</span> decrease of 28.8% compared to an existing algorithm. The results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the influence caused by the unstable Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals, and improve the accuracy and stability of indoor continuous positioning on the move. PMID:26690447</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC53A0873Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC53A0873Z"><span>Exploring the reversibility of marine climate change impacts in temperature overshoot <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zickfeld, K.; Li, X.; Tokarska, K.; Kohfeld, K. E.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Artificial carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere has been proposed as <span class="hlt">a</span> measure for mitigating climate change and restoring the climate system to <span class="hlt">a</span> `safe' state after overshoot. Previous studies have demonstrated that the changes in surface air temperature due to anthropogenic CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> can be reversed through CDR, while some oceanic properties, for example thermosteric sea level rise, show <span class="hlt">a</span> delay in their response to CDR. This research aims to investigate the reversibility of changes in ocean conditions after implementation of CDR with <span class="hlt">a</span> focus on ocean biogeochemical properties. To achieve this, we analyze climate model simulations based on two sets of <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. We first use RCP2.6 and its extension until year 2300 as the reference <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and design several temperature and cumulative CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> "overshoot" <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> based on other RCPs, which represents cases with less ambitious mitigation policies in the near term that temporarily exceed the 2 °C target adopted by the Paris Agreement. In addition, we use <span class="hlt">a</span> set of <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> with <span class="hlt">a</span> reference <span class="hlt">scenario</span> limiting warming to <span class="hlt">1</span>.5°C in the long term and two overshoot <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. The University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM), <span class="hlt">a</span> climate model of intermediate complexity, is forced with these <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. We compare the response of select ocean variables (seawater temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen) in the overshoot <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> to that in the respective reference <span class="hlt">scenario</span> at the time the same amount of cumulative <span class="hlt">emissions</span> is achieved. Our results suggest that the overshoot and subsequent return to <span class="hlt">a</span> reference CO2 cumulative <span class="hlt">emissions</span> level would leave substantial impacts on the marine environment. Although the changes in global mean sea surface variables (temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen) are largely reversible, global mean ocean temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH differ significantly from those in the reference <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. Large ocean areas exhibit</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28703761','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28703761"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Union Mechanism for Internet Advertising Reciprocal Platform in Microenterprises.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nguyen, Thi Thanh An; Chang, Che-Pin; Yuan, Shyan-Ming</p> <p>2017-07-13</p> <p>With the evolution of the Internet and smartphone devices, Internet advertising has become one of the most important methods for delivering promotional marketing messages to customers. However, the efficiency of Internet advertising for microenterprise is not very high, since Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> advertising-which is limited by <span class="hlt">a</span> small router coverage area-is mainly used. Moreover, because of the lack of money, microenterprises have been using low-cost methods to promote their products. Thus, enhancing the effectiveness of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> advertising, and solving the problem of cost and the range of the views are now an essential investigation in this study. In this paper, we propose <span class="hlt">a</span> reciprocal model with Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> union mechanism for Internet advertising based on fog computing architecture to enhance the efficiency of advertisement, reduce the cost, and increase the range of the views for microenterprise by using the Internet. In particular, the system was built in advertisers', publishers', and consumers' sides. In our system, we use contribution point (CP) as an exchange value among the participants. Advertisers and publishers can get CP by helping the others in the system to promote their advertisements, increasing their CP by one unit. Similarly, advertisers and publishers can use their CP to ask for assistance from the others, decreasing their CP by one unit. The result shows that the system in <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> union is easy to use, and advertisements can be seen by all customers who are using free Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> from the stores of the union. This method can solve the problem of cost and fixed consumer groups.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5539658','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5539658"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Union Mechanism for Internet Advertising Reciprocal Platform in Microenterprises</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Nguyen, Thi Thanh An; Chang, Che-Pin</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>With the evolution of the Internet and smartphone devices, Internet advertising has become one of the most important methods for delivering promotional marketing messages to customers. However, the efficiency of Internet advertising for microenterprise is not very high, since Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> advertising—which is limited by <span class="hlt">a</span> small router coverage area—is mainly used. Moreover, because of the lack of money, microenterprises have been using low-cost methods to promote their products. Thus, enhancing the effectiveness of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> advertising, and solving the problem of cost and the range of the views are now an essential investigation in this study. In this paper, we propose <span class="hlt">a</span> reciprocal model with Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> union mechanism for Internet advertising based on fog computing architecture to enhance the efficiency of advertisement, reduce the cost, and increase the range of the views for microenterprise by using the Internet. In particular, the system was built in advertisers’, publishers’, and consumers’ sides. In our system, we use contribution point (CP) as an exchange value among the participants. Advertisers and publishers can get CP by helping the others in the system to promote their advertisements, increasing their CP by one unit. Similarly, advertisers and publishers can use their CP to ask for assistance from the others, decreasing their CP by one unit. The result shows that the system in <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> union is easy to use, and advertisements can be seen by all customers who are using free Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> from the stores of the union. This method can solve the problem of cost and fixed consumer groups. PMID:28703761</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhLB..782..375A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhLB..782..375A"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> note on 4D heterotic string vacua, <span class="hlt">FI</span>-terms and the swampland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aldazabal, Gerardo; Ibáñez, Luis E.</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>We present <span class="hlt">a</span> conjecture for the massless sector of perturbative 4D N = <span class="hlt">1</span> heterotic (0 , 2) string vacua, including U(<span class="hlt">1</span>) n gauge symmetries, one of them possibly anomalous (like in standard heterotic compactifications). Mathematically it states that the positive hull generated by the charges of the massless chiral multiplets spans <span class="hlt">a</span> sublattice of the full charge lattice. We have tested this conjecture in many heterotic N = <span class="hlt">1</span> compactifications in 4D. Our motivation for this conjecture is that it allows to understand <span class="hlt">a</span> very old puzzle in (0 , 2) N = <span class="hlt">1</span> heterotic compactification with an anomalous U (<span class="hlt">1</span>). The conjecture guarantees that there is always <span class="hlt">a</span> D-flat direction cancelling the <span class="hlt">FI</span>-term and restoring N = <span class="hlt">1</span> SUSY in <span class="hlt">a</span> nearby vacuum. This is something that has being verified in the past in <span class="hlt">a</span> large number of cases, but whose origin has remained obscure for decades. We argue that the existence of <span class="hlt">a</span> lattice generated by massless states guarantees the instability of heterotic non-BPS extremal blackholes, as required by Weak Gravity Conjecture arguments. Thus the pervasive existence of these nearby <span class="hlt">FI</span>-cancelling vacua would be connected with WGC arguments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f4028H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f4028H"><span>Ratcheting ambition to limit warming to <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C–trade-offs between <span class="hlt">emission</span> reductions and carbon dioxide removal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Holz, Christian; Siegel, Lori S.; Johnston, Eleanor; Jones, Andrew P.; Sterman, John</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> to limit global warming to <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C or less in 2100 often rely on large amounts of carbon dioxide removal (CDR), which carry significant potential social, environmental, political and economic risks. <span class="hlt">A</span> precautionary approach to <span class="hlt">scenario</span> creation is therefore indicated. This letter presents the results of such <span class="hlt">a</span> precautionary modelling exercise in which the models C-ROADS and En-ROADS were used to generate <span class="hlt">a</span> series of <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> that apply increasingly stringent constraints on the scale and type of CDR available. This allows us to explore the trade-offs between near-term stringency of <span class="hlt">emission</span> reductions and assumptions about future availability of CDR. In particular, we find that regardless of CDR assumptions, near-term ambition increase (‘ratcheting’) is required for any <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C pathway, making this letter timely for the facilitative, or Talanoa, dialogue to be conducted by the UNFCCC in 2018. By highlighting the difference between net and gross reduction rates, often obscured in <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, we find that mid-term gross CO2 <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction rates in <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> with CDR constraints increase to levels without historical precedence. This in turn highlights, in addition to the need to substantially increase CO2 reduction rates, the need to improve <span class="hlt">emission</span> reductions for non-CO2 greenhouse gases. Further, <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in which all or part of the CDR is implemented as non-permanent storage exhibit storage loss <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, which partly offset CDR, highlighting the importance of differentiating between net and gross CDR in <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. We find in some <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> storage loss trending to similar values as gross CDR, indicating that gross CDR would have to be maintained simply to offset the storage losses of CO2 sequestered earlier, without any additional net climate benefit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..294a2047R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..294a2047R"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> small step in VLC systems - <span class="hlt">a</span> big step in Li-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> implementation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rîurean, S. M.; Nagy, A. A.; Leba, M.; Ionica, A. C.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Light is part of our sustainable environmental life so, using it would be the handiest and cheapest way for wireless communication. Since ever, light has been used to send messages in different ways and now, due to the high technological improvements, bits through light, at high speed on multiple paths, allow humans to communicate. Using the lighting system both for illumination and communication represents lately one of the worldwide main research issues with several implementations with real benefits. This paper presents <span class="hlt">a</span> viable VLC system, that proves its sustainability for sending by light information not only few millimetres but meters away. This system has multiple potential applications in different areas where other communication systems are bottlenecked, too expensive, unavailable or even forbidden. Since <span class="hlt">a</span> Li-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fully developed system requires bidirectional, multiple access communication, there are still some challenges towards <span class="hlt">a</span> functional Li-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> wireless network. Although important steps have been made, Li-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> is still under experimental stage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AtmEn..40.7589C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AtmEn..40.7589C"><span>Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from <span class="hlt">a</span> UH-<span class="hlt">1</span>H helicopter engine and its impact on the ambient environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Yu-Cheng; Lee, Wen-Jhy; Uang, Shi-Nian; Lee, Su-Hsing; Tsai, Perng-Jy</p> <p></p> <p>The objective of this study is to characterize the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from <span class="hlt">a</span> UH-<span class="hlt">1</span>H helicopter turboshaft engine and its impact on the ambient environment. Five power settings of the ground idle (GI), fly idle (<span class="hlt">FI</span>), beed band check (BBC), inlet guide vane (IGV), and take off (TO) were selected and samples were collected from the exhaust by using an isokinetic sampling system. Twenty-two PAH compounds were analyzed by gas chromatograph (GC)/MS. We found the mean total PAH concentration in the exhaust of the UH-<span class="hlt">1</span>H engine (843 μg m -3) is <span class="hlt">1</span>.05-51.7 times in magnitude higher than those of the heavy-duty diesel (HDD) engine, motor vehicle engine, and F101 aircraft engine. Two- and three-ringed PAHs account for 97.5% of total PAH <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from the UH-<span class="hlt">1</span>H engine. The mean total PAH and total BaP eq <span class="hlt">emission</span> factors for the UH-<span class="hlt">1</span>H engine (63.4 and 0.309 mg L -<span class="hlt">1</span>·fuel) is <span class="hlt">1</span>.65-23.4 and <span class="hlt">1</span>.30-7.54 times in magnitude higher than those for the motor vehicle engine, HDD engine, and F101 aircraft engine. The total <span class="hlt">emission</span> level of the single PAH compound, BaP, for the UH-<span class="hlt">1</span>H engine (EL BaP) during one landing and take off (LTO) cycle (2.19 mg LTO -<span class="hlt">1</span>) was higher than the European Commission standard (<span class="hlt">1</span>.24 mg LTO -<span class="hlt">1</span>) suggesting that appropriate measures should be taken to reduce PAH <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from UH-<span class="hlt">1</span>H engines in the future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012OptFT..18...68L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012OptFT..18...68L"><span>Green survivability in Fiber-Wireless (<span class="hlt">Fi</span>Wi) broadband access network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Yejun; Guo, Lei; Gong, Bo; Ma, Rui; Gong, Xiaoxue; Zhang, Lincong; Yang, Jiangzi</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>Fiber-Wireless (<span class="hlt">Fi</span>Wi) broadband access network is <span class="hlt">a</span> promising "last mile" access technology, because it integrates wireless and optical access technologies in terms of their respective merits, such as high capacity and stable transmission from optical access technology, and easy deployment and flexibility from wireless access technology. Since <span class="hlt">Fi</span>Wi is expected to carry <span class="hlt">a</span> large amount of traffic, numerous traffic flows may be interrupted by the failure of network components. Thus, survivability in <span class="hlt">Fi</span>Wi is <span class="hlt">a</span> key issue aiming at reliable and robust service. However, the redundant deployment of backup resource required for survivability usually causes huge energy consumption, which aggravates the global warming and accelerates the incoming of energy crisis. Thus, the energy-saving issue should be considered when it comes to survivability design. In this paper, we focus on the green survivability in <span class="hlt">Fi</span>Wi, which is an innovative concept and remains untouched in the previous works to our best knowledge. We first review and discuss some challenging issues about survivability and energy-saving in <span class="hlt">Fi</span>Wi, and then we propose some instructive solutions for its green survivability design. Therefore, our work in this paper will provide the technical references and research motivations for the energy-efficient and survivable <span class="hlt">Fi</span>Wi development in the future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29738454','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29738454"><span>Geomagnetism-Aided Indoor Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Radio-Map Construction via Smartphone Crowdsourcing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Wen; Wei, Dongyan; Lai, Qifeng; Li, Xianghong; Yuan, Hong</p> <p>2018-05-08</p> <p>Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radio-map construction is an important phase in indoor fingerprint localization systems. Traditional methods for Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radio-map construction have the problems of being time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this paper, an indoor Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radio-map construction method is proposed which utilizes crowdsourcing data contributed by smartphone users. We draw indoor pathway map and construct Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radio-map without requiring manual site survey, exact floor layout and extra infrastructure support. The key novelty is that it recognizes road segments from crowdsourcing traces by <span class="hlt">a</span> cluster based on magnetism sequence similarity and constructs an indoor pathway map with Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal strengths annotated on. Through experiments in real world indoor areas, the method is proved to have good performance on magnetism similarity calculation, road segment clustering and pathway map construction. The Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radio maps constructed by crowdsourcing data are validated to provide competitive indoor localization accuracy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5982238','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5982238"><span>Geomagnetism-Aided Indoor Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Radio-Map Construction via Smartphone Crowdsourcing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Wen; Wei, Dongyan; Lai, Qifeng; Li, Xianghong; Yuan, Hong</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radio-map construction is an important phase in indoor fingerprint localization systems. Traditional methods for Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radio-map construction have the problems of being time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this paper, an indoor Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radio-map construction method is proposed which utilizes crowdsourcing data contributed by smartphone users. We draw indoor pathway map and construct Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radio-map without requiring manual site survey, exact floor layout and extra infrastructure support. The key novelty is that it recognizes road segments from crowdsourcing traces by <span class="hlt">a</span> cluster based on magnetism sequence similarity and constructs an indoor pathway map with Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal strengths annotated on. Through experiments in real world indoor areas, the method is proved to have good performance on magnetism similarity calculation, road segment clustering and pathway map construction. The Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radio maps constructed by crowdsourcing data are validated to provide competitive indoor localization accuracy. PMID:29738454</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GMD....10.4105W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GMD....10.4105W"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> prognostic pollen <span class="hlt">emissions</span> model for climate models (PECM<span class="hlt">1</span>.0)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wozniak, Matthew C.; Steiner, Allison L.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>We develop <span class="hlt">a</span> prognostic model called Pollen <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> for Climate Models (PECM) for use within regional and global climate models to simulate pollen counts over the seasonal cycle based on geography, vegetation type, and meteorological parameters. Using modern surface pollen count data, empirical relationships between prior-year annual average temperature and pollen season start dates and end dates are developed for deciduous broadleaf trees (Acer, Alnus, Betula, Fraxinus, Morus, Platanus, Populus, Quercus, Ulmus), evergreen needleleaf trees (Cupressaceae, Pinaceae), grasses (Poaceae; C3, C4), and ragweed (Ambrosia). This regression model explains as much as 57 % of the variance in pollen phenological dates, and it is used to create <span class="hlt">a</span> climate-flexible phenology that can be used to study the response of wind-driven pollen <span class="hlt">emissions</span> to climate change. The <span class="hlt">emissions</span> model is evaluated in the Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) over the continental United States by prescribing an <span class="hlt">emission</span> potential from PECM and transporting pollen as aerosol tracers. We evaluate two different pollen <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in the model using (<span class="hlt">1</span>) <span class="hlt">a</span> taxa-specific land cover database, phenology, and <span class="hlt">emission</span> potential, and (2) <span class="hlt">a</span> plant functional type (PFT) land cover, phenology, and <span class="hlt">emission</span> potential. The simulated surface pollen concentrations for both simulations are evaluated against observed surface pollen counts in five climatic subregions. Given prescribed pollen <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, the RegCM4 simulates observed concentrations within an order of magnitude, although the performance of the simulations in any subregion is strongly related to the land cover representation and the number of observation sites used to create the empirical phenological relationship. The taxa-based model provides <span class="hlt">a</span> better representation of the phenology of tree-based pollen counts than the PFT-based model; however, we note that the PFT-based version provides <span class="hlt">a</span> useful and climate-flexible <span class="hlt">emissions</span> model for the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/945383','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/945383"><span>DEVELOPMENT OF AG-<span class="hlt">1</span> SECTION <span class="hlt">FI</span> ON METAL MEDIA FILTERS - 9061</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Adamson, D; Charles A. Waggoner, C</p> <p></p> <p>Development of <span class="hlt">a</span> metal media standard (<span class="hlt">FI</span>) for ASME AG-<span class="hlt">1</span> (Code on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment) has been under way for almost ten years. This paper will provide <span class="hlt">a</span> brief history of the development process of this section and <span class="hlt">a</span> detailed overview of its current content/status. There have been at least two points when dramatic changes have been made in the scope of the document due to feedback from the full Committee on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment (CONAGT). Development of the proposed section has required resolving several difficult issues associated with scope; namely, filtering efficiency, operating conditions (mediamore » velocity, pressure drop, etc.), qualification testing, and quality control/acceptance testing. <span class="hlt">A</span> proposed version of Section <span class="hlt">FI</span> is currently undergoing final revisions prior to being submitted for balloting. The section covers metal media filters of filtering efficiencies ranging from medium (less than 99.97%) to high (99.97% and greater). Two different types of high efficiency filters are addressed; those units intended to be <span class="hlt">a</span> direct replacement of Section FC fibrous glass HEPA filters and those that will be placed into newly designed systems capable of supporting greater static pressures and differential pressures across the filter elements. Direct replacements of FC HEPA filters in existing systems will be required to meet equivalent qualification and testing requirements to those contained in Section FC. <span class="hlt">A</span> series of qualification and quality assurance test methods have been identified for the range of filtering efficiencies covered by this proposed standard. Performance characteristics of sintered metal powder vs. sintered metal fiber media are dramatically different with respect to parameters like differential pressures and rigidity of the media. Wide latitude will be allowed for owner specification of performance criteria for filtration units that will be placed into newly designed systems. Such allowances will permit use of the most</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29843373','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29843373"><span>Energy Modeling of IoT Mobile Terminals on Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Environmental Impacts †.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sun, Yuxia; Chen, Junxian; Tang, Yong; Chen, Yanjia</p> <p>2018-05-28</p> <p>With the popularity of various IoT mobile terminals such as mobile phones and sensors, the energy problems of IoT mobile terminals have attracted increasingly more attention. In this paper, we explore the impacts of some important factors of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> environments on the energy consumption of mobile phones, which are typical IoT end devices. The factors involve the Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal strength under good signal conditions, the type and the amount of protocol packets that are initiated by Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> APs (Access Points) to maintain basic network communication with the phones. Controlled experiments are conducted to quantitatively study the phone energy impacts by the above Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> environmental factors. To describe such impacts, we construct <span class="hlt">a</span> time-based signal strength-aware energy model and packet type/amount-aware energy models. The models constructed in the paper corroborate the following user experience on phone energy consumption: (<span class="hlt">1</span>) <span class="hlt">a</span> phone's energy is drawn faster under higher Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal strengths than under lower ones even in normal signal conditions; (2) phones consume energy faster in <span class="hlt">a</span> public Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> network than in <span class="hlt">a</span> private one even in the basic phone state. The energy modeling methods proposed in the paper enable ordinary developers to analyze phone energy draw conveniently by utilizing inexpensive power meters as measurement tools. The modeling methods are general and are able to be used for phones of any type and any platform.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28283325','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28283325"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 in the measurement of VO2 and VCO2 using the E-COXV metabolic monitor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ferreruela, M; Raurich, J M; Llompart-Pou, J A; Colomar, A; Ayestarán, I</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>We evaluated the effect of changes in <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 on the bias and accuracy of the determination of oxygen consumption (V˙O 2 ) and carbon dioxide production (V˙CO 2 ) using the E-COVX monitor in patients with mechanical ventilation. Descriptive of concordance. Intensive Care Unit. Patients with mechanical ventilation. We measured V˙O 2 and V˙CO 2 using the E-COVX monitor. Values recorded were the average in 5min. Two groups of 30 patients. We analyzed: <span class="hlt">1</span>) the reproducibility in the measurement of V˙O 2 and V˙CO 2 at <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 0.4, and 2) the effect of the changes in <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 on the measurement of V˙O 2 and V˙CO 2 . Statistical analysis was performed using Bland and Altman test. Bias and accuracy. <span class="hlt">1</span>) <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 0.4 reproducibility: The bias in the measurement of V˙O 2 and V˙CO 2 was <span class="hlt">1</span>.6 and 2.<span class="hlt">1</span>mL/min, respectively, and accuracy was 9.7 to -8.3% and 7.2 to -5.2%, respectively, and 2) effect of <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 on V˙O 2 : The bias of V˙O 2 measured at <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 0.4 and 0.6 was -4.0mL/min and <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 0.4 and 0.8 was 5.2mL/min. Accuracy between <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 0.4 and 0.6 was 11.9 to -14.<span class="hlt">1</span>%, and between <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 0.4 and 0.8 was 43.9 to -39.7%. The E-COVX monitor evaluates V˙O 2 and V˙CO 2 in critical patients with mechanical ventilation with <span class="hlt">a</span> clinically acceptable accuracy until <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 0.6. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Españ<span class="hlt">a</span>, S.L.U. y SEMICYUC. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACPD...1320165L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACPD...1320165L"><span>Projections of atmospheric mercury levels and their effect on air quality in the United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lei, H.; Wuebbles, D. J.; Liang, X.-Z.; Tao, Z.; Olsen, S.; Artz, R.; Ren, X.; Cohen, M.</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>The individual and combined effects of global climate change and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> changes from 2000 to 2050 on atmospheric mercury levels in the US are investigated by using the global climate-chemistry model, CAM-chem, coupled with <span class="hlt">a</span> mercury chemistry-physics mechanism (CAM-Chem/Hg). Three future pathways from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> (SRES) are considered, with the <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span><span class="hlt">FI</span>, <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B and B<span class="hlt">1</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> representing the upper, middle and lower bounds of potential climate warming, respectively. The anthropogenic and biomass burning <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of mercury are projected from the energy use assumptions in the IPCC SRES report. Natural <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from both land and ocean sources are projected using dynamic schemes. The zonal mean surface total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations in the tropics and mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere are projected to increase by 0.5-<span class="hlt">1</span>.2 ng m-3 in 2050. TGM concentration increases are greater in the low latitudes than they are in the high latitudes, indicative of <span class="hlt">a</span> larger meridional gradient than in the present day. In the <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span><span class="hlt">FI</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, TGM concentrations in 2050 are projected to increase by 2.<span class="hlt">1</span>-4.0 ng m-3 for the eastern US and <span class="hlt">1</span>.4-3.0 ng m-3 for the western US. This pattern corresponds to potential increases in wet deposition of 10-14 μg m-2 for the eastern US and 2-4 μg m-2 for the western US. The increase in Hg(II) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> tends to enhance wet deposition and hence increase the risk of higher mercury entering the hydrological cycle and ecosystems. In the B<span class="hlt">1</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, mercury concentrations in 2050 are similar to present level concentrations; this indicates that the domestic reduction in mercury <span class="hlt">emissions</span> is essentially counteracted by the effects of climate warming and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> increases in other regions. The sensitivity analyses presented show that anthropogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> changes contribute 32-53% of projected mercury air concentration changes, while the independent</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24162060','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24162060"><span>Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and health: review of current status of research.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Foster, Kenneth R; Moulder, John E</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>This review summarizes the current state of research on possible health effects of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> (<span class="hlt">a</span> commercial name for IEEE 802.11-compliant wireless networking). In response to public concerns about health effects of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and wireless networks and calls by government agencies for research on possible health and safety issues with the technology, <span class="hlt">a</span> considerable amount of technology-specific research has been completed. <span class="hlt">A</span> series of high quality engineering studies have provided <span class="hlt">a</span> good, but not complete, understanding of the levels of radiofrequency (RF) exposure to individuals from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>. The limited number of technology-specific bioeffects studies done to date are very mixed in terms of quality and outcome. Unequivocally, the RF exposures from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and wireless networks are far below U.S. and international exposure limits for RF energy. While several studies report biological effects due to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-type exposures, technical limitations prevent drawing conclusions from them about possible health risks of the technology. The review concludes with suggestions for future research on the topic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980047346','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980047346"><span>Military, Charter, Unreported Domestic Traffic and General Aviation 1976, 1984, 1992, and 2015 <span class="hlt">Emission</span> <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mortlock, Alan; VanAlstyne, Richard</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>The report describes development of databases estimating aircraft engine exhaust <span class="hlt">emissions</span> for the years 1976 and 1984 from global operations of Military, Charter, historic Soviet and Chinese, Unreported Domestic traffic, and General Aviation (GA). These databases were developed under the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Advanced Subsonic Assessment (AST). McDonnell Douglas Corporation's (MDC), now part of the Boeing Company has previously estimated engine exhaust <span class="hlt">emissions</span>' databases for the baseline year of 1992 and <span class="hlt">a</span> 2015 forecast year <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. Since their original creation, (Ward, 1994 and Metwally, 1995) revised technology algorithms have been developed. Additionally, GA databases have been created and all past NIDC <span class="hlt">emission</span> inventories have been updated to reflect the new technology algorithms. Revised data (Baughcum, 1996 and Baughcum, 1997) for the scheduled inventories have been used in this report to provide <span class="hlt">a</span> comparison of the total aviation <span class="hlt">emission</span> forecasts from various components. Global results of two historic years (1976 and 1984), <span class="hlt">a</span> baseline year (1992) and <span class="hlt">a</span> forecast year (2015) are presented. Since engine <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are directly related to fuel usage, an overview of individual aviation annual global fuel use for each inventory component is also given in this report.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26205269','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26205269"><span>Collaborative Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Fingerprinting Using Sensor-Based Navigation on Smartphones.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Peng; Zhao, Qile; Li, You; Niu, Xiaoji; Zhuang, Yuan; Liu, Jingnan</p> <p>2015-07-20</p> <p>This paper presents <span class="hlt">a</span> method that trains the Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprint database using sensor-based navigation solutions. Since micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors provide only <span class="hlt">a</span> short-term accuracy but suffer from the accuracy degradation with time, we restrict the time length of available indoor navigation trajectories, and conduct post-processing to improve the sensor-based navigation solution. Different middle-term navigation trajectories that move in and out of an indoor area are combined to make up the database. Furthermore, we evaluate the effect of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> database shifts on Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprinting using the database generated by the proposed method. Results show that the fingerprinting errors will not increase linearly according to database (DB) errors in smartphone-based Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprinting applications.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4541948','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4541948"><span>Collaborative Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Fingerprinting Using Sensor-Based Navigation on Smartphones</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Peng; Zhao, Qile; Li, You; Niu, Xiaoji; Zhuang, Yuan; Liu, Jingnan</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents <span class="hlt">a</span> method that trains the Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprint database using sensor-based navigation solutions. Since micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors provide only <span class="hlt">a</span> short-term accuracy but suffer from the accuracy degradation with time, we restrict the time length of available indoor navigation trajectories, and conduct post-processing to improve the sensor-based navigation solution. Different middle-term navigation trajectories that move in and out of an indoor area are combined to make up the database. Furthermore, we evaluate the effect of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> database shifts on Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprinting using the database generated by the proposed method. Results show that the fingerprinting errors will not increase linearly according to database (DB) errors in smartphone-based Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprinting applications. PMID:26205269</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMGC32B..02L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMGC32B..02L"><span>Changes in land cover and carbon <span class="hlt">emissions</span> to 2050 from African tropical forests using policy <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Laporte, N.; Galford, G. L.; Soares Filho, B. S.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Africa has the second largest block of rainforest in the world, next to the Amazon basin, with the majority of the carbon being stored in the dense humid forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Historically, political instability in the DRC kept development and deforestation low, with primary forest uses being extensive logging and small scale agriculture. In the last decade, political stability has opened the country to foreign investment in forested areas, largely for industrial-scale oil palm plantations and more recently to rice production. The DRC ranks worst on the IFPRI global hunger index, scoring "extremely serious" based on the proportion of undernourished population, prevalence of underweight in children under 5 and the mortality rates of children under 5. In fact, DRC saw its hunger score increase (worsen) from 1990 to 2010, with <span class="hlt">a</span> 66% gain compared to the other 8 worsening countries increasing only 21% or less. This is <span class="hlt">a</span> critical time for policy in the DRC, where business-as-usual (relatively low deforestation rates) is unlikely to continue given today's relative political stability and economic stabilization compared to the 1990s. The country must examine options for forest conservation in balance with foreign investment for use of forest resources, national development of rural livelihoods and domestic production of food. Here we present deforestation trajectories simulated through the year 2050 under <span class="hlt">a</span> set of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. The <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> consider the relative carbon <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from business-as-usual (no new policy), conservation (policy favoring protection and enforcement for forest areas), and <span class="hlt">a</span> food security <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (favoring clearing for industrial agriculture, extractive timber resources and development of new agricultural areas). Carbon <span class="hlt">emissions</span> for each <span class="hlt">scenario</span> are estimated with <span class="hlt">a</span> coupled bookkeeping model. These <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are not predictive of the future, rather, they are meant to provide an understanding of the outcomes of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmEn.152..531G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmEn.152..531G"><span>Impact of future climate policy <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> on air quality and aerosol-cloud interactions using an advanced version of CESM/CAM5: Part II. Future trend analysis and impacts of projected anthropogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Glotfelty, Timothy; Zhang, Yang</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Following <span class="hlt">a</span> comprehensive evaluation of the Community Earth System Model modified at the North Carolina State University (CESM-NCSU), Part II describes the projected changes in the future state of the atmosphere under the representative concentration partway <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (RCP4.5 and 8.5) by 2100 for the 2050 time frame and examine the impact of climate change on future air quality under both <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, and the impact of projected <span class="hlt">emission</span> changes under the RCP4.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span> on future climate through aerosol direct and indirect effects. Both the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 simulations predict similar changes in air quality by the 2050 period due to declining <span class="hlt">emissions</span> under both <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. The largest differences occur in O3, which decreases by global mean of <span class="hlt">1</span>.4 ppb under RCP4.5 but increases by global mean of 2.3 ppb under RCP8.5 due to differences in methane levels, and PM10, which decreases by global mean of <span class="hlt">1</span>.2 μg m-3 under RCP4.5 and increases by global mean of 0.2 μg m-3 under RCP8.5 due to differences in dust and sea-salt <span class="hlt">emissions</span> under both <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Enhancements in cloud formation in the Arctic and Southern Ocean and increases of aerosol optical depth (AOD) in central Africa and South Asia dominate the change in surface radiation in both <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, leading to global average dimming of <span class="hlt">1.1</span> W m-2 and 2.0 W m-2 in the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, respectively. Declines in AOD, cloud formation, and cloud optical thickness from reductions of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of primary aerosols and aerosol precursors under RCP4.5 result in near surface warming of 0.2 °C from <span class="hlt">a</span> global average increase of 0.7 W m-2 in surface downwelling solar radiation. This warming leads to <span class="hlt">a</span> weakening of the Walker Circulation in the tropics, leading to significant changes in cloud and precipitation that mirror <span class="hlt">a</span> shift in climate towards the negative phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28332042','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28332042"><span>The effect of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hassanshahi, Amin; Shafeie, Seyed Ali; Fatemi, Iman; Hassanshahi, Elham; Allahtavakoli, Mohammad; Shabani, Mohammad; Roohbakhsh, Ali; Shamsizadeh, Ali</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Wireless internet (Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>) electromagnetic waves (2.45 GHz) have widespread usage almost everywhere, especially in our homes. Considering the recent reports about some hazardous effects of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals on the nervous system, this study aimed to investigate the effect of 2.4 GHz Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation on multisensory integration in rats. This experimental study was done on 80 male Wistar rats that were allocated into exposure and sham groups. Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure to 2.4 GHz microwaves [in Service Set Identifier mode (23.6 dBm and 3% for power and duty cycle, respectively)] was done for 30 days (12 h/day). Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. <span class="hlt">A</span> discrimination ratio was calculated to assess the preference of animal to the novel object. The expression levels of M<span class="hlt">1</span> and GAT<span class="hlt">1</span> mRNA in the hippocampus were assessed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Results demonstrated that rats in Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure groups could not discriminate significantly between the novel and familiar objects in any of the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. The expression of M<span class="hlt">1</span> receptors increased following Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure. In conclusion, results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5927334','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5927334"><span>Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields From Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> in Australian Schools</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Karipidis, Ken; Henderson, Stuart; Wijayasinghe, Don; Tjong, Lydiawati; Tinker, Rick</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Abstract The increasing use of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> in schools and other places has given rise to public concern that the radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> have the potential to adversely affect children. The current study measured typical and peak RF levels from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and other sources in 23 schools in Australia. All of the RF measurements were much lower than the reference levels recommended by international guidelines for protection against established health effects. The typical and peak RF levels from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> in locations occupied by children in the classroom were of the order of 10−4 and 10−2% of the exposure guidelines, respectively. Typical RF levels in the classroom were similar between Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and radio but higher than other sources. In the schoolyard typical RF levels were higher for radio, TV and mobile phone base stations compared to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>. The results of this study showed that the typical RF exposure of children from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> at school is very low and comparable or lower to other sources in the environment. PMID:28074013</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1043399','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1043399"><span>PRi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Networking for Tracking-Resistant Mobile Computing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>PRi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> NETWORKING FOR TRACKING-RESISTANT MOBILE COMPUTING YALE UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 2017 FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE...From - To) FEB 2016 – MAY 2017 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE PRi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> NETWORKING FOR TRACKING-RESISTANT MOBILE COMPUTING 5<span class="hlt">a</span>. CONTRACT NUMBER FA8750-16-2-0034...3 Figure 2: What We Have: <span class="hlt">A</span> Cloud of Secret Mass Surveillance Processes .................................. 6 Figure 3: What</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...746432W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...746432W"><span><span class="hlt">Scenario</span> dependence of future changes in climate extremes under <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C and 2 °C global warming</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Zhili; Lin, Lei; Zhang, Xiaoye; Zhang, Hua; Liu, Liangke; Xu, Yangyang</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The 2015 Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming below 2 °C and pursue efforts to even limit it to <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels. Decision makers need reliable information on the impacts caused by these warming levels for climate mitigation and adaptation measures. We explore the changes in climate extremes, which are closely tied to economic losses and casualties, under <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C and 2 °C global warming and their <span class="hlt">scenario</span> dependence using three sets of ensemble global climate model simulations. <span class="hlt">A</span> warming of 0.5 °C (from <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C to 2 °C) leads to significant increases in temperature and precipitation extremes in most regions. However, the projected changes in climate extremes under both warming levels highly depend on the pathways of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, with different greenhouse gas (GHG)/aerosol forcing ratio and GHG levels. Moreover, there are multifold differences in several heavily polluted regions, among the <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, in the changes in precipitation extremes due to an additional 0.5 °C warming from <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C to 2 °C. Our results demonstrate that the chemical compositions of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, not just the total radiative forcing and resultant warming level, must be considered when assessing the impacts of global <span class="hlt">1</span>.5/2 °C warming.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28425445','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28425445"><span><span class="hlt">Scenario</span> dependence of future changes in climate extremes under <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C and 2 °C global warming.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Zhili; Lin, Lei; Zhang, Xiaoye; Zhang, Hua; Liu, Liangke; Xu, Yangyang</p> <p>2017-04-20</p> <p>The 2015 Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming below 2 °C and pursue efforts to even limit it to <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels. Decision makers need reliable information on the impacts caused by these warming levels for climate mitigation and adaptation measures. We explore the changes in climate extremes, which are closely tied to economic losses and casualties, under <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C and 2 °C global warming and their <span class="hlt">scenario</span> dependence using three sets of ensemble global climate model simulations. <span class="hlt">A</span> warming of 0.5 °C (from <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C to 2 °C) leads to significant increases in temperature and precipitation extremes in most regions. However, the projected changes in climate extremes under both warming levels highly depend on the pathways of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, with different greenhouse gas (GHG)/aerosol forcing ratio and GHG levels. Moreover, there are multifold differences in several heavily polluted regions, among the <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, in the changes in precipitation extremes due to an additional 0.5 °C warming from <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C to 2 °C. Our results demonstrate that the chemical compositions of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, not just the total radiative forcing and resultant warming level, must be considered when assessing the impacts of global <span class="hlt">1</span>.5/2 °C warming.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ERL.....4b5002P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ERL.....4b5002P"><span>The future of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: issues in developing new climate change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pitcher, Hugh M.</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>In September, 2007, the IPCC convened <span class="hlt">a</span> workshop to discuss how <span class="hlt">a</span> new set of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> to support climate model runs, mitigation analyses, and impact, adaptation and vulnerability research might be developed. The first phase of the suggested new approach is now approaching completion. This article discusses some of the issues raised by <span class="hlt">scenario</span> relevant research and analysis since the last set of IPCC <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> were created (IPCC SRES, 2000) that will need to be addressed as new <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are developed by the research community during the second phase. These include (<span class="hlt">1</span>) providing <span class="hlt">a</span> logic for how societies manage to transition from historical paths to the various future development paths foreseen in the <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, (2) long-term economic growth issues, (3) the appropriate GDP metric to use (purchasing power parity or market exchange rates), (4) ongoing issues with moving from the broad geographic and time scales of the <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> to the finer scales needed for impacts, adaptation and vulnerability analyses and (5) some possible ways to handle the urgent request from the policy community for some guidance on <span class="hlt">scenario</span> likelihoods. The challenges involved in addressing these issues are manifold; the reward is greater credibility and deeper understanding of an analytic tool that does much to form the context within which many issues in addition to the climate problem will need to be addressed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1340460','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1340460"><span>2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for <span class="hlt">a</span> Thriving Bioeconomy, Volume 2: Environmental Sustainability Effects of Select <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> from Volume <span class="hlt">1</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Efroymson, Rebecca Ann; Langholtz, Matthew H.; Johnson, Kristen</p> <p></p> <p>With the goal of understanding environmental effects of <span class="hlt">a</span> growing bioeconomy, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), national laboratories, and U.S. Forest Service research laboratories, together with academic and industry collaborators, undertook <span class="hlt">a</span> study to estimate environmental effects of potential biomass production <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in the United States, with an emphasis on agricultural and forest biomass. Potential effects investigated include changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, water quality and quantity, air <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, and biodiversity. Effects of altered land-management regimes were analyzed based on select county-level biomass-production <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for 2017 and 2040 taken from the 2016 Billion-Ton Report:more » Advancing Domestic Resources for <span class="hlt">a</span> Thriving Bioeconomy (BT16), volume <span class="hlt">1</span>, which assumes that the land bases for agricultural and forestry would not change over time. The <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> reflect constraints on biomass supply (e.g., excluded areas; implementation of management practices; and consideration of food, feed, forage, and fiber demands and exports) that intend to address sustainability concerns. Nonetheless, both beneficial and adverse environmental effects might be expected. To characterize these potential effects, this research sought to estimate where and under what modeled <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> or conditions positive and negative environmental effects could occur nationwide. The report also includes <span class="hlt">a</span> discussion of land-use change (LUC) (i.e., land management change) assumptions associated with the <span class="hlt">scenario</span> transitions (but not including analysis of indirect LUC [ILUC]), analyses of climate sensitivity of feedstock productivity under <span class="hlt">a</span> set of potential <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, and <span class="hlt">a</span> qualitative environmental effects analysis of algae production under carbon dioxide (CO 2) co-location <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Because BT16 biomass supplies are simulated independent of <span class="hlt">a</span> defined end use, most analyses do not include benefits from displacing fossil fuels or</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRD..110.6112P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRD..110.6112P"><span>Changes in atmospheric sulfur burdens and concentrations and resulting radiative forcings under IPCC SRES <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for 1990-2100</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pham, M.; Boucher, O.; Hauglustaine, D.</p> <p>2005-03-01</p> <p>Simulations of the global sulfur cycle under the IPCC SRES <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> have been performed. Sulfur dioxide and sulfate burdens, as well as the direct and first indirect radiative forcing (RF) by sulfate aerosols only, are presented for the period 1990 to 2100. By 2100, global sulfur <span class="hlt">emission</span> rates decline everywhere in all <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. At that time, the anthropogenic sulfate burden ranges from 0.34 to <span class="hlt">1</span>.03 times the 1990 value of 0.47 Tg S. Direct and indirect global and annually mean RFs relative to the year 1990 are near 0 or positive (range of -0.07 to 0.28 Wm-2 and 0.01 to 0.38 Wm-2 for the direct and indirect effects, respectively). For reference these forcings amount respectively to -0.42 and -0.79 Wm-2 in 1990 relative to preindustrial conditions (around 1750). Sulfur aerosols will therefore induce <span class="hlt">a</span> smaller cooling effect in 2100 than in 1990 relative to preindustrial conditions. For the period 1990 to 2100, the forcing efficiencies (computed relatively to 1990) are fairly constant for the direct effect (around -160 W (g sulfate)-<span class="hlt">1</span>). The forcing efficiencies for the indirect effect are around -200 and -100 W (g sulfate)-<span class="hlt">1</span> for negative and positive burden differences, respectively. This is due to <span class="hlt">a</span> shift in regional patterns of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and <span class="hlt">a</span> saturation in the indirect effect. The simulated annually averaged SO2 concentrations for <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B <span class="hlt">scenario</span> in 2020 are close to air quality objectives for public health in some parts of Africa and exceed these objectives in some parts of China and Korea. Moreover, sulfate deposition rates are estimated to increase by 200% from the present level in East and Southeast Asia. This shows that Asia may experience in the future sulfur-related environmental and human health problems as important as Europe and the United States did in the 1970s.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12382904','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12382904"><span>Optically stimulated luminescence in an imaging plate using Ba<span class="hlt">Fi</span>:Eu.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nanto, H; Araki, T; Daimon, M; Kusano, E; Kinbara, A; Kawabata, K; Nakano, Y</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Ba<span class="hlt">FI</span>:Eu phosphors are fabricated using <span class="hlt">a</span> new method of synthesis: liquid phase synthesis, in which the phosphor particles are formed through the association of Ba2+ ions, F-ions and Eu2+ ions in solution. An intense optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) peak at about 410 nm is observed by stimulating X ray irradiated Ba<span class="hlt">FI</span>:Eu phosphor with about 550-750 nm light. It is found that the peak wavelength of the optically stimulation spectrum is about 690 nm. This result suggests that the semiconductor laser can be used as the stimulating light source. It is also found that the OSL intensity is increased with increasing the X ray dose. The Ba<span class="hlt">FI</span>:Eu phosphor as <span class="hlt">a</span> photostimulable material for the imaging plate of <span class="hlt">a</span> computed radiography system provides the following advantages; (<span class="hlt">1</span>) high X ray absorption coefficient, (2) high monodispersion in size which would contribute to sharp images, (3) high OSL and thus low luminescence mottle and (4) high DQE (detective quantum efficiency).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IAUGA..2254674L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IAUGA..2254674L"><span>Astronomy Popularization via Sci-<span class="hlt">fi</span> Movies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Qingkang</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>It is astronomers’ duty to let more and more young people know <span class="hlt">a</span> bit astronomy and be interested in astronomy and appreciate the beauty and great achievements in astronomy. One of the most effective methods to popularize astronomy to young people nowadays might be via enjoying some brilliant sci-<span class="hlt">fi</span> movies related to astronomy with some guidance from astronomers. Firstly, we will introduce the basic information of our selective course “Appreciation of Sci-<span class="hlt">fi</span> Movies in Astronomy” for the non-major astronomy students in our University, which is surely unique in China, then we will show its effect on astronomy popularization based on several rounds of teaching.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28904975','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28904975"><span>RAPD Profiling, DNA Fragmentation, and Histomorphometric Examination in Brains of Wistar Rats Exposed to Indoor 2.5 Ghz Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Devices Radiation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ibitayo, A O; Afolabi, O B; Akinyemi, A J; Ojiezeh, T I; Adekoya, K O; Ojewunmi, O O</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The advent of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> connected high technology devices in executing day-to-day activities is fast evolving especially in developing countries of the world and hence the need to assess its safety among others. The present study was conducted to investigate the injurious effect of radiofrequency <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from installed Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices in brains of young male rats. Animals were divided into four equal groups; group <span class="hlt">1</span> served as control while groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to 2.5 Ghz at intervals of 30, 45, and 60 consecutive days with free access to food and water ad libitum. Alterations in harvested brain tissues were confirmed by histopathological analyses which showed vascular congestion and DNA damage in the brain was assayed using agarose gel electrophoresis. Histomorphometry analyses of their brain tissues showed perivascular congestion and tissue damage as well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1360743-scenario-model-intercomparison-project-scenariomip-cmip6','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1360743-scenario-model-intercomparison-project-scenariomip-cmip6"><span>The <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Model Intercomparison Project (<span class="hlt">Scenario</span>MIP) for CMIP6</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>O'Neill, Brian C.; Tebaldi, Claudia; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; ...</p> <p>2016-09-28</p> <p>Projections of future climate change play <span class="hlt">a</span> fundamental role in improving understanding of the climate system as well as characterizing societal risks and response options. The <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Model Intercomparison Project (<span class="hlt">Scenario</span>MIP) is the primary activity within Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) that will provide multi-model climate projections based on alternative <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of future <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and land use changes produced with integrated assessment models. Here, we describe <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>MIP's objectives, experimental design, and its relation to other activities within CMIP6. The <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>MIP design is one component of <span class="hlt">a</span> larger <span class="hlt">scenario</span> process that aims to facilitate <span class="hlt">a</span> wide rangemore » of integrated studies across the climate science, integrated assessment modeling, and impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability communities, and will form an important part of the evidence base in the forthcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments. Furthermore, it will provide the basis for investigating <span class="hlt">a</span> number of targeted science and policy questions that are especially relevant to <span class="hlt">scenario</span>-based analysis, including the role of specific forcings such as land use and aerosols, the effect of <span class="hlt">a</span> peak and decline in forcing, the consequences of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> that limit warming to below 2°C, the relative contributions to uncertainty from <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, climate models, and internal variability, and long-term climate system outcomes beyond the 21st century. In order to serve this wide range of scientific communities and address these questions, <span class="hlt">a</span> design has been identified consisting of eight alternative 21st century <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> plus one large initial condition ensemble and <span class="hlt">a</span> set of long-term extensions, divided into two tiers defined by relative priority. Some of these <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> will also provide <span class="hlt">a</span> basis for variants planned to be run in other CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs to investigate questions related to specific forcings. Harmonized, spatially explicit</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GMD.....9.3461O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GMD.....9.3461O"><span>The <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Model Intercomparison Project (<span class="hlt">Scenario</span>MIP) for CMIP6</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>O'Neill, Brian C.; Tebaldi, Claudia; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Eyring, Veronika; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Hurtt, George; Knutti, Reto; Kriegler, Elmar; Lamarque, Jean-Francois; Lowe, Jason; Meehl, Gerald A.; Moss, Richard; Riahi, Keywan; Sanderson, Benjamin M.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Projections of future climate change play <span class="hlt">a</span> fundamental role in improving understanding of the climate system as well as characterizing societal risks and response options. The <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Model Intercomparison Project (<span class="hlt">Scenario</span>MIP) is the primary activity within Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) that will provide multi-model climate projections based on alternative <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of future <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and land use changes produced with integrated assessment models. In this paper, we describe <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>MIP's objectives, experimental design, and its relation to other activities within CMIP6. The <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>MIP design is one component of <span class="hlt">a</span> larger <span class="hlt">scenario</span> process that aims to facilitate <span class="hlt">a</span> wide range of integrated studies across the climate science, integrated assessment modeling, and impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability communities, and will form an important part of the evidence base in the forthcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments. At the same time, it will provide the basis for investigating <span class="hlt">a</span> number of targeted science and policy questions that are especially relevant to <span class="hlt">scenario</span>-based analysis, including the role of specific forcings such as land use and aerosols, the effect of <span class="hlt">a</span> peak and decline in forcing, the consequences of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> that limit warming to below 2 °C, the relative contributions to uncertainty from <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, climate models, and internal variability, and long-term climate system outcomes beyond the 21st century. To serve this wide range of scientific communities and address these questions, <span class="hlt">a</span> design has been identified consisting of eight alternative 21st century <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> plus one large initial condition ensemble and <span class="hlt">a</span> set of long-term extensions, divided into two tiers defined by relative priority. Some of these <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> will also provide <span class="hlt">a</span> basis for variants planned to be run in other CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs to investigate questions related to specific forcings. Harmonized, spatially explicit</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1340842-scenario-model-intercomparison-project-scenariomip-cmip6','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1340842-scenario-model-intercomparison-project-scenariomip-cmip6"><span>The <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Model Intercomparison Project (<span class="hlt">Scenario</span>MIP) for CMIP6</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>O'Neill, Brian C.; Tebaldi, Claudia; van Vuuren, Detlef P.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Projections of future climate change play <span class="hlt">a</span> fundamental role in improving understanding of the climate system as well as characterizing societal risks and response options. The <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Model Intercomparison Project (<span class="hlt">Scenario</span>MIP) is the primary activity within Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) that will provide multi-model climate projections based on alternative <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of future <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and land use changes produced with integrated assessment models. In this paper, we describe <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>MIP's objectives, experimental design, and its relation to other activities within CMIP6. The <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>MIP design is one component of <span class="hlt">a</span> larger <span class="hlt">scenario</span> process that aims to facilitate amore » wide range of integrated studies across the climate science, integrated assessment modeling, and impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability communities, and will form an important part of the evidence base in the forthcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments. At the same time, it will provide the basis for investigating <span class="hlt">a</span> number of targeted science and policy questions that are especially relevant to <span class="hlt">scenario</span>-based analysis, including the role of specific forcings such as land use and aerosols, the effect of <span class="hlt">a</span> peak and decline in forcing, the consequences of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> that limit warming to below 2 °C, the relative contributions to uncertainty from <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, climate models, and internal variability, and long-term climate system outcomes beyond the 21st century. To serve this wide range of scientific communities and address these questions, <span class="hlt">a</span> design has been identified consisting of eight alternative 21st century <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> plus one large initial condition ensemble and <span class="hlt">a</span> set of long-term extensions, divided into two tiers defined by relative priority. Some of these <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> will also provide <span class="hlt">a</span> basis for variants planned to be run in other CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs to investigate questions related to specific forcings. Harmonized, spatially</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ISPAn42W4..425Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ISPAn42W4..425Y"><span>Indoor Map Aided Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Integrated Lbs on Smartphone Platforms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yu, C.; El-Sheimy, N.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>In this research, an indoor map aided INS/Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> integrated location based services (LBS) applications is proposed and implemented on smartphone platforms. Indoor map information together with measurements from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) value from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> are collected to obtain an accurate, continuous, and low-cost position solution. The main challenge of this research is to make effective use of various measurements that complement each other without increasing the computational burden of the system. The integrated system in this paper includes three modules: INS, Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> (if signal available) and indoor maps. <span class="hlt">A</span> cascade structure Particle/Kalman filter framework is applied to combine the different modules. Firstly, INS position and Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprint position integrated through Kalman filter for estimating positioning information. Then, indoor map information is applied to correct the error of INS/Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> estimated position through particle filter. Indoor tests show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the accumulation positioning errors of stand-alone INS systems, and provide stable, continuous and reliable indoor location service.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28074013','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28074013"><span>Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields From Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> in Australian Schools.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Karipidis, Ken; Henderson, Stuart; Wijayasinghe, Don; Tjong, Lydiawati; Tinker, Rick</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The increasing use of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> in schools and other places has given rise to public concern that the radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> have the potential to adversely affect children. The current study measured typical and peak RF levels from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and other sources in 23 schools in Australia. All of the RF measurements were much lower than the reference levels recommended by international guidelines for protection against established health effects. The typical and peak RF levels from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> in locations occupied by children in the classroom were of the order of 10-4 and 10-2% of the exposure guidelines, respectively. Typical RF levels in the classroom were similar between Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and radio but higher than other sources. In the schoolyard typical RF levels were higher for radio, TV and mobile phone base stations compared to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>. The results of this study showed that the typical RF exposure of children from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> at school is very low and comparable or lower to other sources in the environment. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AtmRe..74...37S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AtmRe..74...37S"><span>Biogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from Pinus halepensis: <span class="hlt">a</span> typical species of the Mediterranean area</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Simon, V.; Dumergues, L.; Solignac, G.; Torres, L.</p> <p>2005-03-01</p> <p>Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> by vegetation present in the Mediterranean area are not well known. They may contribute with anthropogenic VOC <span class="hlt">emissions</span> to the tropospheric ozone formation that reaches important level in the European Mediterranean region. The present work, carried out as part of the European ESCOMPTE project «<span class="hlt">fi</span>Eld experimentS to COnstrain Models of atmospheric Pollution and Transport of <span class="hlt">Emissions</span>», adds <span class="hlt">a</span> new contribution to the inventory of the main natural hydrocarbons sources likely to participate in the ozone production. The corresponding measurement campaign was conducted in La Barben, <span class="hlt">a</span> site close to Marseilles (France), with the aim to quantify the terpenic <span class="hlt">emission</span> pattern and the behaviour of Pinus halepensis, an important Mediterranean species slightly studied. The determination of biogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from P. halepensis was done by the enclosure of an intact branch in <span class="hlt">a</span> Teflon cuvette. Main emitted monoterpenes were β trans-ocimene and linalool. The total monoterpenic <span class="hlt">emission</span> rates thus recorded were found to reach maximum values around 30 μg g dry weight-<span class="hlt">1</span> h -<span class="hlt">1</span>. The normalized <span class="hlt">emission</span> rates calculated at 30 °C and 1000 μmol m -2 s -<span class="hlt">1</span> with Guenther's algorithm was 14.76, 8.65 and 4.05 μg g dry weight-<span class="hlt">1</span> h -<span class="hlt">1</span>, respectively, for the total monoterpenes, β trans-ocimene and linalool.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AtmRe..74...49S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AtmRe..74...49S"><span>Isoprene <span class="hlt">emission</span> rates and fluxes measured above <span class="hlt">a</span> Mediterranean oak ( Quercus pubescens) forest</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Simon, V.; Dumergues, L.; Bouchou, P.; Torres, L.; Lopez, A.</p> <p>2005-03-01</p> <p>The present work, carried out as part of the European <span class="hlt">fi</span>Eld experimentS to COnstrain Models of atmospheric Pollution and Transport of <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> project (ESCOMPTE), brings <span class="hlt">a</span> new contribution to the inventory of the main natural hydrocarbons sources that are liable to participate in the production of ozone. The measurement campaign was conducted in Montmeyan, <span class="hlt">a</span> site close to Marseilles (France), with the aim of quantifying the terpenic <span class="hlt">emission</span> pattern and the behaviour of Quercus pubescens, an important Mediterranean tree species. Biogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> by Q. pubescens were determined by the enclosure of an intact branch of this tree in <span class="hlt">a</span> Teflon cuvette. The total monoterpenic <span class="hlt">emission</span> rates thus recorded were found to reach maximum values ranged between 40 and 350 μg g Dry Weight-<span class="hlt">1</span> h -<span class="hlt">1</span>. <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> were correlated strongly with leaf temperature and Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR). The fluxes were also determined by extrapolating the results of the enclosure method and by using aerodynamic gradient method. They reach around 73 mg m -2 h -<span class="hlt">1</span> with the first method and 55 mg m -2 h -<span class="hlt">1</span> with the second one. The obtained values fit with <span class="hlt">a</span> maximal ratio of 2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24950943','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24950943"><span><span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 delivered by <span class="hlt">a</span> turbine portable ventilator with an oxygen concentrator in an Austere environment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bordes, Julien; Erwan d'Aranda; Savoie, Pierre-Henry; Montcriol, Ambroise; Goutorbe, Philippe; Kaiser, Eric</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>Management of critically ill patients in austere environments is <span class="hlt">a</span> logistic challenge. Availability of oxygen cylinders for the mechanically ventilated patient may be difficult in such <span class="hlt">a</span> context. <span class="hlt">A</span> solution is to use <span class="hlt">a</span> ventilator able to function with an oxygen concentrator. We tested the SeQual Integra™ (SeQual, San Diego, CA) 10-OM oxygen concentrator paired with the Pulmonetic System(®) LTV 1000 ventilator (Pulmonetic Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and evaluated the delivered fraction of inspired oxygen (<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2) across <span class="hlt">a</span> range of minute volumes and combinations of ventilator settings. Two LTV 1000 ventilators were tested. The ventilators were attached to <span class="hlt">a</span> test lung and <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 was measured by <span class="hlt">a</span> gas analyzer. Continuous-flow oxygen was generated by the OC from 0.5 L/min to 10 L/min and injected into the oxygen inlet port of the LTV 1000. Several combinations of ventilator settings were evaluated to determine the factors affecting the delivered <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2. The LTV 1000 ventilator is <span class="hlt">a</span> turbine ventilator that is able to deliver high <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 when functioning with an oxygen concentrator. However, modifications of the ventilator settings such as increase in minute ventilation affect delivered <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 even if oxygen flow is constant on the oxygen concentrator. The ability of an oxygen concentrator to deliver high <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 when used with <span class="hlt">a</span> turbine ventilator makes this method of oxygen delivery <span class="hlt">a</span> viable alternative to cylinders in austere environments when used with <span class="hlt">a</span> turbine ventilator. However, <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 has to be monitored continuously because delivered <span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 decreases when minute ventilation is increased. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26781769','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26781769"><span>Clinical interpretation of the Spinal Cord Injury Functional Index (SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fyffe, Denise; Kalpakjian, Claire Z; Slavin, Mary; Kisala, Pamela; Ni, Pengsheng; Kirshblum, Steven C; Tulsky, David S; Jette, Alan M</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>To provide validation of functional ability levels for the Spinal Cord Injury - Functional Index (SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>). Cross-sectional. Inpatient rehabilitation hospital and community settings. <span class="hlt">A</span> sample of 855 individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury enrolled in 6 rehabilitation centers participating in the National Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems Network. Not Applicable. Spinal Cord Injury-Functional Index (SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>). Cluster analyses identified three distinct groups that represent low, mid-range and high SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> functional ability levels. Comparison of clusters on personal and other injury characteristics suggested some significant differences between groups. These results strongly support the use of SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> functional ability levels to document the perceived functional abilities of persons with SCI. Results of the cluster analysis suggest that the SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> functional ability levels capture function by injury characteristics. Clinical implications regarding tracking functional activity trajectories during follow-up visits are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25811224','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25811224"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> floor-map-aided Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>/pseudo-odometry integration algorithm for an indoor positioning system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Jian; Hu, Andong; Liu, Chunyan; Li, Xin</p> <p>2015-03-24</p> <p>This paper proposes <span class="hlt">a</span> scheme for indoor positioning by fusing floor map, Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and smartphone sensor data to provide meter-level positioning without additional infrastructure. <span class="hlt">A</span> topology-constrained K nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm based on <span class="hlt">a</span> floor map layout provides the coordinates required to integrate Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> data with pseudo-odometry (P-O) measurements simulated using <span class="hlt">a</span> pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) approach. One method of further improving the positioning accuracy is to use <span class="hlt">a</span> more effective multi-threshold step detection algorithm, as proposed by the authors. The "go and back" phenomenon caused by incorrect matching of the reference points (RPs) of <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> algorithm is eliminated using an adaptive fading-factor-based extended Kalman filter (EKF), taking Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning coordinates, P-O measurements and fused heading angles as observations. The "cross-wall" problem is solved based on the development of <span class="hlt">a</span> floor-map-aided particle filter algorithm by weighting the particles, thereby also eliminating the gross-error effects originating from Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> or P-O measurements. The performance observed in <span class="hlt">a</span> field experiment performed on the fourth floor of the School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics (SESSI) building on the China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT) campus confirms that the proposed scheme can reliably achieve meter-level positioning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.A43D0258Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.A43D0258Y"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> probabilistic approach to <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from transportation sector in the coming decades</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yan, F.; Winijkul, E.; Bond, T. C.; Streets, D. G.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Future <span class="hlt">emission</span> estimates are necessary for understanding climate change, designing national and international strategies for air quality control and evaluating mitigation policies. <span class="hlt">Emission</span> inventories are uncertain and future projections even more so. Most current <span class="hlt">emission</span> projection models are deterministic; in other words, there is only single answer for each <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. As <span class="hlt">a</span> result, uncertainties have not been included in the estimation of climate forcing or other environmental effects, but it is important to quantify the uncertainty inherent in <span class="hlt">emission</span> projections. We explore uncertainties of <span class="hlt">emission</span> projections from transportation sector in the coming decades by sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulations. These projections are based on <span class="hlt">a</span> technology driven model: the Speciated Pollutants <span class="hlt">Emission</span> Wizard (SPEW)-Trend, which responds to socioeconomic conditions in different economic and mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. The model contains detail about technology stock, including consumption growth rates, retirement rates, timing of <span class="hlt">emission</span> standards, deterioration rates and transition rates from normal vehicles to vehicles with extremely high <span class="hlt">emission</span> factors (termed “superemitters”). However, understanding of these parameters, as well as relationships with socioeconomic conditions, is uncertain. We project <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from transportation sectors under four different IPCC <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (<span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B, <span class="hlt">A</span>2, B<span class="hlt">1</span>, and B2). Due to the later implementation of advanced <span class="hlt">emission</span> standards, Africa has the highest annual growth rate (<span class="hlt">1.2-3.1</span>%) from 2010 to 2050. Superemitters begin producing more than 50% of global <span class="hlt">emissions</span> around year 2020. We estimate uncertainties from the relationships between technological change and socioeconomic conditions and examine their impact on future <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Sensitivities to parameters governing retirement rates are highest, causing changes in global <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from-26% to +55% on average from 2010 to 2050. We perform Monte Carlo simulations to examine</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950048926&hterms=Tracer&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DTracer','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950048926&hterms=Tracer&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DTracer"><span>Tracer transport for realistic aircraft <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> calculated using <span class="hlt">a</span> three-dimensional model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Weaver, Clark J.; Douglass, Anne R.; Rood, Richard B.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">A</span> three-dimensional transport model, which uses winds from <span class="hlt">a</span> stratospheric data assimilation system, is used to study the transport of supersonic aircraft exhaust in the lower stratosphere. <span class="hlt">A</span> passive tracer is continuously injected into the transport model. The tracer source distribution is based on realistic <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for the daily <span class="hlt">emission</span> rate of reactive nitrogen species for all forecasted flight routes. Winds are from northern hemisphere winter/spring months for 1979 and 1989; there are minimal differences between the tracer integrations for the 2 years. During the integration, peak tracer mixing ratios in the flight corridors are compared with the zonal mean and found to be greater by <span class="hlt">a</span> factor of 2 or less. This implies that the zonal mean assumption used in two dimensional models is reasonable during winter and spring. There is <span class="hlt">a</span> preference for pollutant buildup in the heavily traveled North Pacific and North Atlantic flight corridors. Pollutant concentration in the corridors depends on the position of the Aleutian anticyclone and the northern hemisphere polar vortex edge.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5397837','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5397837"><span><span class="hlt">Scenario</span> dependence of future changes in climate extremes under <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C and 2 °C global warming</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wang, Zhili; Lin, Lei; Zhang, Xiaoye; Zhang, Hua; Liu, Liangke; Xu, Yangyang</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The 2015 Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming below 2 °C and pursue efforts to even limit it to <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels. Decision makers need reliable information on the impacts caused by these warming levels for climate mitigation and adaptation measures. We explore the changes in climate extremes, which are closely tied to economic losses and casualties, under <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C and 2 °C global warming and their <span class="hlt">scenario</span> dependence using three sets of ensemble global climate model simulations. <span class="hlt">A</span> warming of 0.5 °C (from <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C to 2 °C) leads to significant increases in temperature and precipitation extremes in most regions. However, the projected changes in climate extremes under both warming levels highly depend on the pathways of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, with different greenhouse gas (GHG)/aerosol forcing ratio and GHG levels. Moreover, there are multifold differences in several heavily polluted regions, among the <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, in the changes in precipitation extremes due to an additional 0.5 °C warming from <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C to 2 °C. Our results demonstrate that the chemical compositions of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, not just the total radiative forcing and resultant warming level, must be considered when assessing the impacts of global <span class="hlt">1</span>.5/2 °C warming. PMID:28425445</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29951445','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29951445"><span>Effect of Microwave Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Radiation at Frequency of 2.4 GHz on Epileptic Behavior of Rats.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>A, Mahmoudi; M B, Shojaeifard; S, Nematollahii; S M J, Mortazavi; A R, Mehdizadeh</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Electromagnetic fields (EMF) with different intensities are widely used at home, offices and public places.Today, there is <span class="hlt">a</span> growing global concern about the effects of human exposure to EMFs. Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological diseases, affecting 50 million people of all ages worldwide. We aimed to investigate the effect of exposure to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation on epileptic behavior of rats. 147 male rats, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into seven groups; negative control (no intervention), sham <span class="hlt">1</span>(distilled water), positive control (Pentylentetrazol [PTZ]), intervention group <span class="hlt">1</span> (PTZ + Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> "off"), sham 2 (distilled water + Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> "off"), sham 3 (distilled water + Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> "on"), and intervention group 2 (PTZ + Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> "on"). The rats were exposed to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> for 2h at <span class="hlt">a</span> distance of 30cm from <span class="hlt">a</span> commercial Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> router. Convulsive behaviors of rats were monitored and scored based on the intensity and type by measuring latency/threshold time, number of convulsions, sum of scores and durations of seizure, and duration of score 6 seizure. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to analyze the data. Convulsion was observed in interventions Group 4 and Group 7, and positive control. The mean number of events, and sum of scores were significantly different in intervention 2 than other two groups. However, the differences in mean threshold, mean sum of durations and " time to show convulsion with score 6 " were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Due to limitations of our study including the sample size, these findings should be interpreted with caution. In this study, exposure to 2.4 GHz Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation showed significant beneficial effects on the epileptic behaviour of rats. More experiments are needed to verify if these exposures can be used as <span class="hlt">a</span> therapeutic approach for amelioration of seizures in epilepsy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26703612','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26703612"><span>Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-Based Real-Time Calibration-Free Passive Human Motion Detection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gong, Liangyi; Yang, Wu; Man, Dapeng; Dong, Guozhong; Yu, Miao; Lv, Jiguang</p> <p>2015-12-21</p> <p>With the rapid development of WLAN technology, wireless device-free passive human detection becomes <span class="hlt">a</span> newly-developing technique and holds more potential to worldwide and ubiquitous smart applications. Recently, indoor fine-grained device-free passive human motion detection based on the PHY layer information is rapidly developed. Previous wireless device-free passive human detection systems either rely on deploying specialized systems with dense transmitter-receiver links or elaborate off-line training process, which blocks rapid deployment and weakens system robustness. In the paper, we explore to research <span class="hlt">a</span> novel fine-grained real-time calibration-free device-free passive human motion via physical layer information, which is independent of indoor <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and needs no prior-calibration and normal profile. We investigate sensitivities of amplitude and phase to human motion, and discover that phase feature is more sensitive to human motion, especially to slow human motion. Aiming at lightweight and robust device-free passive human motion detection, we develop two novel and practical schemes: short-term averaged variance ratio (SVR) and long-term averaged variance ratio (LVR). We realize system design with commercial Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices and evaluate it in typical multipath-rich indoor <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. As demonstrated in the experiments, our approach can achieve <span class="hlt">a</span> high detection rate and low false positive rate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7436I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7436I"><span>Climate Projections over Mediterranean Basin under RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ilhan, Asli; Ünal, Yurdanur S.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Climate Projections over Mediterranean Basin under RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> <span class="hlt">A</span>. ILHAN ve Y. S. UNAL Istanbul Technical University, Department of Meteorology In the study, 50 km resolution downscaled results of two different Earth System Models (ESM) HadGEM2-ES and MPI-ESM with regional climate model of RegCM are used to estimate present and future climate conditions over Mediterranean Basin. The purpose of this study is to compare the projections of two ESMs under Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 (RCP4.5) and 8.5 (RCP8.5) over the region of interest seasonally and annually with 50 km resolution. Temperature and precipitation parameters for reference period (1971-2000) and future (2015-2100) are analyzed. The average temperature and total precipitation distributions of each downscaled ESM simulations were compared with observation data (Climate Research Unit-CRU data) to explore the capability of each model for the representation of the current climate. According to reference period values of CRU, HadGEM2-ES and MPI-ESM, it is seen that both models are warmer and wetter than observations and have positive temperature biases only around Caspian Sea and positive precipitation biases over Eastern and Central Europe. The future projections (from 2015 to 2100) of HadGEM2-ES and MPI-ESM-MR simulations under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are compared with reference period (from 1971 to 2000) and analyzed for temperature and precipitation parameters. The downscaled HadGEM2-ES forced by RCP8.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span> produces higher temperatures than the MPI-ESM-MR. The reasons of this warming can be sensitivity of HadGEM2-ES to greenhouse gases and high radiative forcing (+8.5 W/m2). On the other hand, MPI-ESM produce more precipitation than HadGEM2-ES. In order to analyze regional responses of the climate model chains, five main regions are selected which are Turkey, Central Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe and North Africa. The average biases of the Had</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5020585','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5020585"><span>Clinical interpretation of the Spinal Cord Injury Functional Index (SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fyffe, Denise; Kalpakjian, Claire Z.; Slavin, Mary; Kisala, Pamela; Ni, Pengsheng; Kirshblum, Steven C.; Tulsky, David S.; Jette, Alan M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Objective: To provide validation of functional ability levels for the Spinal Cord Injury – Functional Index (SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>). Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Inpatient rehabilitation hospital and community settings. Participants: <span class="hlt">A</span> sample of 855 individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury enrolled in 6 rehabilitation centers participating in the National Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems Network. Interventions: Not Applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Spinal Cord Injury-Functional Index (SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>). Results: Cluster analyses identified three distinct groups that represent low, mid-range and high SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> functional ability levels. Comparison of clusters on personal and other injury characteristics suggested some significant differences between groups. Conclusions: These results strongly support the use of SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> functional ability levels to document the perceived functional abilities of persons with SCI. Results of the cluster analysis suggest that the SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> functional ability levels capture function by injury characteristics. Clinical implications regarding tracking functional activity trajectories during follow-up visits are discussed. PMID:26781769</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1372903','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1372903"><span>Air Pollutant <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> Projections for the Cement and Steel Industry in China and the Impact of <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> Control Technologies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hasanbeigi, Ali; Khanna, Nina; Price, Lynn</p> <p></p> <p>China’s cement and steel industry accounts for approximately half of the world’s total cement and steel production. These two industries are two of the most energy-intensive and highest carbon dioxide (CO 2)-emitting industries and two of the key industrial contributors to air pollution in China. For example, the cement industry is the largest source of particulate matter (PM) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in China, accounting for 40 percent of its industrial PM <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and 27 percent of its total national PM <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. The Chinese steel industry contributed to approximately 20 percent of sulfur dioxide (SO 2) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and 27 percent of PM emissionsmore » for all key manufacturing industries in China in 2013. In this study, we analyzed and projected the total PM and SO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from the Chinese cement and steel industry from 2010–2050 under three different <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: <span class="hlt">a</span> Base Case <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, an Advanced <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, and an Advanced EOP (end-of-pipe) <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. We used bottom-up <span class="hlt">emissions</span> control technologies data and assumptions to project the <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. In addition, we conducted an economic analysis to estimate the cost for PM <span class="hlt">emissions</span> reductions in the Chinese cement industry using EOP control technologies, energy efficiency measures, and product change measures. The results of the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> projection showed that there is not <span class="hlt">a</span> substantial difference in PM <span class="hlt">emissions</span> between the Base Case and Advanced <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, for both the cement and steel industries. This is mainly because PM <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in the cement industry caused mainly by production process and not the fuel use. Since our forecast for the cement production in the Base Case and Advanced <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are not too different from each other, this results in only <span class="hlt">a</span> slight difference in PM <span class="hlt">emissions</span> forecast for these two <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Also, we assumed <span class="hlt">a</span> similar share and penetration rate of control technologies from 2010 up to 2050 for these two <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for the cement and steel industry. However, the Advanced EOP <span class="hlt">scenario</span> showed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25098574','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25098574"><span>Influence of smartphone Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals on adipose-derived stem cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lee, Sang-Soon; Kim, Hyung-Rok; Kim, Min-Sook; Park, Sanghoon; Yoon, Eul-Sik; Park, Seung-Ha; Kim, Deok-Woo</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>The use of smartphones is expanding rapidly around the world, thus raising the concern of possible harmful effects of radiofrequency generated by smartphones. We hypothesized that Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals from smartphones may have harmful influence on adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). An in vitro study was performed to assess the influence of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals from smartphones. The ASCs were incubated under <span class="hlt">a</span> smartphone connected to <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> network, which was uploading files at <span class="hlt">a</span> speed of 4.8 Mbps for 10 hours <span class="hlt">a</span> day, for <span class="hlt">a</span> total of 5 days. We constructed 2 kinds of control cells, one grown in 37°C and the other grown in 39°C. After 5 days of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure from the smartphone, the cells underwent cell proliferation assay, apoptosis assay, and flow cytometry analysis. Three growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and transforming growth factor-β, were measured from ASC-conditioned media. Cell proliferation rate was higher in Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-exposed cells and 39°C control cells compared with 37°C control cells. Apoptosis assay, flow cytometry analysis, and growth factor concentrations showed no remarkable differences among the 3 groups. We could not find any harmful effects of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> electromagnetic signals from smartphones. The increased proliferation of ASCs under the smartphone, however, might be attributable to the thermal effect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4503846','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4503846"><span>Effects of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> (2.45 GHz) Exposure on Apoptosis, Sperm Parameters and Testicular Histomorphometry in Rats: <span class="hlt">A</span> Time Course Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Shokri, Saeed; Soltani, Aiob; Kazemi, Mahsa; Sardari, Dariush; Mofrad, Farshid Babapoor</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Objective In today’s world, 2.45-GHz radio-frequency radiation (RFR) from industrial, scientific, medical, military and domestic applications is the main part of indoor-outdoor electromagnetic field exposure. Long-term effects of 2.45-GHz Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation on male reproductive system was not known completely. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the major cause of male infertility during short- and long-term exposure of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation. Materials and Methods This is an animal experimental study, which was conducted in the Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IRAN, from June to August 2014. Three-month-old male Wistar rats (n=27) were exposed to the 2.45 GHz radiation in <span class="hlt">a</span> chamber with two Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> antennas on opposite walls. Animals were divided into the three following groups: I. control group (n=9) including healthy animals without any exposure to the antenna, II. <span class="hlt">1</span>-hour group (n=9) exposed to the 2.45 GHz Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation for <span class="hlt">1</span> hour per day during two months and III.7-hour group (n=9) exposed to the 2.45 GHz Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation for 7 hours per day during 2 months. Sperm parameters, caspase-3 concentrations, histomorphometric changes of testis in addition to the apoptotic indexes were evaluated in the exposed and control animals. Results Both <span class="hlt">1</span>-hour and 7-hour groups showed <span class="hlt">a</span> decrease in sperm parameters in <span class="hlt">a</span> time dependent pattern. In parallel, the number of apoptosis-positive cells and caspase-3 activity increased in the seminiferous tubules of exposed rats. The seminal vesicle weight reduced significantly in both<span class="hlt">1</span>-hour or 7-hour groups in comparison to the control group. Conclusion Regarding to the progressive privilege of 2.45 GHz wireless networks in our environment, we concluded that there should be <span class="hlt">a</span> major concern regarding the timedependent exposure of whole-body to the higher frequencies of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> networks existing in the vicinity of our living places. PMID:26199911</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26199911','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26199911"><span>Effects of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> (2.45 GHz) Exposure on Apoptosis, Sperm Parameters and Testicular Histomorphometry in Rats: <span class="hlt">A</span> Time Course Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shokri, Saeed; Soltani, Aiob; Kazemi, Mahsa; Sardari, Dariush; Mofrad, Farshid Babapoor</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>In today's world, 2.45-GHz radio-frequency radiation (RFR) from industrial, scientific, medical, military and domestic applications is the main part of indoor-outdoor electromagnetic field exposure. Long-term effects of 2.45-GHz Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation on male reproductive system was not known completely. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the major cause of male infertility during short- and long-term exposure of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation. This is an animal experimental study, which was conducted in the Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IRAN, from June to August 2014. Three-month-old male Wistar rats (n=27) were exposed to the 2.45 GHz radiation in <span class="hlt">a</span> chamber with two Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> antennas on opposite walls. Animals were divided into the three following groups: I. control group (n=9) including healthy animals without any exposure to the antenna, II. <span class="hlt">1</span>-hour group (n=9) exposed to the 2.45 GHz Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation for <span class="hlt">1</span> hour per day during two months and III.7-hour group (n=9) exposed to the 2.45 GHz Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation for 7 hours per day during 2 months. Sperm parameters, caspase-3 concentrations, histomorphometric changes of testis in addition to the apoptotic indexes were evaluated in the exposed and control animals. Both <span class="hlt">1</span>-hour and 7-hour groups showed <span class="hlt">a</span> decrease in sperm parameters in <span class="hlt">a</span> time dependent pattern. In parallel, the number of apoptosis-positive cells and caspase-3 activity increased in the seminiferous tubules of exposed rats. The seminal vesicle weight reduced significantly in both<span class="hlt">1</span>-hour or 7-hour groups in comparison to the control group. Regarding to the progressive privilege of 2.45 GHz wireless networks in our environment, we concluded that there should be <span class="hlt">a</span> major concern regarding the timedependent exposure of whole-body to the higher frequencies of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> networks existing in the vicinity of our living places.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4431230','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4431230"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Floor-Map-Aided Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>/Pseudo-Odometry Integration Algorithm for an Indoor Positioning System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wang, Jian; Hu, Andong; Liu, Chunyan; Li, Xin</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This paper proposes <span class="hlt">a</span> scheme for indoor positioning by fusing floor map, Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and smartphone sensor data to provide meter-level positioning without additional infrastructure. <span class="hlt">A</span> topology-constrained K nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm based on <span class="hlt">a</span> floor map layout provides the coordinates required to integrate Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> data with pseudo-odometry (P-O) measurements simulated using <span class="hlt">a</span> pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) approach. One method of further improving the positioning accuracy is to use <span class="hlt">a</span> more effective multi-threshold step detection algorithm, as proposed by the authors. The “go and back” phenomenon caused by incorrect matching of the reference points (RPs) of <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> algorithm is eliminated using an adaptive fading-factor-based extended Kalman filter (EKF), taking Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning coordinates, P-O measurements and fused heading angles as observations. The “cross-wall” problem is solved based on the development of <span class="hlt">a</span> floor-map-aided particle filter algorithm by weighting the particles, thereby also eliminating the gross-error effects originating from Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> or P-O measurements. The performance observed in <span class="hlt">a</span> field experiment performed on the fourth floor of the School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics (SESSI) building on the China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT) campus confirms that the proposed scheme can reliably achieve meter-level positioning. PMID:25811224</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1361174-assessing-climate-change-impacts-benefits-mitigation-uncertainties-major-global-forest-regions-under-multiple-socioeconomic-emissions-scenarios','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1361174-assessing-climate-change-impacts-benefits-mitigation-uncertainties-major-global-forest-regions-under-multiple-socioeconomic-emissions-scenarios"><span>Assessing climate change impacts, benefits of mitigation, and uncertainties on major global forest regions under multiple socioeconomic and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Kim, John B.; Monier, Erwan; Sohngen, Brent; ...</p> <p>2017-03-28</p> <p>We analyze <span class="hlt">a</span> set of simulations to assess the impact of climate change on global forests where MC2 dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) was run with climate simulations from the MIT Integrated Global System Model-Community Atmosphere Model (IGSM-CAM) modeling framework. The core study relies on an ensemble of climate simulations under two <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: <span class="hlt">a</span> business-as-usual reference <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (REF) analogous to the IPCC RCP8.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, and <span class="hlt">a</span> greenhouse gas mitigation <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, called POL3.7, which is in between the IPCC RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, and is consistent with <span class="hlt">a</span> 2 °C global mean warming from pre-industrial by 2100. Evaluating the outcomesmore » of both climate change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in the MC2 model shows that the carbon stocks of most forests around the world increased, with the greatest gains in tropical forest regions. Temperate forest regions are projected to see strong increases in productivity offset by carbon loss to fire. The greatest cost of mitigation in terms of effects on forest carbon stocks are projected to be borne by regions in the southern hemisphere. We compare three sources of uncertainty in climate change impacts on the world’s forests: <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, the global system climate response (i.e. climate sensitivity), and natural variability. The role of natural variability on changes in forest carbon and net primary productivity (NPP) is small, but it is substantial for impacts of wildfire. Forest productivity under the REF <span class="hlt">scenario</span> benefits substantially from the CO 2 fertilization effect and that higher warming alone does not necessarily increase global forest carbon levels. Finally, our analysis underlines why using an ensemble of climate simulations is necessary to derive robust estimates of the benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation. It also demonstrates that constraining estimates of climate sensitivity and advancing our understanding of CO 2 fertilization effects may considerably reduce the range of projections.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ERL....12d5001K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ERL....12d5001K"><span>Assessing climate change impacts, benefits of mitigation, and uncertainties on major global forest regions under multiple socioeconomic and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, John B.; Monier, Erwan; Sohngen, Brent; Pitts, G. Stephen; Drapek, Ray; McFarland, James; Ohrel, Sara; Cole, Jefferson</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>We analyze <span class="hlt">a</span> set of simulations to assess the impact of climate change on global forests where MC2 dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) was run with climate simulations from the MIT Integrated Global System Model-Community Atmosphere Model (IGSM-CAM) modeling framework. The core study relies on an ensemble of climate simulations under two <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: <span class="hlt">a</span> business-as-usual reference <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (REF) analogous to the IPCC RCP8.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, and <span class="hlt">a</span> greenhouse gas mitigation <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, called POL3.7, which is in between the IPCC RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, and is consistent with <span class="hlt">a</span> 2 °C global mean warming from pre-industrial by 2100. Evaluating the outcomes of both climate change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in the MC2 model shows that the carbon stocks of most forests around the world increased, with the greatest gains in tropical forest regions. Temperate forest regions are projected to see strong increases in productivity offset by carbon loss to fire. The greatest cost of mitigation in terms of effects on forest carbon stocks are projected to be borne by regions in the southern hemisphere. We compare three sources of uncertainty in climate change impacts on the world’s forests: <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, the global system climate response (i.e. climate sensitivity), and natural variability. The role of natural variability on changes in forest carbon and net primary productivity (NPP) is small, but it is substantial for impacts of wildfire. Forest productivity under the REF <span class="hlt">scenario</span> benefits substantially from the CO2 fertilization effect and that higher warming alone does not necessarily increase global forest carbon levels. Our analysis underlines why using an ensemble of climate simulations is necessary to derive robust estimates of the benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation. It also demonstrates that constraining estimates of climate sensitivity and advancing our understanding of CO2 fertilization effects may considerably reduce the range of projections.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1361174','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1361174"><span>Assessing climate change impacts, benefits of mitigation, and uncertainties on major global forest regions under multiple socioeconomic and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kim, John B.; Monier, Erwan; Sohngen, Brent</p> <p></p> <p>We analyze <span class="hlt">a</span> set of simulations to assess the impact of climate change on global forests where MC2 dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) was run with climate simulations from the MIT Integrated Global System Model-Community Atmosphere Model (IGSM-CAM) modeling framework. The core study relies on an ensemble of climate simulations under two <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: <span class="hlt">a</span> business-as-usual reference <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (REF) analogous to the IPCC RCP8.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, and <span class="hlt">a</span> greenhouse gas mitigation <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, called POL3.7, which is in between the IPCC RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, and is consistent with <span class="hlt">a</span> 2 °C global mean warming from pre-industrial by 2100. Evaluating the outcomesmore » of both climate change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in the MC2 model shows that the carbon stocks of most forests around the world increased, with the greatest gains in tropical forest regions. Temperate forest regions are projected to see strong increases in productivity offset by carbon loss to fire. The greatest cost of mitigation in terms of effects on forest carbon stocks are projected to be borne by regions in the southern hemisphere. We compare three sources of uncertainty in climate change impacts on the world’s forests: <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, the global system climate response (i.e. climate sensitivity), and natural variability. The role of natural variability on changes in forest carbon and net primary productivity (NPP) is small, but it is substantial for impacts of wildfire. Forest productivity under the REF <span class="hlt">scenario</span> benefits substantially from the CO 2 fertilization effect and that higher warming alone does not necessarily increase global forest carbon levels. Finally, our analysis underlines why using an ensemble of climate simulations is necessary to derive robust estimates of the benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation. It also demonstrates that constraining estimates of climate sensitivity and advancing our understanding of CO 2 fertilization effects may considerably reduce the range of projections.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..10924212S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..10924212S"><span>On the future of carbonaceous aerosol <span class="hlt">emissions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Streets, D. G.; Bond, T. C.; Lee, T.; Jang, C.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>This paper presents the first model-based forecasts of future <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of the primary carbonaceous aerosols, black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). The forecasts build on <span class="hlt">a</span> recent 1996 inventory of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> that contains detailed fuel, technology, sector, and world-region specifications. The forecasts are driven by four IPCC <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B, <span class="hlt">A</span>2, B<span class="hlt">1</span>, and B2, out to 2030 and 2050, incorporating not only changing patterns of fuel use but also technology development. <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> from both energy generation and open biomass burning are included. We project that global BC <span class="hlt">emissions</span> will decline from 8.0 Tg in 1996 to 5.3-7.3 Tg by 2030 and to 4.3-6.<span class="hlt">1</span> Tg by 2050, across the range of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. We project that OC <span class="hlt">emissions</span> will decline from 34 Tg in 1996 to 24-30 Tg by 2030 and to 21-28 Tg by 2050. The introduction of advanced technology with lower <span class="hlt">emission</span> rates, as well as <span class="hlt">a</span> shift away from the use of traditional solid fuels in the residential sector, more than offsets the increased combustion of fossil fuels worldwide. Environmental pressures and <span class="hlt">a</span> diminishing demand for new agricultural land lead to <span class="hlt">a</span> slow decline in the amount of open biomass burning. Although <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of BC and OC are generally expected to decline around the world, some regions, particularly South America, northern Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania, show increasing <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in several <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Particularly difficult to control are BC <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from the transport sector, which increase under most <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. We expect that the BC/OC <span class="hlt">emission</span> ratio for energy sources will rise from 0.5 to as much as 0.8, signifying <span class="hlt">a</span> shift toward net warming of the climate system due to carbonaceous aerosols. When biomass burning is included, however, the BC/OC <span class="hlt">emission</span> ratios are for the most part invariant across <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> at about 0.2.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..361S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..361S"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> few <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> still do not fit all</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schweizer, Vanessa</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>For integrated climate change research, the <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Matrix Architecture provides <span class="hlt">a</span> tractable menu of possible <span class="hlt">emissions</span> trajectories, socio-economic futures and policy environments. However, the future of decision support may lie in searchable databases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AtmEn.102..122S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AtmEn.102..122S"><span>HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from mobile air conditioning in China from 1995 to 2030</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Su, Shenshen; Fang, Xuekun; Li, Li; Wu, Jing; Zhang, Jianbo; Xu, Weiguang; Hu, Jianxin</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>Since 1995, <span class="hlt">1,1,1</span>,2-tetrafluoroethane (CH2FCF3, HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span>) has become the most important substitute of CFC-12 in mobile air conditioning (MAC) in China and MAC sector has dominated all the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span>. In this study, we developed an accurate, updated and county-level inventory of the HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from MAC in China for the period of 1995-2030 with an improved bottom-up method. Our estimation indicated that the total HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">emissions</span> kept growing at increase rates of ∼100% per year for 1995-2000 and ∼34% per year for 2001-2010. In 2010, HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from MAC in China reached 16.7 Gg (10.5-22.7 Gg at 95% confidential interval), equivalent to 21.7 Tg CO2 (CO2-eq). Furthermore, the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in China estimated in this study accounted for 9.8% of global HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and 29.0% of total <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from Non-Annex_I countries in 2010. Due to the more advanced social-economic conditions and more intensive ownership of automobiles, greater HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span> were observed to come from big cities in East China. Under <span class="hlt">a</span> Business-as-usual (BAU) <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>, projected <span class="hlt">emissions</span> will grow to 89.4 (57.9-123.9) Gg (about 75.3-161.<span class="hlt">1</span> Tg CO2-eq) in 2030, but under an Alternative <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>, 88.6% of the projected <span class="hlt">emissions</span> under BAU <span class="hlt">scenario</span> could be curbed. Our estimation demonstrates huge <span class="hlt">emission</span> mitigation potential of HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span> in China's MAC sector.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930007681','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930007681"><span>Space resources. Volume <span class="hlt">1</span>: <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mckay, Mary Fae (Editor); Mckay, David S. (Editor); Duke, Michael B. (Editor)</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">A</span> number of possible future paths for space exploration and development are presented. The topics covered include the following: (<span class="hlt">1</span>) the baseline program; (2) alternative <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> utilizing nonterrestrial resources; (3) impacts of sociopolitical conditions; (4) common technologies; and issues for further study.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1379436-value-ccs-under-current-policy-scenarios-ndcs-beyond','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1379436-value-ccs-under-current-policy-scenarios-ndcs-beyond"><span>The Value of CCS under Current Policy <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span>: NDCs and Beyond</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Davidson, Casie L.; Dahowski, Robert T.; McJeon, Haewon C.</p> <p></p> <p>This paper describes preliminary results of analysis using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) to evaluate the potential role of CCS in addressing <span class="hlt">emissions</span> reduction targets. <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> are modelled using the Paris-Increased Ambition (PIA) case developed by Fawcett et al. (2015), and <span class="hlt">a</span> more aggressive Paris Two-Degree Ambition (P2<span class="hlt">A</span>) case. Both cases are based upon nationally determined contributions (NDCs) agreed to at the UNFCCC Conference of Parties (COP-21) in December 2015, coupled with additional mitigation effort beyond the 2030 Paris timeframe, through the end of the century. Analysis of CCS deployment and abatement costs under both policy <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> suggests that,more » as modelled, having CCS in the technological portfolio could reduce the global cost of addressing <span class="hlt">emissions</span> reduction targets specified under the policy <span class="hlt">scenario</span> by trillions of dollars, primarily by enabling <span class="hlt">a</span> smoother and lower-cost transition to next-generation technologies. Through the end of the century, total global abatement costs associated with the PIA case – with five percent annual reduction in <span class="hlt">emission</span> intensity and reaching 2.2 degrees by 2100 – are reduced by $15 trillion USD in the <span class="hlt">scenario</span> where CCS is available to deploy by 2025 and remains available through 2100, reflecting <span class="hlt">a</span> 47 percent savings in the cost of climate change abatement. Under the more ambitious P2<span class="hlt">A</span> case, with 8 percent annual reduction in <span class="hlt">emission</span> intensity and reaching <span class="hlt">1</span>.9 degrees by 2100, the availability of CCS reduces global abatement costs by $22 trillion USD through the end of the century, again nearly halving the costs of addressing the policy, relative to achieving the same target using an energy portfolio that does not include CCS. PIA and P2<span class="hlt">A</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> with CCS result in <span class="hlt">1</span>,250 and <span class="hlt">1</span>,580 GtCO2 of global geologic storage by the end of the century, respectively.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC13B0771L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC13B0771L"><span>Comparison of the results of climate change impact assessment between RCP8.5 and SSP2 <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, D. K.; Park, J. H.; Park, C.; Kim, S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Climate change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are mainly published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and include SRES (Special Report on <span class="hlt">Emission</span> <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>) <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (IPCC Third Report), RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (IPCC 5th Report), and SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Currently widely used RCP <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are based on how future greenhouse gas concentrations will change. In contrast, SSP <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are that predict how climate change will change in response to socio-economic indicators such as population, economy, land use, and energy change. In this study, based on RCP 8.5 climate data, we developed <span class="hlt">a</span> new Korean <span class="hlt">scenario</span> using the future social and economic <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of SSP2. In the development of the <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, not only Korea's <span class="hlt">emissions</span> but also China and Japan's <span class="hlt">emissions</span> were considered in terms of space. In addition, GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and air pollutant <span class="hlt">emissions</span> were taken into consideration. Using the newly developed <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, the impacts assessments of the forest were evaluated and the impacts were evaluated using the RCP <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. The average precipitation is similar to the SSP2 <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and the RCP8.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, but the SSP2 <span class="hlt">scenario</span> shows the maximum value is lower than RCP8.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. This is because the SSP2 <span class="hlt">scenario</span> simulates the summer precipitation weakly. The temperature distribution is similar for both <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, and it can be seen that the average temperature in the 2090s is higher than that in the 2050s. At present, forest net primary productivity of Korea is 693 tC/km2, and it is 679 tC/km2 when SSP2 <span class="hlt">scenario</span> is applied. Also, the damage of forest by ozone is about 4.<span class="hlt">1-5.1</span>%. On the other hand, when SSP2 <span class="hlt">scenario</span> is applied, the forest net primary productivity of Korea is 607 tC/km2 and the forest net primary productivity of RCP8.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span> is 657 tC/km2. The analysis shows that the damage caused by climate change is reduced by 14.2% for the SSP2 <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and 6.9% for the RCP8.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. The damage caused</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911110A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911110A"><span>Regional climate change over South Korea projected by the HadGEM2-AO and WRF model chain under RCP <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ahn, Joong-Bae; Im, Eun-Soon; Jo, Sera</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>This study assesses the regional climate projection newly projected within the framework of the national downscaling project in South Korea. The fine-scale climate information (12.5 km) is produced by dynamical downscaling of the HadGEM2-AO global projections forced by the representative concentration pathway (RCP4.5 and 8.5) <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system. Changes in temperature and precipitation in terms of long-term trends, daily characteristics and extremes are presented by comparing two 30 yr periods (2041-2070 vs. 2071-2100). The temperature increase presents <span class="hlt">a</span> relevant trend, but the degree of warming varies in different periods and <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. While the temperature distribution from the RCP8.5 projection is continuously shifted toward warmer conditions by the end of the 21st century, the RCP4.5 projection appears to stabilize warming in accordance with <span class="hlt">emission</span> forcing. This shift in distribution directly affects the magnitude of extremes, which enhances extreme hot days but reduces extreme cold days. Precipitation changes, however, do not respond monotonically to <span class="hlt">emission</span> forcing, as they exhibit less sensitivity to different <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. An enhancement of high intensity precipitation and <span class="hlt">a</span> reduction of weak intensity precipitation are discernible, implying an intensified hydrologic cycle. Changes in return levels of annual maximum precipitation suggest an increased probability of extreme precipitation with 20 yr and 50 yr return periods. Acknowledgement : This work was funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under grant KMIPA 2015-2081</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29190567','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29190567"><span>Simulating <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of <span class="hlt">1</span>,3-dichloropropene after soil fumigation under field conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yates, S R; Ashworth, D J</p> <p>2018-04-15</p> <p>Soil fumigation is an important agricultural practice used to produce many vegetable and fruit crops. However, fumigating soil can lead to atmospheric <span class="hlt">emissions</span> which can increase risks to human and environmental health. <span class="hlt">A</span> complete understanding of the transport, fate, and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of fumigants as impacted by soil and environmental processes is needed to mitigate atmospheric <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Five large-scale field experiments were conducted to measure <span class="hlt">emission</span> rates for <span class="hlt">1</span>,3-dichloropropene (<span class="hlt">1</span>,3-D), <span class="hlt">a</span> soil fumigant commonly used in California. Numerical simulations of these experiments were conducted in predictive mode (i.e., no calibration) to determine if simulation could be used as <span class="hlt">a</span> substitute for field experimentation to obtain information needed by regulators. The results show that the magnitude of the volatilization rate and the total <span class="hlt">emissions</span> could be adequately predicted for these experiments, with the exception of <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> where the field was periodically irrigated after fumigation. In addition, the timing of the daily peak <span class="hlt">1</span>,3-D <span class="hlt">emissions</span> was not accurately predicted for these experiments due to the peak <span class="hlt">emission</span> rates occurring during the night or early-morning hours. This study revealed that more comprehensive mathematical models (or adjustments to existing models) are needed to fully describe <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of soil fumigants from field soils under typical agronomic conditions. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26600173','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26600173"><span>No Effects of Acute Exposure to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Electromagnetic Fields on Spontaneous EEG Activity and Psychomotor Vigilance in Healthy Human Volunteers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zentai, Norbert; Csathó, Árpád; Trunk, Attila; Fiocchi, Serena; Parazzini, Marta; Ravazzani, Paolo; Thuróczy, György; Hernádi, István</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Mobile equipment use of wireless fidelity (Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>) signal modulation has increased exponentially in the past few decades. However, there is inconclusive scientific evidence concerning the potential risks associated with the energy deposition in the brain from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and whether Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> electromagnetism interacts with cognitive function. In this study we investigated possible neurocognitive effects caused by Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure. First, we constructed <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure system from commercial parts. Dosimetry was first assessed by free space radiofrequency field measurements. The experimental exposure system was then modeled based on real geometry and physical characteristics. Specific absorption rate (SAR) calculations were performed using <span class="hlt">a</span> whole-body, realistic human voxel model with values corresponding to conventional everyday Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure (peak SAR10g level was 99.22 mW/kg with <span class="hlt">1</span> W output power and 100% duty cycle). Then, in two provocation experiments involving healthy human volunteers we tested for two hypotheses: <span class="hlt">1</span>. Whether <span class="hlt">a</span> 60 min long 2.4 GHz Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure affects the spectral power of spontaneous awake electroencephalographic (sEEG) activity (N = 25); and 2. Whether similar Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure modulates the sustained attention measured by reaction time in <span class="hlt">a</span> computerized psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) (N = 19). EEG data were recorded at midline electrode sites while volunteers watched <span class="hlt">a</span> silent documentary. In the PVT task, button press reaction time was recorded. No measurable effects of acute Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure were found on spectral power of sEEG or reaction time in the psychomotor vigilance test. These results indicate that <span class="hlt">a</span> single, 60 min Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure does not alter human oscillatory brain function or objective measures of sustained attention.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29256094','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29256094"><span>Blocking of opioid receptors in experimental formaline-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (<span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV) immunopathogenesis: from beneficial to harmful impacts.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Salimi, Vahid; Mirzaei, Habib; Ramezani, Ali; Tahamtan, Alireza; Jamali, Abbas; Shahabi, Shahram; Golaram, Maryam; Minaei, Bagher; Gharagozlou, Mohammad Javad; Mahmoodi, Mahmood; Bont, Louis; Shokri, Fazel; Mokhtari-Azad, Talat</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Opioid system plays <span class="hlt">a</span> significant role in pathophysiological processes, such as immune response and impacts on disease severity. Here, we investigated the effect of opioid system on the immunopathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine (<span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV)-mediated illness in <span class="hlt">a</span> widely used mouse model. Female Balb/c mice were immunized at days 0 and 21 with <span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV (2 × 10 6  pfu, i.m.) and challenged with RSV-<span class="hlt">A</span>2 (3 × 10 6  pfu, i.n.) at day 42. Nalmefene as <span class="hlt">a</span> universal opioid receptors blocker administered at <span class="hlt">a</span> dose of <span class="hlt">1</span> mg/kg in combination with <span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV (<span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV + NL), and daily after live virus challenge (RSV + NL). Mice were sacrificed at day 5 after challenge and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lungs were harvested to measure airway immune cells influx, T lymphocyte subtypes, cytokines/chemokines secretion, lung histopathology, and viral load. Administration of nalmefene in combination with <span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV (<span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV + NL-RSV) resulted in the reduction of the immune cells infiltration to the BAL fluid, the ratio of CD4/CD8 T lymphocyte, the level of IL-5, IL-10, MIP-<span class="hlt">1</span>α, lung pathology, and restored weight loss after RSV infection. Blocking of opioid receptors during RSV infection in vaccinated mice (<span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV-RSV + NL) had no significant effects on RSV immunopathogenesis. Moreover, administration of nalmefene in combination with <span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV and blocking opioid receptors during RSV infection (<span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV + NL-RSV + NL) resulted in an increased influx of the immune cells to the BAL fluid, increases the level of IFN-γ, lung pathology, and weight loss in compared to control condition. Although nalmefene administration within <span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV vaccine decreases vaccine-enhanced infection during subsequent exposure to the virus, opioid receptor blocking during RSV infection aggravates the host inflammatory response to RSV infection. Thus, caution is required due to beneficial/harmful functions of opioid systems while targeting as potentially therapies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140012487','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140012487"><span>The Impact of New Estimates of Mixing Ratio and Flux-based Halogen <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> on Ozone Evolution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Oman, Luke D.; Douglass, Anne R.; Liang, Qing; Strahan, Susan E.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The evolution of ozone in the 21st century has been shown to be mainly impacted by the halogen <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and predicted changes in the circulation of the stratosphere. New estimates of mixing ratio and flux-based <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> have been produced from the SPARC Lifetime Assessment 2013. Simulations using the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model (GEOSCCM) are conducted using this new <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span> 2014 halogen <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and compared to ones using the <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span> 2010 <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. This updated version of GEOSCCM includes <span class="hlt">a</span> realistic representation of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and improvements related to the break up of the Antarctic polar vortex. We will present results of the ozone evolution over the recent past and 21st century to the <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span> 2010, <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span> 2014 mixing ratio, and an <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span> 2014 flux-based halogen <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. Implications of the uncertainties in these estimates as well as those from possible circulation changes will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24362445','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24362445"><span>SpO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 ratio on hospital admission is an indicator of early acute respiratory distress syndrome development among patients at risk.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Festic, Emir; Bansal, Vikas; Kor, Daryl J; Gajic, Ognjen</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>Oxygen saturation to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (SpO(2)/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O(2)) has been validated as <span class="hlt">a</span> surrogate marker for partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio among mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The validity of SpO(2)/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O(2) measurements in predicting ARDS has not been studied. Recently, <span class="hlt">a</span> Lung Injury Prediction Score (LIPS) has been developed to help identify patients at risk of developing ARDS. This was <span class="hlt">a</span> secondary analysis of the LIPS-<span class="hlt">1</span> cohort. <span class="hlt">A</span> multivariate logistic regression included all established variables for LIPS, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation 2, age, and comorbid conditions that could affect SpO(2)/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O(2). The primary outcome was development of ARDS in the hospital. The secondary outcomes included hospital mortality, hospital day of ARDS development, and hospital day of death. Of the 5584 patients, we evaluated all 4646 with recorded SpO(2)/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O(2) values. Median SpO(2)/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O(2) in those who did and did not develop ARDS was 254 (100, 438) and 452 (329, 467), respectively. There was <span class="hlt">a</span> significant association between SpO(2)/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O(2) and ARDS (P ≤ .001). The SpO(2)/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O(2) was found to be an independent predictor of ARDS in <span class="hlt">a</span> "dose-dependent" manner; for SpO(2)/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O(2) < 100--odds ratios (OR) 2.49 (<span class="hlt">1</span>.69-3.64, P < .001), for SpO(2)/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O(2) 100 < 200--OR <span class="hlt">1</span>.75 (<span class="hlt">1</span>.16-2.58, P = .007), and for SpO(2)/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O(2) 200 < 300--OR <span class="hlt">1</span>.62 (<span class="hlt">1</span>.06-2.42, P = .025). The discriminatory characteristics of the multivariable model and SpO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 as <span class="hlt">a</span> single variable demonstrated area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81 and AUC of 0.74, respectively. The SpO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2, measured within the first 6 hours after hospital admission, is an independent indicator of ARDS development among patients at risk. © The Author(s) 2013.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4610424','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4610424"><span>An Improved Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Indoor Positioning Algorithm by Weighted Fusion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ma, Rui; Guo, Qiang; Hu, Changzhen; Xue, Jingfeng</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The rapid development of mobile Internet has offered the opportunity for Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning to come under the spotlight due to its low cost. However, nowadays the accuracy of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning cannot meet the demands of practical applications. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an improved Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning algorithm by weighted fusion. The proposed algorithm is based on traditional location fingerprinting algorithms and consists of two stages: the offline acquisition and the online positioning. The offline acquisition process selects optimal parameters to complete the signal acquisition, and it forms <span class="hlt">a</span> database of fingerprints by error classification and handling. To further improve the accuracy of positioning, the online positioning process first uses <span class="hlt">a</span> pre-match method to select the candidate fingerprints to shorten the positioning time. After that, it uses the improved Euclidean distance and the improved joint probability to calculate two intermediate results, and further calculates the final result from these two intermediate results by weighted fusion. The improved Euclidean distance introduces the standard deviation of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal strength to smooth the Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal fluctuation and the improved joint probability introduces the logarithmic calculation to reduce the difference between probability values. Comparing the proposed algorithm, the Euclidean distance based WKNN algorithm and the joint probability algorithm, the experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm has higher positioning accuracy. PMID:26334278</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26334278','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26334278"><span>An Improved Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Indoor Positioning Algorithm by Weighted Fusion.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ma, Rui; Guo, Qiang; Hu, Changzhen; Xue, Jingfeng</p> <p>2015-08-31</p> <p>The rapid development of mobile Internet has offered the opportunity for Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning to come under the spotlight due to its low cost. However, nowadays the accuracy of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning cannot meet the demands of practical applications. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an improved Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning algorithm by weighted fusion. The proposed algorithm is based on traditional location fingerprinting algorithms and consists of two stages: the offline acquisition and the online positioning. The offline acquisition process selects optimal parameters to complete the signal acquisition, and it forms <span class="hlt">a</span> database of fingerprints by error classification and handling. To further improve the accuracy of positioning, the online positioning process first uses <span class="hlt">a</span> pre-match method to select the candidate fingerprints to shorten the positioning time. After that, it uses the improved Euclidean distance and the improved joint probability to calculate two intermediate results, and further calculates the final result from these two intermediate results by weighted fusion. The improved Euclidean distance introduces the standard deviation of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal strength to smooth the Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal fluctuation and the improved joint probability introduces the logarithmic calculation to reduce the difference between probability values. Comparing the proposed algorithm, the Euclidean distance based WKNN algorithm and the joint probability algorithm, the experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm has higher positioning accuracy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3246401','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3246401"><span>Global Source-Receptor Relationships for Mercury Deposition Under Present-Day and 2050 <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Corbitt, Elizabeth S.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Holmes, Christopher D.; Streets, David G.; Sunderland, Elsie M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Global policies regulating anthropogenic mercury require an understanding of the relationship between emitted and deposited mercury on intercontinental scales. Here we examine source-receptor relationships for present-day conditions and for four 2050 IPCC <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> encompassing <span class="hlt">a</span> range of economic development and environmental regulation projections. We use the GEOS-Chem global model to track mercury from its point of <span class="hlt">emission</span> through rapid cycling in surface ocean and land reservoirs to its accumulation in longer-lived ocean and soil pools. Deposited mercury has <span class="hlt">a</span> local component (emitted HgII, lifetime of 3.7 days against deposition) and <span class="hlt">a</span> global component (emitted Hg0, lifetime of 6 months against deposition). Fast recycling of deposited mercury through photoreduction of HgII and re-<span class="hlt">emission</span> of Hg0 from surface reservoirs (ice, land, surface ocean) increases the effective lifetime of anthropogenic mercury to 9 months against loss to legacy reservoirs (soil pools and the subsurface ocean). This lifetime is still sufficiently short that source-receptor relationships have <span class="hlt">a</span> strong hemispheric signature. Asian <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are the largest source of anthropogenic deposition to all ocean basins, though there is also regional source influence from upwind continents. Current anthropogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> account for only about one-third of mercury deposition to the global ocean with the remainder from natural and legacy sources. However, controls on anthropogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> would have the added benefit of reducing the legacy mercury re-emitted to the atmosphere. Better understanding is needed of the timescales for transfer of mercury from active pools to stable geochemical reservoirs. PMID:22050654</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA607863','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA607863"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Survey of Client Geolocation Using Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Positioning Services</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>Master’s Thesis 4 . TITLE AND SUBTITLE <span class="hlt">A</span> SURVEY OF CLIENT GEOLOCATION USING WI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> POSITIONING SERVICES 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 6. AUTHOR(S) Nicholas... 4   B.   RELATED WORK ..........................................................................................5   III.   METHODOLOGY...9   4 .   Target AP Collection</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6015645','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6015645"><span>Effect of Microwave Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Radiation at Frequency of 2.4 GHz on Epileptic Behavior of Rats</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>A., Mahmoudi; M.B., Shojaeifard; S., Nematollahii; S.M.J., Mortazavi; A.R., Mehdizadeh</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Background: Electromagnetic fields (EMF) with different intensities are widely used at home, offices and public places.Today, there is <span class="hlt">a</span> growing global concern about the effects of human exposure to EMFs. Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological diseases, affecting 50 million people of all ages worldwide. We aimed to investigate the effect of exposure to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation on epileptic behavior of rats. Materials and Methods: 147 male rats, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into seven groups; negative control (no intervention), sham <span class="hlt">1</span>(distilled water), positive control (Pentylentetrazol [PTZ]), intervention group <span class="hlt">1</span> (PTZ + Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> “off”), sham 2 (distilled water + Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> “off”), sham 3 (distilled water + Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> “on”), and intervention group 2 (PTZ + Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> “on”). The rats were exposed to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> for 2h at <span class="hlt">a</span> distance of 30cm from <span class="hlt">a</span> commercial Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> router. Convulsive behaviors of rats were monitored and scored based on the intensity and type by measuring latency/threshold time, number of convulsions, sum of scores and durations of seizure, and duration of score 6 seizure. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to analyze the data. Results: Convulsion was observed in interventions Group 4 and Group 7, and positive control. The mean number of events, and sum of scores were significantly different in intervention 2 than other two groups. However, the differences in mean threshold, mean sum of durations and “ time to show convulsion with score 6 ” were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Due to limitations of our study including the sample size, these findings should be interpreted with caution. In this study, exposure to 2.4 GHz Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation showed significant beneficial effects on the epileptic behaviour of rats. More experiments are needed to verify if these exposures can be used as <span class="hlt">a</span> therapeutic approach for amelioration of seizures in epilepsy. PMID:29951445</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28019097','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28019097"><span>Multifunctional Self-Adhesive Fibrous Layered Matrix (<span class="hlt">Fi</span>LM) for Tissue Glues and Therapeutic Carriers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yoon, Ye-Eun; Im, Byung Gee; Kim, Jung-Suk; Jang, Jae-Hyung</p> <p>2017-01-09</p> <p>Tissue adhesives, which inherently serve as wound sealants or as hemostatic agents, can be further augmented to acquire crucial functions as scaffolds, thereby accelerating wound healing or elevating the efficacy of tissue regeneration. Herein, multifunctional adherent fibrous matrices, acting as self-adhesive scaffolds capable of cell/gene delivery, were devised by coaxially electrospinning poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). Wrapping the building block PCL fibers with the adherent PVP layers formed film-like fibrous matrices that could rapidly adhere to wet biological surfaces, referred to as fibrous layered matrix (<span class="hlt">Fi</span>LM) adhesives. The inclusion of ionic salts (i.e., dopamine hydrochloride) in the sheath layers generated spontaneously multilayered fibrous adhesives, whose partial layers could be manually peeled off, termed derivative <span class="hlt">Fi</span>LM (d-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>LM). In the context of scaffolds/tissue adhesives, both <span class="hlt">Fi</span>LM and d-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>LM demonstrated almost identical characteristics (i.e., sticky, mechanical, and performances as cell/gene carriers). Importantly, the single <span class="hlt">Fi</span>LM-process can yield multiple sets of d-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>LM by investing the same processing time, materials, and labor required to form <span class="hlt">a</span> single conventional adhesive fibrous mat, thereby highlighting the economic aspects of the process. The <span class="hlt">FiLM/d-Fi</span>LM offer highly impacting contributions to many biomedical applications, especially in fields that require urgent aids (e.g., endoscopic surgeries, implantation in wet environments, severe wounds).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/22090459','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/22090459"><span>GET <span class="hlt">Fi</span>T Plus: De-risking clean energy business models in <span class="hlt">a</span> developing country context</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>NONE</p> <p></p> <p>GET Fit was first conceived in January 2010 when the United Nations Secretary General's Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change (AGECC) invited Deutsche Bank Climate Change Advisors (DBCCA) to present new concepts to drive renewable energy investment in developing regions. DBCCA responded with the Global Energy Transfer Feed-in Tariffs Program (GET <span class="hlt">Fi</span>T), <span class="hlt">a</span> proposal to support both renewable energy scale up and energy access through the creation of new international public-private partnerships. The concept was inspired by the theory that feed-in tariffs could serve as an effective policy structure for both public and private investment and knowledge transfer frommore » the developed world. The original GET <span class="hlt">Fi</span>T concept was designed with input from over 160 individuals from the renewable energy, financial and international development communities. The original GET <span class="hlt">Fi</span>T report was issued in April 2010. This report reflects continued engagement of stakeholders around the world. GET <span class="hlt">Fi</span>T plus is an effort to capture the key outcomes of the GET <span class="hlt">Fi</span>T consultation process and use them to catalyze ongoing dialogue and debate about the future of international support for renewable energy in developing regions. These outcomes have been translated into key research priorities. These priorities, as well as some short issue briefs are part of this report.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4721815','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4721815"><span>Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-Based Real-Time Calibration-Free Passive Human Motion Detection †</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gong, Liangyi; Yang, Wu; Man, Dapeng; Dong, Guozhong; Yu, Miao; Lv, Jiguang</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>With the rapid development of WLAN technology, wireless device-free passive human detection becomes <span class="hlt">a</span> newly-developing technique and holds more potential to worldwide and ubiquitous smart applications. Recently, indoor fine-grained device-free passive human motion detection based on the PHY layer information is rapidly developed. Previous wireless device-free passive human detection systems either rely on deploying specialized systems with dense transmitter-receiver links or elaborate off-line training process, which blocks rapid deployment and weakens system robustness. In the paper, we explore to research <span class="hlt">a</span> novel fine-grained real-time calibration-free device-free passive human motion via physical layer information, which is independent of indoor <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and needs no prior-calibration and normal profile. We investigate sensitivities of amplitude and phase to human motion, and discover that phase feature is more sensitive to human motion, especially to slow human motion. Aiming at lightweight and robust device-free passive human motion detection, we develop two novel and practical schemes: short-term averaged variance ratio (SVR) and long-term averaged variance ratio (LVR). We realize system design with commercial Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices and evaluate it in typical multipath-rich indoor <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. As demonstrated in the experiments, our approach can achieve <span class="hlt">a</span> high detection rate and low false positive rate. PMID:26703612</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AtmEn.120..385Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AtmEn.120..385Z"><span>Future trends of global atmospheric antimony <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from anthropogenic activities until 2050</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhou, Junrui; Tian, Hezhong; Zhu, Chuanyong; Hao, Jiming; Gao, Jiajia; Wang, Yong; Xue, Yifeng; Hua, Shenbin; Wang, Kun</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>This paper presents the <span class="hlt">scenario</span> forecast of global atmospheric antimony (Sb) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from anthropogenic activities till 2050. The projection <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are built based on the comprehensive global antimony <span class="hlt">emission</span> inventory for the period 1995-2010 which is reported in our previous study. Three <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are set up to investigate the future changes of global antimony <span class="hlt">emissions</span> as well as their source and region contribution characteristics. Trends of activity levels specified as 5 primary source categories are projected by combining the historical trend extrapolation with EIA International energy outlook 2013, while the source-specific dynamic <span class="hlt">emission</span> factors are determined by applying transformed normal distribution functions. If no major changes in the efficiency of <span class="hlt">emission</span> control are introduced and keep current air quality legislations (Current Legislation <span class="hlt">scenario</span>), global antimony <span class="hlt">emissions</span> will increase by <span class="hlt">a</span> factor of 2 between 2010 and 2050. The largest increase in Sb <span class="hlt">emissions</span> is projected from Asia due to large volume of nonferrous metals production and waste incineration. In case of enforcing the pollutant <span class="hlt">emission</span> standards (Strengthened Control <span class="hlt">scenario</span>), global antimony <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in 2050 will stabilize with that of 2010. Moreover, we can anticipate further declines in Sb <span class="hlt">emissions</span> for all continents with the best <span class="hlt">emission</span> control performances (Maximum Feasible Technological Reduction <span class="hlt">scenario</span>). Future antimony <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from the top 10 largest emitting countries have also been calculated and source category contributions of increasing <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of these countries present significant diversity. Furthermore, global <span class="hlt">emission</span> projections in 2050 are distributed within <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">1</span>° × <span class="hlt">1</span>°latitude/longitude grid. East Asia, Western Europe and North America present remarkable differences in <span class="hlt">emission</span> intensity under the three <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, which implies that source-and-country specific control measures are necessary to be implemented for abating Sb <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178895','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178895"><span>Rat fertility and embryo fetal development: influence of exposure to the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Poulletier de Gannes, Florence; Billaudel, Bernard; Haro, Emmanuelle; Taxile, Murielle; Le Montagner, Laureline; Hurtier, Annabelle; Ait Aissa, Saliha; Masuda, Hiroshi; Percherancier, Yann; Ruffié, Gilles; Dufour, Philippe; Veyret, Bernard; Lagroye, Isabelle</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>In recent decades, concern has been growing about decreasing fecundity and fertility in the human population. Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF), especially radiofrequency (RF) fields used in wireless communications has been suggested as <span class="hlt">a</span> potential risk factor. For the first time, we evaluated the effects of exposure to the 2450MHz Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal (<span class="hlt">1</span>h/day, 6days/week) on the reproductive system of male and female Wistar rats, pre-exposed to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> during sexual maturation. Exposure lasted 3 weeks (males) or 2 weeks (females), then animals were mated and couples exposed for 3 more weeks. On the day before delivery, the fetuses were observed for lethality, abnormalities, and clinical signs. In our experiment, no deleterious effects of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure on rat male and female reproductive organs and fertility were observed for <span class="hlt">1</span>h per days. No macroscopic abnormalities in fetuses were noted, even at the critical level of 4W/kg. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/39710','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/39710"><span>High resolution interpolation of climate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for the conterminous USA and Alaska derived from general circulation model simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Linda A. Joyce; David T. Price; Daniel W. McKenney; R. Martin Siltanen; Pia Papadopol; Kevin Lawrence; David P. Coulson</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Projections of future climate were selected for four well-established general circulation models (GCM) forced by each of three greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, namely <span class="hlt">A</span>2, <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B, and B<span class="hlt">1</span> from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> (SRES). Monthly data for the period 1961-2100 were downloaded mainly from the web...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=searing&id=EJ807495','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=searing&id=EJ807495"><span>Close Encounters of the Best Kind: The Latest Sci-<span class="hlt">Fi</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kunzel, Bonnie</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Not only is science fiction alive and well--it's flourishing. From the big screen (howdy, Wall-E) to the big books (like Suzanne Collins's The Hunger Games, which has attracted loads of prepublication praise), 2008 has been <span class="hlt">a</span> great year for sci-<span class="hlt">fi</span>. Publishers have released truckloads of new sci-<span class="hlt">fi</span> titles this year, but what's particularly…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.132...77L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.132...77L"><span>Estimated HCFC-22 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> for 1990-2050 in China and the increasing contribution to global <span class="hlt">emissions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Zhifang; Bie, Pengju; Wang, Ziyuan; Zhang, Zhaoyang; Jiang, Hanyu; Xu, Weiguang; Zhang, Jianbo; Hu, Jianxin</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2, HCFC-22) is <span class="hlt">a</span> widely used refrigerant and foaming agent that is not only an ozone-depleting substance (ozone depletion potential (ODP), 0.04) but also <span class="hlt">a</span> greenhouse gas (global warming potential (GWP), 1780). <span class="hlt">A</span> comprehensive historical <span class="hlt">emission</span> inventory for 1990-2014 was produced using <span class="hlt">a</span> bottom-up method, and <span class="hlt">a</span> projection through to 2050 was made for China. The results demonstrated that historical <span class="hlt">emissions</span> increased sharply from 0.2 Gg/yr in 1990 to 127.2 Gg/yr in 2014. Room air-conditioners (RACs), industrial and commercial refrigeration (ICR), and extruded polystyrene (XPS) were three primary <span class="hlt">emission</span> sources, and accounted for an average of 95.4% of the total <span class="hlt">emissions</span> over the period studied. The percentage of global HCFC-22 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> originating from China significantly increased from 0.<span class="hlt">1</span>% in 1990 to 31.6% in 2012, with an average growth rate of <span class="hlt">1</span>.4% per year. Under the Montreal Protocol phasing-out (MPPO) <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, future <span class="hlt">emissions</span> were expected to reach <span class="hlt">a</span> peak of 133.5 Gg/yr in 2016 and then continuously decline to 10.2 Gg/yr in 2050. The accumulative reduction for 2015-2050 would be 5533.8 Gg (equivalent to 221.4 CFC-11-eq Gg and 9850.<span class="hlt">1</span> CO2-eq Tg), which is approximately equivalent to the total CO2 <span class="hlt">emission</span> for China in 2012 (9900 Tg) (Olivier et al., 2013), compared with the no Montreal Protocol <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (NMP). Under the MPPO <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, two cases were analyzed to explore the future <span class="hlt">emission</span> ranges in China. <span class="hlt">A</span> comparison between the two cases implied that the choice of <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction policy will have <span class="hlt">a</span> considerable impact on HCFC-22 <span class="hlt">emissions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol20-sec91-426.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol20-sec91-426.pdf"><span>40 CFR 91.426 - Dilute <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>..., CO, CO2, or NOX) for <span class="hlt">a</span> test [g/kW-hr]. Wi=Average mass flow rate of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> from <span class="hlt">a</span> test engine... (Wi) of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> for mode i is determined from the following equation: ER04OC96.035 Where: Qi... pressure [kPa]. (g) The fuel mass flow rate <span class="hlt">Fi</span> can be either measured or calculated using the following...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol21-sec91-426.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2013-title40-vol21-sec91-426.pdf"><span>40 CFR 91.426 - Dilute <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>..., CO, CO2, or NOX) for <span class="hlt">a</span> test [g/kW-hr]. Wi=Average mass flow rate of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> from <span class="hlt">a</span> test engine... (Wi) of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> for mode i is determined from the following equation: ER04OC96.035 Where: Qi... pressure [kPa]. (g) The fuel mass flow rate <span class="hlt">Fi</span> can be either measured or calculated using the following...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol20-sec91-426.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol20-sec91-426.pdf"><span>40 CFR 91.426 - Dilute <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>..., CO, CO2, or NOX) for <span class="hlt">a</span> test [g/kW-hr]. Wi=Average mass flow rate of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> from <span class="hlt">a</span> test engine... (Wi) of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> for mode i is determined from the following equation: ER04OC96.035 Where: Qi... pressure [kPa]. (g) The fuel mass flow rate <span class="hlt">Fi</span> can be either measured or calculated using the following...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol21-sec91-426.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol21-sec91-426.pdf"><span>40 CFR 91.426 - Dilute <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>..., CO, CO2, or NOX) for <span class="hlt">a</span> test [g/kW-hr]. Wi=Average mass flow rate of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> from <span class="hlt">a</span> test engine... (Wi) of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> for mode i is determined from the following equation: ER04OC96.035 Where: Qi... pressure [kPa]. (g) The fuel mass flow rate <span class="hlt">Fi</span> can be either measured or calculated using the following...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol20-sec91-426.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol20/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol20-sec91-426.pdf"><span>40 CFR 91.426 - Dilute <span class="hlt">emission</span> sampling calculations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>..., CO, CO2, or NOX) for <span class="hlt">a</span> test [g/kW-hr]. Wi=Average mass flow rate of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> from <span class="hlt">a</span> test engine... (Wi) of an <span class="hlt">emission</span> for mode i is determined from the following equation: ER04OC96.035 Where: Qi... pressure [kPa]. (g) The fuel mass flow rate <span class="hlt">Fi</span> can be either measured or calculated using the following...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26421582','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26421582"><span>10 m/25 Gbps Li<span class="hlt">Fi</span> transmission system based on <span class="hlt">a</span> two-stage injection-locked 680 nm VCSEL transmitter.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lu, Hai-Han; Li, Chung-Yi; Chu, Chien-An; Lu, Ting-Chien; Chen, Bo-Rui; Wu, Chang-Jen; Lin, Dai-Hua</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">A</span> 10  m/25  Gbps light-based Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> (Li<span class="hlt">Fi</span>) transmission system based on <span class="hlt">a</span> two-stage injection-locked 680 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) transmitter is proposed. <span class="hlt">A</span> Li<span class="hlt">Fi</span> transmission system with <span class="hlt">a</span> data rate of 25 Gbps is experimentally demonstrated over <span class="hlt">a</span> 10 m free-space link. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time <span class="hlt">a</span> two-stage injection-locked 680 nm VCSEL transmitter in <span class="hlt">a</span> 10  m/25  Gbps Li<span class="hlt">Fi</span> transmission system has been employed. Impressive bit error rate performance and <span class="hlt">a</span> clear eye diagram are achieved in the proposed systems. Such <span class="hlt">a</span> 10  m/25  Gbps Li<span class="hlt">Fi</span> transmission system provides the advantage of <span class="hlt">a</span> communication link for higher data rates that could accelerate the deployment of visible laser light communication.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMGC33A0943H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFMGC33A0943H"><span>Bridging Scales: Developing <span class="hlt">a</span> Framework to Build <span class="hlt">a</span> City-Scale Environmental <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> for Japanese Municipalities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hashimoto, S.; Fujita, T.; Nakayama, T.; Xu, K.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>There is an ongoing project on establishing environmental <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in Japan to evaluate middle to long-term environmental policy and technology options toward low carbon society. In this project, the time horizon of the <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> is set for 2050 on the ground that <span class="hlt">a</span> large part of social infrastructure in Japan is likely to be renovated by that time, and cities are supposed to play important roles in building low carbon society in Japan. This belief is held because cities or local governments could implement various policies and programs, such as land use planning and promotion of new technologies with low GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, which produce an effect in an ununiform manner, taking local socio-economic conditions into account, while higher governments, either national or prefectural, could impose environmental tax on electricity and gas to alleviate ongoing GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, which uniformly covers their jurisdictions. In order for local governments to devise and implement concrete administrative actions equipped with rational policies and technologies, referring the environmental <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> developed for the entire nation, we need to localize the national <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, both in terms of spatial and temporal extent, so that they could better reflect local socio-economic and institutional conditions. In localizing the national <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, the participation of stakeholders is significant because they play major roles in shaping future society. Stakeholder participation in the localization process would bring both creative and realistic inputs on how future unfolds on <span class="hlt">a</span> city scale. In this research, <span class="hlt">1</span>) we reviewed recent efforts on international and domestic <span class="hlt">scenario</span> development to set <span class="hlt">a</span> practical time horizon for <span class="hlt">a</span> city-scale environmental <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, which would lead to concrete environmental policies and programs, 2) designed <span class="hlt">a</span> participatory <span class="hlt">scenario</span> development/localization process, drawing on the framework of the 'Story-and-Simulation' or SAS approach, which Alcamo(2001) proposed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170001308&hterms=climate&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dclimate','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170001308&hterms=climate&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dclimate"><span>Nitrous Oxides Ozone Destructiveness Under Different Climate <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kanter, David R.; McDermid, Sonali P.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas and ozone depleting substance as well as <span class="hlt">a</span> key component of the nitrogen cascade. While <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> indicating the range of N2O's potential future contributions to radiative forcing are widely available, the impact of these <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> on future stratospheric ozone depletion is less clear. This is because N2O's ozone destructiveness is partially dependent on tropospheric warming, which affects ozone depletion rates in the stratosphere. Consequently, in order to understand the possible range of stratospheric ozone depletion that N2O could cause over the 21st century, it is important to decouple the greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and compare different <span class="hlt">emissions</span> trajectories for individual substances (e.g. business-as-usual carbon dioxide (CO2) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> versus low <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of N2O). This study is the first to follow such an approach, running <span class="hlt">a</span> series of experiments using the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Sciences ModelE2 atmospheric sub-model. We anticipate our results to show that stratospheric ozone depletion will be highest in <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> where CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> reductions are prioritized over N2O reductions, as this would constrain ozone recovery while doing little to limit stratospheric NOx levels (the breakdown product of N2O that destroys stratospheric ozone). This could not only delay the recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer, but might also prevent <span class="hlt">a</span> return to pre-1980 global average ozone concentrations, <span class="hlt">a</span> key goal of the international ozone regime. Accordingly, we think this will highlight the importance of reducing <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of all major greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, including N2O, and not just <span class="hlt">a</span> singular policy focus on CO2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006EJASP2006..213E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006EJASP2006..213E"><span>Advanced Integration of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and Inertial Navigation Systems for Indoor Mobile Positioning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Evennou, Frédéric; Marx, François</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>This paper presents an aided dead-reckoning navigation structure and signal processing algorithms for self localization of an autonomous mobile device by fusing pedestrian dead reckoning and Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal strength measurements. Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and inertial navigation systems (INS) are used for positioning and attitude determination in <span class="hlt">a</span> wide range of applications. Over the last few years, <span class="hlt">a</span> number of low-cost inertial sensors have become available. Although they exhibit large errors, Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> measurements can be used to correct the drift weakening the navigation based on this technology. On the other hand, INS sensors can interact with the Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning system as they provide high-accuracy real-time navigation. <span class="hlt">A</span> structure based on <span class="hlt">a</span> Kalman filter and <span class="hlt">a</span> particle filter is proposed. It fuses the heterogeneous information coming from those two independent technologies. Finally, the benefits of the proposed architecture are evaluated and compared with the pure Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and INS positioning systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17293700','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17293700"><span>Radiofrequency exposure from wireless LANs utilizing Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> technology.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Foster, Kenneth R</p> <p>2007-03-01</p> <p>This survey measured radiofrequency (RF) fields from wireless local area networks (WLANs) using Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> technology against <span class="hlt">a</span> background of RF fields in the environment over the frequency range 75 MHz-3 GHz. <span class="hlt">A</span> total of 356 measurements were conducted at 55 sites (including private residences, commercial spaces, health care and educational institutions, and other public spaces) in four countries (U.S., France, Germany, Sweden). Measurements were conducted under conditions that would result in the higher end of exposures from such systems. Where possible, measurements were conducted in public spaces as close as practical to the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> access points. Additional measurements were conducted at <span class="hlt">a</span> distance of approximately <span class="hlt">1</span> m from <span class="hlt">a</span> laptop while it was uploading and downloading large files to the WLAN. This distance was chosen to allow <span class="hlt">a</span> useful comparison of fields in the far-field of the antenna in the laptop, and give <span class="hlt">a</span> representative measure of the exposure that <span class="hlt">a</span> bystander might receive from the laptop. The exposure to the user, particularly if the antenna of the client card were placed against his or her body, would require different measurement techniques beyond the scope of this study. In all cases, the measured Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal levels were very far below international exposure limits (IEEE C95.<span class="hlt">1</span>-2005 and ICNIRP) and in nearly all cases far below other RF signals in the same environments. An discusses technical aspects of the IEEE 802.11 standard on which WLANs operate that are relevant to determining the levels of RF energy exposure from WLANs. Important limiting factors are the low operating power of client cards and access points, and the low duty cycle of transmission that normally characterizes their operation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.898h2010D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.898h2010D"><span>Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Service enhancement at CERN</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ducret, V.; Sosnowski, A.; Gonzalez Caballero, B.; Barrand, Q.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Since the early 2000’s, the number of mobile devices connected to CERN’s internal network has increased from just <span class="hlt">a</span> handful to well over 10,000. Wireless access is no longer simply “nice to have” or just for conference and meeting rooms; support for mobility is expected by most, if not all, of the CERN community. In this context, <span class="hlt">a</span> full renewal of the CERN Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> network has been launched to deliver <span class="hlt">a</span> state-of-the-art campus-wide Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Infrastructure. We aim to deliver, in more than 200 office buildings with <span class="hlt">a</span> surface area of over 400,000m2 and including many high-priority and high-occupation zones, an end-user experience comparable, for most applications, to <span class="hlt">a</span> wired connection and with seamless mobility support. We describe here the studies and tests performed at CERN to ensure the solution we are deploying can meet these goals as well as delivering <span class="hlt">a</span> single, simple, flexible and open management platform.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019531','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019531"><span>Structure and biosynthesis of two exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dertli, Enes; Colquhoun, Ian J; Gunning, A Patrick; Bongaerts, Roy J; Le Gall, Gwénaëlle; Bonev, Boyan B; Mayer, Melinda J; Narbad, Arjan</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Exopolysaccharides were isolated and purified from Lactobacillus johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785, which has previously been shown to act as <span class="hlt">a</span> competitive exclusion agent to control Clostridium perfringens in poultry. Structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy revealed that L. johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785 can produce two types of exopolysaccharide: EPS-<span class="hlt">1</span> is <span class="hlt">a</span> branched dextran with the unusual feature that every backbone residue is substituted with <span class="hlt">a</span> 2-linked glucose unit, and EPS-2 was shown to have <span class="hlt">a</span> repeating unit with the following structure: -6)-α-Glcp-(<span class="hlt">1</span>-3)-β-Glcp-(<span class="hlt">1</span>-5)-β-Galf-(<span class="hlt">1</span>-6)-α-Glcp-(<span class="hlt">1</span>-4)-β-Galp-(<span class="hlt">1</span>-4)-β-Glcp-(<span class="hlt">1</span>-. Sites on both polysaccharides were partially occupied by substituent groups: <span class="hlt">1</span>-phosphoglycerol and O-acetyl groups in EPS-<span class="hlt">1</span> and <span class="hlt">a</span> single O-acetyl group in EPS-2. Analysis of <span class="hlt">a</span> deletion mutant (ΔepsE) lacking the putative priming glycosyltransferase gene located within <span class="hlt">a</span> predicted eps gene cluster revealed that the mutant could produce EPS-<span class="hlt">1</span> but not EPS-2, indicating that epsE is essential for the biosynthesis of EPS-2. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the localization of galactose residues on the exterior of wild type cells and their absence in the ΔepsE mutant. EPS2 was found to adopt <span class="hlt">a</span> random coil structural conformation. Deletion of the entire 14-kb eps cluster resulted in an acapsular mutant phenotype that was not able to produce either EPS-2 or EPS-<span class="hlt">1</span>. Alterations in the cell surface properties of the EPS-specific mutants were demonstrated by differences in binding of an anti-wild type L. johnsonii antibody. These findings provide insights into the biosynthesis and structures of novel exopolysaccharides produced by L. johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785, which are likely to play an important role in biofilm formation, protection against harsh environment of the gut, and colonization of the host.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25108719','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25108719"><span><span class="hlt">Scenario</span> analysis of energy-based low-carbon development in China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhou, Yun; Hao, Fanghua; Meng, Wei; Fu, Jiafeng</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>China's increasing energy consumption and coal-dominant energy structure have contributed not only to severe environmental pollution, but also to global climate change. This article begins with <span class="hlt">a</span> brief review of China's primary energy use and associated environmental problems and health risks. To analyze the potential of China's transition to low-carbon development, three <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are constructed to simulate energy demand and CO₂ <span class="hlt">emission</span> trends in China up to 2050 by using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) model. Simulation results show that with the assumption of an average annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 6.45%, total primary energy demand is expected to increase by 63.4%, 48.8% and 12.2% under the Business as Usual (BaU), Carbon Reduction (CR) and Integrated Low Carbon Economy (ILCE) <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in 2050 from the 2009 levels. Total energy-related CO₂ <span class="hlt">emissions</span> will increase from 6.7 billiontons in 2009 to 9.5, 11, 11.6 and 11.2 billiontons; 8.2, 9.2, 9.6 and 9 billiontons; 7.<span class="hlt">1</span>, 7.4, 7.2 and 6.4 billiontons in 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050 under the BaU, CR and ILCE <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, respectively. Total CO₂ <span class="hlt">emission</span> will drop by 19.6% and 42.9% under the CR and ILCE <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in 2050, compared with the BaU <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. To realize <span class="hlt">a</span> substantial cut in energy consumption and carbon <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, China needs to make <span class="hlt">a</span> long-term low-carbon development strategy targeting further improvement of energy efficiency, optimization of energy structure, deployment of clean coal technology and use of market-based economic instruments like energy/carbon taxation. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012mgm..conf.1610I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012mgm..conf.1610I"><span>GRB 090423 IN the Fireshell <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>: <span class="hlt">a</span> Canonical GRB at Redshift 8.2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Izzo, Luca; Bernardini, Maria Grazia; Bianco, Carlo Luciano; Caito, Letizia; Patricelli, Barbara; Ruffini, Remo</p> <p></p> <p>GRB 090423 is the farthest GRB up to date, with <span class="hlt">a</span> redshift of about 8.<span class="hlt">1</span>. We present within the Fireshell <span class="hlt">scenario</span> <span class="hlt">a</span> complete analysis of this GRB in the γ-ray band and <span class="hlt">a</span> detailed analysis also in the X-rays, where we note the existence of <span class="hlt">a</span> second component. We obtain that the FireShell model gives <span class="hlt">a</span> good indication for the energetic emitted in the burst, Etot = <span class="hlt">1</span>:2x1053 ergs. Moreover we note that GRB 090423 is <span class="hlt">a</span> long GRB with <span class="hlt">a</span> relatively high bulk Lorentz Gamma factor at the transparency of the Fireshell. Finally we present <span class="hlt">a</span> study of this extra component in the context of the synchrotron <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, delineated in.8</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...848...78F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...848...78F"><span>Mapping the Lyα <span class="hlt">Emission</span> around <span class="hlt">a</span> z ˜ 6.6 QSO with MUSE: Extended <span class="hlt">Emission</span> and <span class="hlt">a</span> Companion at <span class="hlt">a</span> Close Separation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Farina, Emanuele P.; Venemans, Bram P.; Decarli, Roberto; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Walter, Fabian; Bañados, Eduardo; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Cantalupo, Sebastiano; Arrigoni-Battaia, Fabrizio; McGreer, Ian D.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>We utilize the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on the Very Large Telescope to search for extended Lyα <span class="hlt">emission</span> around the z ˜ 6.6 QSO J0305-3150. After carefully subtracting the point spread function, we reach <span class="hlt">a</span> nominal 5σ surface-brightness limit of SB5σ = <span class="hlt">1</span>.9 × 10-18 erg s-<span class="hlt">1</span> cm-2 arcsec-2 over <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">1</span> arcsec2 aperture, collapsing five wavelength slices centered at the expected location of the redshifted Lyα <span class="hlt">emission</span> (I.e., at 9256 Å). Current data suggest the presence (5σ accounting for systematics) of <span class="hlt">a</span> Lyα nebula that extends for 9 kpc around the QSO. This <span class="hlt">emission</span> is displaced and redshifted by 155 km s-<span class="hlt">1</span> with respect to the location of the QSO host galaxy traced by the [{{C}} {{II}}] 158 μm <span class="hlt">emission</span> line. The total luminosity is L({Ly}α ) = (3.0 ± 0.4) × 1042 erg s-<span class="hlt">1</span>. Our analysis suggests that this <span class="hlt">emission</span> is unlikely to rise from optically thick clouds illuminated by the ionizing radiation of the QSO. It is more plausible that the Lyα <span class="hlt">emission</span> is due to the fluorescence of the highly ionized optically thin gas. This <span class="hlt">scenario</span> implies <span class="hlt">a</span> high hydrogen volume density of {n}{{H}}˜ 6 cm-3. In addition, we detect <span class="hlt">a</span> Lyα emitter (LAE) in the immediate vicinity of the QSO, I.e., with <span class="hlt">a</span> projected separation of ˜12.5 kpc and <span class="hlt">a</span> line-of-sight velocity difference of 560 km s-<span class="hlt">1</span>. The luminosity of the LAE is L({Ly}α ) = (2.<span class="hlt">1</span> ± 0.2) × 1042 erg s-<span class="hlt">1</span> and its inferred star-formation rate is SFR ˜ <span class="hlt">1</span>.3 M ⊙ yr-<span class="hlt">1</span>. The probability of finding such <span class="hlt">a</span> close LAE is one order of magnitude above the expectations based on the QSO-galaxy cross-correlation function. This discovery is in agreement with <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> where dissipative interactions favor the rapid build-up of supermassive black holes at early cosmic times.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29099091','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29099091"><span>Device-Free Passive Identity Identification via Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Signals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lv, Jiguang; Yang, Wu; Man, Dapeng</p> <p>2017-11-02</p> <p>Device-free passive identity identification attracts much attention in recent years, and it is <span class="hlt">a</span> representative application in sensorless sensing. It can be used in many applications such as intrusion detection and smart building. Previous studies show the sensing potential of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals in <span class="hlt">a</span> device-free passive manner. It is confirmed that human's gait is unique from each other similar to fingerprint and iris. However, the identification accuracy of existing approaches is not satisfactory in practice. In this paper, we present Wii, <span class="hlt">a</span> device-free Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-based Identity Identification approach utilizing human's gait based on Channel State Information (CSI) of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and low pass filter are applied to remove the noises in the signals. We then extract several entities' gait features from both time and frequency domain, and select the most effective features according to information gain. Based on these features, Wii realizes stranger recognition through Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and identity identification through <span class="hlt">a</span> Support Vector Machine (SVM) with Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel. It is implemented using commercial Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices and evaluated on <span class="hlt">a</span> dataset with more than 1500 gait instances collected from eight subjects walking in <span class="hlt">a</span> room. The results indicate that Wii can effectively recognize strangers and can achieves high identification accuracy with low computational cost. As <span class="hlt">a</span> result, Wii has the potential to work in typical home security systems.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5713643','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5713643"><span>Device-Free Passive Identity Identification via Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Signals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yang, Wu; Man, Dapeng</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Device-free passive identity identification attracts much attention in recent years, and it is <span class="hlt">a</span> representative application in sensorless sensing. It can be used in many applications such as intrusion detection and smart building. Previous studies show the sensing potential of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals in <span class="hlt">a</span> device-free passive manner. It is confirmed that human’s gait is unique from each other similar to fingerprint and iris. However, the identification accuracy of existing approaches is not satisfactory in practice. In this paper, we present Wii, <span class="hlt">a</span> device-free Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-based Identity Identification approach utilizing human’s gait based on Channel State Information (CSI) of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and low pass filter are applied to remove the noises in the signals. We then extract several entities’ gait features from both time and frequency domain, and select the most effective features according to information gain. Based on these features, Wii realizes stranger recognition through Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and identity identification through <span class="hlt">a</span> Support Vector Machine (SVM) with Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel. It is implemented using commercial Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices and evaluated on <span class="hlt">a</span> dataset with more than 1500 gait instances collected from eight subjects walking in <span class="hlt">a</span> room. The results indicate that Wii can effectively recognize strangers and can achieves high identification accuracy with low computational cost. As <span class="hlt">a</span> result, Wii has the potential to work in typical home security systems. PMID:29099091</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5087452','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5087452"><span>PILA: Sub-Meter Localization Using CSI from Commodity Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Devices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tian, Zengshan; Li, Ze; Zhou, Mu; Jin, Yue; Wu, Zipeng</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The aim of this paper is to present <span class="hlt">a</span> new indoor localization approach by employing the Angle-of-arrival (AOA) and Received Signal Strength (RSS) measurements in Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> network. To achieve this goal, we first collect the Channel State Information (CSI) by using the commodity Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices with our designed three antennas to estimate the AOA of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal. Second, we propose <span class="hlt">a</span> direct path identification algorithm to obtain the direct signal path for the sake of reducing the interference of multipath effect on the AOA estimation. Third, we construct <span class="hlt">a</span> new objective function to solve the localization problem by integrating the AOA and RSS information. Although the localization problem is non-convex, we use the Second-order Cone Programming (SOCP) relaxation approach to transform it into <span class="hlt">a</span> convex problem. Finally, the effectiveness of our approach is verified based on the prototype implementation by using the commodity Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices. The experimental results show that our approach can achieve the median error 0.7 m in the actual indoor environment. PMID:27735879</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27735879','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27735879"><span>PILA: Sub-Meter Localization Using CSI from Commodity Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Devices.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tian, Zengshan; Li, Ze; Zhou, Mu; Jin, Yue; Wu, Zipeng</p> <p>2016-10-10</p> <p>The aim of this paper is to present <span class="hlt">a</span> new indoor localization approach by employing the Angle-of-arrival (AOA) and Received Signal Strength (RSS) measurements in Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> network. To achieve this goal, we first collect the Channel State Information (CSI) by using the commodity Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices with our designed three antennas to estimate the AOA of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal. Second, we propose <span class="hlt">a</span> direct path identification algorithm to obtain the direct signal path for the sake of reducing the interference of multipath effect on the AOA estimation. Third, we construct <span class="hlt">a</span> new objective function to solve the localization problem by integrating the AOA and RSS information. Although the localization problem is non-convex, we use the Second-order Cone Programming (SOCP) relaxation approach to transform it into <span class="hlt">a</span> convex problem. Finally, the effectiveness of our approach is verified based on the prototype implementation by using the commodity Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices. The experimental results show that our approach can achieve the median error 0.7 m in the actual indoor environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801648','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801648"><span>Assessment of riverine load of contaminants to European seas under policy implementation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: an example with 3 pilot substances.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marinov, Dimitar; Pistocchi, Alberto; Trombetti, Marco; Bidoglio, Giovanni</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>An evaluation of conventional <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> is carried out targeting <span class="hlt">a</span> possible impact of European Union (EU) policies on riverine loads to the European seas for 3 pilot pollutants: lindane, trifluralin, and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The policy <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are investigated to the time horizon of year 2020 starting from chemical-specific reference conditions and considering different types of regulatory measures including business as usual (BAU), current trend (CT), partial implementation (PI), or complete ban (PI ban) of <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. The <span class="hlt">scenario</span> analyses show that the model-estimated lindane load of 745 t to European seas in 1995, based on the official <span class="hlt">emission</span> data, would be reduced by 98.3% to approximately 12.5 t in 2005 (BAU <span class="hlt">scenario</span>), 10 years after the start of the EU regulation of this chemical. The CT and PI ban <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> indicate <span class="hlt">a</span> reduction of sea loads of lindane in 2020 by 74% and 95%, respectively, when compared to the BAU estimate. For trifluralin, an annual load of approximately 61.7 t is estimated for the baseline year 2003 (BAU <span class="hlt">scenario</span>), although the applied conservative assumptions related to pesticide use data availability in Europe. Under the PI (ban) <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, assuming only small residual <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of trifluralin, we estimate <span class="hlt">a</span> sea loading of approximately 0.07 t/y. For PFOS, the total sea load from all European countries is estimated at approximately 5.8 t/y referred to 2007 (BAU <span class="hlt">scenario</span>). Reducing the total load of PFOS below <span class="hlt">1</span> t/y requires <span class="hlt">emissions</span> to be reduced by 84%. The analysis of conventional <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> or <span class="hlt">scenario</span> typologies for <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of contaminants using simple spatially explicit GIS-based models is suggested as <span class="hlt">a</span> viable, affordable exercise that may support the assessment of implementation of policies and the identification or negotiation of <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction targets. © 2013 SETAC.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1712177S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1712177S"><span>Projected global ground-level ozone impacts on vegetation under different <span class="hlt">emission</span> and climate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sicard, Pierre; Anav, Alessandro; De Marco, Alessandra; Paoletti, Elena</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The impact of ground-level ozone (O3) on vegetation is largely under-investigated at the global scale despite large areas worldwide that are exposed to high surface O3 levels. To explore future potential impacts of O3 on vegetation, we compared historical and projected surface O3 concentrations simulated by six global atmospheric chemistry transport models on the basis of three representative concentration pathways <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (i.e. RCP2.6, 4.5, 8.5). To assess changes in the potential surface O3 threat to vegetation at the global scale, we used the AOT40 metric. Results point out <span class="hlt">a</span> significant exceedance of AOT40 in comparison with the recommendations of UNECE for the protection of vegetation. In fact, many areas of the Northern Hemisphere show that AOT40-based critical levels will be exceeded by <span class="hlt">a</span> factor of at least 10 under RCP8.5. Changes in surface O3 by 2100 worldwide range from about +4-5 ppb in the RCP8.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span> to reductions of about 2-10 ppb in the most optimistic <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, RCP2.6. The risk of O3 injury for vegetation, through the potential O3 impact on photosynthetic assimilation, decreased by 61 and 47 % under RCP2.6 and RCP4.5, respectively, and increased by 70 % under RCP8.5. Key biodiversity areas in southern and northern Asia, central Africa and North America were identified as being at risk from high O3 concentrations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1912468S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1912468S"><span>Relevance of future snowfall level height in the Peruvian Andes for glacier loss in the 21st century under different <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schauwecker, Simone; Kronenberg, Marlene; Rohrer, Mario; Huggel, Christian; Endries, Jason; Montoya, Nilton; Neukom, Raphael; Perry, Baker; Salzmann, Nadine; Schwarb, Manfred; Suarez, Wilson</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>In many regions of Peru, the competition for limited hydrological resources already represents <span class="hlt">a</span> large risk for conflicts. In this context, and within the circumstances of climate change, there is <span class="hlt">a</span> great interest in estimating the future loss of Peruvian glaciers. Solid precipitation on glaciers, which affects the shortwave radiation budget via its effects on albedo, in general reduces ablation. For that reason, the height of the upper level of the transition zone between liquid and solid precipitation (snowfall level height) is considered to play <span class="hlt">a</span> critical role. This snowfall level height is linked to air temperature. The observed and projected warming of the atmosphere is therefore affecting the glaciers amongst others by changing the snowfall level height. Despite the potential significance of these changes for Peruvian glaciers, the relations between snowfall level heights, glacier extents and climate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> have been poorly investigated so far. In our study, we first analyse the snowfall level heights over the Peruvian Cordilleras. Second, we investigate the relationship between the present snowfall level heights and current glacier extents. As <span class="hlt">a</span> third step, we derive projected changes of snowfall level heights from GCMs for the RCP2.6 and 8.5 <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and use them to roughly estimate the end of XXI century glaciation for the Peruvian Cordilleras. Our results indicate <span class="hlt">a</span> large difference in future glacier extent between the high-<span class="hlt">emission</span> (pessimistic) RCP8.5 and the low-<span class="hlt">emission</span> (optimistic) RCP2.6. If global <span class="hlt">emissions</span> can be substantially reduced, <span class="hlt">a</span> significant part of the glaciated area of Peru can be maintained. On the contrary, if mitigation is unsuccessful, most of the glacier mass in Peru will be lost during the 21st century. In both cases, but even more so for the high-<span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, adaptation will play <span class="hlt">a</span> critical role and should focus on improvements in water resource management which is essential on <span class="hlt">a</span> local to regional scale. Air</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17238466','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17238466"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> public address system for disaster management.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Andrade, Nicholas; Palmer, Douglas A; Lenert, Leslie A</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Bullhorn is designed to assist emergency workers in the event of <span class="hlt">a</span> disaster situation by offering <span class="hlt">a</span> rapidly configurable wireless of public address system for disaster sites. The current configuration plays either pre recorded or custom recorded messages and utilizes 802.11b networks for communication. Units can be position anywhere wireless coverage exists to help manage crowds or to recall first responders from dangerous areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1839626','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1839626"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Public Address System for Disaster Management</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Andrade, Nicholas; Palmer, Douglas A.; Lenert, Leslie A.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Bullhorn is designed to assist emergency workers in the event of <span class="hlt">a</span> disaster situation by offering <span class="hlt">a</span> rapidly configurable wireless public address system for disaster sites. The current configuration plays either pre recorded or custom recorded messages and utilizes 802.11b networks for communication. Units can be position anywhere wireless coverage exists to help manage crowds or to recall first responders from dangerous areas. PMID:17238466</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27516653','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27516653"><span>Alshamel <span class="hlt">fi</span> Sana'at Tebbi'at: <span class="hlt">A</span> Comprehensive Book on the Materia Medica.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mosaffa-Jahromi, Maryam; Kiani, Hossein</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi, known as Ibn al-Nafis (1210-1288 AD), was <span class="hlt">a</span> Muslim Syrian physician primarily famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood. The most voluminous of his books is Alshamel <span class="hlt">fi</span> Sana'at tebbi'at, which is <span class="hlt">a</span> comprehensive medical encyclopedia. It comprised 300 volumes of notes, from which only 80 volumes are published. His writings are cataloged in many libraries around the world. The aim of this review article, as <span class="hlt">a</span> tribute to Ibn al-Nafis, was to introduce his valuable but neglected encyclopedia of Materia Medica. Ibn al-Nafis' traditional approach in his "Alshamel <span class="hlt">fi</span> Sana'at tebbi'at" book is studied in the present article. Alshamel <span class="hlt">fi</span> Sana'at tebbi'at covers three branches of knowledge. The first category is devoted to theoretical traditional medicine. The second is in four sections where much of it is not available yet. The third category is on Materia Medica covering the aspect of Unani medicine, from which only 28 volumes of the comprehensive book on the traditional medicine have been found so far. The latter, introduces mono-ingredient medications in alphabetical order. Each chapter, in several parts, is dedicated to the botanical characteristics and nature of each mono-ingredient medication. In addition, this book explains traditional pharmacokinetic of every single medication for each human body organs. Based on pharmaco-mechanistic perspective on Alshamel <span class="hlt">fi</span> Sana'at tebbi'at, it could be considered as the main reference book on traditional medicine and pharmacy, worthy of revival.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7708E..0ZA','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7708E..0ZA"><span>Creating wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> bluetooth mesh network for crisis management applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Al-Tekreeti, Safa; Adams, Christopher; Al-Jawad, Naseer</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>This paper proposes <span class="hlt">a</span> wireless mesh network implementation consisting of both Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Ad-Hoc networks as well as Bluetooth Piconet/Scatternet networks, organised in an energy and throughput efficient structure. This type of networks can be easily constructed for Crises management applications, for example in an Earthquake disaster. The motivation of this research is to form mesh network from the mass availability of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and Bluetooth enabled electronic devices such as mobile phones and PC's that are normally present in most regions were major crises occurs. The target of this study is to achieve an effective solution that will enable Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and/or Bluetooth nodes to seamlessly configure themselves to act as <span class="hlt">a</span> bridge between their own network and that of the other network to achieve continuous routing for our proposed mesh networks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24492496','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24492496"><span>Effects of melatonin on Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-induced oxidative stress in lens of rats.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tök, Levent; Nazıroğlu, Mustafa; Doğan, Salih; Kahya, Mehmet Cemal; Tök, Ozlem</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Melatonin has been considered <span class="hlt">a</span> potent antioxidant that detoxifies <span class="hlt">a</span> variety of reactive oxygen species in many pathophysiological states of eye. The present study was designed to determine the effects of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure on the lens oxidant, antioxidant redox systems, as well as the possible protective effects of melatonin on the lens injury induced by electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Thirty-two rats were used in the current study and they were randomly divided into four equal groups as follows: First and second groups were cage-control and sham-control rats. Rats in third group were exposed to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> (2.45 GHz) for duration of 60 min/day for 30 days. As in the third group, the fourth group was treated with melatonin. The one-hour exposure to irradiation in second, third and fourth took place at noon each day. Lipid peroxidation levels in the lens were slightly higher in third (Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>) group than in cage and sham control groups although their concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by melatonin supplementation. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> group than in cage and sham control groups although GSH-Px (P < 0.01) and reduced glutathione (P < 0.05) values were significantly higher in Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> + melatonin group than in Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> group. There are poor oxidative toxic effects of one hour of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure on the lens in the animals. However, melatonin supplementation in the lens seems to have protective effects on the oxidant system by modulation of GSH-Px activity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACP....13.9869Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACP....13.9869Z"><span>NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in China: historical trends and future perspectives</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, B.; Wang, S. X.; Liu, H.; Xu, J. Y.; Fu, K.; Klimont, Z.; Hao, J. M.; He, K. B.; Cofala, J.; Amann, M.</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are key pollutants for the improvement of ambient air quality. Within this study we estimated the historical NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in China for the period 1995-2010, and calculated future NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> every five years until 2030 under six <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Driven by the fast growth of energy consumption, we estimate the NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in China increased rapidly from 11.0 Mt in 1995 to 26.<span class="hlt">1</span> Mt in 2010. Power plants, industry and transportation were major sources of NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, accounting for 28.4%, 34.0%, and 25.4% of the total NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in 2010, respectively. Two energy <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, <span class="hlt">a</span> business as usual <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (BAU) and an alternative policy <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (PC), were developed to project future energy consumption. In 2030, total energy consumption is projected to increase by 64% and 27% from 2010 level respectively. Three sets of end-of-pipe pollution control measures, including baseline, progressive, and stringent control case, were developed for each energy <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, thereby constituting six <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. By 2030, the total NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are projected to increase (compared to 2010) by 36% in the baseline while policy cases result in reduction up to 61% in the most ambitious case with stringent control measures. More than <span class="hlt">a</span> third of the reduction achieved by 2030 between least and most ambitious <span class="hlt">scenario</span> comes from power sector, and more than half is distributed equally between industry and transportation sectors. Selective catalytic reduction dominates the NOx <span class="hlt">emission</span> reductions in power plants, while life style changes, control measures for industrial boilers and cement production are major contributors to reductions in industry. Timely enforcement of legislation on heavy-duty vehicles would contribute significantly to NOx <span class="hlt">emission</span> reductions. About 30% of the NOx <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction in 2020 and 40% of the NOx <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction in 2030 could be treated as the ancillary benefit of energy conservation. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17282669','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17282669"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Wireless Physiological Signal Monitoring System with Integrated Bluetooth and Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Technologies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yu, Sung-Nien; Cheng, Jen-Chieh</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>This paper proposes <span class="hlt">a</span> wireless patient monitoring system which integrates Bluetooth and Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> wireless technologies. <span class="hlt">A</span> wireless portable multi-parameter device was designated to acquire physiological signals and transmit them to <span class="hlt">a</span> local server via Bluetooth wireless technology. Four kinds of monitor units were designed to communicate via the Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> wireless technology, including <span class="hlt">a</span> local monitor unit, <span class="hlt">a</span> control center, mobile devices (personal digital assistant; PDA), and <span class="hlt">a</span> web page. The use of various monitor units is intending to meet different medical requirements for different medical personnel. This system was demonstrated to promote the mobility and flexibility for both the patients and the medical personnel, which further improves the quality of health care.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ISPAr.XL4d..31V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ISPAr.XL4d..31V"><span>To localise or to be localised with Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> in the Hubei museum?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Verbree, E.; Zlatanova, S.; van Winden, K. B. A.; van der Laan, E. B.; Makri, A.; Taizhou, L.; Haojun, A.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Indoor localisation is in demand for <span class="hlt">a</span> variety of applications within the built environment. An overall solution based on <span class="hlt">a</span> single technology has not yet been determined. The aim of this paper is to gain insight on Signal Strength monitoring by <span class="hlt">a</span> special kind of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Monitors in comparison to the commonly known fingerprinting method for the purpose of <span class="hlt">a</span> 3D indoor navigation system. Ttwo different Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> based localisation techniques are tested during the MSc Geomatics DaRen Syntheses Project in the Hubei Provincial Museum, China. The first method detects the beacon frames send by smartphones, laptops and other Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> enabled devices in range using Libelium Meshlium Xtreme monitors. Their MAC addresses and the signal strength is measured by the Meshlium Xtreme and stored on an external database. We call this method Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> monitoring. The second method <span class="hlt">a</span> Wifi enabled device, like <span class="hlt">a</span> smartphone, measures the signal strength of multiple Wifi Access Points in range to localise itself based on <span class="hlt">a</span> previously created radio map. This method is known as Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprinting. Both methods have some advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of the common way of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprinting are that the implementation costs are relatively low, because it is usually possible to use (<span class="hlt">a</span> part of) the existing Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> AP infrastructure. Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprinting can reach <span class="hlt">a</span> relatively high accuracy in the order of magnitude of meters. Finally, the location granularity can be adjusted to what is necessary for the purpose of the indoor localisation. This makes it employable for <span class="hlt">a</span> wide range of purposes. The question remains how suitable these methods are for <span class="hlt">a</span> 3D indoor navigation system for the Hubei provincial museum. One important aspect is the localisation-granularity necessary for the application. In <span class="hlt">a</span> museum it is not necessary to know the exact X,Y position of <span class="hlt">a</span> user (such high accuracy is unnecessary), more important is to know in which room the user is located so the information on exhibitions can be</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2572372','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2572372"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> future without health? Health dimension in global <span class="hlt">scenario</span> studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Martens, Pim; Huynen, Maud</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>This paper reviews the health dimension and sociocultural, economic, and ecological determinants of health in existing global <span class="hlt">scenario</span> studies. Not even half of the 31 <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> reviewed gave <span class="hlt">a</span> good description of future health developments and the different <span class="hlt">scenario</span> studies did not handle health in <span class="hlt">a</span> consistent way. Most of the global driving forces of health are addressed adequately in the selected <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, however, and it therefore would have been possible to describe the future developments in health as an outcome of these multiple driving forces. To provide examples on how future health can be incorporated in existing <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, we linked the sociocultural, economic, and environmental developments described in three sets of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (special report on <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (SRES), global environmental outlook-3 (GEO3), and world water <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (WWS)) to three potential, but imaginary, health futures ("age of emerging infectious diseases", "age of medical technology", and "age of sustained health"). This paper provides useful insights into how to deal with future health in <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and shows that <span class="hlt">a</span> comprehensive picture of future health evolves when all important driving forces and pressures are taken into account. PMID:14997242</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.3321A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.3321A"><span>Assessment of <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for 2030 and impacts of black carbon <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction measures on air quality and radiative forcing in Southeast Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Agustian Permadi, Didin; Oanh, Nguyen Thi Kim; Vautard, Robert</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Our previously published paper (Permadi et al. 2018) focused on the preparation of <span class="hlt">emission</span> input data and evaluation of WRF-CHIMERE performance in 2007. This paper details the impact assessment of the future (2030) black carbon (BC) <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction measures for Southeast Asia (SEA) countries on air quality, health and BC direct radiative forcing (DRF). The business as usual (BAU2030) projected <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from the base year of 2007 (BY2007), assuming <q>no intervention</q> with the linear projection of the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> based on the past activity data for Indonesia and Thailand and the sectoral GDP growth for other countries. The RED2030 featured measures to cut down <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in major four source sectors in Indonesia and Thailand (road transport, residential cooking, industry, biomass open burning) while for other countries the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> were assumed. WRF-CHIMERE simulated levels of aerosol species under BAU2030 and RED2030 for the modeling domain using the base year meteorology and 2030 boundary conditions from LMDZ-INCA. The extended aerosol optical depth module (AODEM) calculated the total columnar AOD and BC AOD for all <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> with an assumption on the internal mixing state. Under RED2030, the health benefits were analyzed in terms of the number of avoided premature deaths associated with ambient PM2.5 reduction along with BC DRF reduction. Under BAU2030, the average number of the premature deaths per 100 000 people in the SEA domain would increase by 30 from BY2007 while under RED2030 the premature deaths would be cut down (avoided) by 63 from RED2030. In 2007, the maximum annual average BC DRF in the SEA countries was 0.98 W m-2, which would increase to 2.0 W m-2 under BAU2030 and <span class="hlt">1</span>.4 W m-2 under RED2030. Substantial impacts on human health and BC DRF reduction in SEA could result from the <span class="hlt">emission</span> measures incorporated in RED2030. Future works should consider other impacts, such as for agricultural crop</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1935f0001A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1935f0001A"><span>Design of <span class="hlt">a</span> dual band metamaterial absorber for Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> bands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alkurt, Fatih Özkan; Baǧmancı, Mehmet; Karaaslan, Muharrem; Bakır, Mehmet; Altıntaş, Olcay; Karadaǧ, Faruk; Akgöl, Oǧuzhan; Ünal, Emin</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The goal of this work is to design and fabrication of <span class="hlt">a</span> dual band metamaterial based absorber for Wireless Fidelity (Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>) bands. Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> has two different operating frequencies such as 2.45 GHz and 5 GHz. <span class="hlt">A</span> dual band absorber is proposed and the proposed structure consists of two layered unit cells, and different sized square split ring (SSR) resonators located on each layers. Copper is used for metal layer and resonator structure, FR-4 is used as substrate layer in the proposed structure. This designed dual band metamaterial absorber is used in the wireless frequency bands which has two center frequencies such as 2.45 GHz and 5 GHz. Finite Integration Technique (FIT) based simulation software used and according to FIT based simulation results, the absorption peak in the 2.45 GHz is about 90% and the another frequency 5 GHz has absorption peak near 99%. In addition, this proposed structure has <span class="hlt">a</span> potential for energy harvesting applications in future works.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29608900','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29608900"><span>Sensitivity of the SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT in Individuals With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Keeney, Tamra; Slavin, Mary; Kisala, Pamela; Ni, Pengsheng; Heinemann, Allen W; Charlifue, Susan; Fyffe, Denise C; Marino, Ralph J; Morse, Leslie R; Worobey, Lynn A; Tate, Denise; Rosenblum, David; Zafonte, Ross; Tulsky, David; Jette, Alan M</p> <p>2018-03-31</p> <p>To examine the ability of the Spinal Cord Injury-Functional Index/Assistive Technology (SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT) measure to detect change in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Multisite longitudinal (12-mo follow-up) study. Nine SCI Model Systems programs. Adults (N=165) with SCI enrolled in the SCI Model Systems database. Not applicable. SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT computerized adaptive test (CAT) (Basic Mobility, Self-Care, Fine Motor Function, Wheelchair Mobility, and/or Ambulation domains) completed at discharge from rehabilitation and 12 months after SCI. For each domain, effect size estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for subgroups with paraplegia and tetraplegia. The demographic characteristics of the sample were as follows: 46% (n=76) individuals with paraplegia, 76% (n=125) male participants, 57% (n=94) used <span class="hlt">a</span> manual wheelchair, 38% (n=63) used <span class="hlt">a</span> power wheelchair, 30% (n=50) were ambulatory. For individuals with paraplegia, the Basic Mobility, Self-Care, and Ambulation domains of the SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT detected <span class="hlt">a</span> significantly large amount of change; in contrast, the Fine Motor Function and Wheelchair Mobility domains detected only <span class="hlt">a</span> small amount of change. For those with tetraplegia, the Basic Mobility, Fine Motor Function, and Self-Care domains detected <span class="hlt">a</span> small amount of change whereas the Ambulation item domain detected <span class="hlt">a</span> medium amount of change. The Wheelchair Mobility domain for people with tetraplegia was the only SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT domain that did not detect significant change. SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT CAT item banks detected an increase in function from discharge to 12 months after SCI. The effect size estimates for the SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT CAT vary by domain and level of lesion. Findings support the use of the SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>/AT CAT in the population with SCI and highlight the importance of multidimensional functional measures. Copyright © 2018 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5492796','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5492796"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Map/INS/Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Integrated System for Indoor Location-Based Service Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yu, Chunyang; Lan, Haiyu; Gu, Fuqiang; Yu, Fei; El-Sheimy, Naser</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In this research, <span class="hlt">a</span> new Map/INS/Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> integrated system for indoor location-based service (LBS) applications based on <span class="hlt">a</span> cascaded Particle/Kalman filter framework structure is proposed. Two-dimension indoor map information, together with measurements from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) value, are integrated for estimating positioning information. The main challenge of this research is how to make effective use of various measurements that complement each other in order to obtain an accurate, continuous, and low-cost position solution without increasing the computational burden of the system. Therefore, to eliminate the cumulative drift caused by low-cost IMU sensor errors, the ubiquitous Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal and non-holonomic constraints are rationally used to correct the IMU-derived navigation solution through the extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Moreover, the map-aiding method and map-matching method are innovatively combined to constrain the primary Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>/IMU-derived position through an Auxiliary Value Particle Filter (AVPF). Different sources of information are incorporated through <span class="hlt">a</span> cascaded structure EKF/AVPF filter algorithm. Indoor tests show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the accumulation of positioning errors of <span class="hlt">a</span> stand-alone Inertial Navigation System (INS), and provide <span class="hlt">a</span> stable, continuous and reliable indoor location service. PMID:28574471</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28574471','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28574471"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Map/INS/Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Integrated System for Indoor Location-Based Service Applications.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yu, Chunyang; Lan, Haiyu; Gu, Fuqiang; Yu, Fei; El-Sheimy, Naser</p> <p>2017-06-02</p> <p>In this research, <span class="hlt">a</span> new Map/INS/Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> integrated system for indoor location-based service (LBS) applications based on <span class="hlt">a</span> cascaded Particle/Kalman filter framework structure is proposed. Two-dimension indoor map information, together with measurements from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) value, are integrated for estimating positioning information. The main challenge of this research is how to make effective use of various measurements that complement each other in order to obtain an accurate, continuous, and low-cost position solution without increasing the computational burden of the system. Therefore, to eliminate the cumulative drift caused by low-cost IMU sensor errors, the ubiquitous Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal and non-holonomic constraints are rationally used to correct the IMU-derived navigation solution through the extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Moreover, the map-aiding method and map-matching method are innovatively combined to constrain the primary Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>/IMU-derived position through an Auxiliary Value Particle Filter (AVPF). Different sources of information are incorporated through <span class="hlt">a</span> cascaded structure EKF/AVPF filter algorithm. Indoor tests show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the accumulation of positioning errors of <span class="hlt">a</span> stand-alone Inertial Navigation System (INS), and provide <span class="hlt">a</span> stable, continuous and reliable indoor location service.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3955064','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3955064"><span>Effects of melatonin on Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-induced oxidative stress in lens of rats</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tök, Levent; Nazıroğlu, Mustafa; Doğan, Salih; Kahya, Mehmet Cemal; Tök, Özlem</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Introduction: Melatonin has been considered <span class="hlt">a</span> potent antioxidant that detoxifies <span class="hlt">a</span> variety of reactive oxygen species in many pathophysiological states of eye. The present study was designed to determine the effects of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure on the lens oxidant, antioxidant redox systems, as well as the possible protective effects of melatonin on the lens injury induced by electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Materials and Methods: Thirty-two rats were used in the current study and they were randomly divided into four equal groups as follows: First and second groups were cage-control and sham-control rats. Rats in third group were exposed to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> (2.45 GHz) for duration of 60 min/day for 30 days. As in the third group, the fourth group was treated with melatonin. The one-hour exposure to irradiation in second, third and fourth took place at noon each day. Results: Lipid peroxidation levels in the lens were slightly higher in third (Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>) group than in cage and sham control groups although their concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by melatonin supplementation. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> group than in cage and sham control groups although GSH-Px (P < 0.01) and reduced glutathione (P < 0.05) values were significantly higher in Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> + melatonin group than in Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> group. Conclusions: There are poor oxidative toxic effects of one hour of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure on the lens in the animals. However, melatonin supplementation in the lens seems to have protective effects on the oxidant system by modulation of GSH-Px activity. PMID:24492496</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/54529','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/54529"><span>Assessing climate change impacts, benefits of mitigation, and uncertainties on major global forest regions under multiple socioeconomic and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>John B Kim; Erwan Monier; Brent Sohngen; G Stephen Pitts; Ray Drapek; James McFarland; Sara Ohrel; Jefferson Cole</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>We analyze <span class="hlt">a</span> set of simulations to assess the impact of climate change on global forests where MC2 dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) was run with climate simulations from the MIT Integrated Global System Model-Community Atmosphere Model (IGSM-CAM) modeling framework. The core study relies on an ensemble of climate simulations under two <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: <span class="hlt">a</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.2018F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.2018F"><span>Contrasting Impact of Future CO2 <span class="hlt">Emission</span> <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> on the Extent of CaCO3 Mineral Undersaturation in the Humboldt Current System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Franco, A. C.; Gruber, N.; Frölicher, T. L.; Kropuenske Artman, L.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The eastern boundary upwelling systems are among those regions that are most vulnerable to an ocean acidification-induced transition toward undersaturated conditions with respect to mineral CaCO3, but no assessment exists yet for the Humboldt Current System. Here we use <span class="hlt">a</span> high-resolution (˜7.5 km) regional ocean model to investigate past and future changes in ocean pH and CaCO3 saturation state in this system. We find that within the next few decades, the nearshore waters off Peru are projected to become corrosive year round with regard to aragonite, the more soluble form of CaCO3. The volume of aragonite undersaturated water off Peru will continue to increase in the future irrespective of the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere. In contrast, the development of the saturation state with regard to calcite, <span class="hlt">a</span> less soluble form of carbonate, depends strongly on the <span class="hlt">scenario</span> followed. By 2050, calcite undersaturation appears in the nearshore waters off Peru occasionally, but by 2090 in <span class="hlt">a</span> high-<span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (RCP8.5), ˜60% of the water in the euphotic zone will become permanently calcite undersaturated. Most of this calcite undersaturation off Peru can likely be avoided if <span class="hlt">a</span> low <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (RCP2.6) consistent with the Paris Agreement is followed. The progression of ocean acidification off Chile follows <span class="hlt">a</span> similar pattern, except that the saturation states are overall higher. But also here, calcite undersaturated waters will become common in the subsurface waters under the RCP8.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span> by the end of this century, while this can be avoided under the RCP2.6 <span class="hlt">scenario</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26608899','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26608899"><span>Greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from municipal solid waste management in Vientiane, Lao PDR.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Babel, Sandhya; Vilaysouk, Xaysackda</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the major environmental problems throughout the world including in Lao PDR. In Vientiane, due to the lack of <span class="hlt">a</span> collection service, open burning and illegal dumping are commonly practised. This study aims to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emission</span> from the current situation of MSW management (MSWM) in Vientiane and proposes an alternative solution to reduce the GHG <span class="hlt">emission</span> and environmental impacts. The 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC 2006 model) are used for the estimation of GHG <span class="hlt">emission</span> from landfill and composting. For the estimation of GHG <span class="hlt">emission</span> from open burning, the Atmospheric Brown Clouds <span class="hlt">Emission</span> Inventory Manual (ABC EIM) is used. In Vientiane, <span class="hlt">a</span> total of 232, 505 tonnes year(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) of MSW was generated in 2011. Waste generation in Vientiane is 0.69 kg per capita per day, and about 31% of the total MSW generated was directly sent to landfill (71,162 tonnes year(-<span class="hlt">1</span>)). The total potential GHG <span class="hlt">emission</span> from the baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span> in 2011 was 110,182 tonnes year(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) CO2-eq, which is 0.15 tonne year(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) CO2-eq per capita. From the three MSWM <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> proposed, <span class="hlt">scenario</span> S3, which includes recycling, composting and landfilling, seems to be an effective solution for dealing with MSW in Vientiane with less air pollution, and is environmentally friendly. The total GHG <span class="hlt">emission</span> in <span class="hlt">scenario</span> S3 is reduced to 91,920 tonnes year(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) CO2-eq (47% reduction), compared with the S<span class="hlt">1</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> where all uncollected waste is diverted to landfill. © The Author(s) 2015.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040182299','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040182299"><span>Demonstration Of Ultra HI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> (UHF) Methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dyson, Rodger W.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Computational aero-acoustics (CAA) requires efficient, high-resolution simulation tools. Most current techniques utilize finite-difference approaches because high order accuracy is considered too difficult or expensive to achieve with finite volume or finite element methods. However, <span class="hlt">a</span> novel finite volume approach (Ultra HI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> or UHF) which utilizes Hermite fluxes is presented which can achieve both arbitrary accuracy and fidelity in space and time. The technique can be applied to unstructured grids with some loss of fidelity or with multi-block structured grids for maximum efficiency and resolution. In either paradigm, it is possible to resolve ultra-short waves (less than 2 PPW). This is demonstrated here by solving the 4th CAA workshop Category <span class="hlt">1</span> Problem <span class="hlt">1</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/859951-future-sulfur-dioxide-emissions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/859951-future-sulfur-dioxide-emissions"><span>Future Sulfur Dioxide <span class="hlt">Emissions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Smith, Steven J.; Pitcher, Hugh M.; Wigley, Tom M.</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>The importance of sulfur dioxide <span class="hlt">emissions</span> for climate change is now established, although substantial uncertainties remain. This paper presents projections for future sulfur dioxide <span class="hlt">emissions</span> using the MiniCAM integrated assessment model. <span class="hlt">A</span> new income-based parameterization for future sulfur dioxide <span class="hlt">emissions</span> controls is developed based on purchasing power parity (PPP) income estimates and historical trends related to the implementation of sulfur <span class="hlt">emissions</span> limitations. This parameterization is then used to produce sulfur dioxide <span class="hlt">emissions</span> trajectories for the set of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> developed for the Special Report on <span class="hlt">Emission</span> <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> (SRES). We use the SRES methodology to produce harmonized SRES <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> using the latestmore » version of the MiniCAM model. The implications, and requirements, for IA modeling of sulfur dioxide <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are discussed. We find that sulfur <span class="hlt">emissions</span> eventually decline over the next century under <span class="hlt">a</span> wide set of assumptions. These <span class="hlt">emission</span> reductions result from <span class="hlt">a</span> combination of <span class="hlt">emission</span> controls, the adoption of advanced electric technologies, and <span class="hlt">a</span> shift away from the direct end use of coal with increasing income levels. Only under <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> where incomes in developing regions increase slowly do global <span class="hlt">emission</span> levels remain at close to present levels over the next century. Under <span class="hlt">a</span> climate policy that limits <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide <span class="hlt">emissions</span> fall in <span class="hlt">a</span> relatively narrow range. In all cases, the relative climatic effect of sulfur dioxide <span class="hlt">emissions</span> decreases dramatically to <span class="hlt">a</span> point where sulfur dioxide is only <span class="hlt">a</span> minor component of climate forcing by the end of the century. Ecological effects of sulfur dioxide, however, could be significant in some developing regions for many decades to come.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3814790','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3814790"><span>Structure and Biosynthesis of Two Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lactobacillus johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785*</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dertli, Enes; Colquhoun, Ian J.; Gunning, A. Patrick; Bongaerts, Roy J.; Le Gall, Gwénaëlle; Bonev, Boyan B.; Mayer, Melinda J.; Narbad, Arjan</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Exopolysaccharides were isolated and purified from Lactobacillus johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785, which has previously been shown to act as <span class="hlt">a</span> competitive exclusion agent to control Clostridium perfringens in poultry. Structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy revealed that L. johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785 can produce two types of exopolysaccharide: EPS-<span class="hlt">1</span> is <span class="hlt">a</span> branched dextran with the unusual feature that every backbone residue is substituted with <span class="hlt">a</span> 2-linked glucose unit, and EPS-2 was shown to have <span class="hlt">a</span> repeating unit with the following structure: -6)-α-Glcp-(<span class="hlt">1</span>–3)-β-Glcp-(<span class="hlt">1</span>–5)-β-Galf-(<span class="hlt">1</span>–6)-α-Glcp-(<span class="hlt">1</span>–4)-β-Galp-(<span class="hlt">1</span>–4)-β-Glcp-(<span class="hlt">1</span>-. Sites on both polysaccharides were partially occupied by substituent groups: <span class="hlt">1</span>-phosphoglycerol and O-acetyl groups in EPS-<span class="hlt">1</span> and <span class="hlt">a</span> single O-acetyl group in EPS-2. Analysis of <span class="hlt">a</span> deletion mutant (ΔepsE) lacking the putative priming glycosyltransferase gene located within <span class="hlt">a</span> predicted eps gene cluster revealed that the mutant could produce EPS-<span class="hlt">1</span> but not EPS-2, indicating that epsE is essential for the biosynthesis of EPS-2. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the localization of galactose residues on the exterior of wild type cells and their absence in the ΔepsE mutant. EPS2 was found to adopt <span class="hlt">a</span> random coil structural conformation. Deletion of the entire 14-kb eps cluster resulted in an acapsular mutant phenotype that was not able to produce either EPS-2 or EPS-<span class="hlt">1</span>. Alterations in the cell surface properties of the EPS-specific mutants were demonstrated by differences in binding of an anti-wild type L. johnsonii antibody. These findings provide insights into the biosynthesis and structures of novel exopolysaccharides produced by L. johnsonii <span class="hlt">FI</span>9785, which are likely to play an important role in biofilm formation, protection against harsh environment of the gut, and colonization of the host. PMID:24019531</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/36038','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/36038"><span>Modules: <span class="hlt">A</span> New Tool in the <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> Modeling Framework</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-08-14</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> Modeling Framework (EMF) is used by various organizations, including the US Environmental Protection Agency, to manage their <span class="hlt">emissions</span> inventories, projections, and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> modeling <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Modules are <span class="hlt">a</span> new tool under develo...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26343673','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26343673"><span>Received Signal Strength Database Interpolation by Kriging for <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Indoor Positioning System.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jan, Shau-Shiun; Yeh, Shuo-Ju; Liu, Ya-Wen</p> <p>2015-08-28</p> <p>The main approach for <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning system is based on the received signal strength (RSS) measurements, and the fingerprinting method is utilized to determine the user position by matching the RSS values with the pre-surveyed RSS database. To build <span class="hlt">a</span> RSS fingerprint database is essential for an RSS based indoor positioning system, and building such <span class="hlt">a</span> RSS fingerprint database requires lots of time and effort. As the range of the indoor environment becomes larger, labor is increased. To provide better indoor positioning services and to reduce the labor required for the establishment of the positioning system at the same time, an indoor positioning system with an appropriate spatial interpolation method is needed. In addition, the advantage of the RSS approach is that the signal strength decays as the transmission distance increases, and this signal propagation characteristic is applied to an interpolated database with the Kriging algorithm in this paper. Using the distribution of reference points (RPs) at measured points, the signal propagation model of the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> access point (AP) in the building can be built and expressed as <span class="hlt">a</span> function. The function, as the spatial structure of the environment, can create the RSS database quickly in different indoor environments. Thus, in this paper, <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning system based on the Kriging fingerprinting method is developed. As shown in the experiment results, with <span class="hlt">a</span> 72.2% probability, the error of the extended RSS database with Kriging is less than 3 dBm compared to the surveyed RSS database. Importantly, the positioning error of the developed Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning system with Kriging is reduced by 17.9% in average than that without Kriging.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=320491&keyword=land%20and%20waste%20management&subject=land%20and%20waste%20management%20research&showcriteria=2&fed_org_id=111&datebeginpublishedpresented=10/23/2011&dateendpublishedpresented=10/23/2016&sortby=pubdateyear','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=320491&keyword=land%20and%20waste%20management&subject=land%20and%20waste%20management%20research&showcriteria=2&fed_org_id=111&datebeginpublishedpresented=10/23/2011&dateendpublishedpresented=10/23/2016&sortby=pubdateyear"><span>Role of future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in understanding deep uncertainty in ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The environment and its interactions with human systems, whether economic, social or political, are complex. Relevant drivers may disrupt system dynamics in unforeseen ways, making it difficult to predict future conditions. This kind of deep uncertainty presents <span class="hlt">a</span> challenge to organizations faced with making decisions about the future, including those involved in air quality management. <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Planning is <span class="hlt">a</span> structured process that involves the development of narratives describing alternative future states of the world, designed to differ with respect to the most critical and uncertain drivers. The resulting <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are then used to understand the consequences of those futures and to prepare for them with robust management strategies. We demonstrate <span class="hlt">a</span> novel air quality management application of <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Planning. Through <span class="hlt">a</span> series of workshops, important air quality drivers were identified. The most critical and uncertain drivers were found to be “technological development” and “change in societal paradigms.” These drivers were used as <span class="hlt">a</span> basis to develop four distinct <span class="hlt">scenario</span> storylines. The energy and <span class="hlt">emission</span> implications of each storyline were then modeled using the MARKAL energy system model. NOX and SO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> were found to decrease for all <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, largely <span class="hlt">a</span> response to existing air quality regulations. Future-year <span class="hlt">emissions</span> differed considerably from one <span class="hlt">scenario</span> to another, however, with key differentiating factors being transition</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EaFut...4..498P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EaFut...4..498P"><span>Climate effects of <span class="hlt">a</span> hypothetical regional nuclear war: Sensitivity to <span class="hlt">emission</span> duration and particle composition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pausata, Francesco S. R.; Lindvall, Jenny; Ekman, Annica M. L.; Svensson, Gunilla</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Here, we use <span class="hlt">a</span> coupled atmospheric-ocean-aerosol model to investigate the plume development and climate effects of the smoke generated by fires following <span class="hlt">a</span> regional nuclear war between emerging third-world nuclear powers. We simulate <span class="hlt">a</span> standard <span class="hlt">scenario</span> where 5 Tg of black carbon (BC) is emitted over <span class="hlt">1</span> day in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere. However, it is likely that the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from the fires ignited by bomb detonations include <span class="hlt">a</span> substantial amount of particulate organic matter (POM) and that they last more than <span class="hlt">1</span> day. We therefore test the sensitivity of the aerosol plume and climate system to the BC/POM ratio (<span class="hlt">1</span>:3, <span class="hlt">1</span>:9) and to the <span class="hlt">emission</span> length (<span class="hlt">1</span> day, <span class="hlt">1</span> week, <span class="hlt">1</span> month). We find that in general, an <span class="hlt">emission</span> length of <span class="hlt">1</span> month substantially reduces the cooling compared to the <span class="hlt">1</span>-day case, whereas taking into account POM <span class="hlt">emissions</span> notably increases the cooling and the reduction of precipitation associated with the nuclear war during the first year following the detonation. Accounting for POM <span class="hlt">emissions</span> increases the particle size in the short-<span class="hlt">emission</span>-length <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (<span class="hlt">1</span> day/<span class="hlt">1</span> week), reducing the residence time of the injected particle. While the initial cooling is more intense when including POM <span class="hlt">emission</span>, the long-lasting effects, while still large, may be less extreme compared to the BC-only case. Our study highlights that the <span class="hlt">emission</span> altitude reached by the plume is sensitive to both the particle type emitted by the fires and the <span class="hlt">emission</span> duration. Consequently, the climate effects of <span class="hlt">a</span> nuclear war are strongly dependent on these parameters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA581948','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA581948"><span>Field Trial Data Analysis and Testing (<span class="hlt">Fi</span>TAT) Tool</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>amplitude/phase pour chaque antenne du réseau) contenu dans les données acquises pourrait être faite par <span class="hlt">Fi</span>TAT et utilisé dans PAASoM pour déterminer...identity matrix, k is the loop gain, φ is the correlation matrix of the incident signals and T = [<span class="hlt">1</span> 0 . . . 0]T . The length of vector T is equal to the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1914881M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1914881M"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> elicitation methodology to identify the drivers of electricity infrastructure cost in South America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moksnes, Nandi; Taliotis, Constantinos; Broad, Oliver; de Moura, Gustavo; Howells, Mark</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Developing <span class="hlt">a</span> set of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> to assess <span class="hlt">a</span> proposed policy or future development pathways requires <span class="hlt">a</span> certain level of information, as well as establishing the socio-economic context. As the future is difficult to predict, great care in defining the selected <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> is needed. Even so it can be difficult to assess if the selected <span class="hlt">scenario</span> is covering the possible solution space. Instead, this paper's methodology develops <span class="hlt">a</span> large set of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (324) in OSeMOSYS using the SAMBA 2.0 (South America Model Base) model to assess long-term electricity supply <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and applies <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>-discovery statistical data mining algorithm, Patient Rule Induction Method (PRIM). By creating <span class="hlt">a</span> multidimensional space, regions related to high and low cost can be identified as well as their key driver. The six key drivers are defined <span class="hlt">a</span> priori in three (high, medium, low) or two levers (high, low): <span class="hlt">1</span>) Demand projected from GDP, population, urbanization and transport, 2) Fossil fuel price, 3) Climate change impact on hydropower, 4) Renewable technology learning rate, 5) Discount rate, 6) CO2 <span class="hlt">emission</span> targets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......104M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......104M"><span>Characterizing the <span class="hlt">emission</span> implications of future natural gas production and use in the U.S. and Rocky Mountain region: <span class="hlt">A</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>-based energy system modeling approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McLeod, Jeffrey</p> <p></p> <p>The recent increase in U.S. natural gas production made possible through advancements in extraction techniques including hydraulic fracturing has transformed the U.S. energy supply landscape while raising questions regarding the balance of environmental impacts associated with natural gas production and use. Impact areas at issue include <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of methane and criteria pollutants from natural gas production, alongside changes in <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from increased use of natural gas in place of coal for electricity generation. In the Rocky Mountain region, these impact areas have been subject to additional scrutiny due to the high level of regional oil and gas production activity and concerns over its links to air quality. Here, the MARKAL (MArket ALlocation) least-cost energy system optimization model in conjunction with the EPA-MARKAL nine-region database has been used to characterize future regional and national <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of CO 2, CH4, VOC, and NOx attributed to natural gas production and use in several sectors of the economy. The analysis is informed by comparing and contrasting <span class="hlt">a</span> base case, business-as-usual <span class="hlt">scenario</span> with <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> featuring variations in future natural gas supply characteristics, constraints affecting the electricity generation mix, carbon <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction strategies and increased demand for natural gas in the transportation sector. <span class="hlt">Emission</span> trends and their associated sensitivities are identified and contrasted between the Rocky Mountain region and the U.S. as <span class="hlt">a</span> whole. The modeling results of this study illustrate the resilience of the short term greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emission</span> benefits associated with fuel switching from coal to gas in the electric sector, but also call attention to the long term implications of increasing natural gas production and use for <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of methane and VOCs, especially in the Rocky Mountain region. This analysis can help to inform the broader discussion of the potential environmental impacts of future natural gas production</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003458&hterms=spectroscopy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dspectroscopy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003458&hterms=spectroscopy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dspectroscopy"><span>Flash Spectroscopy: <span class="hlt">Emission</span> Lines From the Ionized Circumstellar Material Around 10-Day-Old Type II Supernovae</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Khazov, D.; Yaron, O.; Gal-Yam, A.; Manulis, I.; Rubin, A.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Arcavi, I.; Kasliwal, M. M.; Ofek, E. O.; Cao, Y.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20170003458'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170003458_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170003458_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170003458_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170003458_hide"></p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Supernovae (SNe) embedded in dense circumstellar material (CSM) may show prominent <span class="hlt">emission</span> lines in their early-time spectra (< or =10 days after the explosion), owing to recombination of the CSM ionized by the shock-breakout flash. From such spectra ("flash spectroscopy"), we can measure various physical properties of the CSM, as well as the mass-loss rate of the progenitor during the year prior to its explosion. Searching through the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF and iPTF) SN spectroscopy databases from 2009 through 2014, we found 12 SNe II showing flash-ionized (<span class="hlt">FI</span>) signatures in their first spectra. All are younger than 10 days. These events constitute 14% of all 84 SNe in our sample having <span class="hlt">a</span> spectrum within 10 days from explosion, and 18% of SNe II observed at ages <5 days, thereby setting lower limits on the fraction of <span class="hlt">FI</span> events. We classified as "blue/featureless" (BF) those events having <span class="hlt">a</span> first spectrum that is similar to that of <span class="hlt">a</span> blackbody, without any <span class="hlt">emission</span> or absorption signatures. It is possible that some BF events had <span class="hlt">FI</span> signatures at an earlier phase than observed, or that they lack dense CSM around the progenitor. Within 2 days after explosion, 8 out of 11 SNe in our sample are either BF events or show <span class="hlt">FI</span> signatures. Interestingly, we found that 19 out of 21 SNe brighter than an absolute magnitude M(sub R) = -18.2 belong to the <span class="hlt">FI</span> or BF groups, and that all <span class="hlt">FI</span> events peaked above M(sub R) = -17.6 mag, significantly brighter than average SNe II.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3000269','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3000269"><span>National housing and impervious surface <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for integrated climate impact assessments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bierwagen, Britta G.; Theobald, David M.; Pyke, Christopher R.; Choate, Anne; Groth, Philip; Thomas, John V.; Morefield, Philip</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Understanding the impacts of climate change on people and the environment requires an understanding of the dynamics of both climate and land use/land cover changes. <span class="hlt">A</span> range of future climate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> is available for the conterminous United States that have been developed based on widely used international greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> storylines. Climate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> derived from these <span class="hlt">emissions</span> storylines have not been matched with logically consistent land use/cover maps for the United States. This gap is <span class="hlt">a</span> critical barrier to conducting effective integrated assessments. This study develops novel national <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of housing density and impervious surface cover that are logically consistent with <span class="hlt">emissions</span> storylines. Analysis of these <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> suggests that combinations of climate and land use/cover can be important in determining environmental conditions regulated under the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts. We found significant differences in patterns of habitat loss and the distribution of potentially impaired watersheds among <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, indicating that compact development patterns can reduce habitat loss and the number of impaired watersheds. These <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are also associated with lower global greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and, consequently, the potential to reduce both the drivers of anthropogenic climate change and the impacts of changing conditions. The residential housing and impervious surface datasets provide <span class="hlt">a</span> substantial first step toward comprehensive national land use/land cover <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, which have broad applicability for integrated assessments as these data and tools are publicly available. PMID:21078956</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10559E..0HL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10559E..0HL"><span>Indoor communications networks realized through hybrid free-space optical and Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> links</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liverman, Spencer; Wang, Qiwei; Chu, Yu-Chung; Borah, Anindita; Wang, Songtao; Natarajan, Arun; Nguyen, Thinh; Wang, Alan X.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Recently, free-space optical (FSO) networks have been investigated as <span class="hlt">a</span> potential replacement for traditional Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> networks due to their large bandwidth potentials. However, FSO networks often suffer from <span class="hlt">a</span> lack of mobility. We present <span class="hlt">a</span> hybrid free-space optical and radio frequency (RF) system that we have named WiFO, which seamlessly integrates free-space optical links with pre-existing Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> networks. The free-space optical link in this system utilizes infrared LEDs operating at <span class="hlt">a</span> wavelength of 850nm and is capable of transmitting 50Mbps over <span class="hlt">a</span> three-meter distance. In this hybrid system, optical transmitters are embedded periodically throughout the ceiling of <span class="hlt">a</span> workspace. Each transmitter directs an optical signal downward in <span class="hlt">a</span> diffuse light cone, establishing <span class="hlt">a</span> line of sight optical link. Line of sight communications links have an intrinsic physical layer of security due to the fact that <span class="hlt">a</span> user must be directly in the path of transmission to access the link; however, this feature also poses <span class="hlt">a</span> challenge for mobility. In our system, if the free-space optical link is interrupted, <span class="hlt">a</span> control algorithm redirects traffic over <span class="hlt">a</span> pre-existing Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> link ensuring uninterrupted transmissions. After data packets are received, acknowledgments are sent back to <span class="hlt">a</span> central access point via <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> link. As the demand for wireless bandwidth continues to increase exponentially, utilizing the unregulated bandwidth contained within optical spectrum will become necessary. Our fully functional hybrid free-space optical and Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> prototype system takes full advantage of the untapped bandwidth potential in the optical spectrum, while also maintaining the mobility inherent in Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> networks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24391717','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24391717"><span>Quantifying and valuing potential climate change impacts on coral reefs in the United States: comparison of two <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lane, Diana R; Ready, Richard C; Buddemeier, Robert W; Martinich, Jeremy A; Shouse, Kate Cardamone; Wobus, Cameron W</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The biological and economic values of coral reefs are highly vulnerable to increasing atmospheric and ocean carbon dioxide concentrations. We applied the COMBO simulation model (COral Mortality and Bleaching Output) to three major U.S. locations for shallow water reefs: South Florida, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. We compared estimates of future coral cover from 2000 to 2100 for <span class="hlt">a</span> "business as usual" (BAU) greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> with <span class="hlt">a</span> GHG mitigation policy <span class="hlt">scenario</span> involving full international participation in reducing GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. We also calculated the economic value of changes in coral cover using <span class="hlt">a</span> benefit transfer approach based on published studies of consumers' recreational values for snorkeling and diving on coral reefs as well as existence values for coral reefs. Our results suggest that <span class="hlt">a</span> reduced <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> would provide <span class="hlt">a</span> large benefit to shallow water reefs in Hawaii by delaying or avoiding potential future bleaching events. For Hawaii, reducing <span class="hlt">emissions</span> is projected to result in an estimated "avoided loss" from 2000 to 2100 of approximately $10.6 billion in recreational use values compared to <span class="hlt">a</span> BAU <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. However, reducing <span class="hlt">emissions</span> is projected to provide only <span class="hlt">a</span> minor economic benefit in Puerto Rico and South Florida, where sea-surface temperatures are already close to bleaching thresholds and coral cover is projected to drop well below 5% cover under both <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> by 2050, and below <span class="hlt">1</span>% cover under both <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> by 2100.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3876994','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3876994"><span>Quantifying and Valuing Potential Climate Change Impacts on Coral Reefs in the United States: Comparison of Two <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lane, Diana R.; Ready, Richard C.; Buddemeier, Robert W.; Martinich, Jeremy A.; Shouse, Kate Cardamone; Wobus, Cameron W.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The biological and economic values of coral reefs are highly vulnerable to increasing atmospheric and ocean carbon dioxide concentrations. We applied the COMBO simulation model (COral Mortality and Bleaching Output) to three major U.S. locations for shallow water reefs: South Florida, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. We compared estimates of future coral cover from 2000 to 2100 for <span class="hlt">a</span> “business as usual” (BAU) greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> with <span class="hlt">a</span> GHG mitigation policy <span class="hlt">scenario</span> involving full international participation in reducing GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. We also calculated the economic value of changes in coral cover using <span class="hlt">a</span> benefit transfer approach based on published studies of consumers' recreational values for snorkeling and diving on coral reefs as well as existence values for coral reefs. Our results suggest that <span class="hlt">a</span> reduced <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> would provide <span class="hlt">a</span> large benefit to shallow water reefs in Hawaii by delaying or avoiding potential future bleaching events. For Hawaii, reducing <span class="hlt">emissions</span> is projected to result in an estimated “avoided loss” from 2000 to 2100 of approximately $10.6 billion in recreational use values compared to <span class="hlt">a</span> BAU <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. However, reducing <span class="hlt">emissions</span> is projected to provide only <span class="hlt">a</span> minor economic benefit in Puerto Rico and South Florida, where sea-surface temperatures are already close to bleaching thresholds and coral cover is projected to drop well below 5% cover under both <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> by 2050, and below <span class="hlt">1</span>% cover under both <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> by 2100. PMID:24391717</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950007328&hterms=inventory&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dinventory','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950007328&hterms=inventory&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dinventory"><span>Three dimensional inventories of aircraft <span class="hlt">emissions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Baughcum, Steven L.; Henderson, Stephen C.; Hertel, Peter S.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Three dimensional inventories of fuel burned and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> (NO(x), CO, and hydrocarbons) have been developed on <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">1</span> deg latitude by <span class="hlt">1</span> deg longitude by <span class="hlt">1</span> km altitude grid for scheduled commercial air traffic (passenger jet, cargo, and turboprop aircraft) for 1990 and projected to the year 2015. <span class="hlt">Emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> have also been calculated for projected fleets of Mach 2 and Mach 2.4 high speed civil transports. The methodology and results are discussed. These <span class="hlt">emission</span> inventories are now in use in the assessment of aircraft <span class="hlt">emissions</span> impact by NASA.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhyEd..44..430.','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhyEd..44..430."><span>People Interview: Using sci-<span class="hlt">fi</span> to promote physics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-07-01</p> <p>INTERVIEW Using sci-<span class="hlt">fi</span> to promote physics Robert Flack, <span class="hlt">a</span> research fellow at University College London, talks to David Smith about science writing and the consequences for physicists of books like Angels and Demons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.5494S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.5494S"><span>HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> in China: An Inventory for 1995-2030</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Su, Shenshen; Fang, Xuekun; Wu, Jing; Li, Li; Hu, Jianxin; Han, Jiarui</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span> is the most important substitute of CFC-12 used in the mobile air-conditioner in China since 1995. The bottom-up method was used to estimate HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in China, from 1995 to 2030, basing on updated automobile industry data and latest <span class="hlt">emission</span> characters. From 1995, total HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">emission</span> has kept <span class="hlt">a</span> high growth rate of nearly 60% per year, and reached 16,414.3 Mg (11,959.4-20,834.5 Mg) in 2010, which was equivalent to 23.5 Mt CO2-eq <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Furthermore, the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in China accounted for nearly half of total <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of Non-AnnexI countries in 2008. As for provincial <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in 2010, provinces with <span class="hlt">emission</span> greater than <span class="hlt">1</span>,000 Mg are Guangdong, Shandong, Jiangsu and Beijing. Quantitative relationship between provincial HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and GRP of the Tertiary Industry was used to estimate HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">emissions</span> at county level, and Hangzhou municipal district held the maximum <span class="hlt">emission</span> intensity (4,605 Mg/10,000 km2). For HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span>, <span class="hlt">emissions</span> calculated from the observations within 46 cities through Euler box model are in good agreement with the corresponding <span class="hlt">emissions</span> estimated from the bottom-up method, verifying that the <span class="hlt">emission</span> inventory at county level adequately describes the <span class="hlt">emission</span> spatial pattern. For the future <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of HFC-134<span class="hlt">a</span>, projected <span class="hlt">emissions</span> will reach 89,370.4 Mg (65,959.7- 114,068.2 Mg) in 2030 under the Business-as-usual (BAU) <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>, but under the Alternative <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>, <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction potential of 88.6% of the projected BAU <span class="hlt">emissions</span> would be obtained.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.132...30W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.132...30W"><span>Historical and projected <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of HCFC-22 and HFC-410<span class="hlt">A</span> from China's room air conditioning sector</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Ziyuan; Fang, Xuekun; Li, Li; Bie, Pengju; Li, Zhifang; Hu, Jianxin; Zhang, Boya; Zhang, Jianbo</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Recent decades witnessed the increase in production and uses of HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane, CHClF2) and its alternative, HFC-410<span class="hlt">A</span> (<span class="hlt">a</span> blend of difluoromethane and pentafluoroethane), in China in response to the booming of room air conditioners (RACs) for both domestic use and exports. HCFC-22 is an ozone-depleting substance under the Montreal Protocol, while both HCFC-22 and HFC-410<span class="hlt">A</span> are greenhouse gases (GHGs). This study provides <span class="hlt">a</span> most comprehensive consumption and <span class="hlt">emission</span> inventory of refrigerants <span class="hlt">emissions</span> (HCFC-22 and HFC-410<span class="hlt">A</span>) from RAC sector during 1995-2014, for the first time. Our estimates show that HCFC-22 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> increased from 0.7 Gg/yr in 1995 to 48.2 Gg/yr in 2014. The accumulative <span class="hlt">emissions</span> contributed to global total HCFCs <span class="hlt">emissions</span> by 4.4% (3.3%-6.<span class="hlt">1</span>%) CFC-11-equivalent (CFC-11-eq) and 5.4% (4.<span class="hlt">1</span>%-7.5%) CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) during 1995-2012. If left uncontrolled, accumulative <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of HFC-410<span class="hlt">A</span> will be12.4 (7.<span class="hlt">1</span>-20.2) CO2-eq Pg during 2015-2050, which can offset the global climate benefits achieved by the Montreal Protocol. The HFC-410<span class="hlt">A</span> <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from China's RAC sector are estimated to be of importance to both global HFCs <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and China's GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Further, we probed the <span class="hlt">emission</span> mitigation performances of the current 2014 North American Proposal <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and <span class="hlt">a</span> modified more ambitious <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. The <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of two mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are only 28% and 22% of the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> without mitigation actions, respectively. This study is the first effort to map the transition of eliminated substance HCFC-22 and its alternative HFC-410<span class="hlt">A</span> in RAC sector. Therefore, alternative chemicals should be scrutinized with cautions before they are promoted and applied.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26901663','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26901663"><span>Inferring Stop-Locations from Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wind, David Kofoed; Sapiezynski, Piotr; Furman, Magdalena Anna; Lehmann, Sune</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Human mobility patterns are inherently complex. In terms of understanding these patterns, the process of converting raw data into series of stop-locations and transitions is an important first step which greatly reduces the volume of data, thus simplifying the subsequent analyses. Previous research into the mobility of individuals has focused on inferring 'stop locations' (places of stationarity) from GPS or CDR data, or on detection of state (static/active). In this paper we bridge the gap between the two approaches: we introduce methods for detecting both mobility state and stop-locations. In addition, our methods are based exclusively on Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> data. We study two months of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> data collected every two minutes by <span class="hlt">a</span> smartphone, and infer stop-locations in the form of labelled time-intervals. For this purpose, we investigate two algorithms, both of which scale to large datasets: <span class="hlt">a</span> greedy approach to select the most important routers and one which uses <span class="hlt">a</span> density-based clustering algorithm to detect router fingerprints. We validate our results using participants' GPS data as well as ground truth data collected during <span class="hlt">a</span> two month period.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4763164','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4763164"><span>Inferring Stop-Locations from Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wind, David Kofoed; Sapiezynski, Piotr; Furman, Magdalena Anna; Lehmann, Sune</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Human mobility patterns are inherently complex. In terms of understanding these patterns, the process of converting raw data into series of stop-locations and transitions is an important first step which greatly reduces the volume of data, thus simplifying the subsequent analyses. Previous research into the mobility of individuals has focused on inferring ‘stop locations’ (places of stationarity) from GPS or CDR data, or on detection of state (static/active). In this paper we bridge the gap between the two approaches: we introduce methods for detecting both mobility state and stop-locations. In addition, our methods are based exclusively on Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> data. We study two months of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> data collected every two minutes by <span class="hlt">a</span> smartphone, and infer stop-locations in the form of labelled time-intervals. For this purpose, we investigate two algorithms, both of which scale to large datasets: <span class="hlt">a</span> greedy approach to select the most important routers and one which uses <span class="hlt">a</span> density-based clustering algorithm to detect router fingerprints. We validate our results using participants’ GPS data as well as ground truth data collected during <span class="hlt">a</span> two month period. PMID:26901663</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4610440','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4610440"><span>Received Signal Strength Database Interpolation by Kriging for <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Indoor Positioning System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jan, Shau-Shiun; Yeh, Shuo-Ju; Liu, Ya-Wen</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The main approach for <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning system is based on the received signal strength (RSS) measurements, and the fingerprinting method is utilized to determine the user position by matching the RSS values with the pre-surveyed RSS database. To build <span class="hlt">a</span> RSS fingerprint database is essential for an RSS based indoor positioning system, and building such <span class="hlt">a</span> RSS fingerprint database requires lots of time and effort. As the range of the indoor environment becomes larger, labor is increased. To provide better indoor positioning services and to reduce the labor required for the establishment of the positioning system at the same time, an indoor positioning system with an appropriate spatial interpolation method is needed. In addition, the advantage of the RSS approach is that the signal strength decays as the transmission distance increases, and this signal propagation characteristic is applied to an interpolated database with the Kriging algorithm in this paper. Using the distribution of reference points (RPs) at measured points, the signal propagation model of the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> access point (AP) in the building can be built and expressed as <span class="hlt">a</span> function. The function, as the spatial structure of the environment, can create the RSS database quickly in different indoor environments. Thus, in this paper, <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning system based on the Kriging fingerprinting method is developed. As shown in the experiment results, with <span class="hlt">a</span> 72.2% probability, the error of the extended RSS database with Kriging is less than 3 dBm compared to the surveyed RSS database. Importantly, the positioning error of the developed Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> indoor positioning system with Kriging is reduced by 17.9% in average than that without Kriging. PMID:26343673</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.2290S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.2290S"><span>Aerosol effect on climate extremes in Europe under different future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sillmann, J.; Pozzoli, L.; Vignati, E.; Kloster, S.; Feichter, J.</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>This study investigates changes in extreme temperature and precipitation events under different future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of anthropogenic aerosol <span class="hlt">emissions</span> (i.e., SO2 and black and organic carbon) simulated with an aerosol-climate model (ECHAM5-HAM) with focus on Europe. The simulations include <span class="hlt">a</span> maximum feasible aerosol reduction (MFR) <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and <span class="hlt">a</span> current legislation <span class="hlt">emission</span> (CLEmod) <span class="hlt">scenario</span> where Europe implements the MFR <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, but the rest of the world follows the current legislation <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and <span class="hlt">a</span> greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. The strongest changes relative to the year 2000 are projected for the MFR <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, in which the global aerosol reduction greatly enforces the general warming effect due to greenhouse gases and results in significant increases of temperature and precipitation extremes in Europe. Regional warming effects can also be identified from aerosol reductions under the CLEmodscenario. This becomes most obvious in the increase of the hottest summer daytime temperatures in Northern Europe.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.A31B0061C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.A31B0061C"><span>The Effect of Converting to <span class="hlt">a</span> U.S. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Fleet on <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> and Energy Use</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Colella, W. G.; Jacobson, M. Z.; Golden, D. M.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>This study analyzes the potential change in <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and energy use from replacing fossil-fuel based vehicles with hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. This study examines three different hydrogen production <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> to determine their resultant <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and energy usage: hydrogen produced via <span class="hlt">1</span>) steam reforming of methane, 2) coal gasification, or 3) wind electrolysis. The atmospheric model simulations require two primary sets of data: the actual <span class="hlt">emissions</span> associated with hydrogen fuel production and use, and the corresponding reduction in <span class="hlt">emissions</span> associated with reducing fossil fuel use. The net change in <span class="hlt">emissions</span> is derived using <span class="hlt">1</span>) the U.S. EPA's National <span class="hlt">Emission</span> Inventory (NEI) that incorporates several hundred categories of on-road vehicles and 2) <span class="hlt">a</span> Process Chain Analysis (PCA) for the different hydrogen production <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. NEI: The quantity of hydrogen-related <span class="hlt">emission</span> is ultimately <span class="hlt">a</span> function of the projected hydrogen consumption in on-road vehicles. Data for hydrogen consumption from on-road vehicles was derived from the number of miles driven in each U.S. county based on 1999 NEI data, the average fleet mileage of all on-road vehicles, the average gasoline vehicle efficiency, and the efficiency of advanced 2004 fuel cell vehicles. PCA: PCA involves energy and mass balance calculations around the fuel extraction, production, transport, storage, and delivery processes. PCA was used to examine three different hydrogen production <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: In the first <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, hydrogen is derived from natural gas, which is extracted from gas fields, stored, chemically processed, and transmitted through pipelines to distributed fuel processing units. The fuel processing units, situated in similar locations as gasoline refueling stations, convert natural gas to hydrogen via <span class="hlt">a</span> combination of steam reforming and fuel oxidation. Purified hydrogen is compressed for use onboard fuel cell vehicles. In the second <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, hydrogen is derived from coal, which is extracted from</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B32C..07H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.B32C..07H"><span>Forest carbon response to management <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> intended to mitigate GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and reduce fire impacts in the US West Coast region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hudiburg, T. W.; Law, B. E.; Thornton, P. E.; Luyssaert, S.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>US West coast forests are among the most carbon dense biomes in the world and the potential for biomass accumulation in mesic coastal forests is the highest recorded (Waring and Franklin 1979, Hudiburg et al. 2009). Greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategies have recently expanded to include forest woody biomass as bioenergy, with the expectation that this will also reduce forest mortality. We examined forest carbon response and life cycle assessment (LCA) of net carbon <span class="hlt">emissions</span> following varying combinations of bioenergy management <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in Pacific Northwest forests for the period from 2010-2100. We use the NCAR CLM4 model combined with <span class="hlt">a</span> regional atmospheric forcing dataset and account for future environmental change using the IPCC RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5 <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Bioenergy management strategies include <span class="hlt">a</span> repeated thinning harvest, <span class="hlt">a</span> repeated clearcut harvest, and <span class="hlt">a</span> single salvage harvest in areas with projected insect-related mortality. None of the bioenergy management <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> reduce net <span class="hlt">emissions</span> to the atmosphere compared to continued business-as-usual harvest (BAU) by the end of the 21st century. Forest regrowth and reduced fire <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are not large enough to balance the wood removals from harvest. Moreover, the substitution of wood for fossil fuel energy and products is not large enough to offset the wood losses through decomposition and combustion. However, in some ecoregions (Blue Mountains and East Cascades), <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from the thinning harvests begin to improve over BAU at the end of the century and could lead to net reductions in those ecoregions over <span class="hlt">a</span> longer time period (> 100 years). For salvage logging, there is no change compared to BAU <span class="hlt">emissions</span> by the end of the 21st century because the treatment area is minimal compared to the other treatments and only performed once. These results suggest that managing forests for carbon sequestration will need to include <span class="hlt">a</span> variety of approaches accounting for forest baseline conditions and in some</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1610863K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1610863K"><span>Climate mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of drained peat soils</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kasimir Klemedtsson, Åsa; Coria, Jessica; He, Hongxing; Liu, Xiangping; Nordén, Anna</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The national inventory reports (NIR) submitted to the UNFCCC show Sweden - which as many other countries has wetlands where parts have been drained for agriculture and forestry purposes, - to annually emit 12 million tonnes carbon dioxide equivalents, which is more GHG'es than industrial energy use release in Sweden. Similar conditions can be found in other northern countries, having cool and wet conditions, naturally promoting peat accumulation, and where land use management over the last centuries have promoted draining activities. These drained peatland, though covering only 2% of the land area, have <span class="hlt">emissions</span> corresponding to 20% of the total reported NIR <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. This substantial <span class="hlt">emission</span> contribution, however, is hidden within the Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry sector (LULUCF) where the forest Carbon uptake is even larger, which causes the peat soil <span class="hlt">emissions</span> become invisible. The only drained soil <span class="hlt">emission</span> accounted in the Swedish Kyoto reporting is the N2O <span class="hlt">emission</span> from agricultural drained organic soils of the size 0.5 million tonnes CO2e yr-<span class="hlt">1</span>. This lack of visibility has made incentives for land use change and management neither implemented nor suggested, however with large potential. Rewetting has the potential to decrease soil mineralization, why CO2 and N2O <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are mitigated. However if the soil becomes very wet CH4 <span class="hlt">emission</span> will increase together with hampered plant growth. By ecological modeling, using the CoupModel the climate change mitigation potential have been estimated for four different land use <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>; <span class="hlt">1</span>, Drained peat soil with Spruce (business as usual <span class="hlt">scenario</span>), 2, raised ground water level to 20 cm depth and Willow plantation, 3, raised ground water level to 10 cm depth and Reed Canary Grass, and 4, rewetting to an average water level in the soil surface with recolonizing wetland plants and mosses. We calculate the volume of biomass production per year, peat decomposition, N2O <span class="hlt">emission</span> together with nitrate and DOC</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AJ....151...35L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AJ....151...35L"><span>Optical Spectroscopy of SDSS J004054.65-0915268: Three Possible <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> for the Classification. <span class="hlt">A</span> z ˜ 5 BL Lacertae, <span class="hlt">a</span> Blue FSRQ, or <span class="hlt">a</span> Weak <span class="hlt">Emission</span> Line Quasar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Landoni, M.; Zanutta, A.; Bianco, A.; Tavecchio, F.; Bonnoli, G.; Ghisellini, G.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>The haunt of high-redshift BL Lacerate objects is day by day more compelling to firmly understand their intrinsic nature and evolution. SDSS J004054.65-0915268 is, at the moment, one of the most distant BL Lac candidates, at z ˜ 5. We present <span class="hlt">a</span> new optical-near-IR spectrum obtained with ALFOSC-NOT with <span class="hlt">a</span> new, custom designed dispersive grating aimed to detect broad <span class="hlt">emission</span> lines that could disprove this classification. In the obtained spectra, we do not detect any <span class="hlt">emission</span> features and we provide an upper limit to the luminosity of the C IV broad <span class="hlt">emission</span> line. Therefore, the nature of the object is then discussed, building the overall spectral energy distribution (SED) and fitting it with three different models. Our fits, based on SED modeling with different possible <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, cannot rule out the possibility that this source is indeed <span class="hlt">a</span> BL Lac object, though the absence of optical variability and the lack of strong radio flux seem to suggest that the observed optical <span class="hlt">emission</span> originates from <span class="hlt">a</span> thermalized accretion disk.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9772E..0PL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9772E..0PL"><span>Integrating free-space optical communication links with existing Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> (WiFO) network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liverman, S.; Wang, Q.; Chu, Y.; Duong, T.; Nguyen-Huu, D.; Wang, S.; Nguyen, T.; Wang, A. X.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Recently, free-space optical (FSO) systems have generated great interest due to their large bandwidth potential and <span class="hlt">a</span> line-of-sight physical layer of protection. In this paper, we propose WiFO, <span class="hlt">a</span> novel hybrid system, FSO downlink and Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> uplink, which will integrate currently available Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> infrastructure with inexpensive infrared light emitting diodes. This system takes full advantage of the mobility inherent in Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> networks while increasing the downlink bandwidth available to each end user. We report the results of our preliminary investigation that show the capabilities of our prototype design in terms of bandwidth, bit error rates, delays and transmission distances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ERL.....3.5012O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ERL.....3.5012O"><span>EDITORIAL: Where next with global environmental <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>? Where next with global environmental <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>O'Neill, Brian; Pulver, Simone; Van Deveer, Stacy; Garb, Yaakov</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p> facing environmental change processes that are emerging as some of the most pressing challenges of our time. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Global Environment Program at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University and the US Environmental Protection Agency for financially supporting publication of this focus issue. Focus on Global Environmental <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> Contents Predicting, deciding, learning: can one evaluate the 'success' of national climate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>? Mike Hulme and Suraje Dessai Learning from global <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> Brian C O'Neill and Nebojsa Nakicenovic <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> in society, society in <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: toward <span class="hlt">a</span> social scientific analysis of storyline-driven environmental modeling Yaakov Garb, Simone Pulver and Stacy D VanDeveer Useful global-change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: current issues and challenges E <span class="hlt">A</span> Parson Evolving practices in environmental <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: <span class="hlt">a</span> new <span class="hlt">scenario</span> typology Angela Wilkinson and Esther Eidinow Notes Note<span class="hlt">1</span> The workshop was held in March 2007, jointly sponsored by the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Austria, and the US National Intelligence Council. See http://www.watsoninstitute.org/ge/<span class="hlt">scenarios</span>/ for more information.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21584868-modeling-hard-tev-spectra-blazars-internal-absorption-scenario','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21584868-modeling-hard-tev-spectra-blazars-internal-absorption-scenario"><span>MODELING THE HARD TeV SPECTRA OF BLAZARS <span class="hlt">1</span>ES 0229+200 AND 3C 66<span class="hlt">A</span> WITH AN INTERNAL ABSORPTION <span class="hlt">SCENARIO</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zacharopoulou, O.; Aharonian, F. A.; Khangulyan, D.</p> <p>2011-09-10</p> <p>We study the applicability of the idea of internal absorption of {gamma}-rays produced through synchrotron radiation of ultrarelativistic protons in highly magnetized blobs to <span class="hlt">1</span>ES 0229+200 and 3C 66<span class="hlt">A</span>, the two TeV blazars which show unusually hard intrinsic {gamma}-ray spectra after being corrected for the intergalactic absorption. We show that for certain combinations of reasonable model parameters, even with quite modest energy requirements, the <span class="hlt">scenario</span> allows <span class="hlt">a</span> self-consistent explanation of the non-thermal <span class="hlt">emission</span> of these objects in the keV, GeV, and TeV energy bands.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25025127','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25025127"><span>Environmental implications of United States coal exports: <span class="hlt">a</span> comparative life cycle assessment of future power system <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bohnengel, Barrett; Patiño-Echeverri, Dalia; Bergerson, Joule</p> <p>2014-08-19</p> <p>Stricter <span class="hlt">emissions</span> requirements on coal-fired power plants together with low natural gas prices have contributed to <span class="hlt">a</span> recent decline in the use of coal for electricity generation in the United States. Faced with <span class="hlt">a</span> shrinking domestic market, many coal companies are taking advantage of <span class="hlt">a</span> growing coal export market. As <span class="hlt">a</span> result, U.S. coal exports hit an all-time high in 2012, fueled largely by demand in Asia. This paper presents <span class="hlt">a</span> comparative life cycle assessment of two <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: <span class="hlt">a</span> baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span> in which coal continues to be burned domestically for power generation, and an export <span class="hlt">scenario</span> in which coal is exported to Asia. For the coal export <span class="hlt">scenario</span> we focus on the Morrow Pacific export project being planned in Oregon by Ambre Energy that would ship 8.8 million tons of Powder River Basin (PRB) coal annually to Asian markets via rail, river barge, and ocean vessel. Air <span class="hlt">emissions</span> (SOx, NOx, PM10 and CO2e) results assuming that the exported coal is burned for electricity generation in South Korea are compared to those of <span class="hlt">a</span> business as usual case in which Oregon and Washington's coal plants, Boardman and Centralia, are retrofitted to comply with EPA <span class="hlt">emissions</span> standards and continue their coal consumption. Findings show that although the environmental impacts of shipping PRB coal to Asia are significant, the combination of superior energy efficiency among newer South Korean coal-fired power plants and lower <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from U.S. replacement of coal with natural gas could lead to <span class="hlt">a</span> greenhouse gas reduction of 21% in the case that imported PRB coal replaces other coal sources in this Asian country. If instead PRB coal were to replace natural gas or nuclear generation in South Korea, greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> per unit of electricity generated would increase. Results are similar for other air <span class="hlt">emissions</span> such as SOx, NOx and PM. This study provides <span class="hlt">a</span> framework for comparing energy export <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and highlights the importance of complete life cycle assessment in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmEn.150..389H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmEn.150..389H"><span><span class="hlt">Emissions</span> of indoor air pollutants from six user <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in <span class="hlt">a</span> model room</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Höllbacher, Eva; Ters, Thomas; Rieder-Gradinger, Cornelia; Srebotnik, Ewald</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>In this study six common user <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> putatively influencing indoor air quality were performed in <span class="hlt">a</span> model room constructed according to the specifications of the European Reference Room given in the new horizontal prestandard prEN 16516 to gain further information about the influence of user activities on indoor air quality. These <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> included the use of cleaning agent, an electric air freshener, an ethanol fireplace and cosmetics as well as cigarette smoking and peeling of oranges. Four common indoor air pollutants were monitored: volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), carbonyl compounds and CO2. The development of all pollutants was determined during and after the test performance. For each measured pollutant, well-defined maximum values could be assigned to one or more of the individual user <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. The highest VOC concentration was measured during orange-peeling reaching <span class="hlt">a</span> maximum value of 3547 μg m-3. Carbonyl compounds and PM were strongly elevated while cigarette smoking. Here, <span class="hlt">a</span> maximum formaldehyde concentration of 76 μg m-3 and PM concentration of 378 μg m-3 were measured. CO2 was only slightly affected by most of the tests except the use of the ethanol fireplace where <span class="hlt">a</span> maximum concentration of 1612 ppm was reached. Generally, the user <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> resulted in <span class="hlt">a</span> distinct increase of several indoor pollutants that usually decreased rapidly after the removal of the source.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19244985','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19244985"><span>U.S. ozone air quality under changing climate and anthropogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Racherla, Pavan N; Adams, Peter J</p> <p>2009-02-01</p> <p>We examined future ozone (O3) air quality in the United States (U.S.) under changing climate and anthropogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> worldwide by performing global climate-chemistry simulations, utilizing various combinations of present (1990s) and future (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> (SRES) <span class="hlt">A</span>2 2050s) climates, and present and future (2050s; IPCC SRES <span class="hlt">A</span>2 and B<span class="hlt">1</span>) anthropogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. The <span class="hlt">A</span>2 climate <span class="hlt">scenario</span> is employed here because it lies at the upper extreme of projected climate change for the 21st century. To examine the sensitivity of U.S. O3 to regional <span class="hlt">emissions</span> increases (decreases), the IPCC SRES <span class="hlt">A</span>2 and B<span class="hlt">1</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, which have overall higher and lower O3-precursor <span class="hlt">emissions</span> for the U.S., respectively, have been chosen. We find that climate change, by itself, significantly worsens the severity and frequency of high-O3 events ("episodes") over most locations in the U.S., with relatively small changes in average O3 air quality. These high-O3 increases due to climate change alone will erode moderately the gains made under <span class="hlt">a</span> U.S. <span class="hlt">emissions</span> reduction <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (e.g., B<span class="hlt">1</span>). The effect of climate change on high- and average-O3 increases with anthropogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Insofar as average O3 air quality is concerned, changes in U.S. anthropogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> will play the most important role in attaining (or not) near-term U.S. O3 air quality standards. However, policy makers must plan appropriately for O3 background increases due to projected increases in global CH4 abundance and non-U.S. anthropogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, as well as potential local enhancements that they could cause. These findings provide strong incentives for more-than-planned <span class="hlt">emissions</span> reductions at locations that are currently O3-nonattainment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wi+AND+fi&id=EJ1111800','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wi+AND+fi&id=EJ1111800"><span>Enhancing Teaching and Learning Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Networking Using Limited Resources to Undergraduates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sarkar, Nurul I.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Motivating students to learn Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> (wireless fidelity) wireless networking to undergraduate students is often difficult because many students find the subject rather technical and abstract when presented in traditional lecture format. This paper focuses on the teaching and learning aspects of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> networking using limited hardware resources. It…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201266','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201266"><span>Determination of Hg(2+) by on-line separation and pre-concentration with atmospheric-pressure solution-cathode glow discharge atomic <span class="hlt">emission</span> spectrometry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Qing; Zhang, Zhen; Wang, Zheng</p> <p>2014-10-03</p> <p><span class="hlt">A</span> simple and sensitive method to determine Hg(2+) was developed by combining solution-cathode glow discharge atomic <span class="hlt">emission</span> spectrometry (SCGD-AES) with flow injection (<span class="hlt">FI</span>) based on on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE). We synthesized l-cysteine-modified mesoporous silica and packed it in an SPE microcolumn, which was experimentally determined to possess <span class="hlt">a</span> good mercury adsorption capacity. An enrichment factor of 42 was achieved under optimized Hg(2+) elution conditions, namely, an <span class="hlt">FI</span> flow rate of 2.0 mL min(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) and an eluent comprised of 10% thiourea in 0.2 mol L(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) HNO3. The detection limit of <span class="hlt">FI</span>-SCGD-AES was determined to be 0.75 μg L(-<span class="hlt">1</span>), and the precision of the 11 replicate Hg(2+) measurements was 0.86% at <span class="hlt">a</span> concentration of 100 μg L(-<span class="hlt">1</span>). The proposed method was validated by determining Hg(2+) in certified reference materials such as human hair (GBW09101b) and stream sediment (GBW07310). Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544720.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544720.pdf"><span>Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> in Schools, Electromagnetic Fields and Cell Phones: Alberta Health Fact Sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Alberta Education, 2012</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Wireless devices and the networks that support them are becoming more common in Alberta schools. Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> is <span class="hlt">a</span> wireless networking technology that allows computers and other devices to communicate over <span class="hlt">a</span> wireless signal. Typically the signal is carried by radio waves over an area of up to 100 meters. Through the implementation of <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> network,…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1214885-accounting-radiative-forcing-from-albedo-change-future-global-land-use-scenarios','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1214885-accounting-radiative-forcing-from-albedo-change-future-global-land-use-scenarios"><span>Accounting for radiative forcing from albedo change in future global land-use <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jones, Andrew D.; Calvin, Katherine V.; Collins, William D.</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>We demonstrate the effectiveness of <span class="hlt">a</span> new method for quantifying radiative forcing from land use and land cover change (LULCC) within an integrated assessment model, the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM). The method relies on geographically differentiated estimates of radiative forcing from albedo change associated with major land cover transitions derived from the Community Earth System Model. We find that conversion of <span class="hlt">1</span> km² of woody vegetation (forest and shrublands) to non-woody vegetation (crops and grassland) yields between 0 and –0.71 nW/m² of globally averaged radiative forcing determined by the vegetation characteristics, snow dynamics, and atmospheric radiation environment characteristic withinmore » each of 151 regions we consider globally. Across <span class="hlt">a</span> set of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> designed to span <span class="hlt">a</span> range of potential future LULCC, we find LULCC forcing ranging from –0.06 to –0.29 W/m² by 2070 depending on assumptions regarding future crop yield growth and whether climate policy favors afforestation or bioenergy crops. Inclusion of this previously uncounted forcing in the policy targets driving future climate mitigation efforts leads to changes in fossil fuel <span class="hlt">emissions</span> on the order of <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 PgC/yr by 2070 for <span class="hlt">a</span> climate forcing limit of 4.5 Wm –2, corresponding to <span class="hlt">a</span> 12–67 % change in fossil fuel <span class="hlt">emissions</span> depending on the <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> with significant afforestation must compensate for albedo-induced warming through additional <span class="hlt">emissions</span> reductions, and <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> with significant deforestation need not mitigate as aggressively due to albedo-induced cooling. In all <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> considered, inclusion of albedo forcing in policy targets increases forest and shrub cover globally.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26927126','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26927126"><span>Exploitation of Ubiquitous Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Devices as Building Blocks for Improvised Motion Detection Systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Soldovieri, Francesco; Gennarelli, Gianluca</p> <p>2016-02-27</p> <p>This article deals with <span class="hlt">a</span> feasibility study on the detection of human movements in indoor <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> based on radio signal strength variations. The sensing principle exploits the fact that the human body interacts with wireless signals, introducing variations of the radiowave fields due to shadowing and multipath phenomena. As <span class="hlt">a</span> result, human motion can be inferred from fluctuations of radiowave power collected by <span class="hlt">a</span> receiving terminal. In this paper, we investigate the potentialities of widely available wireless communication devices in order to develop an improvised motion detection system (IMDS). Experimental tests are performed in an indoor environment by using <span class="hlt">a</span> smartphone as <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> access point and <span class="hlt">a</span> laptop with dedicated software as <span class="hlt">a</span> receiver. Simple detection strategies tailored for real-time operation are implemented to process the received signal strength measurements. The achieved results confirm the potentialities of the simple system here proposed to reliably detect human motion in operational conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22521592-flash-spectroscopy-emission-lines-from-ionized-circumstellar-material-around-day-old-type-ii-supernovae','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22521592-flash-spectroscopy-emission-lines-from-ionized-circumstellar-material-around-day-old-type-ii-supernovae"><span>FLASH SPECTROSCOPY: <span class="hlt">EMISSION</span> LINES FROM THE IONIZED CIRCUMSTELLAR MATERIAL AROUND <10-DAY-OLD TYPE II SUPERNOVAE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Khazov, D.; Yaron, O.; Gal-Yam, A.</p> <p></p> <p>Supernovae (SNe) embedded in dense circumstellar material (CSM) may show prominent <span class="hlt">emission</span> lines in their early-time spectra (≤10 days after the explosion), owing to recombination of the CSM ionized by the shock-breakout flash. From such spectra (“flash spectroscopy”), we can measure various physical properties of the CSM, as well as the mass-loss rate of the progenitor during the year prior to its explosion. Searching through the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF and iPTF) SN spectroscopy databases from 2009 through 2014, we found 12 SNe II showing flash-ionized (<span class="hlt">FI</span>) signatures in their first spectra. All are younger than 10 days. These eventsmore » constitute 14% of all 84 SNe in our sample having <span class="hlt">a</span> spectrum within 10 days from explosion, and 18% of SNe II observed at ages <5 days, thereby setting lower limits on the fraction of <span class="hlt">FI</span> events. We classified as “blue/featureless” (BF) those events having <span class="hlt">a</span> first spectrum that is similar to that of <span class="hlt">a</span> blackbody, without any <span class="hlt">emission</span> or absorption signatures. It is possible that some BF events had <span class="hlt">FI</span> signatures at an earlier phase than observed, or that they lack dense CSM around the progenitor. Within 2 days after explosion, 8 out of 11 SNe in our sample are either BF events or show <span class="hlt">FI</span> signatures. Interestingly, we found that 19 out of 21 SNe brighter than an absolute magnitude M{sub R} = −18.2 belong to the <span class="hlt">FI</span> or BF groups, and that all <span class="hlt">FI</span> events peaked above M{sub R} = −17.6 mag, significantly brighter than average SNe II.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1329868-flash-spectroscopy-emission-lines-from-ionized-circumstellar-material-around-lt-day-old-type-ii-supernovae','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1329868-flash-spectroscopy-emission-lines-from-ionized-circumstellar-material-around-lt-day-old-type-ii-supernovae"><span>Flash Spectroscopy: <span class="hlt">Emission</span> Lines from the Ionized Circumstellar Material Around <10-Day-Old Type II Supernovae</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Khazov, Daniel; Yaron, O.; Gal-Yam, A.; ...</p> <p>2016-02-02</p> <p>Supernovae (SNe) embedded in dense circumstellar material (CSM) may show prominent <span class="hlt">emission</span> lines in their early-time spectra (≤10 days after the explosion), owing to recombination of the CSM ionized by the shock-breakout flash. From such spectra ("flash spectroscopy"), we can measure various physical properties of the CSM, as well as the mass-loss rate of the progenitor during the year prior to its explosion. In this paper, by searching through the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF and iPTF) SN spectroscopy databases from 2009 through 2014, we found 12 SNe II showing flash-ionized (<span class="hlt">FI</span>) signatures in their first spectra. All are younger thanmore » 10 days. These events constitute 14% of all 84 SNe in our sample having <span class="hlt">a</span> spectrum within 10 days from explosion, and 18% of SNe II observed at ages <5 days, thereby setting lower limits on the fraction of <span class="hlt">FI</span> events. We classified as "blue/featureless" (BF) those events having <span class="hlt">a</span> first spectrum that is similar to that of <span class="hlt">a</span> blackbody, without any <span class="hlt">emission</span> or absorption signatures. It is possible that some BF events had <span class="hlt">FI</span> signatures at an earlier phase than observed, or that they lack dense CSM around the progenitor. Within 2 days after explosion, 8 out of 11 SNe in our sample are either BF events or show <span class="hlt">FI</span> signatures. Finally and interestingly, we found that 19 out of 21 SNe brighter than an absolute magnitude M R = -18.2 belong to the <span class="hlt">FI</span> or BF groups, and that all <span class="hlt">FI</span> events peaked above M R = -17.6 mag, significantly brighter than average SNe II.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1329868','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1329868"><span>Flash Spectroscopy: <span class="hlt">Emission</span> Lines from the Ionized Circumstellar Material Around <10-Day-Old Type II Supernovae</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Khazov, Daniel; Yaron, O.; Gal-Yam, A.</p> <p></p> <p>Supernovae (SNe) embedded in dense circumstellar material (CSM) may show prominent <span class="hlt">emission</span> lines in their early-time spectra (≤10 days after the explosion), owing to recombination of the CSM ionized by the shock-breakout flash. From such spectra ("flash spectroscopy"), we can measure various physical properties of the CSM, as well as the mass-loss rate of the progenitor during the year prior to its explosion. In this paper, by searching through the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF and iPTF) SN spectroscopy databases from 2009 through 2014, we found 12 SNe II showing flash-ionized (<span class="hlt">FI</span>) signatures in their first spectra. All are younger thanmore » 10 days. These events constitute 14% of all 84 SNe in our sample having <span class="hlt">a</span> spectrum within 10 days from explosion, and 18% of SNe II observed at ages <5 days, thereby setting lower limits on the fraction of <span class="hlt">FI</span> events. We classified as "blue/featureless" (BF) those events having <span class="hlt">a</span> first spectrum that is similar to that of <span class="hlt">a</span> blackbody, without any <span class="hlt">emission</span> or absorption signatures. It is possible that some BF events had <span class="hlt">FI</span> signatures at an earlier phase than observed, or that they lack dense CSM around the progenitor. Within 2 days after explosion, 8 out of 11 SNe in our sample are either BF events or show <span class="hlt">FI</span> signatures. Finally and interestingly, we found that 19 out of 21 SNe brighter than an absolute magnitude M R = -18.2 belong to the <span class="hlt">FI</span> or BF groups, and that all <span class="hlt">FI</span> events peaked above M R = -17.6 mag, significantly brighter than average SNe II.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC53B0883K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC53B0883K"><span>Permafrost thaw strongly reduces allowable CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> for <span class="hlt">1</span>.5°C and 2°C</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kechiar, M.; Gasser, T.; Kleinen, T.; Ciais, P.; Huang, Y.; Burke, E.; Obersteiner, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We quantify how the inclusion of carbon <span class="hlt">emission</span> from permafrost thaw impacts the budgets of allowable anthropogenic CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. We use the compact Earth system model OSCAR v2.2 which we expand with <span class="hlt">a</span> permafrost module calibrated to emulate the behavior of the complex models JSBACH, ORCHIDEE and JULES. When using the "exceedance" method and with permafrost thaw turned off, we find budgets very close to the CMIP5 models' estimates reported by IPCC. With permafrost thaw turned on, the total budgets are reduced by 3-4%. This corresponds to <span class="hlt">a</span> 33-45% reduction of the remaining budget for <span class="hlt">1</span>.5°C, and <span class="hlt">a</span> 9-13% reduction for 2°C. When using the "avoidance" method, however, permafrost thaw reduces the total budget by 3-7%, which corresponds to reductions by 33-56% and 56-79% of the remaining budget for <span class="hlt">1</span>.5°C and 2°C, respectively. The avoidance method relies on many <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> that actually peak below the target whereas the exceedance method overlooks the carbon emitted by thawed permafrost after the temperature target is reached, which explains the difference. If we use only the subset of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in which there is no net negative <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, the permafrost-induced reduction in total budgets rises to 6-15%. Permafrost thaw therefore makes the <span class="hlt">emission</span> budgets strongly path-dependent. We also estimate budgets of needed carbon capture in <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> overshooting the temperature targets. Permafrost thaw strongly increases these capture budgets: in the case of <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">1</span>.5°C target overshot by 0.5°C, which is in line with the Paris agreement, about 30% more carbon must be captured. Our conclusions are threefold. First, inclusion of permafrost thaw systematically reduces the <span class="hlt">emission</span> budgets, and very strongly so if the temperature target is overshot. Second, the exceedance method, that is the only one that complex models can follow, only partially accounts for the effect of slow non-linear processes such as permafrost thaw, leading to overestimated budgets. Third, the newfound</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24018116','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24018116"><span>Greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> during MSW landfilling in China: influence of waste characteristics and LFG treatment measures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yang, Na; Zhang, Hua; Shao, Li-Ming; Lü, Fan; He, Pin-Jing</p> <p>2013-11-15</p> <p>Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment can be highly cost-effective in terms of GHG mitigation. This study investigated GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> during MSW landfilling in China under four existing <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and in terms of seven different categories: waste collection and transportation, landfill management, leachate treatment, fugitive CH4 (FM) <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, substitution of electricity production, carbon sequestration and N2O and CO <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from simple sanitary landfilling technology where no landfill gas (LFG) extraction took place (<span class="hlt">Scenario</span> <span class="hlt">1</span>) were higher (641-998 kg CO2-eq·t(-<span class="hlt">1</span>)ww) than those from open dump (<span class="hlt">Scenario</span> 0, 480-734 kg CO2-eq·t(-<span class="hlt">1</span>)ww). This was due to the strictly anaerobic conditions in <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> <span class="hlt">1</span>. LFG collection and treatment reduced GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> to 448-684 kg CO2-eq·t(-<span class="hlt">1</span>)ww in <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> 2 (with LFG flare) and 214-277 kg CO2-eq·t(-<span class="hlt">1</span>)ww in <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> 3 (using LFG for electricity production). Amongst the seven categories, FM was the predominant contributor to GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Global sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the parameters associated with waste characteristics (i.e. CH4 potential and carbon sequestered faction) and LFG management (i.e. LFG collection efficiency and CH4 oxidation efficiency) were of great importance. <span class="hlt">A</span> further learning on the MSW in China indicated that water content and dry matter content of food waste were the basic factors affecting GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Source separation of food waste, as well as increasing the incineration ratio of mixed collected MSW, could effectively mitigate the overall GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from landfilling in <span class="hlt">a</span> specific city. To increase the LFG collection and CH4 oxidation efficiencies could considerably reduce GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> on the landfill site level. While, the improvement in the LFG utilization measures had an insignificant impact as long as the LFG is recovered for energy generation. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wi+AND+fi&pg=3&id=EJ733236','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wi+AND+fi&pg=3&id=EJ733236"><span>Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Versus Cell Phone Service</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Roberts, Gary</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Regardless of whether cell phones remain the dominant platform or Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> becomes the prevalent platform, there are some things that libraries can do to improve patron service in light of evolving expectations, behaviors, and tools. People today are more nomadic, which leads to the very real possibility of having to deliver content not just to the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28451780','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28451780"><span>Effects of repeated restraint stress and Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal exposure on behavior and oxidative stress in rats.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Othman, Haifa; Ammari, Mohamed; Sakly, Mohsen; Abdelmelek, Hafedh</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Today, due to technology development and aversive events of daily life, Human exposure to both radiofrequency and stress is unavoidable. This study investigated the co-exposure to repeated restraint stress and Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal on cognitive function and oxidative stress in brain of male rats. Animals were divided into four groups: Control, Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-exposed, restrained and both Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-exposed and restrained groups. Each of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure and restraint stress occurred 2 h (h)/day during 20 days. Subsequently, various tests were carried out for each group, such as anxiety in elevated plus maze, spatial learning abilities in the water maze, cerebral oxidative stress response and cholinesterase activity in brain and serum. Results showed that Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposure and restraint stress, alone and especially if combined, induced an anxiety-like behavior without impairing spatial learning and memory abilities in rats. At cerebral level, we found an oxidative stress response triggered by Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and restraint, per se and especially when combined as well as Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-induced increase in acetylcholinesterase activity. Our results reveal that there is an impact of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal and restraint stress on the brain and cognitive processes especially in elevated plus maze task. In contrast, there are no synergistic effects between Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal and restraint stress on the brain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013HESSD..10.3383H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013HESSD..10.3383H"><span>Integrated assessment of global water scarcity over the 21st century - Part 2: Climate change mitigation policies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hejazi, M. I.; Edmonds, J.; Clarke, L.; Kyle, P.; Davies, E.; Chaturvedi, V.; Eom, J.; Wise, M.; Patel, P.; Calvin, K.</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>We investigate the effects of <span class="hlt">emission</span> mitigation policies on water scarcity both globally and regionally using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), <span class="hlt">a</span> leading community integrated assessment model of energy, agriculture, climate, and water. Three climate policy <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> with increasing mitigation stringency of 7.7, 5.5, and 4.2 W m-2 in year 2095 (equivalent to the SRES <span class="hlt">A</span>2, B2, and B<span class="hlt">1</span> <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, respectively), under two carbon tax regimes (<span class="hlt">a</span> universal carbon tax (UCT) which includes land use change <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, and <span class="hlt">a</span> fossil fuel and industrial <span class="hlt">emissions</span> carbon tax (FFICT) which excludes land use change <span class="hlt">emissions</span>) are analyzed. The results are compared to <span class="hlt">a</span> baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (i.e. no climate change mitigation policy) with radiative forcing reaching 8.8 W m-2 (equivalent to the SRES <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span><span class="hlt">Fi</span> <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>) by 2095. When compared to the baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and maintaining the same baseline socioeconomic assumptions, water scarcity declines under <span class="hlt">a</span> UCT mitigation policy but increases with <span class="hlt">a</span> FFICT mitigation <span class="hlt">scenario</span> by the year 2095 particularly with more stringent climate mitigation targets. The decreasing trend with UCT policy stringency is due to substitution from more water-intensive to less water-intensive choices in food and energy production, and in land use. Under the FFICT <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, water scarcity is projected to increase driven by higher water demands for bio-energy crops. This study implies an increasingly prominent role for water availability in future human decisions, and highlights the importance of including water in integrated assessment of global change. Future research will be directed at incorporating water shortage feedbacks in GCAM to better understand how such stresses will propagate across the various human and natural systems in GCAM.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1194313-integrated-assessment-global-water-scarcity-over-century-part-climate-change-mitigation-policies','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1194313-integrated-assessment-global-water-scarcity-over-century-part-climate-change-mitigation-policies"><span>Integrated assessment of global water scarcity over the 21st century - Part 2: Climate change mitigation policies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hejazi, Mohamad I.; Edmonds, James A.; Clarke, Leon E.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>We investigate the effects of <span class="hlt">emission</span> mitigation policies on water scarcity both globally and regionally using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), <span class="hlt">a</span> leading community integrated assessment model of energy, agriculture, climate, and water. Three climate policy <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> with increasing mitigation stringency of 7.7, 5.5, and 4.2 W/m2 in year 2095 (equivalent to the SRES <span class="hlt">A</span>2, B2, and B<span class="hlt">1</span> <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, respectively), under two carbon tax regimes (<span class="hlt">a</span> universal carbon tax (UCT) which includes land use change <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, and <span class="hlt">a</span> fossil fuel and industrial <span class="hlt">emissions</span> carbon tax (FFICT) which excludes land use change <span class="hlt">emissions</span>) are analyzed. The results are comparedmore » to <span class="hlt">a</span> baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (i.e., no climate change mitigation policy) with radiative forcing reaching 8.8 W/m2 (equivalent to the SRES <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span><span class="hlt">Fi</span> <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>) by 2095. When compared to the baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and maintaining the same baseline underlying socioeconomic assumptions, water scarcity declines under <span class="hlt">a</span> UCT mitigation policy while increases with <span class="hlt">a</span> FFICT mitigation <span class="hlt">scenario</span> by the year 2095 with more stringent climate mitigation targets. The decreasing trend with UCT policy stringency is due to substitution from more water-intensive to less water-intensive choices in food, energy, and land use. Under the FFICT <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, water scarcity is projected to increase driven by higher water demands for bio-energy crops. This study implies an increasingly prominent role for water availability in future human decisions, and highlights the importance of including water in integrated assessment of global change. Future research will be directed at incorporating water shortage feedbacks in GCAM to better understand how such stresses will propagate across the various human and natural systems in GCAM.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRD..123..574I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRD..123..574I"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> 60 Year Record of Atmospheric Aerosol Depositions Preserved in <span class="hlt">a</span> High-Accumulation Dome Ice Core, Southeast Greenland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Iizuka, Yoshinori; Uemura, Ryu; Fujita, Koji; Hattori, Shohei; Seki, Osamu; Miyamoto, Chihiro; Suzuki, Toshitaka; Yoshida, Naohiro; Motoyama, Hideaki; Matoba, Sumito</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The Southeastern Greenland Dome (SE-Dome) has both <span class="hlt">a</span> high elevation and <span class="hlt">a</span> high accumulation rate (<span class="hlt">1</span>.01 m we yr-<span class="hlt">1</span>), which are suitable properties for reconstructing past environmental changes with <span class="hlt">a</span> high time resolution. For this study, we measured the major ion fluxes in <span class="hlt">a</span> 90 m ice core drilled from the SE-Dome region in 2015 and present the records of annual ion fluxes from 1957 to 2014. From 1970 to 2010, the trend of nonsea-salt (nss) SO42- flux decreases, whereas that for NH4+ increases, tracking well with the anthropogenic SO<<span class="hlt">fi>x</fi</span>> and NH3 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> mainly from North America. The result suggests that these fluxes reflect histories of the anthropogenic SO<<span class="hlt">fi>x</fi</span>> and NH3 <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. In contrast, the decadal trend of NO3- flux differs from the decreasing trend of anthropogenic NO<<span class="hlt">fi>x</fi</span>> <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Although the cause of this discrepancy remains unclear, it may be related to changes in particle formation processes and chemical scavenging rates caused by an increase in sea salt and dust and/or <span class="hlt">a</span> decrease in nssSO42-. We also find <span class="hlt">a</span> high average NO3- flux (<span class="hlt">1</span>.13 mmol m-2 yr-<span class="hlt">1</span>) in the ice core, which suggests <span class="hlt">a</span> negligible effect from postdepositional NO3- loss. Thus, the SE-Dome region is an excellent location for reconstructing nitrate fluxes. Over <span class="hlt">a</span> decadal time scale, our NO3- flux record is similar to those from other ice cores in Greenland high-elevation sites, suggesting that NO3- concentration records from these ice cores are reliable.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22340062-extensive-analysis-triple-uma-type-binary-fi-boo','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22340062-extensive-analysis-triple-uma-type-binary-fi-boo"><span>An extensive analysis of the triple W UMa type binary <span class="hlt">FI</span> BOO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Christopoulou, P.-E.; Papageorgiou, A.</p> <p></p> <p>We present <span class="hlt">a</span> detailed analysis of the interesting W UMa binary <span class="hlt">FI</span> Boo in view of the spectroscopic signature of <span class="hlt">a</span> third body through photometry, period variation, and <span class="hlt">a</span> thorough investigation of solution uniqueness. We obtained new BVR{sub c}I{sub c} photometric data that, when combined with spectroscopic data, enable us to analyze the system <span class="hlt">FI</span> Boo and determine its basic orbital and physical properties through PHOEBE, as well as the period variation by studying the times of the minima. This combined approach allows us to study the long-term period changes in the system for the first time in order tomore » investigate the presence of <span class="hlt">a</span> third body and to check extensively the solution uniqueness and the uncertainties of derived parameters. Our modeling indicates that <span class="hlt">FI</span> Boo is <span class="hlt">a</span> W-type moderate (f = 50.15% ± 8.10%) overcontact binary with component masses of M {sub h} = 0.40 ± 0.05 M {sub ☉} and M {sub c} = <span class="hlt">1</span>.07 ± 0.05 M {sub ☉}, temperatures of T {sub h} = 5746 ± 33 K and T {sub c} = 5420 ± 56 K, and <span class="hlt">a</span> third body, which may play an important role in the formation and evolution. The results were tested by heuristic scanning and parameter kicking to provide the consistent and reliable set of parameters that was used to obtain the initial masses of the progenitors (<span class="hlt">1</span>.71 ± 0.10 M {sub ☉} and 0.63 ± 0.01 M {sub ☉}, respectively). We also investigated the evolutionary status of massive components with several sets of widely used isochrones.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28092010','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28092010"><span>Allocation and simulation study of carbon <span class="hlt">emission</span> quotas among China's provinces in 2020.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhou, Xing; Guan, Xueling; Zhang, Ming; Zhou, Yao; Zhou, Meihua</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>China will form its carbon market in 2017 to focus on the allocation of regional carbon <span class="hlt">emission</span> quota in order to cope with global warming. The rationality of the regional allocation has become an important consideration for the government in ensuring stable growth in different regions that are experiencing disparity in resource endowment and economic status. Based on constructing the quota allocation indicator system for carbon <span class="hlt">emission</span>, the <span class="hlt">emission</span> quota for each province in different <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and schemes in 2020 is simulated by the multifactor hybrid weighted Shannon entropy allocation model. The following conclusions are drawn: (<span class="hlt">1</span>) The top 5 secondary-level indicators that influence provincial quota allocation in weight are as follows: per capita energy consumption, openness, per capita carbon <span class="hlt">emission</span>, per capita disposable income, and energy intensity. (2) The ratio of carbon <span class="hlt">emission</span> in 2020 is different from that in 2013 in many <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, and the variation is <span class="hlt">scenario</span> 2 > <span class="hlt">scenario</span> <span class="hlt">1</span> > <span class="hlt">scenario</span> 3, with Hubei and Guangdong the provinces with the largest increase and decrease ratios, respectively. (3) In the same <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, the quota allocation varies in different reduction criteria emphases; if the government emphasizes reduction efficiency, scheme <span class="hlt">1</span> will show obvious adjustment, that is, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, and Yunnan will have the largest decrease. The amounts are 4.28, 8.31, 4.04, and 5.97 million tons, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A31B2168C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A31B2168C"><span>Investigating GHGs and VOCs <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from <span class="hlt">a</span> shale gas industry in Germany and the UK</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cremonese, L.; Weger, L.; Denier Van Der Gon, H.; Bartels, M. P.; Butler, T. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The shale gas and shale oil production boom experienced in the US led the country to <span class="hlt">a</span> significant reduction of foreign fuel imports and an increase in domestic energy security. Several European countries are considering to extract domestic shale gas reserves that might serve as <span class="hlt">a</span> bridge in the transition to renewables. Nevertheless, the generation of shale gas leads to <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of CH4 and pollutants such as PM, NOx and VOCs, which in turn impact local and regional air quality and climate. Results from numerous studies investigating greenhouse gas and pollutant <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from shale oil and shale gas extraction in North America can help in estimating the impact of such industrial activity elsewhere, when local regulations are taken into consideration. In order to investigate the extent of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and their distribution from <span class="hlt">a</span> potential shale gas industry in Germany and the United Kingdom, we develop three drilling <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> compatible with desired national gas outputs based on available geological information on potential productivity ranges of the reservoirs. Subsequently we assign activity data and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> factors to wells under development, as well as to producing wells (from activities at the well site up until processing plants) to enable <span class="hlt">emissions</span> quantification. We then define <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> to explore different shale gas development pathways: <span class="hlt">1</span>) implementation of "high-technology" devices and recovery practices (low <span class="hlt">emissions</span>); 2) implementation of "low-technology" devices and recovery practices (high <span class="hlt">emissions</span>), and 3) intermediate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> reflecting assumptions on local and national settings, or extremely high <span class="hlt">emission</span> events (e.g. super-emitters); all with high and low boundaries of confidence driven by uncertainties. <span class="hlt">A</span> comparison of these unconventional gas production <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> to conventional natural gas production in Germany and the United Kingdom is also planned. The aim of this work is to highlight important variables and their ranges, to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.126..218D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.126..218D"><span>Impact of passenger car NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and NO2 fractions on urban NO2 pollution - <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> analysis for the city of Antwerp, Belgium</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Degraeuwe, Bart; Thunis, Philippe; Clappier, Alain; Weiss, Martin; Lefebvre, Wouter; Janssen, Stijn; Vranckx, Stijn</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>The annual NO2 concentrations in many European cities exceed the established air quality standard. This situation is mainly caused by Diesel cars whose NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are higher on the road than during type approval in the laboratory. Moreover, the fraction of NO2 in the NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of modern diesel cars appears to have increased as compared to previous models. In this paper, we assess <span class="hlt">1</span>) to which level the distance-specific NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of Diesel cars should be reduced to meet established air quality standards and 2) if it would be useful to introduce <span class="hlt">a</span> complementary NO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> limit. We develop <span class="hlt">a</span> NO2 pollution model that accounts in an analysis of 9 <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for changes in both, the urban background NO2 concentrations and the local NO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> at street level. We apply this model to the city of Antwerp, Belgium. The results suggest that <span class="hlt">a</span> reduction in NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> decreases the regional and urban NO2 background concentration; high NO2 fractions increase the ambient NO2 concentrations only in close spatial proximity to the <span class="hlt">emission</span> source. In <span class="hlt">a</span> busy access road to the city centre, the average NO2 concentration can be reduced by 23% if Diesel cars emitted 0.35 g NOx/km instead of the current 0.62 g NOx/km. Reductions of 45% are possible if the NOX <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of Diesel cars decreased to the level of gasoline cars (0.03 g NOx/km). Our findings suggest that the Real-Driving <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> (RDE) test procedure can solve the problem of NO2 exceedances in cities if it reduced the on-road NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of diesel cars to the permissible limit of 0.08 g/km. The implementation of <span class="hlt">a</span> complementary NO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> limit may then become superfluous. If Diesel cars continue to exceed by several factors their NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> limit on the road, <span class="hlt">a</span> shift of the vehicle fleet to gasoline cars may be necessary to solve persisting air quality problems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.2722D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.2722D"><span>Carbon footprint of four different wastewater treatment <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Diafarou, Moumouni; Mariska, Ronteltap, ,, Dr.; Damir, Brdjanovic, ,, Prof.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Since the era of industrialization, concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have tremendously increased in the atmosphere, as <span class="hlt">a</span> result of the extensive use of fossil fuels, deforestation, improper waste management, transport, and other economic activities (Boer, 2008).This has led to <span class="hlt">a</span> great accumulation of greenhouse gases, forming <span class="hlt">a</span> blanket around the Earth which contributes in the so-called "Global Warming". Over the last decades, wastewater treatment has developed strongly and has become <span class="hlt">a</span> very important asset in mitigating the impact of domestic and industrial effluents on the environment. There are many different forms of wastewater treatment, and one of the most effective treatment technology in terms COD, N and P removal, activated sludge is often criticized for its high energy use. Some other treatment concepts have <span class="hlt">a</span> more "green" image, but it is not clear whether this image is justified based on their greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emission</span>. This study focuses on the estimation of GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of four different wastewater treatment configurations, both conventional and innovative systems namely: (<span class="hlt">1</span>) Harnaschpolder, (2) Sneek, (3) EIER-Ouaga and (4) Siddhipur. This analysis is based on COD mass balance, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 guidelines for estimating CO2 and CH4, and literature review. Furthermore, the energy requirements for each of the systems were estimated based on energy survey. The study showed that an estimated daily average of 87 g of CO2 equivalent, ranging between 38 to 192 g, was derived to be the per capita CO2 <span class="hlt">emission</span> for the four different wastewater treatment <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Despite the fact that no electrical energy is used in the treatment process, the GHG <span class="hlt">emission</span> from EIER Ouaga anaerobic pond systems is found to be the highest compared to the three other <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> analysed. It was estimated 80% higher than the most favourable <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (Sneek). Moreover, the results indicate that the GHGs emitted from these WWTPs are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ClDy...37.1929V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ClDy...37.1929V"><span>Global and regional ocean carbon uptake and climate change: sensitivity to <span class="hlt">a</span> substantial mitigation <span class="hlt">scenario</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vichi, Marcello; Manzini, Elisa; Fogli, Pier Giuseppe; Alessandri, Andrea; Patara, Lavinia; Scoccimarro, Enrico; Masina, Simona; Navarra, Antonio</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>Under future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of business-as-usual <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, the ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon is anticipated to decrease because of ocean chemistry constraints and positive feedbacks in the carbon-climate dynamics, whereas it is still unknown how the oceanic carbon cycle will respond to more substantial mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. To evaluate the natural system response to prescribed atmospheric "target" concentrations and assess the response of the ocean carbon pool to these values, 2 centennial projection simulations have been performed with an Earth System Model that includes <span class="hlt">a</span> fully coupled carbon cycle, forced in one case with <span class="hlt">a</span> mitigation <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and the other with the SRES <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. End of century ocean uptake with the mitigation <span class="hlt">scenario</span> is projected to return to the same magnitude of carbon fluxes as simulated in 1960 in the Pacific Ocean and to lower values in the Atlantic. With <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B, the major ocean basins are instead projected to decrease the capacity for carbon uptake globally as found with simpler carbon cycle models, while at the regional level the response is contrasting. The model indicates that the equatorial Pacific may increase the carbon uptake rates in both <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, owing to enhancement of the biological carbon pump evidenced by an increase in Net Community Production (NCP) following changes in the subsurface equatorial circulation and enhanced iron availability from extratropical regions. NCP is <span class="hlt">a</span> proxy of the bulk organic carbon made available to the higher trophic levels and potentially exportable from the surface layers. The model results indicate that, besides the localized increase in the equatorial Pacific, the NCP of lower trophic levels in the northern Pacific and Atlantic oceans is projected to be halved with respect to the current climate under <span class="hlt">a</span> substantial mitigation <span class="hlt">scenario</span> at the end of the twenty-first century. It is thus suggested that changes due to cumulative carbon <span class="hlt">emissions</span> up to present and the projected concentration</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27236164','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27236164"><span>Greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of waste management processes and options: <span class="hlt">A</span> case study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>de la Barrera, Belen; Hooda, Peter S</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Increasing concern about climate change is prompting organisations to mitigate their greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Waste management activities also contribute to greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. In the waste management sector, there has been an increasing diversion of waste sent to landfill, with much emphasis on recycling and reuse to prevent <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. This study evaluates the carbon footprint of the different processes involved in waste management systems, considering the entire waste management stream. Waste management data from the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, London (UK), was used to estimate the carbon footprint for its (Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames) current source segregation system. Second, modelled full and partial co-mingling <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> were used to estimate carbon <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from these proposed waste management approaches. The greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from the entire waste management system at Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames were 12,347 t CO2e for the source-segregated <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, and 11,907 t CO2e for the partial co-mingled model. These <span class="hlt">emissions</span> amount to 203.26 kg CO2e t(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) and 196.02 kg CO2e t(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) municipal solid waste for source-segregated and partial co-mingled, respectively. The change from <span class="hlt">a</span> source segregation fleet to <span class="hlt">a</span> partial co-mingling fleet reduced the <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, at least partly owing to <span class="hlt">a</span> change in the number and type of vehicles. © The Author(s) 2016.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29735960','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29735960"><span>An INS/Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Indoor Localization System Based on the Weighted Least Squares.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Jian; Ou, Gang; Peng, Ao; Zheng, Lingxiang; Shi, Jianghong</p> <p>2018-05-07</p> <p>For smartphone indoor localization, an INS/Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> hybrid localization system is proposed in this paper. Acceleration and angular velocity are used to estimate step lengths and headings. The problem with INS is that positioning errors grow with time. Using radio signal strength as <span class="hlt">a</span> fingerprint is <span class="hlt">a</span> widely used technology. The main problem with fingerprint matching is mismatching due to noise. Taking into account the different shortcomings and advantages, inertial sensors and Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> from smartphones are integrated into indoor positioning. For <span class="hlt">a</span> hybrid localization system, pre-processing techniques are used to enhance the Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal quality. An inertial navigation system limits the range of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> matching. <span class="hlt">A</span> Multi-dimensional Dynamic Time Warping (MDTW) is proposed to calculate the distance between the measured signals and the fingerprint in the database. <span class="hlt">A</span> MDTW-based weighted least squares (WLS) is proposed for fusing multiple fingerprint localization results to improve positioning accuracy and robustness. Using four modes (calling, dangling, handheld and pocket), we carried out walking experiments in <span class="hlt">a</span> corridor, <span class="hlt">a</span> study room and <span class="hlt">a</span> library stack room. Experimental results show that average localization accuracy for the hybrid system is about 2.03 m.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5982134','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5982134"><span>An INS/Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Indoor Localization System Based on the Weighted Least Squares</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chen, Jian; Ou, Gang; Zheng, Lingxiang; Shi, Jianghong</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>For smartphone indoor localization, an INS/Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> hybrid localization system is proposed in this paper. Acceleration and angular velocity are used to estimate step lengths and headings. The problem with INS is that positioning errors grow with time. Using radio signal strength as <span class="hlt">a</span> fingerprint is <span class="hlt">a</span> widely used technology. The main problem with fingerprint matching is mismatching due to noise. Taking into account the different shortcomings and advantages, inertial sensors and Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> from smartphones are integrated into indoor positioning. For <span class="hlt">a</span> hybrid localization system, pre-processing techniques are used to enhance the Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal quality. An inertial navigation system limits the range of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> matching. <span class="hlt">A</span> Multi-dimensional Dynamic Time Warping (MDTW) is proposed to calculate the distance between the measured signals and the fingerprint in the database. <span class="hlt">A</span> MDTW-based weighted least squares (WLS) is proposed for fusing multiple fingerprint localization results to improve positioning accuracy and robustness. Using four modes (calling, dangling, handheld and pocket), we carried out walking experiments in <span class="hlt">a</span> corridor, <span class="hlt">a</span> study room and <span class="hlt">a</span> library stack room. Experimental results show that average localization accuracy for the hybrid system is about 2.03 m. PMID:29735960</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27418965','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27418965"><span>Effect of radiofrequency radiation from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices on mercury release from amalgam restorations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Paknahad, Maryam; Mortazavi, S M J; Shahidi, Shoaleh; Mortazavi, Ghazal; Haghani, Masoud</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Dental amalgam is composed of approximately 50% elemental mercury. Despite concerns over the toxicity of mercury, amalgam is still the most widely used restorative material. Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> is <span class="hlt">a</span> rapidly using local area wireless computer networking technology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates the effect of exposure to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals on mercury release from amalgam restorations. Standard class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 20 non-carious extracted human premolars. The teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 10). The control group was stored in non-environment. The specimens in the experimental groups were exposed to <span class="hlt">a</span> radiofrequency radiation emitted from standard Wi <span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices at 2.4 GHz for 20 min. The distance between the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> router and samples was 30 cm and the router was exchanging data with <span class="hlt">a</span> laptop computer that was placed 20 m away from the router. The concentration of mercury in the artificial saliva in the groups was evaluated by using <span class="hlt">a</span> cold-vapor atomic absorption Mercury Analyzer System. The independent t test was used to evaluate any significant differences in mercury release between the two groups. The mean (±SD) concentration of mercury in the artificial saliva of the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposed teeth samples was 0.056 ± .025 mg/L, while it was only 0.026 ± .008 mg/L in the non-exposed control samples. This difference was statistically significant (P =0.009). Exposure of patients with amalgam restorations to radiofrequency radiation emitted from conventional Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices can increase mercury release from amalgam restorations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA....14175B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA....14175B"><span><span class="hlt">Fi</span> Investigations On Hp-Rocks From The Lower Engadine Window New Insights On Its Late Tectono-Metamorphic Evolution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bertle, R. J.; Götzinger, M. A.; Koller, F.</p> <p>2003-04-01</p> <p> the host rock (blueschist) epidote-clinozoisite cristalls. Futheron amphibole is visible. It is common at the base of the vein quarz and decreases towards the middle of the vein. <span class="hlt">FI</span> are H2O-rich and indicate high pressure of trapping. Quarzes from the upper most part of the Zone of Pfunds from S of Zeblasjoch (W of Samnaun Dorf) show two main groups of primary <span class="hlt">FI</span> which could be differentiated at room temperature: homogenous <span class="hlt">FI</span> and such with <span class="hlt">a</span> bubble. All <span class="hlt">FI</span> were frozen at max. temperatures of ca. -56 ^oC. Bigger <span class="hlt">FI</span> show cracking due to cristallisation pressure (build up of "wings"), the cracks however closed again during heating, so that the <span class="hlt">FI</span> remained closed. Initial melting started between -20 ^oC (first recristallisation signs) and -9 ^oC, final melting was observable at -<span class="hlt">1</span> ^oC to 0 ^oC. Then the <span class="hlt">FI</span> was <span class="hlt">a</span>.) homogenous or b.) showed <span class="hlt">a</span> bubble. Homogenisation Temp. of the inclusions with bubble were in the range of 70 to 150 ^oC , most of them between 70 and 80 ^oC and 110 - 125 ^oC. The data indicate <span class="hlt">a</span> more or less pure H_2O-system for the <span class="hlt">FI</span> under high pressure. Assuming <span class="hlt">a</span> cristallisation temperature of the cristalls of about 200 to 250 ^oC and <span class="hlt">a</span> density of the <span class="hlt">FI</span> between 0,97 and <span class="hlt">1</span>,0 g/cm^3 pressures of 2,5 to 4,5 Kbar are indicated. The same P-T-conditions (same chemistry and melting & homog. Temp.) could be derived from <span class="hlt">FI</span> in quarz from the Salaaser Kopf (Idalpe) for the late metamorphic evolution of the Fimber unit, indicating that the late metamorphic history of both units is the same. It is concluded that opening of the veins and first cristallisation of vein quarz corresponds to the first signs of updoming of the Engadine anticlinal structure. Updoming of the anticline started when the whole nappe stack was covered by the Austroalpine nappes. Therefore <span class="hlt">FI</span> show such high pressures for trapping of the fluid. Acknowledgements: Data partly result from FWF-project P. 15278 "Bündnerschieferakkretion in the westlichen Ostalpen". Financal support is greatly</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26775760','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26775760"><span>Does prolonged radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices induce DNA damage in various tissues of rats?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Akdag, Mehmet Zulkuf; Dasdag, Suleyman; Canturk, Fazile; Karabulut, Derya; Caner, Yusuf; Adalier, Nur</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Wireless internet (Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>) providers have become essential in our daily lives, as wireless technology is evolving at <span class="hlt">a</span> dizzying pace. Although there are different frequency generators, one of the most commonly used Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> devices are 2.4GHz frequency generators. These devices are heavily used in all areas of life but the effect of radiofrequency (RF) radiation <span class="hlt">emission</span> on users is generally ignored. Yet, an increasing share of the public expresses concern on this issue. Therefore, this study intends to respond to the growing public concern. The purpose of this study is to reveal whether long term exposure of 2.4GHz frequency RF radiation will cause DNA damage of different tissues such as brain, kidney, liver, and skin tissue and testicular tissues of rats. The study was conducted on 16 adult male Wistar-Albino rats. The rats in the experimental group (n=8) were exposed to 2.4GHz frequency radiation for over <span class="hlt">a</span> year. The rats in the sham control group (n=8) were subjected to the same experimental conditions except the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> generator was turned off. After the exposure period was complete the possible DNA damage on the rat's brain, liver, kidney, skin, and testicular tissues was detected through the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet) method. The amount of DNA damage was measured as percentage tail DNA value. Based on the DNA damage results determined by the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) method, it was found that the% tail DNA values of the brain, kidney, liver, and skin tissues of the rats in the experimental group increased more than those in the control group. The increase of the DNA damage in all tissues was not significant (p>0.05). However the increase of the DNA damage in rat testes tissue was significant (p<0.01). In conclusion, long-term exposure to 2.4GHz RF radiation (Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>) does not cause DNA damage of the organs investigated in this study except testes. The results of this study indicated that testes are more sensitive organ to RF</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmEn.171..330D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmEn.171..330D"><span>Impact of passenger car NOX <span class="hlt">emissions</span> on urban NO2 pollution - <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> analysis for 8 European cities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Degraeuwe, Bart; Thunis, Philippe; Clappier, Alain; Weiss, Martin; Lefebvre, Wouter; Janssen, Stijn; Vranckx, Stijn</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Residents of large European cities are exposed to NO2 concentrations that often exceed the established air quality standards. Diesel cars have been identified as <span class="hlt">a</span> major contributor to this situation; yet, it remains unclear to which levels the NOX <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of diesel cars have to decrease to effectively mitigate urban NO2 pollution across Europe. Here, we take <span class="hlt">a</span> continental perspective and model urban NO2 pollution in <span class="hlt">a</span> generic street canyon of 8 major European cities for various NOX <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. We find that <span class="hlt">a</span> reduction in the on-road NOX <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of diesel cars to the Euro 6 level can in general decrease the regional and urban NO2 concentrations and thereby the frequency of exceedances of the NO2 air quality standard. High NO2 fractions in the NOX <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of diesel cars tend to increase the urban NO2 concentrations only in proximity of intense road traffic typically found on artery roads in large cities like Paris and London. In cities with <span class="hlt">a</span> low share of diesel cars in the vehicle fleet such as Athens or <span class="hlt">a</span> high contribution from the NO2 background to the urban NO2 pollution such as Krakow, measures addressing heavy-duty vehicles, and the manufacturing, energy, and mining industry are necessary to decrease urban air pollution. We regard our model results as robust albeit subject to uncertainty resulting from the application of <span class="hlt">a</span> generic street layout. With small modifications in the input parameters, our model could be used to assess the impact of NOX <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from road transport on NO2 air pollution in any European city.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24204922','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24204922"><span><span class="hlt">Scenario</span> analysis and path selection of low-carbon transformation in China based on <span class="hlt">a</span> modified IPAT model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Liang; Yang, Zhifeng; Chen, Bin</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents <span class="hlt">a</span> forecast and analysis of population, economic development, energy consumption and CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> variation in China in the short- and long-term steps before 2020 with 2007 as the base year. The widely applied IPAT model, which is the basis for calculations, projections, and <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of greenhouse gases (GHGs) reformulated as the Kaya equation, is extended to analyze and predict the relations between human activities and the environment. Four <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are used including business as usual (BAU), energy efficiency improvement <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (EEI), low carbon <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (LC) and enhanced low carbon <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (ELC). The results show that carbon intensity will be reduced by 40-45% as scheduled and economic growth rate will be 6% in China under LC <span class="hlt">scenario</span> by 2020. The LC <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, as the most appropriate and the most feasible scheme for China's low-carbon development in the future, can maximize the harmonious development of economy, society, energy and environmental systems. Assuming China's development follows the LC <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, the paper further gives four paths of low-carbon transformation in China: technological innovation, industrial structure optimization, energy structure optimization and policy guidance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3812234','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3812234"><span><span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Analysis and Path Selection of Low-Carbon Transformation in China Based on <span class="hlt">a</span> Modified IPAT Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chen, Liang; Yang, Zhifeng; Chen, Bin</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents <span class="hlt">a</span> forecast and analysis of population, economic development, energy consumption and CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> variation in China in the short- and long-term steps before 2020 with 2007 as the base year. The widely applied IPAT model, which is the basis for calculations, projections, and <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of greenhouse gases (GHGs) reformulated as the Kaya equation, is extended to analyze and predict the relations between human activities and the environment. Four <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are used including business as usual (BAU), energy efficiency improvement <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (EEI), low carbon <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (LC) and enhanced low carbon <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (ELC). The results show that carbon intensity will be reduced by 40–45% as scheduled and economic growth rate will be 6% in China under LC <span class="hlt">scenario</span> by 2020. The LC <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, as the most appropriate and the most feasible scheme for China’s low-carbon development in the future, can maximize the harmonious development of economy, society, energy and environmental systems. Assuming China's development follows the LC <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, the paper further gives four paths of low-carbon transformation in China: technological innovation, industrial structure optimization, energy structure optimization and policy guidance. PMID:24204922</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22163721','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22163721"><span>Coexistence of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and WiMAX systems based on PS-request protocols.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Jongwoo; Park, Suwon; Rhee, Seung Hyong; Choi, Yong-Hoon; Chung, Young-uk; Hwang, Ho Young</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>We introduce both the coexistence zone within the WiMAX frame structure and <span class="hlt">a</span> PS-Request protocol for the coexistence of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and WiMAX systems sharing <span class="hlt">a</span> frequency band. Because we know that the PS-Request protocol has drawbacks, we propose <span class="hlt">a</span> revised PS-Request protocol to improve the performance. Two PS-Request protocols are based on the time division operation (TDO) of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> system and WiMAX system to avoid the mutual interference, and use the vestigial power management (PwrMgt) bit within the Frame Control field of the frames transmitted by <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> AP. The performance of the revised PS-Request protocol is evaluated by computer simulation, and compared to those of the cases without <span class="hlt">a</span> coexistence protocol and to the original PS-Request protocol.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3231255','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3231255"><span>Coexistence of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and WiMAX Systems Based on PS-Request Protocols†</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kim, Jongwoo; Park, Suwon; Rhee, Seung Hyong; Choi, Yong-Hoon; Chung, Young-uk; Hwang, Ho Young</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>We introduce both the coexistence zone within the WiMAX frame structure and <span class="hlt">a</span> PS-Request protocol for the coexistence of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and WiMAX systems sharing <span class="hlt">a</span> frequency band. Because we know that the PS-Request protocol has drawbacks, we propose <span class="hlt">a</span> revised PS-Request protocol to improve the performance. Two PS-Request protocols are based on the time division operation (TDO) of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> system and WiMAX system to avoid the mutual interference, and use the vestigial power management (PwrMgt) bit within the Frame Control field of the frames transmitted by <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> AP. The performance of the revised PS-Request protocol is evaluated by computer simulation, and compared to those of the cases without <span class="hlt">a</span> coexistence protocol and to the original PS-Request protocol. PMID:22163721</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25818272','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25818272"><span>Assessment of PaO₂/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O₂ for stratification of patients with moderate and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Villar, Jesús; Blanco, Jesús; del Campo, Rafael; Andaluz-Ojeda, David; Díaz-Domínguez, Francisco J; Muriel, Arturo; Córcoles, Virgilio; Suárez-Sipmann, Fernando; Tarancón, Concepción; González-Higueras, Elena; López, Julia; Blanch, Lluis; Pérez-Méndez, Lina; Fernández, Rosa Lidia; Kacmarek, Robert M</p> <p>2015-03-27</p> <p><span class="hlt">A</span> recent update of the definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) proposed an empirical classification based on ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO₂/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O₂) at ARDS onset. Since the proposal did not mandate PaO₂/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O₂ calculation under standardised ventilator settings (SVS), we hypothesised that <span class="hlt">a</span> stratification based on baseline PaO₂/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>Ov would not provide accurate assessment of lung injury severity. <span class="hlt">A</span> prospective, multicentre, observational study. <span class="hlt">A</span> network of teaching hospitals. 478 patients with eligible criteria for moderate (100<PaO₂/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O₂≤200) and severe (PaO₂/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O₂≤100) ARDS and followed until hospital discharge. We examined physiological and ventilator parameters in association with the PaO₂/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O₂ at ARDS onset, after 24 h of usual care and at 24 h under <span class="hlt">a</span> SVS. At 24 h, patients were reclassified as severe, moderate, mild (200<PaO₂/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O₂≤300) ARDS and non-ARDS (PaO₂/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O₂>300). Group severity and hospital mortality. At ARDS onset, 173 patients had <span class="hlt">a</span> PaO₂/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O₂≤100 but only 38.7% met criteria for severe ARDS at 24 h under SVS. When assessed under SVS, 61.3% of patients with severe ARDS were reclassified as moderate, mild and non-ARDS, while lung severity and hospital mortality changed markedly with every PaO₂/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O₂ category (p<0.000001). Our model of risk stratification outperformed the stratification using baseline PaO₂/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O₂ and non-standardised PaO₂/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O₂ at 24 h, when analysed by the predictive receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve: area under the ROC curve for stratification at baseline was 0.583 (95% CI 0.525 to 0.636), 0.605 (95% CI 0.552 to 0.658) at 24 h without SVS and 0.693 (95% CI 0.645 to 0.742) at 24 h under SVS (p<0.000001). Our findings support the need for patient assessment under SVS at 24 h after ARDS onset to assess disease severity, and have implications for the diagnosis and management of ARDS patients. NCT00435110 and NCT</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28583005','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28583005"><span>Development and Validation of the Faceted Inventory of the Five-Factor Model (<span class="hlt">FI</span>-FFM).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Watson, David; Nus, Ericka; Wu, Kevin D</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The Faceted Inventory of the Five-Factor Model (<span class="hlt">FI</span>-FFM) is <span class="hlt">a</span> comprehensive hierarchical measure of personality. The <span class="hlt">FI</span>-FFM was created across five phases of scale development. It includes five facets apiece for neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness; four facets within agreeableness; and three facets for openness. We present reliability and validity data obtained from three samples. The <span class="hlt">FI</span>-FFM scales are internally consistent and highly stable over 2 weeks (retest rs ranged from .64 to .82, median r = .77). They show strong convergent and discriminant validity vis-à-vis the NEO, the Big Five Inventory, and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Moreover, self-ratings on the scales show moderate to strong agreement with corresponding ratings made by informants ( rs ranged from .26 to .66, median r = .42). Finally, in joint analyses with the NEO Personality Inventory-3, the <span class="hlt">FI</span>-FFM neuroticism facet scales display significant incremental validity in predicting indicators of internalizing psychopathology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BGeo....9.2063M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BGeo....9.2063M"><span>On the uncertainty of phenological responses to climate change, and implications for <span class="hlt">a</span> terrestrial biosphere model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Migliavacca, M.; Sonnentag, O.; Keenan, T. F.; Cescatti, A.; O'Keefe, J.; Richardson, A. D.</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>Phenology, the timing of recurring life cycle events, controls numerous land surface feedbacks to the climate system through the regulation of exchanges of carbon, water and energy between the biosphere and atmosphere. Terrestrial biosphere models, however, are known to have systematic errors in the simulation of spring phenology, which potentially could propagate to uncertainty in modeled responses to future climate change. Here, we used the Harvard Forest phenology record to investigate and characterize sources of uncertainty in predicting phenology, and the subsequent impacts on model forecasts of carbon and water cycling. Using <span class="hlt">a</span> model-data fusion approach, we combined information from 20 yr of phenological observations of 11 North American woody species, with 12 leaf bud-burst models that varied in complexity. Akaike's Information Criterion indicated support for spring warming models with photoperiod limitations and, to <span class="hlt">a</span> lesser extent, models that included chilling requirements. We assessed three different sources of uncertainty in phenological forecasts: parameter uncertainty, model uncertainty, and driver uncertainty. The latter was characterized running the models to 2099 using 2 different IPCC climate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (<span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span><span class="hlt">fi</span> vs. B<span class="hlt">1</span>, i.e. high CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> vs. low CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>). Parameter uncertainty was the smallest (average 95% Confidence Interval - CI: 2.4 days century-<span class="hlt">1</span> for <span class="hlt">scenario</span> B<span class="hlt">1</span> and 4.5 days century-<span class="hlt">1</span> for <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span><span class="hlt">fi</span>), whereas driver uncertainty was the largest (up to 8.4 days century-<span class="hlt">1</span> in the simulated trends). The uncertainty related to model structure is also large and the predicted bud-burst trends as well as the shape of the smoothed projections varied among models (±7.7 days century-<span class="hlt">1</span> for <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span><span class="hlt">fi</span>, ±3.6 days century-<span class="hlt">1</span> for B<span class="hlt">1</span>). The forecast sensitivity of bud-burst to temperature (i.e. days bud-burst advanced per degree of warming) varied between 2.2 days °C-<span class="hlt">1</span> and 5.2 days °C-<span class="hlt">1</span> depending on model structure. We quantified the impact of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AtmEn..40.5508R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AtmEn..40.5508R"><span>Air quality impacts of distributed power generation in the South Coast Air Basin of California <span class="hlt">1</span>: <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> development and modeling analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rodriguez, M. A.; Carreras-Sospedra, M.; Medrano, M.; Brouwer, J.; Samuelsen, G. S.; Dabdub, D.</p> <p></p> <p>Distributed generation (DG) is generally defined as the operation of many small stationary power generators throughout an urban air basin. Although DG has the potential to supply <span class="hlt">a</span> significant portion of the increased power demands in California and the rest of the United States, it may lead to increased levels of in-basin pollutants and adversely impact urban air quality. This study focuses on two main objectives: (<span class="hlt">1</span>) the systematic characterization of DG installation in urban air basins, and (2) the simulation of potential air quality impacts using <span class="hlt">a</span> state-of-the-art three-dimensional computational model. <span class="hlt">A</span> general and systematic approach is devised to construct five realistic and 21 spanning <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of DG implementation in the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) of California. Realistic <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> reflect an anticipated level of DG deployment in the SoCAB by the year 2010. Spanning <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are developed to determine the potential impacts of unexpected outcomes. Realistic implementations of DG in the SoCAB result in small differences in ozone and particulate matter concentrations in the basin compared to the baseline simulations. The baseline accounts for population increase, but does not consider any future <span class="hlt">emissions</span> control measures. Model results for spanning implementations with extra high DG market penetration show that domain-wide ozone peak concentrations increase significantly. Also, air quality impacts of spanning implementations when DG operate during <span class="hlt">a</span> 6-h period are larger than when the same amount of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are introduced during <span class="hlt">a</span> 24-h period.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1349019-role-freight-sector-future-climate-change-mitigation-scenarios','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1349019-role-freight-sector-future-climate-change-mitigation-scenarios"><span>Role of the Freight Sector in Future Climate Change Mitigation <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Muratori, Matteo; Smith, Steven J.; Kyle, Page; ...</p> <p>2017-02-27</p> <p>The freight sector's role is examined using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) for <span class="hlt">a</span> range of climate change mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and future freight demand assumptions. Energy usage and CO 2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from freight have historically grown with <span class="hlt">a</span> correlation to GDP, and there is limited evidence of near-term global decoupling of freight demand from GDP. Over the 21 st century, greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from freight are projected to grow faster than passenger transportation or other major end-use sectors, with the magnitude of growth dependent on the assumed extent of long-term decoupling. In climate change mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> that applymore » <span class="hlt">a</span> price to GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, mitigation of freight <span class="hlt">emissions</span> (including the effects of demand elasticity, mode and technology shifting, and fuel substitution) is more limited than for other demand sectors. In such <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, shifting to less-emitting transportation modes and technologies is projected to play <span class="hlt">a</span> relatively small role in reducing freight <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in GCAM. Finally, by contrast, changes in the supply chain of liquid fuels that reduce the fuel carbon intensity, especially deriving from large-scale use of biofuels coupled to carbon capture and storage technologies, are responsible for the majority of freight <span class="hlt">emissions</span> mitigation, followed by price-induced reduction in freight demand services.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1349019','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1349019"><span>Role of the Freight Sector in Future Climate Change Mitigation <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Muratori, Matteo; Smith, Steven J.; Kyle, Page</p> <p></p> <p>The freight sector's role is examined using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) for <span class="hlt">a</span> range of climate change mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and future freight demand assumptions. Energy usage and CO 2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from freight have historically grown with <span class="hlt">a</span> correlation to GDP, and there is limited evidence of near-term global decoupling of freight demand from GDP. Over the 21 st century, greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from freight are projected to grow faster than passenger transportation or other major end-use sectors, with the magnitude of growth dependent on the assumed extent of long-term decoupling. In climate change mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> that applymore » <span class="hlt">a</span> price to GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, mitigation of freight <span class="hlt">emissions</span> (including the effects of demand elasticity, mode and technology shifting, and fuel substitution) is more limited than for other demand sectors. In such <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, shifting to less-emitting transportation modes and technologies is projected to play <span class="hlt">a</span> relatively small role in reducing freight <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in GCAM. Finally, by contrast, changes in the supply chain of liquid fuels that reduce the fuel carbon intensity, especially deriving from large-scale use of biofuels coupled to carbon capture and storage technologies, are responsible for the majority of freight <span class="hlt">emissions</span> mitigation, followed by price-induced reduction in freight demand services.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28240022','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28240022"><span>Role of the Freight Sector in Future Climate Change Mitigation <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Muratori, Matteo; Smith, Steven J; Kyle, Page; Link, Robert; Mignone, Bryan K; Kheshgi, Haroon S</p> <p>2017-03-21</p> <p>The freight sector's role is examined using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) for <span class="hlt">a</span> range of climate change mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and future freight demand assumptions. Energy usage and CO 2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from freight have historically grown with <span class="hlt">a</span> correlation to GDP, and there is limited evidence of near-term global decoupling of freight demand from GDP. Over the 21 st century, greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from freight are projected to grow faster than passenger transportation or other major end-use sectors, with the magnitude of growth dependent on the assumed extent of long-term decoupling. In climate change mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> that apply <span class="hlt">a</span> price to GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, mitigation of freight <span class="hlt">emissions</span> (including the effects of demand elasticity, mode and technology shifting, and fuel substitution) is more limited than for other demand sectors. In such <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, shifting to less-emitting transportation modes and technologies is projected to play <span class="hlt">a</span> relatively small role in reducing freight <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in GCAM. By contrast, changes in the supply chain of liquid fuels that reduce the fuel carbon intensity, especially deriving from large-scale use of biofuels coupled to carbon capture and storage technologies, are responsible for the majority of freight <span class="hlt">emissions</span> mitigation, followed by price-induced reduction in freight demand services.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70156362','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70156362"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> spatial modeling framework to evaluate domestic biofuel-induced potential land use changed and <span class="hlt">emissions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Elliot, Joshua; Sharma, Bhavna; Best, Neil; Glotter, Michael; Dunn, Jennifer B.; Foster, Ian; Miguez, Fernando; Mueller, Steffen; Wang, Michael</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>We present <span class="hlt">a</span> novel bottom-up approach to estimate biofuel-induced land-use change (LUC) and resulting CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in the U.S. from 2010 to 2022, based on <span class="hlt">a</span> consistent methodology across four essential components: land availability, land suitability, LUC decision-making, and induced CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Using highresolution geospatial data and modeling, we construct probabilistic assessments of county-, state-, and national-level LUC and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> for macroeconomic <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. We use the Cropland Data Layer and the Protected Areas Database to characterize availability of land for biofuel crop cultivation, and the CERES-Maize and BioCro biophysical crop growth models to estimate the suitability (yield potential) of available lands for biofuel crops. For LUC decisionmaking, we use <span class="hlt">a</span> county-level stochastic partial-equilibrium modeling framework and consider five <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> involving annual ethanol production scaling to 15, 22, and 29 BG, respectively, in 2022, with corn providing feedstock for the first 15 BG and the remainder coming from one of two dedicated energy crops. Finally, we derive high-resolution above-ground carbon factors from the National Biomass and Carbon Data set to estimate <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from each LUC pathway. Based on these inputs, we obtain estimates for average total LUC <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of 6.<span class="hlt">1</span>, 2.2, <span class="hlt">1</span>.0, 2.2, and 2.4 gCO2e/MJ for Corn-15 Billion gallons (BG), Miscanthus × giganteus (MxG)-7 BG, Switchgrass (SG)-7 BG, MxG-14 BG, and SG-14 BG <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26484975','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26484975"><span>Role of future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in understanding deep uncertainty in long-term air quality management.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gamas, Julia; Dodder, Rebecca; Loughlin, Dan; Gage, Cynthia</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>The environment and its interactions with human systems, whether economic, social, or political, are complex. Relevant drivers may disrupt system dynamics in unforeseen ways, making it difficult to predict future conditions. This kind of "deep uncertainty" presents <span class="hlt">a</span> challenge to organizations faced with making decisions about the future, including those involved in air quality management. <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Planning is <span class="hlt">a</span> structured process that involves the development of narratives describing alternative future states of the world, designed to differ with respect to the most critical and uncertain drivers. The resulting <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are then used to understand the consequences of those futures and to prepare for them with robust management strategies. We demonstrate <span class="hlt">a</span> novel air quality management application of <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Planning. Through <span class="hlt">a</span> series of workshops, important air quality drivers were identified. The most critical and uncertain drivers were found to be "technological development" and "change in societal paradigms." These drivers were used as <span class="hlt">a</span> basis to develop four distinct <span class="hlt">scenario</span> storylines. The energy and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> implications of each storyline were then modeled using the MARKAL energy system model. NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> were found to decrease for all <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, largely <span class="hlt">a</span> response to existing air quality regulations, whereas SO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> ranged from 12% greater to 7% lower than 2015 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> levels. Future-year <span class="hlt">emissions</span> differed considerably from one <span class="hlt">scenario</span> to another, however, with key differentiating factors being transition to cleaner fuels and energy demand reductions. Application of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in air quality management provides <span class="hlt">a</span> structured means of sifting through and understanding the dynamics of the many complex driving forces affecting future air quality. Further, <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> provide <span class="hlt">a</span> means to identify opportunities and challenges for future air quality management, as well as <span class="hlt">a</span> platform for testing the efficacy and robustness of particular management</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.6224G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.6224G"><span>Coffee Beverage Quality Assessment Based on ETA/CPTEC-HadCM3 Model (<span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B-IPCC/SRES <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>), Southeastern Brazil</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Giarolla, A.; Resende, N.; Chou, S. C.; Tavares, P. S.; Rodrigues, D. C.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Environmental factors influence the coffee beverage quality and air temperature has <span class="hlt">a</span> significant importance in this process. The grain maturation occurs very quickly in regions that present high temperatures and sometimes there is not enough time to complete all this phase adequately. In the other hand, with mild temperatures, the grain maturation occurs more slowly and it promotes <span class="hlt">a</span> better quality beverage. The aim of this study was to assess the coffee beverage quality in the southeastern Brazil, based on climate projections using the Eta-CPTEC regional model driven by four members of an ensemble of the Met Office Hadley Centre Global Coupled climate model (HadCM3). The global model ensemble was run over the 21st century according to IPCC SRES, <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. Each ensemble member presented different climate sensitivity in the analysis. The Eta-CPTEC-HadCM3 model was configured with <span class="hlt">a</span> 40-km grid size and was run over the period of 1961-90 to represent <span class="hlt">a</span> baseline climate, and over the period of 2011-2100 to simulate possible future changes and the effects on the coffee beverage quality. <span class="hlt">A</span> coffee beverage quality classification, which depends on the annual air temperature proposed by Bressani (2007) and also, <span class="hlt">a</span> quality coffee beverage sensory classification, based on Camargo and Cortez (1998) were considered in this study. An evaluation of the systematic errors (BIAS) for each member for the period from 1961 to 1990 was made. The results presented by Eta/CPTEC-HadCM3 model indicated that in the case of an occurrence of <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, the coffee beverage quality could be affected in this region due to the fact that the flavor may become stronger and unpleasant caused by rising air temperatures. The BIAS evaluation and subsequent errors removal demonstrated improvement in the <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> simulations. <span class="hlt">A</span> short review concerning agronomic techniques to mitigate extreme meteorological events or global warming on coffee crop based on Camargo (2010) also is</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22301426','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22301426"><span>Dry powder inhalers of gentamicin and leucine: formulation parameters, aerosol performance and in vitro toxicity on Cu<span class="hlt">Fi</span><span class="hlt">1</span> cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aquino, R P; Prota, L; Auriemma, G; Santoro, A; Mencherini, T; Colombo, G; Russo, P</p> <p>2012-04-15</p> <p>The high hygroscopicity of gentamicin (G) as raw material hampers the production of respirable particles during aerosol generation and prevents its direct use as powder for inhalation in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). Therefore, this research aimed to design <span class="hlt">a</span> new dry powder formulation of G studying dispersibility properties of an aminoacid, L-leucine (leu), and appropriate process conditions. Spray-dried powders were characterized as to water uptake, particle size distribution, morphology and stability, in correlation with process parameters. Aerodynamic properties were analyzed both by Single Stage Glass Impinger and Andersen Cascade Impactor. Moreover, the potential cytotoxicity on bronchial epithelial cells bearing <span class="hlt">a</span> CFTR F508/F508 mutant genotype (Cu<span class="hlt">Fi</span><span class="hlt">1</span>) were tested. Results indicated that leu may improve the aerosol performance of G-dried powders. The maximum fine particle fraction (FPF) of about 58.3% was obtained when water/isopropyl alcohol 7:3 system and 15-20% (w/w) of leu were used, compared to <span class="hlt">a</span> FPF value of 13.4% for neat G-dried powders. The enhancement of aerosol efficiency was credited both to the improvement of the powder flowability, caused by the dispersibility enhancer (aminoacid), and to the modification of the particle surface due to the influence of the organic co-solvent on drying process. No significant degradation of the dry powder was observed up to 6 months of storage. Moreover, particle engineering did not affect either the cell viability or cell proliferation of Cu<span class="hlt">Fi</span><span class="hlt">1</span> over <span class="hlt">a</span> 24 h period. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22520013-optical-spectroscopy-sdss-j004054-three-possible-scenarios-classification-z5-bl-lacertae-blue-fsrq-weak-emission-line-quasar','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22520013-optical-spectroscopy-sdss-j004054-three-possible-scenarios-classification-z5-bl-lacertae-blue-fsrq-weak-emission-line-quasar"><span>OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY OF SDSS J004054.65-0915268: THREE POSSIBLE <span class="hlt">SCENARIOS</span> FOR THE CLASSIFICATION. <span class="hlt">A</span> z ∼ 5 BL LACERTAE, <span class="hlt">A</span> BLUE FSRQ, OR <span class="hlt">A</span> WEAK <span class="hlt">EMISSION</span> LINE QUASAR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Landoni, M.; Zanutta, A.; Bianco, A.</p> <p>2016-02-15</p> <p>The haunt of high-redshift BL Lacerate objects is day by day more compelling to firmly understand their intrinsic nature and evolution. SDSS J004054.65-0915268 is, at the moment, one of the most distant BL Lac candidates, at z ∼ 5. We present <span class="hlt">a</span> new optical-near-IR spectrum obtained with ALFOSC-NOT with <span class="hlt">a</span> new, custom designed dispersive grating aimed to detect broad <span class="hlt">emission</span> lines that could disprove this classification. In the obtained spectra, we do not detect any <span class="hlt">emission</span> features and we provide an upper limit to the luminosity of the C iv broad <span class="hlt">emission</span> line. Therefore, the nature of the object is then discussed,more » building the overall spectral energy distribution (SED) and fitting it with three different models. Our fits, based on SED modeling with different possible <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, cannot rule out the possibility that this source is indeed <span class="hlt">a</span> BL Lac object, though the absence of optical variability and the lack of strong radio flux seem to suggest that the observed optical <span class="hlt">emission</span> originates from <span class="hlt">a</span> thermalized accretion disk.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.9584P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.9584P"><span>Effects of aerosol <span class="hlt">emission</span> pathways on future warming and human health</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Partanen, Antti-Ilari; Matthews, Damon</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The peak global temperature is largely determined by cumulative <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of long-lived greenhouse gases. However, anthropogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> include also so-called short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs), which include aerosol particles and methane. Previous studies with simple models indicate that the timing of SLCF <span class="hlt">emission</span> reductions has only <span class="hlt">a</span> small effect on the rate of global warming and even less of an effect on global peak temperatures. However, these simple model analyses do not capture the spatial dynamics of aerosol-climate interactions, nor do they consider the additional effects of aerosol <span class="hlt">emissions</span> on human health. There is therefore merit in assessing how the timing of aerosol <span class="hlt">emission</span> reductions affects global temperature and premature mortality caused by elevated aerosol concentrations, using more comprehensive climate models. Here, we used an aerosol-climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ to simulate the direct and indirect radiative forcing resulting from aerosol <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. We simulated Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, and we also designed idealized low and high aerosol <span class="hlt">emission</span> pathways based on RCP4.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (LOW and HIGH, respectively). From these simulations, we calculated the Effective Radiative Forcing (ERF) from aerosol <span class="hlt">emissions</span> between 1850 and 2100, as well as aerosol concentrations used to estimate the premature mortality caused by particulate pollution. We then use the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model to simulate the spatial and temporal pattern of climate response to these aerosol-forcing <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, in combination with prescribed <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of both short and long-lived greenhouse gases according to the RCP4.5 <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. In the RCP <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, global mean ERF declined during the 21st century from -<span class="hlt">1</span>.3 W m-2 to -0.4 W m-2 (RCP8.5) and -0.2 W m-2 (RCP2.6). In the sensitivity <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, the forcing at the end of the 21st century was -<span class="hlt">1</span>.6 W m-2 (HIGH) and practically zero (LOW). The difference in global mean temperature</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820005258','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820005258"><span>Group <span class="hlt">1</span>: <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> design and development issues</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sherwin, P.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>All LOFT <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and flight segments should be designed on the basis of <span class="hlt">a</span> detailed statement of specific objectives. These objectives must state what kind of situation is to be addressed and why. The origin, routing, and destination of <span class="hlt">a</span> particular <span class="hlt">scenario</span> should be dictated by the specific objectives for that <span class="hlt">scenario</span> or leg. Other factors to be considered are the desired weather, climate, etc. Simulator visual system, as well as other capabilities and limitations must be considered at <span class="hlt">a</span> very early stage of <span class="hlt">scenario</span> design. The simulator navigation area must be apropriate and must coincide with current Jeppeson charts. Much of the realism of LOFT is destroyed if the crew is unable to use current manuals and other materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AtmEn..98....1M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AtmEn..98....1M"><span>Estimation of vehicular <span class="hlt">emissions</span> using dynamic <span class="hlt">emission</span> factors: <span class="hlt">A</span> case study of Delhi, India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mishra, Dhirendra; Goyal, P.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The estimation of vehicular <span class="hlt">emissions</span> depends mainly on the values of <span class="hlt">emission</span> factors, which are used for the development of <span class="hlt">a</span> comprehensive <span class="hlt">emission</span> inventory of vehicles. In this study the variations of <span class="hlt">emission</span> factors as well as the <span class="hlt">emission</span> rates have been studied in Delhi. The implementation of compressed natural gas (CNG), in the diesel and petrol, public vehicles in the year 2001 has changed the complete air quality <span class="hlt">scenario</span> of Delhi. The dynamic <span class="hlt">emission</span> factors of criteria pollutants viz. carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM10) for all types of vehicles have been developed after, which are based on the several factors such as regulated <span class="hlt">emission</span> limits, number of vehicle deterioration, vehicle increment, vehicle age etc. These <span class="hlt">emission</span> factors are found to be decreased continuously throughout the study years 2003-2012. The International Vehicle <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> (IVE) model is used to estimate the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of criteria pollutants by utilizing <span class="hlt">a</span> dataset available from field observations at different traffic intersections in Delhi. Thus the vehicular <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, based on dynamic <span class="hlt">emission</span> factors have been estimated for the years 2003-2012, which are found to be comparable with the monitored concentrations at different locations in Delhi. It is noticed that the total <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of CO, NOx, and PM10 are increased by 45.63%, 68.88% and 17.92%, respectively up to the year 2012 and the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of NOx and PM10 are grown continuously with an annual average growth rate of 5.4% and <span class="hlt">1</span>.7% respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870664','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870664"><span>Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> RFID demonstration for resource tracking in <span class="hlt">a</span> statewide disaster drill.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cole, Stacey L; Siddiqui, Javeed; Harry, David J; Sandrock, Christian E</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>To investigate the capabilities of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tracking of patients and medical equipment during <span class="hlt">a</span> simulated disaster response <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. RFID infrastructure was deployed at two small rural hospitals, in one large academic medical center and in two vehicles. Several item types from the mutual aid equipment list were selected for tracking during the demonstration. <span class="hlt">A</span> central database server was installed at the UC Davis Medical Center (UCDMC) that collected RFID information from all constituent sites. The system was tested during <span class="hlt">a</span> statewide disaster drill. During the drill, volunteers at UCDMC were selected to locate assets using the traditional method of locating resources and then using the RFID system. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of RFID infrastructure in real-time resource identification and tracking. Volunteers at UCDMC were able to locate assets substantially faster using RFID, demonstrating that real-time geolocation can be substantially more efficient and accurate than traditional manual methods. <span class="hlt">A</span> mobile, Global Positioning System (GPS)-enabled RFID system was installed in <span class="hlt">a</span> pediatric ambulance and connected to the central RFID database via secure cellular communication. This system is unique in that it provides for seamless region-wide tracking that adaptively uses and seamlessly integrates both outdoor cellular-based mobile tracking and indoor Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-based tracking. RFID tracking can provide <span class="hlt">a</span> real-time picture of the medical situation across medical facilities and other critical locations, leading to <span class="hlt">a</span> more coordinated deployment of resources. The RFID system deployed during this study demonstrated the potential to improve the ability to locate and track victims, healthcare professionals, and medical equipment during <span class="hlt">a</span> region-wide disaster.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1025a2029S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1025a2029S"><span>System on chip (SOC) wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> microcontroller for multistation measurement of water surface level using ultrasonic sensor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suryono, Suryono; Purnomo Putro, Sapto; Widowati; Adhy, Satriyo</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Experimental results of data acquisition and transmission of water surface level from the field using System on Chip (SOC) Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> microcontroller are described here. System on Chip (SOC) Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> microcontroller is useful in dealing with limitations of in situ measurement by people. It is expected to address the problem of field instrumentation such as complexities in electronic circuit, power supply, efficiency, and automation of digital data acquisition. The system developed here employs five (5) nodes consisting of ultrasonic water surface level sensor using (SOC) Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> microcontroller. The five nodes are connected to <span class="hlt">a</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> router as the gateway to send multi-station data to <span class="hlt">a</span> computer host. Measurement of water surface level using SOC Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> microcontroller manages conduct multi-station communication via database service programming that is capable of inputting every data sent to the database record according to the identity of data sent. The system here has <span class="hlt">a</span> measurement error of 0.65 cm, while in terms of range, communication between data node to gateway varies in distance from 25 m to 45 m. Communication has been successfully conducted from one Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> gateway to the other that further improvement for its multi-station range is <span class="hlt">a</span> certain possibility.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29451144','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29451144"><span>Moderate Dose of Trolox Preventing the Deleterious Effects of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Radiation on Spermatozoa In vitro through Reduction of Oxidative Stress Damage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ding, Shang-Shu; Sun, Ping; Zhang, Zhou; Liu, Xiang; Tian, Hong; Huo, Yong-Wei; Wang, Li-Rong; Han, Yan; Xing, Jun-Ping</p> <p>2018-02-20</p> <p>The worsening of semen quality, due to the application of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>, can be ameliorated by Vitamin E. This study aimed to demonstrate whether <span class="hlt">a</span> moderate dose of trolox, <span class="hlt">a</span> new Vitamin E, inhibits oxidative damage on sperms in vitro after exposure to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation. Each of the twenty qualified semen, gathered from June to October 2014 in eugenics clinic, was separated into four aliquots, including sham, Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-exposed, Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> plus 5 mmol/L trolox, and Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> plus 10 mmol/L trolox groups. At 0 min, all baseline parameters of the 20 samples were measured in sequence. Reactive oxygen species, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase were evaluated in the four aliquots at 45 and 90 min, as were sperm DNA fragments, sperm mitochondrial potential, relative amplification of sperm mitochondrial DNA, sperm vitality, and progressive and immotility sperm. The parameters were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's posttest. Among Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> plus 5 mmol/L trolox, Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-exposed and Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> plus 10 mmol/L trolox groups, reactive oxygen species levels (45 min: 3.80 ± 0.41 RLU·10 -6 ·ml -<span class="hlt">1</span> vs. 7.50 ± 0.35 RLU·10 -6 ·ml -<span class="hlt">1</span> vs. 6.70 ± 0.47 RLU·10 -6 ·ml -<span class="hlt">1</span> , P < 0.001; 90 min: 5.40 ± 0.21 RLU·10 -6 ·ml -<span class="hlt">1</span> vs. 10.10 ± 0.31 RLU·10 -6 ·ml -<span class="hlt">1</span> vs. 7.00 ± 0.42 RLU·10 -6 ·ml -<span class="hlt">1</span> , P < 0.001, respectively), percentages of tail DNA (45 min: 16.8 ± 2.0% vs. 31.9 ± 2.5% vs. 61.3 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.6%, P < 0.001; 90 min: 19.7 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.5% vs. 73.7 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.3% vs. 73.<span class="hlt">1</span> ± <span class="hlt">1.1</span>%, P < 0.001, respectively), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (45 min: 51.89 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.46 pg/ml vs. 104.89 ± 2.19 pg/ml vs. 106.11 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.81 pg/ml , P = 0.012; 90 min: 79.96 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.73 pg/ml vs. 141.73 ± 2.90 pg/ml vs. 139.06 ± 2.79 pg/ml; P < 0.001), and percentages of immotility sperm (45 min: 27.7 ± 2.7% vs. 41.7 ± 2.2% vs. 41.7 ± 2.5%; 90 min: 29.9 ± 3.3% vs. 58.9 ± 4.0% vs. 63.<span class="hlt">1</span> ± 4.0%; all P < 0.001) were lowest, and glutathione peroxidase (45 min: 60.50 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.54 U/ml vs. 37.09 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.77 U/ml vs. 28.18 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.06 U/ml; 90 min: 44.61 ± <span class="hlt">1</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5830824','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5830824"><span>Moderate Dose of Trolox Preventing the Deleterious Effects of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Radiation on Spermatozoa In vitro through Reduction of Oxidative Stress Damage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ding, Shang-Shu; Sun, Ping; Zhang, Zhou; Liu, Xiang; Tian, Hong; Huo, Yong-Wei; Wang, Li-Rong; Han, Yan; Xing, Jun-Ping</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Background: The worsening of semen quality, due to the application of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>, can be ameliorated by Vitamin E. This study aimed to demonstrate whether <span class="hlt">a</span> moderate dose of trolox, <span class="hlt">a</span> new Vitamin E, inhibits oxidative damage on sperms in vitro after exposure to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radiation. Methods: Each of the twenty qualified semen, gathered from June to October 2014 in eugenics clinic, was separated into four aliquots, including sham, Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-exposed, Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> plus 5 mmol/L trolox, and Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> plus 10 mmol/L trolox groups. At 0 min, all baseline parameters of the 20 samples were measured in sequence. Reactive oxygen species, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase were evaluated in the four aliquots at 45 and 90 min, as were sperm DNA fragments, sperm mitochondrial potential, relative amplification of sperm mitochondrial DNA, sperm vitality, and progressive and immotility sperm. The parameters were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's posttest. Results: Among Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> plus 5 mmol/L trolox, Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-exposed and Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> plus 10 mmol/L trolox groups, reactive oxygen species levels (45 min: 3.80 ± 0.41 RLU·10−6·ml−<span class="hlt">1</span> vs. 7.50 ± 0.35 RLU·10−6·ml−<span class="hlt">1</span> vs. 6.70 ± 0.47 RLU·10−6·ml−<span class="hlt">1</span>, P < 0.001; 90 min: 5.40 ± 0.21 RLU·10−6·ml−<span class="hlt">1</span> vs. 10.10 ± 0.31 RLU·10−6·ml−<span class="hlt">1</span> vs. 7.00 ± 0.42 RLU·10−6·ml−<span class="hlt">1</span>, P < 0.001, respectively), percentages of tail DNA (45 min: 16.8 ± 2.0% vs. 31.9 ± 2.5% vs. 61.3 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.6%, P < 0.001; 90 min: 19.7 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.5% vs. 73.7 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.3% vs. 73.<span class="hlt">1</span> ± <span class="hlt">1.1</span>%, P < 0.001, respectively), 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (45 min: 51.89 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.46 pg/ml vs. 104.89 ± 2.19 pg/ml vs. 106.11 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.81 pg/ml, P = 0.012; 90 min: 79.96 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.73 pg/ml vs. 141.73 ± 2.90 pg/ml vs. 139.06 ± 2.79 pg/ml; P < 0.001), and percentages of immotility sperm (45 min: 27.7 ± 2.7% vs. 41.7 ± 2.2% vs. 41.7 ± 2.5%; 90 min: 29.9 ± 3.3% vs. 58.9 ± 4.0% vs. 63.<span class="hlt">1</span> ± 4.0%; all P < 0.001) were lowest, and glutathione peroxidase (45 min: 60.50 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.54 U/ml vs. 37.09 ± <span class="hlt">1</span>.77 U/ml vs. 28</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f3001M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f3001M"><span>Negative <span class="hlt">emissions</span>: Part <span class="hlt">1</span>—research landscape and synthesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Minx, Jan C.; Lamb, William F.; Callaghan, Max W.; Fuss, Sabine; Hilaire, Jérôme; Creutzig, Felix; Amann, Thorben; Beringer, Tim; de Oliveira Garcia, Wagner; Hartmann, Jens; Khanna, Tarun; Lenzi, Dominic; Luderer, Gunnar; Nemet, Gregory F.; Rogelj, Joeri; Smith, Pete; Vicente, Jose Luis Vicente; Wilcox, Jennifer; del Mar Zamora Dominguez, Maria</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>With the Paris Agreement’s ambition of limiting climate change to well below 2 °C, negative <span class="hlt">emission</span> technologies (NETs) have moved into the limelight of discussions in climate science and policy. Despite several assessments, the current knowledge on NETs is still diffuse and incomplete, but also growing fast. Here, we synthesize <span class="hlt">a</span> comprehensive body of NETs literature, using scientometric tools and performing an in-depth assessment of the quantitative and qualitative evidence therein. We clarify the role of NETs in climate change mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, their ethical implications, as well as the challenges involved in bringing the various NETs to the market and scaling them up in time. There are six major findings arising from our assessment: first, keeping warming below <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C requires the large-scale deployment of NETs, but this dependency can still be kept to <span class="hlt">a</span> minimum for the 2 °C warming limit. Second, accounting for economic and biophysical limits, we identify relevant potentials for all NETs except ocean fertilization. Third, any single NET is unlikely to sustainably achieve the large NETs deployment observed in many <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C and 2 °C mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Yet, portfolios of multiple NETs, each deployed at modest scales, could be invaluable for reaching the climate goals. Fourth, <span class="hlt">a</span> substantial gap exists between the upscaling and rapid diffusion of NETs implied in <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and progress in actual innovation and deployment. If NETs are required at the scales currently discussed, the resulting urgency of implementation is currently neither reflected in science nor policy. Fifth, NETs face severe barriers to implementation and are only weakly incentivized so far. Finally, we identify distinct ethical discourses relevant for NETs, but highlight the need to root them firmly in the available evidence in order to render such discussions relevant in practice.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27845711','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27845711"><span>Indoor Location Sensing with Invariant Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Received Signal Strength Fingerprinting.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Husen, Mohd Nizam; Lee, Sukhan</p> <p>2016-11-11</p> <p><span class="hlt">A</span> method of location fingerprinting based on the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> received signal strength (RSS) in an indoor environment is presented. The method aims to overcome the RSS instability due to varying channel disturbances in time by introducing the concept of invariant RSS statistics. The invariant RSS statistics represent here the RSS distributions collected at individual calibration locations under minimal random spatiotemporal disturbances in time. The invariant RSS statistics thus collected serve as the reference pattern classes for fingerprinting. Fingerprinting is carried out at an unknown location by identifying the reference pattern class that maximally supports the spontaneous RSS sensed from individual Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> sources. <span class="hlt">A</span> design guideline is also presented as <span class="hlt">a</span> rule of thumb for estimating the number of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal sources required to be available for any given number of calibration locations under <span class="hlt">a</span> certain level of random spatiotemporal disturbances. Experimental results show that the proposed method not only provides 17% higher success rate than conventional ones but also removes the need for recalibration. Furthermore, the resolution is shown finer by 40% with the execution time more than an order of magnitude faster than the conventional methods. These results are also backed up by theoretical analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27470581','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27470581"><span>Crystal structure and genetic modifications of <span class="hlt">FI</span>-CMCase from Aspergillus aculeatus F-50.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huang, Jian-Wen; Liu, Weidong; Lai, Hui-Lin; Cheng, Ya-Shan; Zheng, Yingying; Li, Qian; Sun, Hong; Kuo, Chih-Jung; Guo, Rey-Ting; Chen, Chun-Chi</p> <p>2016-09-16</p> <p>Cellulose is the major component of the plant cell wall and the most abundant renewable biomass on earth, and its decomposition has proven to be very useful in many commercial applications. Endo-<span class="hlt">1</span>,4-β-d-glucanase (EC 3.2.<span class="hlt">1</span>.4; endoglucanase), which catalyzes the random hydrolysis of <span class="hlt">1</span>,4-β-glycosidic bonds of the cellulose main chain to cleave cellulose into smaller fragments, is the key cellulolytic enzyme. An endoglucanase isolated from Aspergillus aculeatus F-50 (<span class="hlt">FI</span>-CMCase), which is classified into the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 12, was demonstrated to be effectively expressed in the industrial strain Pichia pastoris. Here, the crystal structure and complex structures of P. pastoris-expressed <span class="hlt">FI</span>-CMCase were solved to high resolution. The overall structure is analyzed and compared to other GH12 members. In addition, the substrate-surrounding residues were engineered to search for variants with improved enzymatic activity. Among 14 mutants constructed, one with two-fold increase in protein expression was identified, which possesses <span class="hlt">a</span> potential to be further developed as <span class="hlt">a</span> commercial enzyme product. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24273093','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24273093"><span>Patterns in CH4 and CO2 concentrations across boreal rivers: Major drivers and implications for fluvial greenhouse <span class="hlt">emissions</span> under climate change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Campeau, Audrey; Del Giorgio, Paul A</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>It is now widely accepted that boreal rivers and streams are regionally significant sources of carbon dioxide (CO2), yet their role as methane (CH4) emitters, as well as the sensitivity of these greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> to climate change, are still largely undefined. In this study, we explore the large-scale patterns of fluvial CO2 and CH4 partial pressure (pCO2 , pCH4) and gas exchange (k) relative to <span class="hlt">a</span> set of key, climate-sensitive river variables across 46 streams and rivers in two distinct boreal landscapes of Northern Québec. We use the resulting models to determine the direction and magnitude of C-gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from these boreal fluvial networks under <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of climate change. River pCO2 and pCH4 were positively correlated, although the latter was two orders of magnitude more variable. We provide evidence that in-stream metabolism strongly influences the dynamics of surface water pCO2 and pCH4 , but whereas pCO2 is not influenced by temperature in the surveyed streams and rivers, pCH4 appears to be strongly temperature-dependent. The major predictors of ambient gas concentrations and exchange were water temperature, velocity, and DOC, and the resulting models indicate that total GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> (C-CO2 equivalent) from the entire network may increase between by 13 to 68% under plausible <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of climate change over the next 50 years. These predicted increases in fluvial GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are mostly driven by <span class="hlt">a</span> steep increase in the contribution of CH4 (from 36 to over 50% of total CO2 -equivalents). The current role of boreal fluvial networks as major landscape sources of C is thus likely to expand, mainly driven by large increases in fluvial CH4 <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26552272','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26552272"><span>Climate-suitable planting as <span class="hlt">a</span> strategy for maintaining forest productivity and functional diversity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Duveneck, Matthew J; Scheller, Robert M</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Within the time frame of the longevity of tree species, climate change will change faster than the ability of natural tree migration. Migration lags may result in reduced productivity and reduced diversity in forests under current management and climate change. We evaluated the efficacy of planting climate-suitable tree species (CSP), those tree species with current or historic distributions immediately south of <span class="hlt">a</span> focal landscape, to maintain or increase aboveground biomass productivity, and species and functional diversity. We modeled forest change with the LANDIS-II forest simulation model for 100 years (2000-2100) at <span class="hlt">a</span> 2-ha cell resolution and five-year time steps within two landscapes in the Great Lakes region (northeastern Minnesota and northern lower Michigan, USA). We compared current climate to low- and high-<span class="hlt">emission</span> futures. We simulated <span class="hlt">a</span> low-<span class="hlt">emission</span> climate future with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007 B<span class="hlt">1</span> <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and the Parallel Climate Model Global Circulation Model (GCM). We simulated <span class="hlt">a</span> high-<span class="hlt">emission</span> climate future with the IPCC <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span><span class="hlt">FI</span> <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) GCM. We compared current forest management practices (business-as-usual) to CSP management. In the CSP <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, we simulated <span class="hlt">a</span> target planting of 5.28% and 4.97% of forested area per five-year time step in the Minnesota and Michigan landscapes, respectively. We found that simulated CSP species successfully established in both landscapes under all climate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. The presence of CSP species generally increased simulated aboveground biomass. Species diversity increased due to CSP; however, the effect on functional diversity was variable. Because the planted species were functionally similar to many native species, CSP did not result in <span class="hlt">a</span> consistent increase nor decrease in functional diversity. These results provide an assessment of the potential efficacy and limitations of CSP management. These results have</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27007379','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27007379"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Crowd-Sourcing Indoor Localization Algorithm via Optical Camera on <span class="hlt">a</span> Smartphone Assisted by Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Fingerprint RSSI.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Wei; Wang, Weiping; Li, Qun; Chang, Qiang; Hou, Hongtao</p> <p>2016-03-19</p> <p>Indoor positioning based on existing Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprints is becoming more and more common. Unfortunately, the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprint is susceptible to multiple path interferences, signal attenuation, and environmental changes, which leads to low accuracy. Meanwhile, with the recent advances in charge-coupled device (CCD) technologies and the processing speed of smartphones, indoor positioning using the optical camera on <span class="hlt">a</span> smartphone has become an attractive research topic; however, the major challenge is its high computational complexity; as <span class="hlt">a</span> result, real-time positioning cannot be achieved. In this paper we introduce <span class="hlt">a</span> crowd-sourcing indoor localization algorithm via an optical camera and orientation sensor on <span class="hlt">a</span> smartphone to address these issues. First, we use Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprint based on the K Weighted Nearest Neighbor (KWNN) algorithm to make <span class="hlt">a</span> coarse estimation. Second, we adopt <span class="hlt">a</span> mean-weighted exponent algorithm to fuse optical image features and orientation sensor data as well as KWNN in the smartphone to refine the result. Furthermore, <span class="hlt">a</span> crowd-sourcing approach is utilized to update and supplement the positioning database. We perform several experiments comparing our approach with other positioning algorithms on <span class="hlt">a</span> common smartphone to evaluate the performance of the proposed sensor-calibrated algorithm, and the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm could significantly improve accuracy, stability, and applicability of positioning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15337348','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15337348"><span>Health risk assessment of PCDD/F <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from <span class="hlt">a</span> hazardous and medical waste incinerator in Turkey.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Karademir, Aykan</p> <p>2004-10-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">A</span> multimedia risk assessment procedure was conducted to determine the fate and transport of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from the Izmit Hazardous and Medical Waste Incinerator (IZAYDAS) in Turkey and their potential health risks. Congener concentrations in ambient air and their deposition rates were determined by an air dispersion model (ISCST3). Their transfer to some plant groups and animal tissues was predicted by food chain modeling. Exposure <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> were produced based on three receptor groups (urban, semiurban, and rural) and five subgroups determined according to ages. Daily intakes of PCDD/Fs via exposure pathways were determined based on three different <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for each group and subgroup. Estimated incremental PCDD/F doses caused by the incinerator <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in central-tendency <span class="hlt">scenario</span> were computed as between 2.31 x 10(-6) and 0.008 pg TEQ kg(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) bodyweight (bw) day(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) on average for all the receptors other than infants in all the settings, while the range was 3.01 x 10(-5)-0.081 pg TEQ kg(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) bw day(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) for infants. Sensitivity analysis showed that the consumption of vegetal products and their locally grown fractions are the most significant parameters in the exposure to PCDD/Fs in the area.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25976302','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25976302"><span>Polyethylene recycling: Waste policy <span class="hlt">scenario</span> analysis for the EU-27.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Andreoni, Valeria; Saveyn, Hans G M; Eder, Peter</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>This paper quantifies the main impacts that the adoption of the best recycling practices together with <span class="hlt">a</span> reduction in the consumption of single-use plastic bags and the adoption of <span class="hlt">a</span> kerbside collection system could have on the 27 Member States of the EU. The main consequences in terms of employment, waste management costs, <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and energy use have been quantified for two <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of polyethylene (PE) waste production and recycling. That is to say, <span class="hlt">a</span> "business as usual <span class="hlt">scenario</span>", where the 2012 performances of PE waste production and recycling are extrapolated to 2020, is compared to <span class="hlt">a</span> "best practice <span class="hlt">scenario</span>", where the best available recycling practices are modelled together with the possible adoption of the amended Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive related to the consumption of single-use plastic bags and the implementation of <span class="hlt">a</span> kerbside collection system. The main results show that socio-economic and environmental benefits can be generated across the EU by the implementation of the best practice <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. In particular, estimations show <span class="hlt">a</span> possible reduction of 4.4 million tonnes of non-recycled PE waste, together with <span class="hlt">a</span> reduction of around €90 million in waste management costs in 2020 for the best practice <span class="hlt">scenario</span> versus the business as usual <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. An additional 35,622 jobs are also expected to be created. In environmental terms, the quantity of CO2 equivalent <span class="hlt">emissions</span> could be reduced by around <span class="hlt">1</span>.46 million tonnes and the net energy requirements are expected to increase by 16.5 million GJ as <span class="hlt">a</span> consequence of the reduction in the energy produced from waste. The main analysis provided in this paper, together with the data and the model presented, can be useful to identify the possible costs and benefits that the implementation of PE waste policies and Directives could generate for the EU. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25569750','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25569750"><span>Fusion of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>, smartphone sensors and landmarks using the Kalman filter for indoor localization.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Zhenghua; Zou, Han; Jiang, Hao; Zhu, Qingchang; Soh, Yeng Chai; Xie, Lihua</p> <p>2015-01-05</p> <p>Location-based services (LBS) have attracted <span class="hlt">a</span> great deal of attention recently. Outdoor localization can be solved by the GPS technique, but how to accurately and efficiently localize pedestrians in indoor environments is still <span class="hlt">a</span> challenging problem. Recent techniques based on Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> or pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) have several limiting problems, such as the variation of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals and the drift of PDR. An auxiliary tool for indoor localization is landmarks, which can be easily identified based on specific sensor patterns in the environment, and this will be exploited in our proposed approach. In this work, we propose <span class="hlt">a</span> sensor fusion framework for combining Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>, PDR and landmarks. Since the whole system is running on <span class="hlt">a</span> smartphone, which is resource limited, we formulate the sensor fusion problem in <span class="hlt">a</span> linear perspective, then <span class="hlt">a</span> Kalman filter is applied instead of <span class="hlt">a</span> particle filter, which is widely used in the literature. Furthermore, novel techniques to enhance the accuracy of individual approaches are adopted. In the experiments, an Android app is developed for real-time indoor localization and navigation. <span class="hlt">A</span> comparison has been made between our proposed approach and individual approaches. The results show significant improvement using our proposed framework. Our proposed system can provide an average localization accuracy of <span class="hlt">1</span> m.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4327045','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4327045"><span>Fusion of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>, Smartphone Sensors and Landmarks Using the Kalman Filter for Indoor Localization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chen, Zhenghua; Zou, Han; Jiang, Hao; Zhu, Qingchang; Soh, Yeng Chai; Xie, Lihua</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Location-based services (LBS) have attracted <span class="hlt">a</span> great deal of attention recently. Outdoor localization can be solved by the GPS technique, but how to accurately and efficiently localize pedestrians in indoor environments is still <span class="hlt">a</span> challenging problem. Recent techniques based on Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> or pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) have several limiting problems, such as the variation of Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals and the drift of PDR. An auxiliary tool for indoor localization is landmarks, which can be easily identified based on specific sensor patterns in the environment, and this will be exploited in our proposed approach. In this work, we propose <span class="hlt">a</span> sensor fusion framework for combining Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>, PDR and landmarks. Since the whole system is running on <span class="hlt">a</span> smartphone, which is resource limited, we formulate the sensor fusion problem in <span class="hlt">a</span> linear perspective, then <span class="hlt">a</span> Kalman filter is applied instead of <span class="hlt">a</span> particle filter, which is widely used in the literature. Furthermore, novel techniques to enhance the accuracy of individual approaches are adopted. In the experiments, an Android app is developed for real-time indoor localization and navigation. <span class="hlt">A</span> comparison has been made between our proposed approach and individual approaches. The results show significant improvement using our proposed framework. Our proposed system can provide an average localization accuracy of <span class="hlt">1</span> m. PMID:25569750</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..325R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..325R"><span><span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> towards limiting global mean temperature increase below <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rogelj, Joeri; Popp, Alexander; Calvin, Katherine V.; Luderer, Gunnar; Emmerling, Johannes; Gernaat, David; Fujimori, Shinichiro; Strefler, Jessica; Hasegawa, Tomoko; Marangoni, Giacomo; Krey, Volker; Kriegler, Elmar; Riahi, Keywan; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Doelman, Jonathan; Drouet, Laurent; Edmonds, Jae; Fricko, Oliver; Harmsen, Mathijs; Havlík, Petr; Humpenöder, Florian; Stehfest, Elke; Tavoni, Massimo</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The 2015 Paris Agreement calls for countries to pursue efforts to limit global-mean temperature rise to <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C. The transition pathways that can meet such <span class="hlt">a</span> target have not, however, been extensively explored. Here we describe <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> that limit end-of-century radiative forcing to <span class="hlt">1</span>.9 W m-2, and consequently restrict median warming in the year 2100 to below <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C. We use six integrated assessment models and <span class="hlt">a</span> simple climate model, under different socio-economic, technological and resource assumptions from five Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs). Some, but not all, SSPs are amenable to pathways to <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C. Successful <span class="hlt">1</span>.9 W m-2 <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are characterized by <span class="hlt">a</span> rapid shift away from traditional fossil-fuel use towards large-scale low-carbon energy supplies, reduced energy use, and carbon-dioxide removal. However, <span class="hlt">1</span>.9 W m-2 <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> could not be achieved in several models under SSPs with strong inequalities, high baseline fossil-fuel use, or scattered short-term climate policy. Further research can help policy-makers to understand the real-world implications of these <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC44B..03E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC44B..03E"><span><span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> Based on Shared Socioeconomic Pathway Assumptions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Edmonds, J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">A</span> set of new <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> is being developed by the international scientific community as part of <span class="hlt">a</span> larger program that was articulated in Moss, et al. (2009), published in Nature. <span class="hlt">A</span> long series of meetings including climate researchers drawn from the climate modeling, impacts, adaptation and vulnerability (IAV) and integrated assessment modeling (IAM) communities have led to the development of <span class="hlt">a</span> set of five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), which define the state of human and natural societies at <span class="hlt">a</span> macro scale over the course of the 21st century without regard to climate mitigation or change. SSPs were designed to explore <span class="hlt">a</span> range of possible futures consistent with greater or lesser challenges to mitigation and challenges to adaptation. They include <span class="hlt">a</span> narrative storyline and <span class="hlt">a</span> set of quantified measures--e.g. demographic and economic profiles--that define the high-level state of society as it evolves over the 21st century under the assumption of no significant climate feedback. SSPs can be used to develop quantitative <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of human Earth systems using IAMs. IAMs produce information about greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, energy systems, the economy, agriculture and land use. Each set of SSPs will have <span class="hlt">a</span> different human Earth system realization for each IAM. Five groups from the IAM community have begun to explore the implications of SSP assumptions for <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, energy, economy, agriculture and land use. We report the quantitative results of initial experiments from those groups. <span class="hlt">A</span> major goal of the Moss, et al. strategy was to enable the use of CMIP5 climate model ensemble products for IAV research. CMIP5 climate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> used four Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, defined in terms of radiative forcing in the year 2100: 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 Wm-2. There is no reason to believe that the SSPs will generate year 2100 levels of radiative forcing that correspond to the four RCP levels, though it is important that at least one SSP produce <span class="hlt">a</span></p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BGD....11.1443E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BGD....11.1443E"><span>An ensemble approach to simulate CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from natural fires</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eliseev, A. V.; Mokhov, I. I.; Chernokulsky, A. V.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents ensemble simulations with the global climate model developed at the <span class="hlt">A</span>. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS CM). These simulations were forced by historical reconstruction of external forcings for 850-2005 AD and by the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> till year 2300. Different ensemble members were constructed by varying the governing parameters of the IAP RAS CM module to simulate natural fires. These members are constrained by the GFED-3.<span class="hlt">1</span> observational data set and further subjected to Bayesian averaging. This approach allows to select only changes in fire characteristics which are robust within the constrained ensemble. In our simulations, the present-day (1998-2011 AD) global area burnt due to natural fires is (2.<span class="hlt">1</span> ± 0.4) × 106 km2 yr-<span class="hlt">1</span> (ensemble means and intra-ensemble standard deviations are presented), and the respective CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in the atmosphere are (<span class="hlt">1</span>.4 ± 0.2) PgC yr-<span class="hlt">1</span>. The latter value is in agreement with the corresponding observational estimates. Regionally, the model underestimates CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in the tropics; in the extra-tropics, it underestimates these <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in north-east Eurasia and overestimates them in Europe. In the 21st century, the ensemble mean global burnt area is increased by 13% (28%, 36%, 51%) under <span class="hlt">scenario</span> RCP 2.6 (RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, RCP 8.5). The corresponding global <span class="hlt">emissions</span> increase is 14% (29%, 37%, 42%). In the 22nd-23rd centuries, under the mitigation <span class="hlt">scenario</span> RCP 2.6 the ensemble mean global burnt area and respective CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> slightly decrease, both by 5% relative to their values in year 2100. Under other RCP <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, these variables continue to increase. Under <span class="hlt">scenario</span> RCP 8.5 (RCP 6.0, RCP 4.5) the ensemble mean burnt area in year 2300 is higher by 83% (44%, 15%) than its value in year 2100, and the ensemble mean CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are correspondingly higher by 31% (19%, 9%). All changes of natural fire characteristics in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1239599-impacts-minamata-conventionon-mercury-emissions-global-deposition-from-coal-fired-power-generation-asia','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1239599-impacts-minamata-conventionon-mercury-emissions-global-deposition-from-coal-fired-power-generation-asia"><span>Impacts of the Minamata Conventionon on Mercury <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> and Global Deposition from Coal-Fired Power Generation in Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Giang, Amanda; Stokes, Leah C.; Streets, David G.</p> <p></p> <p>We explore implications of the United Nations Minamata Convention on Mercury for <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from Asian coal-fired power generation, and resulting changes to deposition worldwide by 2050. We use engineering analysis, document analysis, and interviews to construct plausible technology <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> consistent with the Convention. We translate these <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> into <span class="hlt">emissions</span> projections for 2050, and use the GEOS-Chem model to calculate global mercury deposition. Where technology requirements in the Convention are flexibly defined, under <span class="hlt">a</span> global energy and development <span class="hlt">scenario</span> that relies heavily on coal, we project similar to 90 and 150 Mg.y(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) of avoided power sector <span class="hlt">emissions</span> for China and India,more » respectively, in 2050, compared to <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> in which only current technologies are used. Benefits of this avoided <span class="hlt">emissions</span> growth are primarily captured regionally, with projected changes in annual average gross deposition over China and India similar to 2 and 13 mu g.m(-2) lower, respectively, than the current technology case. Stricter, but technologically feasible, mercury control requirements in both countries could lead to <span class="hlt">a</span> combined additional 170 Mg.y(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) avoided <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Assuming only current technologies but <span class="hlt">a</span> global transition away from coal avoids 6% and 36% more <span class="hlt">emissions</span> than this strict technology <span class="hlt">scenario</span> under heavy coal use for China and India, respectively.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25851589','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25851589"><span>Impacts of the Minamata convention on mercury <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and global deposition from coal-fired power generation in Asia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Giang, Amanda; Stokes, Leah C; Streets, David G; Corbitt, Elizabeth S; Selin, Noelle E</p> <p>2015-05-05</p> <p>We explore implications of the United Nations Minamata Convention on Mercury for <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from Asian coal-fired power generation, and resulting changes to deposition worldwide by 2050. We use engineering analysis, document analysis, and interviews to construct plausible technology <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> consistent with the Convention. We translate these <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> into <span class="hlt">emissions</span> projections for 2050, and use the GEOS-Chem model to calculate global mercury deposition. Where technology requirements in the Convention are flexibly defined, under <span class="hlt">a</span> global energy and development <span class="hlt">scenario</span> that relies heavily on coal, we project ∼90 and 150 Mg·y(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) of avoided power sector <span class="hlt">emissions</span> for China and India, respectively, in 2050, compared to <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> in which only current technologies are used. Benefits of this avoided <span class="hlt">emissions</span> growth are primarily captured regionally, with projected changes in annual average gross deposition over China and India ∼2 and 13 μg·m(-2) lower, respectively, than the current technology case. Stricter, but technologically feasible, mercury control requirements in both countries could lead to <span class="hlt">a</span> combined additional 170 Mg·y(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) avoided <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Assuming only current technologies but <span class="hlt">a</span> global transition away from coal avoids 6% and 36% more <span class="hlt">emissions</span> than this strict technology <span class="hlt">scenario</span> under heavy coal use for China and India, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148709','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148709"><span>Mortality prediction to hospitalized patients with influenza pneumonia: PO2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 combined lymphocyte count is the answer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shi, Shu Jing; Li, Hui; Liu, Meng; Liu, Ying Mei; Zhou, Fei; Liu, Bo; Qu, Jiu Xin; Cao, Bin</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) severity scores perform well in predicting mortality of CAP patients, but their applicability in influenza pneumonia is powerless. The aim of our research was to test the efficiency of PO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 and CAP severity scores in predicting mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission with influenza pneumonia patients. We reviewed all patients with positive influenza virus RNA detection in Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital during the 2009-2014 influenza seasons. Outpatients, inpatients with no pneumonia and incomplete data were excluded. We used receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) to verify the accuracy of severity scores or indices as mortality predictors in the study patients. Among 170 hospitalized patients with influenza pneumonia, 30 (17.6%) died. Among those who were classified as low-risk (predicted mortality 0.<span class="hlt">1%-2.1</span>%) by pneumonia severity index (PSI) or confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure, age ≥65 year (CURB-65), the actual mortality ranged from 5.9 to 22.<span class="hlt">1</span>%. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that hypoxia (PO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2  ≤ 250) and lymphopenia (peripheral blood lymphocyte count <0.8 × 10 9 /L) were independent risk factors for mortality, with OR value of 22.483 (95% confidence interval 4.927-102.598) and 5.853 (95% confidence interval <span class="hlt">1</span>.887-18.152), respectively. PO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 combined lymphocyte count performed well for mortality prediction with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.945, which was significantly better than current CAP severity scores of PSI, CURB-65 and confusion, respiratory rate, blood pressure, age ≥65 years for mortality prediction (P < 0.001). The scores or indices for ICU admission prediction to hospitalized patients with influenza pneumonia confirmed <span class="hlt">a</span> similar pattern and PO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 combined lymphocyte count was also the best predictor for predicting ICU admission. In conclusion, we found that PO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 combined lymphocyte count is simple and reliable predictor</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16600331','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16600331"><span>Simulation of future stream alkalinity under changing deposition and climate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Welsch, Daniel L; Cosby, B Jack; Hornberger, George M</p> <p>2006-08-31</p> <p>Models of soil and stream water acidification have typically been applied under <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of changing acidic deposition, however, climate change is usually ignored. Soil air CO2 concentrations have potential to increase as climate warms and becomes wetter, thus affecting soil and stream water chemistry by initially increasing stream alkalinity at the expense of reducing base saturation levels on soil exchange sites. We simulate this change by applying <span class="hlt">a</span> series of physically based coupled models capable of predicting soil air CO2 and stream water chemistry. We predict daily stream water alkalinity for <span class="hlt">a</span> small catchment in the Virginia Blue Ridge for 60 years into the future given stochastically generated daily climate values. This is done for nine different combinations of climate and deposition. The <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for both climate and deposition include <span class="hlt">a</span> static <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> of gradual change, and <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> of abrupt change. We find that stream water alkalinity continues to decline for all <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (average decrease of 14.4 microeq L-<span class="hlt">1</span>) except where climate is gradually warming and becoming more moist (average increase of 13 microeq L-<span class="hlt">1</span>). In all other <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, base cation removal from catchment soils is responsible for limited alkalinity increase resulting from climate change. This has implications given the extent that acidification models are used to establish policy and legislation concerning deposition and <span class="hlt">emissions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ISPAn42W4..377R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ISPAn42W4..377R"><span>Fusion of Location Fingerprinting and Trilateration Based on the Example of Differential Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Positioning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Retscher, G.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Positioning of mobile users in indoor environments with Wireless Fidelity (Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>) has become very popular whereby location fingerprinting and trilateration are the most commonly employed methods. In both the received signal strength (RSS) of the surrounding access points (APs) are scanned and used to estimate the user's position. Within the scope of this study the advantageous qualities of both methods are identified and selected to benefit their combination. By <span class="hlt">a</span> fusion of these technologies <span class="hlt">a</span> higher performance for Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning is achievable. For that purpose, <span class="hlt">a</span> novel approach based on the well-known Differential GPS (DGPS) principle of operation is developed and applied. This approach for user localization and tracking is termed Differential Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> (DWi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span>) by analogy with DGPS. From reference stations deployed in the area of interest differential measurement corrections are derived and applied at the mobile user side. Hence, range or coordinate corrections can be estimated from <span class="hlt">a</span> network of reference station observations as it is done in common CORS GNSS networks. <span class="hlt">A</span> low-cost realization with Raspberry Pi units is employed for these reference stations. These units serve at the same time as APs broadcasting Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals as well as reference stations scanning the receivable Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals of the surrounding APs. As the RSS measurements are carried out continuously at the reference stations dynamically changing maps of RSS distributions, so-called radio maps, are derived. Similar as in location fingerprinting this radio maps represent the RSS fingerprints at certain locations. From the areal modelling of the correction parameters in combination with the dynamically updated radio maps the location of the user can be estimated in real-time. The novel approach is presented and its performance demonstrated in this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ERL.....7c4003E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ERL.....7c4003E"><span>Potential impacts of climate change on the ecology of dengue and its mosquito vector the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Erickson, R. A.; Hayhoe, K.; Presley, S. M.; Allen, L. J. S.; Long, K. R.; Cox, S. B.</p> <p>2012-09-01</p> <p>Shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns caused by global climate change may have profound impacts on the ecology of certain infectious diseases. We examine the potential impacts of climate change on the transmission and maintenance dynamics of dengue, <span class="hlt">a</span> resurging mosquito-vectored infectious disease. In particular, we project changes in dengue season length for three cities: Atlanta, GA; Chicago, IL and Lubbock, TX. These cities are located on the edges of the range of the Asian tiger mosquito within the United States of America and were chosen as test cases. We use <span class="hlt">a</span> disease model that explicitly incorporates mosquito population dynamics and high-resolution climate projections. Based on projected changes under the Special Report on <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> (SRES) <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span><span class="hlt">fi</span> (higher) and B<span class="hlt">1</span> (lower) <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> as simulated by four global climate models, we found that the projected warming shortened mosquito lifespan, which in turn decreased the potential dengue season. These results illustrate the difficulty in predicting how climate change may alter complex systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27040735','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27040735"><span>Construction and evaluation of <span class="hlt">Fi</span>ND, <span class="hlt">a</span> fall risk prediction model of inpatients from nursing data.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yokota, Shinichiroh; Ohe, Kazuhiko</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>To construct and evaluate an easy-to-use fall risk prediction model based on the daily condition of inpatients from secondary use electronic medical record system data. The present authors scrutinized electronic medical record system data and created <span class="hlt">a</span> dataset for analysis by including inpatient fall report data and Intensity of Nursing Care Needs data. The authors divided the analysis dataset into training data and testing data, then constructed the fall risk prediction model <span class="hlt">Fi</span>ND from the training data, and tested the model using the testing data. The dataset for analysis contained <span class="hlt">1</span>,230,604 records from 46,241 patients. The sensitivity of the model constructed from the training data was 71.3% and the specificity was 66.0%. The verification result from the testing dataset was almost equivalent to the theoretical value. Although the model's accuracy did not surpass that of models developed in previous research, the authors believe <span class="hlt">Fi</span>ND will be useful in medical institutions all over Japan because it is composed of few variables (only age, sex, and the Intensity of Nursing Care Needs items), and the accuracy for unknown data was clear. © 2016 Japan Academy of Nursing Science.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=337390&keyword=air&subject=air%20research&showcriteria=2&datebeginpublishedpresented=08/24/2012&dateendpublishedpresented=08/24/2017&sortby=pubdateyear&','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=337390&keyword=air&subject=air%20research&showcriteria=2&datebeginpublishedpresented=08/24/2012&dateendpublishedpresented=08/24/2017&sortby=pubdateyear&"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> framework to analyze <span class="hlt">emissions</span> implications of ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Future year <span class="hlt">emissions</span> depend highly on the evolution of the economy, technology and current and future regulatory drivers. <span class="hlt">A</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> framework was adopted to analyze various technology development pathways and societal change while considering existing regulations and future uncertainty in regulations and evaluate resulting <span class="hlt">emissions</span> growth patterns. The framework integrates EPA’s energy systems model with an economic Input-Output (I/O) Life Cycle Assessment model. The EPAUS9r MARKAL database is assembled from <span class="hlt">a</span> set of technologies to represent the U.S. energy system within MARKAL bottom-up technology rich energy modeling framework. The general state of the economy and consequent demands for goods and services from these sectors are taken exogenously in MARKAL. It is important to characterize exogenous inputs about the economy to appropriately represent the industrial sector outlook for each of the <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> and case studies evaluated. An economic input-output (I/O) model of the US economy is constructed to link up with MARKAL. The I/O model enables user to change input requirements (e.g. energy intensity) for different sectors or the share of consumer income expended on <span class="hlt">a</span> given good. This gives end-users <span class="hlt">a</span> mechanism for modeling change in the two dimensions of technological progress and consumer preferences that define the future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. The framework will then be extended to include environmental I/O framework to track life cycle <span class="hlt">emissions</span> associated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1315H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1315H"><span>Expert Elicitations of 2100 <span class="hlt">Emission</span> of CO2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ho, Emily; Bosetti, Valentina; Budescu, David; Keller, Klaus; van Vuuren, Detlef</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> such as Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are used intensively for climate research (e.g. climate change projections) and policy analysis. While the range of these <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> provides an indication of uncertainty, these <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are typically not associated with probability values. Some studies (e.g. Vuuren et al, 2007; Gillingham et al., 2015) took <span class="hlt">a</span> different approach associating baseline <span class="hlt">emission</span> pathways (conditionally) with probability distributions. This paper summarizes three studies where climate change experts were asked to conduct pair-wise comparisons of possible ranges of 2100 greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and rate the relative likelihood of the ranges. The elicitation was performed under two sets of assumptions: <span class="hlt">1</span>) <span class="hlt">a</span> situation where no climate policies are introduced beyond the ones already in place (baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span>), and 2) <span class="hlt">a</span> situation in which countries have ratified the voluntary policies in line with the long term target embedded in the 2015 Paris Agreement. These indirect relative judgments were used to construct subjective cumulative distribution functions. We show that by using <span class="hlt">a</span> ratio scaling method that invokes relative likelihoods of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, <span class="hlt">a</span> subjective probability distribution can be derived for each expert that expresses their beliefs in the projected greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> range in 2100. This method is shown to elicit stable estimates that require minimal adjustment and is relatively invariant to the partition of the domain of interest. Experts also rated the method as being easy and intuitive to use. We also report results of <span class="hlt">a</span> study that allowed participants to choose their own ranges of greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> to remove potential anchoring bias. We discuss the implications of the use of this method for facilitating comparison and communication of beliefs among diverse users of climate science research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/13412','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/13412"><span>Estimating potential habitat for 134 eastern US tree species under six climate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Louis R. Iverson; Anantha M. Prasad; Stephen N. Matthews; Matthew Peters</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>We modeled and mapped, using the predictive data mining tool Random Forests, 134 tree species from the eastern United States for potential response to several <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of climate change. Each species was modeled individually to show current and potential future habitats according to two <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (high <span class="hlt">emissions</span> on current trajectory and reasonable...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4181775','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4181775"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Design of Irregular Grid Map for Large-Scale Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> LAN Fingerprint Positioning Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kim, Jae-Hoon; Min, Kyoung Sik; Yeo, Woon-Young</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The rapid growth of mobile communication and the proliferation of smartphones have drawn significant attention to location-based services (LBSs). One of the most important factors in the vitalization of LBSs is the accurate position estimation of <span class="hlt">a</span> mobile device. The Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning system (WPS) is <span class="hlt">a</span> new positioning method that measures received signal strength indication (RSSI) data from all Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> access points (APs) and stores them in <span class="hlt">a</span> large database as <span class="hlt">a</span> form of radio fingerprint map. Because of the millions of APs in urban areas, radio fingerprints are seriously contaminated and confused. Moreover, the algorithmic advances for positioning face computational limitation. Therefore, we present <span class="hlt">a</span> novel irregular grid structure and data analytics for efficient fingerprint map management. The usefulness of the proposed methodology is presented using the actual radio fingerprint measurements taken throughout Seoul, Korea. PMID:25302315</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25302315','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25302315"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> design of irregular grid map for large-scale Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> LAN fingerprint positioning systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Jae-Hoon; Min, Kyoung Sik; Yeo, Woon-Young</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The rapid growth of mobile communication and the proliferation of smartphones have drawn significant attention to location-based services (LBSs). One of the most important factors in the vitalization of LBSs is the accurate position estimation of <span class="hlt">a</span> mobile device. The Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> positioning system (WPS) is <span class="hlt">a</span> new positioning method that measures received signal strength indication (RSSI) data from all Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> access points (APs) and stores them in <span class="hlt">a</span> large database as <span class="hlt">a</span> form of radio fingerprint map. Because of the millions of APs in urban areas, radio fingerprints are seriously contaminated and confused. Moreover, the algorithmic advances for positioning face computational limitation. Therefore, we present <span class="hlt">a</span> novel irregular grid structure and data analytics for efficient fingerprint map management. The usefulness of the proposed methodology is presented using the actual radio fingerprint measurements taken throughout Seoul, Korea.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27232968','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27232968"><span>Microscale traffic simulation and <span class="hlt">emission</span> estimation in <span class="hlt">a</span> heavily trafficked roundabout in Madrid (Spain).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Quaassdorff, Christina; Borge, Rafael; Pérez, Javier; Lumbreras, Julio; de la Paz, David; de Andrés, Juan Manuel</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>This paper presents the evaluation of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from vehicle operations in <span class="hlt">a</span> domain of 300m×300m covering <span class="hlt">a</span> complex urban roundabout with high traffic density in Madrid. Micro-level simulation was successfully applied to estimate the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> on <span class="hlt">a</span> scale of meters. Two programs were used: i) VISSIM to simulate the traffic on the square and to compute velocity-time profiles; and ii) VERSIT+micro through ENVIVER that uses VISSIM outputs to compute the related <span class="hlt">emissions</span> at vehicle level. Data collection was achieved by <span class="hlt">a</span> measurement campaign obtaining empirical data of vehicle flows and traffic intensities. Twelve simulations of different traffic situations (<span class="hlt">scenarios</span>) were conducted, representing different hours from several days in <span class="hlt">a</span> week and the corresponding NOX and PM10 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> were estimated. The results show <span class="hlt">a</span> general reduction on average speeds for higher intensities due to braking-acceleration patterns that contribute to increase the average <span class="hlt">emission</span> factor and, therefore, the total <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in the domain, especially on weekdays. The <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are clearly related to traffic volume, although maximum <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> does not correspond to the highest traffic intensity due to congestion and variations in fleet composition throughout the day. These results evidence the potential that local measures aimed at alleviating congestion may have in urban areas to reduce <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. In general, <span class="hlt">scenario</span>-averaged <span class="hlt">emission</span> factors estimated with the VISSIM-VERSIT+micro modelling system fitted well those from the average-speed model COPERT, used as <span class="hlt">a</span> preliminary validation of the results. The largest deviations between these two models occur in those <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> with more congestion. The design and resolution of the microscale modelling system allow to reflect the impact of actual traffic conditions on driving patterns and related <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, making it useful for the design of mitigation measures for specific traffic hot-spots. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29071429','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29071429"><span>Risk stratification using SpO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 and PEEP at initial ARDS diagnosis and after 24 h in patients with moderate or severe ARDS.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pisani, Luigi; Roozeman, Jan-Paul; Simonis, Fabienne D; Giangregorio, Antonio; van der Hoeven, Sophia M; Schouten, Laura R; Horn, Janneke; Neto, Ary Serpa; Festic, Emir; Dondorp, Arjen M; Grasso, Salvatore; Bos, Lieuwe D; Schultz, Marcus J</p> <p>2017-10-25</p> <p>We assessed the potential of risk stratification of ARDS patients using SpO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) at ARDS onset and after 24 h. We used data from <span class="hlt">a</span> prospective observational study in patients admitted to <span class="hlt">a</span> mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit of <span class="hlt">a</span> university hospital in the Netherlands. Risk stratification was by cutoffs for SpO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 and PEEP. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Patients with moderate or severe ARDS with <span class="hlt">a</span> length of stay of > 24 h were included in this study. Patients were assigned to four predefined risk groups: group I (SpO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2  ≥ 190 and PEEP < 10 cm H 2 O), group II (SpO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2  ≥ 190 and PEEP ≥ 10 cm), group III (SpO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2  < 190 and PEEP < 10 cm H 2 O) and group IV (SpO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2  < 190 and PEEP ≥ 10 cm H 2 O). The analysis included 456 patients. SpO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 and PaO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 had <span class="hlt">a</span> strong relationship (P < 0.001, R 2  = 0.676) that could be described in <span class="hlt">a</span> linear regression equation (SpO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2  = 42.6 + <span class="hlt">1</span>.0 * PaO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 ). Risk stratification at initial ARDS diagnosis resulted in groups that had no differences in in-hospital mortality. Risk stratification at 24 h resulted in groups with increasing mortality rates. The association between group assignment at 24 h and outcome was confounded by several factors, including APACHE IV scores, arterial pH and plasma lactate levels, and vasopressor therapy. In this cohort of patients with moderate or severe ARDS, SpO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 and PaO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 have <span class="hlt">a</span> strong linear relationship. In contrast to risk stratification at initial ARDS diagnosis, risk stratification using SpO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 and PEEP after 24 h resulted in groups with worsening outcomes. Risk stratification using SpO 2 /<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O 2 and PEEP could be practical, especially in resource-limited settings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29779691','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29779691"><span>Do Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-based hand hygiene dispenser systems increase hand hygiene compliance?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Scheithauer, Simone; Bickenbach, Johannes; Heisel, Hans; Fehling, Patrick; Marx, Gernot; Lemmen, Sebastian</p> <p>2018-05-17</p> <p>Innovative methods to ensure better compliance in hand hygiene are urgently needed. The aim of this study was to determine if Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-based hand hygiene dispenser-driven self-assessment systems (Wireless Fidelity, Wi<span class="hlt">Fi</span>-dispenser) can support the work of infection control teams. Our results suggest that the continuous monitoring of dispenser usage can be <span class="hlt">a</span> valuable addition to infection prevention and control programs, when used in <span class="hlt">a</span> bundle in combination with conventional hand hygiene training. Copyright © 2018 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5134557','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5134557"><span>Indoor Location Sensing with Invariant Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Received Signal Strength Fingerprinting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Husen, Mohd Nizam; Lee, Sukhan</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">A</span> method of location fingerprinting based on the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> received signal strength (RSS) in an indoor environment is presented. The method aims to overcome the RSS instability due to varying channel disturbances in time by introducing the concept of invariant RSS statistics. The invariant RSS statistics represent here the RSS distributions collected at individual calibration locations under minimal random spatiotemporal disturbances in time. The invariant RSS statistics thus collected serve as the reference pattern classes for fingerprinting. Fingerprinting is carried out at an unknown location by identifying the reference pattern class that maximally supports the spontaneous RSS sensed from individual Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> sources. <span class="hlt">A</span> design guideline is also presented as <span class="hlt">a</span> rule of thumb for estimating the number of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signal sources required to be available for any given number of calibration locations under <span class="hlt">a</span> certain level of random spatiotemporal disturbances. Experimental results show that the proposed method not only provides 17% higher success rate than conventional ones but also removes the need for recalibration. Furthermore, the resolution is shown finer by 40% with the execution time more than an order of magnitude faster than the conventional methods. These results are also backed up by theoretical analysis. PMID:27845711</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4813985','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4813985"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Crowd-Sourcing Indoor Localization Algorithm via Optical Camera on <span class="hlt">a</span> Smartphone Assisted by Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Fingerprint RSSI</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chen, Wei; Wang, Weiping; Li, Qun; Chang, Qiang; Hou, Hongtao</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Indoor positioning based on existing Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprints is becoming more and more common. Unfortunately, the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprint is susceptible to multiple path interferences, signal attenuation, and environmental changes, which leads to low accuracy. Meanwhile, with the recent advances in charge-coupled device (CCD) technologies and the processing speed of smartphones, indoor positioning using the optical camera on <span class="hlt">a</span> smartphone has become an attractive research topic; however, the major challenge is its high computational complexity; as <span class="hlt">a</span> result, real-time positioning cannot be achieved. In this paper we introduce <span class="hlt">a</span> crowd-sourcing indoor localization algorithm via an optical camera and orientation sensor on <span class="hlt">a</span> smartphone to address these issues. First, we use Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> fingerprint based on the K Weighted Nearest Neighbor (KWNN) algorithm to make <span class="hlt">a</span> coarse estimation. Second, we adopt <span class="hlt">a</span> mean-weighted exponent algorithm to fuse optical image features and orientation sensor data as well as KWNN in the smartphone to refine the result. Furthermore, <span class="hlt">a</span> crowd-sourcing approach is utilized to update and supplement the positioning database. We perform several experiments comparing our approach with other positioning algorithms on <span class="hlt">a</span> common smartphone to evaluate the performance of the proposed sensor-calibrated algorithm, and the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm could significantly improve accuracy, stability, and applicability of positioning. PMID:27007379</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014HESS...18.2859H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014HESS...18.2859H"><span>Integrated assessment of global water scarcity over the 21st century under multiple climate change mitigation policies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hejazi, M. I.; Edmonds, J.; Clarke, L.; Kyle, P.; Davies, E.; Chaturvedi, V.; Wise, M.; Patel, P.; Eom, J.; Calvin, K.</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>Water scarcity conditions over the 21st century both globally and regionally are assessed in the context of climate change and climate mitigation policies, by estimating both water availability and water demand within the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), <span class="hlt">a</span> leading community-integrated assessment model of energy, agriculture, climate, and water. To quantify changes in future water availability, <span class="hlt">a</span> new gridded water-balance global hydrologic model - namely, the Global Water Availability Model (GWAM) - is developed and evaluated. Global water demands for six major demand sectors (irrigation, livestock, domestic, electricity generation, primary energy production, and manufacturing) are modeled in GCAM at the regional scale (14 geopolitical regions, 151 sub-regions) and then spatially downscaled to 0.5° × 0.5° resolution to match the scale of GWAM. Using <span class="hlt">a</span> baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (i.e., no climate change mitigation policy) with radiative forcing reaching 8.8 W m-2 (equivalent to the SRES <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span><span class="hlt">Fi</span> <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>) and three climate policy <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> with increasing mitigation stringency of 7.7, 5.5, and 4.2 W m-2 (equivalent to the SRES <span class="hlt">A</span>2, B2, and B<span class="hlt">1</span> <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, respectively), we investigate the effects of <span class="hlt">emission</span> mitigation policies on water scarcity. Two carbon tax regimes (<span class="hlt">a</span> universal carbon tax (UCT) which includes land use change <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, and <span class="hlt">a</span> fossil fuel and industrial <span class="hlt">emissions</span> carbon tax (FFICT) which excludes land use change <span class="hlt">emissions</span>) are analyzed. The baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span> results in more than half of the world population living under extreme water scarcity by the end of the 21st century. Additionally, in years 2050 and 2095, 36% (28%) and 44% (39%) of the global population, respectively, is projected to live in grid cells (in basins) that will experience greater water demands than the amount of available water in <span class="hlt">a</span> year (i.e., the water scarcity index (WSI) > <span class="hlt">1</span>.0). When comparing the climate policy <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> to the baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span> while maintaining</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4386240','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4386240"><span>Assessment of PaO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 for stratification of patients with moderate and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Villar, Jesús; Blanco, Jesús; del Campo, Rafael; Andaluz-Ojeda, David; Díaz-Domínguez, Francisco J; Muriel, Arturo; Córcoles, Virgilio; Suárez-Sipmann, Fernando; Tarancón, Concepción; González-Higueras, Elena; López, Julia; Blanch, Lluis; Pérez-Méndez, Lina; Fernández, Rosa Lidia; Kacmarek, Robert M</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Objectives <span class="hlt">A</span> recent update of the definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) proposed an empirical classification based on ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2) at ARDS onset. Since the proposal did not mandate PaO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 calculation under standardised ventilator settings (SVS), we hypothesised that <span class="hlt">a</span> stratification based on baseline PaO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 would not provide accurate assessment of lung injury severity. Design <span class="hlt">A</span> prospective, multicentre, observational study. Setting <span class="hlt">A</span> network of teaching hospitals. Participants 478 patients with eligible criteria for moderate (100<PaO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2≤200) and severe (PaO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2≤100) ARDS and followed until hospital discharge. Interventions We examined physiological and ventilator parameters in association with the PaO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 at ARDS onset, after 24 h of usual care and at 24 h under <span class="hlt">a</span> SVS. At 24 h, patients were reclassified as severe, moderate, mild (200<PaO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2≤300) ARDS and non-ARDS (PaO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2>300). Primary and secondary outcomes Group severity and hospital mortality. Results At ARDS onset, 173 patients had <span class="hlt">a</span> PaO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2≤100 but only 38.7% met criteria for severe ARDS at 24 h under SVS. When assessed under SVS, 61.3% of patients with severe ARDS were reclassified as moderate, mild and non-ARDS, while lung severity and hospital mortality changed markedly with every PaO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 category (p<0.000001). Our model of risk stratification outperformed the stratification using baseline PaO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 and non-standardised PaO2/<span class="hlt">Fi</span>O2 at 24 h, when analysed by the predictive receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve: area under the ROC curve for stratification at baseline was 0.583 (95% CI 0.525 to 0.636), 0.605 (95% CI 0.552 to 0.658) at 24 h without SVS and 0.693 (95% CI 0.645 to 0.742) at 24 h under SVS (p<0.000001). Conclusions Our findings support the need for patient assessment under SVS at 24 h after ARDS onset to assess disease severity, and have implications for the</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890033029&hterms=negev+radiation&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dnegev%2Bradiation','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890033029&hterms=negev+radiation&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dnegev%2Bradiation"><span>On black widow evolutionary <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for binary neutron stars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Eichler, David; Levinson, Amir</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">scenario</span> whereby the pulsar 1957 + 20 ablates its companion by soft gamma-ray synchrotron <span class="hlt">emission</span> (Ruderman et al., 1988) is critically examined, with particular regard to how the outflowing material, beginning at photospheric temperatures, is heated through the cooling barrier to coronal temperatures. Assuming the conductivity to be at most the Spitzer value, this consideration is found to constrain the mass flux more than two orders of magnitude more severely than merely considering cooling near the sonic point. This would imply that the ablation <span class="hlt">scenario</span> fails by <span class="hlt">a</span> large margin, even if the <span class="hlt">emission</span> from the pulsar is beamed along the orbital plane.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..11112313U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..11112313U"><span>Influences of man-made <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and climate changes on tropospheric ozone, methane, and sulfate at 2030 from <span class="hlt">a</span> broad range of possible futures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Unger, Nadine; Shindell, Drew T.; Koch, Dorothy M.; Amann, Markus; Cofala, Janusz; Streets, David G.</p> <p>2006-06-01</p> <p>We apply the Goddard Institute for Space Studies composition-climate model to an assessment of tropospheric O3, CH4, and sulfate at 2030. We compare four different anthropogenic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> forecasts: <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B and B<span class="hlt">1</span> from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> and Current Legislation (CLE) and Maximum Feasible Reduction (MFR) from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. The projections encompass <span class="hlt">a</span> wide range of possible man-made <span class="hlt">emissions</span> changes. The <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B, B<span class="hlt">1</span>, and CLE forecasts all suggest large increases in surface O3 and sulfate baseline pollution at tropical and subtropical latitudes, especially over the Indian subcontinent, where the pollution increases may be as large as 100%. The ranges of annual mean regional ground level O3 and sulfate changes across all <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are -10 to +30 ppbv and -1200 to +3000 pptv, respectively. Physical climate changes reduce future surface O3, but tend to increase ground level sulfate locally over North Africa because of an enhancement of aqueous-phase SO2 oxidation. For all examined future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> the combined sum of the CH4, O3, and sulfate radiative forcings is positive, even for the MFR <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, because of the large reduction in sulfate. For <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B the forcings are as much as half of that of the preindustrial to present-day forcing for each species. For MFR the sign of the forcing for each species is reversed with respect to the other <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. At 2030, global changes in climate-sensitive natural <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of CH4 from wetlands, NOx from lightning, and dimethyl sulfide from the ocean appear to be small (<5%).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123..768M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123..768M"><span>Interminimum foF<span class="hlt">1</span> Differences and Their Physical Interpretation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mikhailov, A. V.; Perrone, L.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Interminimum changes of June noontime monthly median <<span class="hlt">fi>f</fi><fi>o</fi><fi>F</fi</span>><span class="hlt">1</span> were analyzed for European and Japanese ionosonde stations over the period of five (Moscow six) solar cycles. The magnitude of these changes is different at different stations and depends on the solar minima considered. In particular, both European and Japanese stations manifest <span class="hlt">a</span> pronounced <<span class="hlt">fi>f</fi><fi>o</fi><fi>F</fi</span>><span class="hlt">1</span> change between 1996/1997 and 2008/2009 solar minima, the latter being the deepest one. For the first time, the total EUV solar flux with <<span class="hlt">fi>λ</fi</span>> ≤ <span class="hlt">1</span>,050 Å has been retrieved for the 1946-2015 period using observed June monthly median <<span class="hlt">fi>f</fi><fi>o</fi><fi>F</fi</span>><span class="hlt">1</span>. The deep solar minimum in 2008/2009 was the lowest one among the last six solar cycles comparing the retrieved EUV. The change from 1996/1997 to 2008/2009 in the retrieved EUV is 2.0%, and this is much less than the difference of 10-12% being discussed in the literature. <span class="hlt">A</span> 10% interminimum change in the total EUV flux results in neutral temperature and gas density, which are larger in 2008 than in 1996, and this contradicts the satellite drag neutral gas density observations. The mechanism of <<span class="hlt">fi>f</fi><fi>o</fi><fi>F</fi</span>><span class="hlt">1</span> interminimum changes is based on an interplay between molecular (NO+ and O2+) and O+ ions. The main contribution (>72%) to the interminimum <<span class="hlt">fi>N</fi><fi>m</fi><fi>F</fi</span>><span class="hlt">1</span> change provides [M+] ions via the total ion production rate variation, the rest is provided via O+ ions. The absence (or inversed) difference in <<span class="hlt">fi>f</fi><fi>o</fi><fi>F</fi</span>><span class="hlt">1</span> between 1996 and 2008 minima implies that neutral temperature and density are larger in 2008 than in 1996, and this contradicts the satellite drag observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.8955J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.8955J"><span>What strategy is needed for attaining the EU air quality regulations under future climate change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>? <span class="hlt">A</span> sensitivity analysis over Europe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jiménez-Guerrero, P.; Baró, R.; Gómez-Navarro, J. J.; Lorente-Plazas, R.; García-Valero, J. A.; Hernández, Z.; Montávez, J. P.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">A</span> wide number of studies show that several areas over Europe exceed some of the air quality thresholds established in the legislation. These exceedances will become more frequent under future climate change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, since the policies aimed at improving air quality in the EU directives have not accounted for the variations in the climate. Climate change alone will influence the future concentrations of atmospheric pollutants through modifications of gas-phase chemistry, transport, removal, and natural <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. In this sense, chemistry transport models (CTMs) play <span class="hlt">a</span> key role in assessing and understanding the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> abatement plans through the use of sensitivity analysis strategies. These sensitivity analyses characterize the change in model output due to variations in model input parameters. Since the management strategies of air pollutant <span class="hlt">emission</span> is one of the predominant factors for controlling urban air quality, this work assesses the impact of various <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in air pollution levels over Europe under two climate change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. The methodology includes the use of <span class="hlt">a</span> climate version of the meteorological model MM5 coupled with the CHIMERE chemistry transport model. Experiments span the periods 1971-2000, as <span class="hlt">a</span> reference, and 2071-2100, as two future enhanced greenhouse gas and aerosol <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (SRES <span class="hlt">A</span>2 and B2). The atmospheric simulations have an horizontal resolution of 25 km and 23 vertical layers up to 100 hPa, and are driven by the global climate model ECHO-G . In order to represent the sensitivity of the chemistry and transport of aerosols, tropospheric ozone and other photochemical species, several hypothetical <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> of <span class="hlt">emission</span> control have been implemented to quantify the influence of diverse <span class="hlt">emission</span> sources in the area, such as on-road traffic, port and industrial <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, among others. The modeling strategy lies on <span class="hlt">a</span> sensitivity analysis to determine the <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction and strategy needed in the target area in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24602551','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24602551"><span>Measurement properties of the Spinal Cord Injury-Functional Index (SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>) short forms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Heinemann, Allen W; Dijkers, Marcel P; Ni, Pengsheng; Tulsky, David S; Jette, Alan</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spinal Cord Injury-Functional Index (SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span>) short forms (basic mobility, self-care, fine motor, ambulation, manual wheelchair, and power wheelchair) based on internal consistency; correlations between short forms banks, full item bank forms, and <span class="hlt">a</span> 10-item computer adaptive test version; magnitude of ceiling and floor effects; and test information functions. Cross-sectional cohort study. Six rehabilitation hospitals in the United States. Individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury (N=855) recruited from 6 national Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems facilities. Not applicable. SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> full item bank, 10-item computer adaptive test, and parallel short form scores. The SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> short forms (with separate versions for individuals with paraplegia and tetraplegia) demonstrate very good internal consistency, group-level reliability, excellent correlations between short forms and scores based on the total item bank, and minimal ceiling and floor effects (except ceiling effects for persons with paraplegia on self-care, fine motor, and power wheelchair ability and floor effects for persons with tetraplegia on self-care, fine motor, and manual wheelchair ability). The test information functions are acceptable across the range of scores where most persons in the sample performed. Clinicians and researchers should consider the SCI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> short forms when computer adaptive testing is not feasible. Copyright © 2014 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.V24A..08B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.V24A..08B"><span>Glacial CO2 Cycles: <span class="hlt">A</span> Composite <span class="hlt">Scenario</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Broecker, W. S.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>There are three main contributors to the glacial drawdown of atmospheric CO2 content: starvation of the supply of carbon to the ocean-atmosphere reservoir, excess CO2 storage in the deep sea, and surface-ocean cooling. In this talk, I explore <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> in which all three play significant roles. Key to this <span class="hlt">scenario</span> is the assumption that deep ocean storage is related to the extent of nutrient stratification of the deep Atlantic. The stronger this stratification, the larger the storage of respiration CO2. Further, it is my contention that the link between Milankovitch insolation cycles and climate is reorganizations of the ocean's thermohaline circulation leading to changes in the deep ocean's CO2 storage. If this is the case, the deep Atlantic d13C record kept in benthic foraminifera shells tells us that deep ocean CO2 storage follows Northern Hemisphere summer insolation cycles and thus lacks the downward ramp so prominent in the records of sea level, benthic 18O and CO2. Rather, the ramp is created by the damping of planetary CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> during glacial time intervals. As it is premature to present <span class="hlt">a</span> specific <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, I provide an example as to how these three contributors might be combined. As their magnitudes and shapes remain largely unconstrained, the intent of this exercise is to provoke creative thinking.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=246631&Lab=NCEA&keyword=food+AND+management&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=246631&Lab=NCEA&keyword=food+AND+management&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Wildlife <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Builder and User's Guide (Version <span class="hlt">1</span>.0, Beta Test)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><img src="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/wildlifesb_cover.jpg" alt="Cover of the Wildlife <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Builder User's Manual" vspace = "5" hspace="5" align="right" border="<span class="hlt">1</span>" /> The Wildlife <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Builder (WSB) was developed to improve the quality of wildlif...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=338018&keyword=discussion+AND+english&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=338018&keyword=discussion+AND+english&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Considerations in linking energy <span class="hlt">scenario</span> modeling and Life Cycle Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) has been exploring approaches for estimating U.S. anthropogenic air pollutant <span class="hlt">emissions</span> through the mid-21st century. As <span class="hlt">a</span> result, we have developed the <span class="hlt">Emission</span> <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Projection methodology, or ESP. In this document, we pr...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29210227','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29210227"><span>Simulating post-wildfire forest trajectories under alternative climate and management <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tarancón, Alicia Azpeleta; Fulé, Peter Z; Shive, Kristen L; Sieg, Carolyn H; Meador, Andrew Sánchez; Strom, Barbara</p> <p></p> <p>Post-fire predictions of forest recovery under future climate change and management actions are necessary for forest managers to make decisions about treatments. We applied the Climate-Forest Vegetation Simulator (Climate-FVS), <span class="hlt">a</span> new version of <span class="hlt">a</span> widely used forest management model, to compare alternative climate and management <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in <span class="hlt">a</span> severely burned multispecies forest of Arizona, USA. The incorporation of seven combinations of General Circulation Models (GCM) and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> altered long-term (100 years) predictions of future forest condition compared to <span class="hlt">a</span> No Climate Change (NCC) <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, which forecast <span class="hlt">a</span> gradual increase to high levels of forest density and carbon stock. In contrast, <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> that included continued high greenhouse gas releases led to near-complete deforestation by 2111. GCM-<span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> combinations that were less severe reduced forest structure and carbon stock relative to NCC. Fuel reduction treatments that had been applied prior to the severe wildfire did have persistent effects, especially under NCC, but were overwhelmed by increasingly severe climate change. We tested six management strategies aimed at sustaining future forests: prescribed burning at 5, 10, or 20-year intervals, thinning 40% or 60% of stand basal area, and no treatment. Severe climate change led to deforestation under all management regimes, but important differences emerged under the moderate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: treatments that included regular prescribed burning fostered low density, wildfire-resistant forests composed of the naturally dominant species, ponderosa pine. Non-fire treatments under moderate climate change were forecast to become dense and susceptible to severe wildfire, with <span class="hlt">a</span> shift to dominance by sprouting species. Current U.S. forest management requires modeling of future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> but does not mandate consideration of climate change effects. However, this study showed substantial differences in model outputs depending on climate</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA526095','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA526095"><span>Open <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Study: IDA Open <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Repository User’s Manual</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Thomason, Study Co-Lead Zachary S. Rabold, Sub-Task Lead Ylli Bajraktari Rachel D. Dubin Mary Catherine Flythe Open <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Study: IDA Open <span class="hlt">Scenario</span>... Bajraktari Rachel D. Dubin Mary Catherine Flythe Open <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Study: IDA Open <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Repository User’s Manual iii Preface This document reports the...vii Appendices <span class="hlt">A</span>. Identifying <span class="hlt">Scenario</span> Components...........................................................<span class="hlt">A</span>-<span class="hlt">1</span> B . Acronyms</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5422173','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5422173"><span>Fusing Bluetooth Beacon Data with Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Radiomaps for Improved Indoor Localization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kanaris, Loizos; Kokkinis, Akis; Liotta, Antonio; Stavrou, Stavros</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Indoor user localization and tracking are instrumental to <span class="hlt">a</span> broad range of services and applications in the Internet of Things (IoT) and particularly in Body Sensor Networks (BSN) and Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Due to the widespread availability of IEEE 802.11, many localization platforms have been proposed, based on the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Received Signal Strength (RSS) indicator, using algorithms such as K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Maximum <span class="hlt">A</span> Posteriori (MAP) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE). In this paper, we introduce <span class="hlt">a</span> hybrid method that combines the simplicity (and low cost) of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and the popular 802.11 infrastructure, to improve the accuracy of indoor localization platforms. Building on KNN, we propose <span class="hlt">a</span> new positioning algorithm (dubbed i-KNN) which is able to filter the initial fingerprint dataset (i.e., the radiomap), after considering the proximity of RSS fingerprints with respect to the BLE devices. In this way, i-KNN provides an optimised small subset of possible user locations, based on which it finally estimates the user position. The proposed methodology achieves fast positioning estimation due to the utilization of <span class="hlt">a</span> fragment of the initial fingerprint dataset, while at the same time improves positioning accuracy by minimizing any calculation errors. PMID:28394268</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28394268','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28394268"><span>Fusing Bluetooth Beacon Data with Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Radiomaps for Improved Indoor Localization.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kanaris, Loizos; Kokkinis, Akis; Liotta, Antonio; Stavrou, Stavros</p> <p>2017-04-10</p> <p>Indoor user localization and tracking are instrumental to <span class="hlt">a</span> broad range of services and applications in the Internet of Things (IoT) and particularly in Body Sensor Networks (BSN) and Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Due to the widespread availability of IEEE 802.11, many localization platforms have been proposed, based on the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Received Signal Strength (RSS) indicator, using algorithms such as K -Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Maximum <span class="hlt">A</span> Posteriori (MAP) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE). In this paper, we introduce <span class="hlt">a</span> hybrid method that combines the simplicity (and low cost) of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and the popular 802.11 infrastructure, to improve the accuracy of indoor localization platforms. Building on KNN, we propose <span class="hlt">a</span> new positioning algorithm (dubbed i-KNN) which is able to filter the initial fingerprint dataset (i.e., the radiomap), after considering the proximity of RSS fingerprints with respect to the BLE devices. In this way, i-KNN provides an optimised small subset of possible user locations, based on which it finally estimates the user position. The proposed methodology achieves fast positioning estimation due to the utilization of <span class="hlt">a</span> fragment of the initial fingerprint dataset, while at the same time improves positioning accuracy by minimizing any calculation errors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ISPAr41B4..309L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ISPAr41B4..309L"><span>Automatic Construction of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Radio Map Using Smartphones</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Tao; Li, Qingquan; Zhang, Xing</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Indoor positioning could provide interesting services and applications. As one of the most popular indoor positioning methods, location fingerprinting determines the location of mobile users by matching the received signal strength (RSS) which is location dependent. However, fingerprinting-based indoor positioning requires calibration and updating of the fingerprints which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this paper, we propose <span class="hlt">a</span> visual-based approach for the construction of radio map for anonymous indoor environments without any prior knowledge. This approach collects multi-sensors data, e.g. video, accelerometer, gyroscope, Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> signals, etc., when people (with smartphones) walks freely in indoor environments. Then, it uses the multi-sensor data to restore the trajectories of people based on an integrated structure from motion (SFM) and image matching method, and finally estimates location of sampling points on the trajectories and construct Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> radio map. Experiment results show that the average location error of the fingerprints is about 0.53 m.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ERL.....3b5011O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ERL.....3b5011O"><span>Reference <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for deforestation and forest degradation in support of REDD: <span class="hlt">a</span> review of data and methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Olander, Lydia P.; Gibbs, Holly K.; Steininger, Marc; Swenson, Jennifer J.; Murray, Brian C.</p> <p>2008-04-01</p> <p>Global climate policy initiatives are now being proposed to compensate tropical forest nations for reducing carbon <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). These proposals have the potential to include developing countries more actively in international greenhouse gas mitigation and to address <span class="hlt">a</span> substantial share of the world's <span class="hlt">emissions</span> which come from tropical deforestation. For such <span class="hlt">a</span> policy to be viable it must have <span class="hlt">a</span> credible benchmark against which <span class="hlt">emissions</span> reduction can be calculated. This benchmark, sometimes termed <span class="hlt">a</span> baseline or reference <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, can be based directly on historical <span class="hlt">emissions</span> or can use historical <span class="hlt">emissions</span> as input for business as usual projections. Here, we review existing data and methods that could be used to measure historical deforestation and forest degradation reference <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> including FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations) national statistics and various remote sensing sources. The freely available and corrected global Landsat imagery for 1990, 2000 and soon to come for 2005 may be the best primary data source for most developing countries with other coarser resolution high frequency or radar data as <span class="hlt">a</span> valuable complement for addressing problems with cloud cover and for distinguishing larger scale degradation. While sampling of imagery has been effectively useful for pan-tropical and continental estimates of deforestation, wall-to-wall (or full coverage) allows more detailed assessments for measuring national-level reference <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. It is possible to measure historical deforestation with sufficient certainty for determining reference <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, but there must be continued calls at the international level for making high-resolution imagery available, and for financial and technical assistance to help countries determine credible reference <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. The data available for past years may not be sufficient for assessing all forms of forest degradation, but new data sources</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70048679','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70048679"><span>Quantifying climate change mitigation potential in Great Plains wetlands for three greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Byrd, Kristin B.; Ratliff, Jamie L.; Wein, Anne; Bliss, Norman B.; Sleeter, Benjamin M.; Sohl, Terry L.; Li, Zhengpeng</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We examined opportunities for avoided loss of wetland carbon stocks in the Great Plains of the United States in the context of future agricultural expansion through analysis of land-use land-cover (LULC) change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, baseline carbon datasets and biogeochemical model outputs. <span class="hlt">A</span> wetland map that classifies wetlands according to carbon pools was created to describe future patterns of carbon loss and potential carbon savings. Wetland avoided loss <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, superimposed upon LULC change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, quantified carbon stocks preserved under criteria of carbon densities or land value plus cropland suitability. Up to 3420 km2 of wetlands may be lost in the region by 2050, mainly due to conversion of herbaceous wetlands in the Temperate Prairies where soil organic carbon (SOC) is highest. SOC loss would be approximately 0.20 ± 0.15 megagrams of carbon per hectare per year (MgC ha−<span class="hlt">1</span> yr−<span class="hlt">1</span>), depending upon tillage practices on converted wetlands, and total ecosystem carbon loss in woody wetlands would be approximately 0.81 ± 0.41 MgC ha−<span class="hlt">1</span> yr−<span class="hlt">1</span>, based on biogeochemical model results. Among wetlands vulnerable to conversion, wetlands in the Northern Glaciated Plains and Lake Agassiz Plains ecoregions exhibit very high mean SOC and on average, relatively low land values, potentially creating economically competitive opportunities for avoided carbon loss. This mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> approach may be adapted by managers using their own preferred criteria to select sites that best meet their objectives. Results can help prioritize field-based assessments, where site-level investigations of carbon stocks, land value, and consideration of local priorities for climate change mitigation programs are needed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28399368','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28399368"><span><span class="hlt">Emission</span> Impacts of Electric Vehicles in the US Transportation Sector Following Optimistic Cost and Efficiency Projections.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Keshavarzmohammadian, Azadeh; Henze, Daven K; Milford, Jana B</p> <p>2017-06-20</p> <p>This study investigates <span class="hlt">emission</span> impacts of introducing inexpensive and efficient electric vehicles into the US light duty vehicle (LDV) sector. <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> are explored using the ANSWER-MARKAL model with <span class="hlt">a</span> modified version of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) 9-region database. Modified cost and performance projections for LDV technologies are adapted from the National Research Council (2013) optimistic case. Under our optimistic <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (OPT) we find 15% and 47% adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in 2030 and 2050, respectively. In contrast, gasoline vehicles (ICEVs) remain dominant through 2050 in the EPA reference case (BAU). Compared to BAU, OPT gives 16% and 36% reductions in LDV greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> for 2030 and 2050, respectively, corresponding to 5% and 9% reductions in economy-wide <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Total nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and SO 2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are similar in the two <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> due to intersectoral shifts. Moderate, economy-wide GHG fees have little effect on GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from the LDV sector but are more effective in the electricity sector. In the OPT <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, estimated well-to-wheels GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from full-size BEVs with 100-mile range are 62 gCO 2 -e mi -<span class="hlt">1</span> in 2050, while those from full-size ICEVs are 121 gCO 2 -e mi -<span class="hlt">1</span> .</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21215953-impact-municipal-solid-waste-treatment-methods-greenhouse-gas-emissions-lahore-pakistan','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21215953-impact-municipal-solid-waste-treatment-methods-greenhouse-gas-emissions-lahore-pakistan"><span>The impact of municipal solid waste treatment methods on greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in Lahore, Pakistan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Batool, Syeda Adila; Chuadhry, Muhammad Nawaz</p> <p>2009-01-15</p> <p>The contribution of existing municipal solid waste management to <span class="hlt">emission</span> of greenhouse gases and the alternative <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> to reduce <span class="hlt">emissions</span> were analyzed for Data Ganj Bukhsh Town (DGBT) in Lahore, Pakistan using the life cycle assessment methodology. DGBT has <span class="hlt">a</span> population of <span class="hlt">1</span>,624,169 people living in 232,024 dwellings. Total waste generated is 500,000 tons per year with an average per capita rate of 0.84 kg per day. Alternative <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> were developed and evaluated according to the environmental, economic, and social atmosphere of the study area. Solid waste management options considered include the collection and transportation of waste, collection of recyclablesmore » with single and mixed material bank container systems (SMBCS, MMBCS), material recovery facilities (MRF), composting, biogasification and landfilling. <span class="hlt">A</span> life cycle inventory (LCI) of the six <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> along with the baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span> was completed; this helped to quantify the CO{sub 2} equivalents, emitted and avoided, for energy consumption, production, fuel consumption, and methane (CH{sub 4}) <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. LCI results showed that the contribution of the baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span> to the global warming potential as CO{sub 2} equivalents was <span class="hlt">a</span> maximum of 838,116 tons. The sixth <span class="hlt">scenario</span> had <span class="hlt">a</span> maximum reduction of GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in terms of CO{sub 2} equivalents of -33,773 tons, but the most workable <span class="hlt">scenario</span> for the current situation in the study area is <span class="hlt">scenario</span> 5. It saves 25% in CO{sub 2} equivalents compared to the baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26435011','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26435011"><span>Highly active self-immobilized <span class="hlt">FI</span>-Zr catalysts in <span class="hlt">a</span> PCP framework for ethylene polymerization.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, He; Xu, Bo; He, Jianghao; Liu, Xiaoming; Gao, Wei; Mu, Ying</p> <p>2015-12-04</p> <p><span class="hlt">A</span> series of zirconium-based porous coordination polymers (PCPs) containing <span class="hlt">FI</span> catalysts in the frameworks have been developed and studied as catalysts for ethylene polymerization. These PCPs exhibit good catalytic activities and long life times, producing polyethylenes with high molecular weights and bimodal molecular weight distribution in the form of particles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtmEn.184..212R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtmEn.184..212R"><span>Global assessment of the effect of climate change on ammonia <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from seabirds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Riddick, Stuart N.; Dragosits, Ulrike; Blackall, Trevor D.; Tomlinson, Sam J.; Daunt, Francis; Wanless, Sarah; Hallsworth, Stephen; Braban, Christine F.; Tang, Y. Sim; Sutton, Mark A.</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>Seabird colonies alter the biogeochemistry of nearby ecosystems, while the associated <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of ammonia (NH3) may cause acidification and eutrophication of finely balanced biomes. To examine the possible effects of future climate change on the magnitude and distribution of seabird NH3 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> globally, <span class="hlt">a</span> global seabird database was used as input to the GUANO model, <span class="hlt">a</span> dynamic mass-flow process-based model that simulates NH3 losses from seabird colonies at an hourly resolution in relation to environmental conditions. Ammonia <span class="hlt">emissions</span> calculated by the GUANO model were in close agreement with measured NH3 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> across <span class="hlt">a</span> wide range of climates. For the year 2010, the total global seabird NH3 <span class="hlt">emission</span> is estimated at 82 [37-127] Gg year-<span class="hlt">1</span>. This is less than previously estimated using <span class="hlt">a</span> simple temperature-dependent empirical model, mainly due to inclusion of nitrogen wash-off from colonies during precipitation events in the GUANO model. High precipitation, especially between 40° and 60° S, results in total <span class="hlt">emissions</span> for the penguin species that are 82% smaller than previously estimated, while for species found in dry tropical areas, <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are 83-133% larger. Application of temperature anomalies for several IPCC <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for 2099 in the GUANO model indicated <span class="hlt">a</span> predicted net increase in global seabird NH3 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of 27% (B<span class="hlt">1</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>) and 39% (<span class="hlt">A</span>2 <span class="hlt">scenario</span>), compared with the 2010 estimates. At individual colonies, the net change was the result of influences of temperature, precipitation and relative humidity change, with smaller effects of wind-speed changes. The largest increases in NH3 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> (mean: 60% [486 to -50] increase; <span class="hlt">A</span>2 <span class="hlt">scenario</span> for 2099 compared with 2010) were found for colonies 40°S to 65°N, and may lead to increased plant growth and decreased biodiversity by eliminating nitrogen sensitive plant species. Only 7% of the seabird colonies assessed globally (mainly limited to the sub-polar Southern Ocean) were estimated to experience <span class="hlt">a</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ERL.....3.5016P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ERL.....3.5016P"><span>Useful global-change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>: current issues and challenges</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parson, E. A.</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> are increasingly used to inform global-change debates, but their connection to decisions has been weak and indirect. This reflects the greater number and variety of potential users and <span class="hlt">scenario</span> needs, relative to other decision domains where <span class="hlt">scenario</span> use is more established. Global-change <span class="hlt">scenario</span> needs include common elements, e.g., model-generated projections of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and climate change, needed by many users but in different ways and with different assumptions. For these common elements, the limited ability to engage diverse global-change users in <span class="hlt">scenario</span> development requires extreme transparency in communicating underlying reasoning and assumptions, including probability judgments. Other <span class="hlt">scenario</span> needs are specific to users, requiring <span class="hlt">a</span> decentralized network of <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and assessment organizations to disseminate and interpret common elements and add elements requiring local context or expertise. Such an approach will make global-change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> more useful for decisions, but not less controversial. Despite predictable attacks, <span class="hlt">scenario</span>-based reasoning is necessary for responsible global-change decisions because decision-relevant uncertainties cannot be specified scientifically. The purpose of <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> is not to avoid speculation, but to make the required speculation more disciplined, more anchored in relevant scientific knowledge when available, and more transparent.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27358259','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27358259"><span>Impacts of population growth, urbanisation and sanitation changes on global human Cryptosporidium <span class="hlt">emissions</span> to surface water.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hofstra, Nynke; Vermeulen, Lucie C</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Cryptosporidium is <span class="hlt">a</span> pathogenic protozoan parasite and is <span class="hlt">a</span> leading cause of diarrhoea worldwide. The concentration of Cryptosporidium in the surface water is <span class="hlt">a</span> determinant for probability of exposure and the risk of disease. Surface water concentrations are expected to change with population growth, urbanisation and changes in sanitation. The objective of this paper is to assess the importance of future changes in population, urbanisation and sanitation on global human <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of Cryptosporidium to surface water. The GloWPa-Crypto H<span class="hlt">1</span> (the Global Waterborne Pathogen model for Human Cryptosporidium <span class="hlt">emissions</span> version <span class="hlt">1</span>) model is presented and run for 2010 and with <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for 2050. The new <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are based on the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) developed for the climate community. The <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> comprise assumptions on sanitation changes in line with the storylines and population and urbanisation changes from the SSPs. In SSP<span class="hlt">1</span> population growth is limited, urbanisation large and sanitation and waste water treatment strongly improve. SSP<span class="hlt">1</span>* is the same as SSP<span class="hlt">1</span>, but waste water treatment does not improve. SSP3 sees large population growth, moderate urbanisation and sanitation and waste water treatment fractions that are the same as in 2010. Total global Cryptosporidium <span class="hlt">emissions</span> to surface water for 2010 are estimated to be <span class="hlt">1</span>.6×10 17 oocysts per year, with hotspots in the most urbanised parts of the world. In 2050 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are expected to decrease by 24% or increase by 52% and 70% for SSP<span class="hlt">1</span>, SSP3 and SSP<span class="hlt">1</span>* respectively. The <span class="hlt">emissions</span> increase in all <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for countries in the Middle East and Africa (MAF) region, while <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in large parts in Europe decrease in <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> SSP<span class="hlt">1</span> and SSP3. Improving sanitation by connecting the population to sewers, should be combined with waste water treatment, otherwise (SSP<span class="hlt">1</span>*) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in 2050 are expected to be much larger than in <span class="hlt">a</span> situation with strong population growth and slow development of safe water and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23867534','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23867534"><span>Biohydrogen production from microalgal biomass: energy requirement, CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and scale-up <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ferreira, Ana F; Ortigueira, Joana; Alves, Luís; Gouveia, Luísa; Moura, Patrícia; Silva, Carla</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>This paper presents <span class="hlt">a</span> life cycle inventory of biohydrogen production by Clostridium butyricum through the fermentation of the whole Scenedesmus obliquus biomass. The main purpose of this work was to determine the energy consumption and CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> during the production of hydrogen. This was accomplished through the fermentation of the microalgal biomass cultivated in an outdoor raceway pond and the preparation of the inoculum and culture media. The scale-up <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are discussed aiming for <span class="hlt">a</span> potential application to <span class="hlt">a</span> fuel cell hybrid taxi fleet. The H2 yield obtained was 7.3 g H2/kg of S. obliquus dried biomass. The results show that the production of biohydrogen required 71-100 MJ/MJ(H2) and emitted about 5-6 kg CO2/MJ(H2). Other studies and production technologies were taken into account to discuss an eventual process scale-up. Increased production rates of microalgal biomass and biohydrogen are necessary for bioH2 to become competitive with conventional production pathways. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A53F2331W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A53F2331W"><span>Impact of <span class="hlt">emission</span> control on regional air quality in the Pearl Delta River region, southern China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, N.; Xuejiao, D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Pearl River Delta (PRD) in China has been suffering from air quality issues and the government has implemented <span class="hlt">a</span> series of strategies in controlling <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. In an attempt to provide scientific support for improving air quality, the paper investigates the concerning past-to-present air quality data and assesses air quality resulting from <span class="hlt">emission</span> control. Statistical data revealed that energy consumption doubled from 2004 to 20014 and vehicle usage increased significantly from 2006 to 2014. Due to the effect of control efforts, primary <span class="hlt">emission</span> of SO2, NOx and PM2.5 decreased resulting in ambient concentrations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 decreased by 66%, 20% and 24%, respectively. However, O3 increased 19% because of the increase of VOC <span class="hlt">emission</span>. <span class="hlt">A</span> chemical transport model, the Community Multi-scale Air Quality, was employed to evaluate the responses of nitrate, ammonium, SOA, PM2.5 and O3 to changes in NOx, VOC and NH3 <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Three <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, <span class="hlt">a</span> baseline <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, <span class="hlt">a</span> CAP <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (control strength followed as past tendency), and <span class="hlt">a</span> REF <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (strict control referred to latest policy and plans), were conducted to investigate the responses and mechanisms. NOx controlling <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> showed that NOx, nitrate and PM2.5 reduced by <span class="hlt">1</span>.8%, 0.7% and 0.2% under CAP and reduced by 7.2%, <span class="hlt">1</span>.8% and 0.3% under REF, respectively. The results indicated that reducing NOx <span class="hlt">emission</span> caused the increase of atmospheric oxidizability, which might result in <span class="hlt">a</span> compensation of PM2.5 due to the increase of nitrate or sulfate. NH3 controlling <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> showed that nitrate was sensitive to NH3 <span class="hlt">emission</span> in PRD, with nitrate decreased by 0 - 10.6% and 0 - 48% under CAP and REF, respectively. Since controlling NH3 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> not only reduced ammonium but also significantly reduced nitrate, the implement of NH3 controlling strategy was highly suggested. The VOC <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> revealed that though SOA was not the major component of PM2.5, controlling VOC <span class="hlt">emission</span> might take effect in southwestern PRD</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29913098','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29913098"><span>Radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> (2.4 GHz) causes impaired insulin secretion and increased oxidative stress in rat pancreatic islets.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Masoumi, Ali; Karbalaei, Narges; Mortazavi, S M J; Shabani, Mohammad</p> <p>2018-06-18</p> <p>There is <span class="hlt">a</span> great concern regarding the possible adverse effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). This study investigated the effects of EMR induced by Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> (2.45GHz) on insulin secretion and antioxidant redox systems in the rat pancreas. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in the weight range of 230 to 260 g were divided into control, sham, Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposed groups. After long term exposure (4 h/day for 45 days) to Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> electromagnetic radiation, plasma levels of glucose and insulin during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test were measured. Islet insulin secretion and content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in pancreas of rats were determined. Our data showed that the weight gain in the WI-<span class="hlt">FI</span> exposed group was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05). Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> (2.45 GHz) exposed group showed hyperglycemia. Plasma insulin level and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islet were significantly reduced in the Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> exposed group. EMR emitted from Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> caused <span class="hlt">a</span> significant increase in lipid peroxidation and <span class="hlt">a</span> significant decrease in GSH level, SOD and GPx activities of the pancreas. these data showed that EMR of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> leads to hyperglycemia, increased oxidative stress and impaired insulin secretion in the rat pancreatic islets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589980','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589980"><span>Energy balance and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> associated with biochar sequestration and pyrolysis bioenergy production.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gaunt, John L; Lehmann, Johannes</p> <p>2008-06-01</p> <p>The implications for greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of optimizing <span class="hlt">a</span> slow pyrolysis-based bioenergy system for biochar and energy production rather than solely for energy production were assessed. <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> for feedstock production were examined using <span class="hlt">a</span> life-cycle approach. We considered both purpose grown bioenergy crops (BEC) and the use of crop wastes (CW) as feedstocks. The BEC <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> involved <span class="hlt">a</span> change from growing winter wheat to purpose grown miscanthus, switchgrass, and corn as bioenergy crops. The CW <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> consider both corn stover and winter wheat straw as feedstocks. Our findings show that the avoided <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are between 2 and 5 times greater when biochar is applied to agricultural land (2--19 Mg CO2 ha(-<span class="hlt">1</span>) y(-<span class="hlt">1</span>)) than used solely for fossil energy offsets. 41--64% of these <span class="hlt">emission</span> reductions are related to the retention of C in biochar, the rest to offsetting fossil fuel use for energy, fertilizer savings, and avoided soil <span class="hlt">emissions</span> other than CO2. Despite <span class="hlt">a</span> reduction in energy output of approximately 30% where the slow pyrolysis technology is optimized to produce biochar for land application, the energy produced per unit energy input at 2--7 MJ/MJ is greater than that of comparable technologies such as ethanol from corn. The C <span class="hlt">emissions</span> per MWh of electricity production range from 91-360 kg CO2 MWh(-<span class="hlt">1</span>), before accounting for C offset due to the use of biochar are considerably below the lifecycle <span class="hlt">emissions</span> associated with fossil fuel use for electricity generation (600-900 kg CO2 MWh(-<span class="hlt">1</span>)). Low-temperature slow pyrolysis offers an energetically efficient strategy for bioenergy production, and the land application of biochar reduces greenhouse <span class="hlt">emissions</span> to <span class="hlt">a</span> greater extent than when the biochar is used to offset fossil fuel <span class="hlt">emissions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ERL.....6b4004T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ERL.....6b4004T"><span>Air quality impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in Texas: evaluating three battery charging <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thompson, Tammy M.; King, Carey W.; Allen, David T.; Webber, Michael E.</p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>The air quality impacts of replacing approximately 20% of the gasoline-powered light duty vehicle miles traveled (VMT) with electric VMT by the year 2018 were examined for four major cities in Texas: Dallas/Ft Worth, Houston, Austin, and San Antonio. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) charging was assumed to occur on the electric grid controlled by the Electricity Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), and three charging <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> were examined: nighttime charging, charging to maximize battery life, and charging to maximize driver convenience. <span class="hlt">A</span> subset of electricity generating units (EGUs) in Texas that were found to contribute the majority of the electricity generation needed to charge PHEVs at the times of day associated with each <span class="hlt">scenario</span> was modeled using <span class="hlt">a</span> regional photochemical model (CAMx). The net impacts of the PHEVs on the <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of precursors to the formation of ozone included an increase in NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from EGUs during times of day when the vehicle is charging, and <span class="hlt">a</span> decrease in NOx from mobile <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. The changes in maximum daily 8 h ozone concentrations and average exposure potential at twelve air quality monitors in Texas were predicted on the basis of these changes in NOx <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. For all <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, at all monitors, the impact of changes in vehicular <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, rather than EGU <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, dominated the ozone impact. In general, PHEVs lead to an increase in ozone during nighttime hours (due to decreased scavenging from both vehicles and EGU stacks) and <span class="hlt">a</span> decrease in ozone during daytime hours. <span class="hlt">A</span> few monitors showed <span class="hlt">a</span> larger increase in ozone for the convenience charging <span class="hlt">scenario</span> versus the other two <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. Additionally, cumulative ozone exposure results indicate that nighttime charging is most likely to reduce <span class="hlt">a</span> measure of ozone exposure potential versus the other two <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACPD...14...95M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACPD...14...95M"><span>Air-quality in the mid-21st century for the city of Paris under two climate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>; from regional to local scale</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Markakis, K.; Valari, M.; Colette, A.; Sanchez, O.; Perrussel, O.; Honore, C.; Vautard, R.; Klimont, Z.; Rao, S.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Ozone and PM2.5 concentrations over the city of Paris are modeled with the CHIMERE air-quality model at 4 km × 4 km horizontal resolution for two future <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. High-resolution (<span class="hlt">1</span> km × <span class="hlt">1</span> km) <span class="hlt">emission</span> projection until 2020 for the greater Paris region is developed by local experts (AIRPARIF) and is further extended to year 2050 based on regional scale <span class="hlt">emission</span> projections developed by the Global Energy Assessment. Model evaluation is performed based on <span class="hlt">a</span> 10 yr control simulation. Ozone is in very good agreement with measurements while PM2.5 is underestimated by 20% over the urban area mainly due to <span class="hlt">a</span> large wet bias in wintertime precipitation. <span class="hlt">A</span> significant increase of maximum ozone relative to present time levels over Paris is modeled under the "business as usual" <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (+7 ppb) while <span class="hlt">a</span> more optimistic mitigation <span class="hlt">scenario</span> leads to moderate ozone decrease (-3.5 ppb) in year 2050. These results are substantially different to previous regional scale projections where 2050 ozone is found to decrease under both future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. <span class="hlt">A</span> sensitivity analysis showed that this difference is due to the fact that ozone formation over Paris at the current, urban scale study, is driven by VOC-limited chemistry, whereas at the regional scale ozone formation occurs under NOx-sensitive conditions. This explains why the sharp NOx reductions implemented in the future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> have <span class="hlt">a</span> different effect on ozone projections at different scales. In rural areas projections at both scales yield similar results showing that the longer time-scale processes of <span class="hlt">emission</span> transport and ozone formation are less sensitive to model resolution. PM2.5 concentrations decrease by 78% and 89% under "business as usual" and "mitigation" <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> respectively compared to present time period. The reduction is much more prominent over the urban part of the domain due to the effective reductions of road transport and residential <span class="hlt">emissions</span> resulting in the smoothing of the large urban increment</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GMD....10.2141B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GMD....10.2141B"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> global wetland methane <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and uncertainty dataset for atmospheric chemical transport models (WetCHARTs version <span class="hlt">1</span>.0)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bloom, A. Anthony; Bowman, Kevin W.; Lee, Meemong; Turner, Alexander J.; Schroeder, Ronny; Worden, John R.; Weidner, Richard; McDonald, Kyle C.; Jacob, Daniel J.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Wetland <span class="hlt">emissions</span> remain one of the principal sources of uncertainty in the global atmospheric methane (CH4) budget, largely due to poorly constrained process controls on CH4 production in waterlogged soils. Process-based estimates of global wetland CH4 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and their associated uncertainties can provide crucial prior information for model-based top-down CH4 <span class="hlt">emission</span> estimates. Here we construct <span class="hlt">a</span> global wetland CH4 <span class="hlt">emission</span> model ensemble for use in atmospheric chemical transport models (WetCHARTs version <span class="hlt">1</span>.0). Our 0.5° × 0.5° resolution model ensemble is based on satellite-derived surface water extent and precipitation reanalyses, nine heterotrophic respiration simulations (eight carbon cycle models and <span class="hlt">a</span> data-constrained terrestrial carbon cycle analysis) and three temperature dependence parameterizations for the period 2009-2010; an extended ensemble subset based solely on precipitation and the data-constrained terrestrial carbon cycle analysis is derived for the period 2001-2015. We incorporate the mean of the full and extended model ensembles into GEOS-Chem and compare the model against surface measurements of atmospheric CH4; the model performance (site-level and zonal mean anomaly residuals) compares favourably against published wetland CH4 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. We find that uncertainties in carbon decomposition rates and the wetland extent together account for more than 80 % of the dominant uncertainty in the timing, magnitude and seasonal variability in wetland CH4 <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, although uncertainty in the temperature CH4 : C dependence is <span class="hlt">a</span> significant contributor to seasonal variations in mid-latitude wetland CH4 <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. The combination of satellite, carbon cycle models and temperature dependence parameterizations provides <span class="hlt">a</span> physically informed structural <span class="hlt">a</span> priori uncertainty that is critical for top-down estimates of wetland CH4 fluxes. Specifically, our ensemble can provide enhanced information on the prior CH4 <span class="hlt">emission</span> uncertainty and the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/934718','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/934718"><span>Climate response to projected changes in short-lived species under an <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B <span class="hlt">scenario</span> from 2000-2050 in the GISS climate model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Menon, Surabi; Shindell, Drew T.; Faluvegi, Greg</p> <p>2007-03-26</p> <p>We investigate the climate forcing from and response to projected changes in short-lived species and methane under the <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B <span class="hlt">scenario</span> from 2000-2050 in the GISS climate model. We present <span class="hlt">a</span> meta-analysis of new simulations of the full evolution of gas and aerosol species and other existing experiments with variations of the same model. The comparison highlights the importance of several physical processes in determining radiative forcing, especially the effect of climate change on stratosphere-troposphere exchange, heterogeneous sulfate-nitrate-dust chemistry, and changes in methane oxidation and natural <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. However, the impact of these fairly uncertain physical effects is substantially less than themore » difference between alternative <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for all short-lived species. The net global mean annual average direct radiative forcing from the short-lived species is .02 W/m{sup 2} or less in our projections, as substantial positive ozone forcing is largely offset by negative aerosol direct forcing. Since aerosol reductions also lead to <span class="hlt">a</span> reduced indirect effect, the global mean surface temperature warms by {approx}0.07 C by 2030 and {approx}0.13 C by 2050, adding 19% and 17%, respectively, to the warming induced by long-lived greenhouse gases. Regional direct forcings are large, up to 3.8 W/m{sup 2}. The ensemble-mean climate response shows little regional correlation with the spatial pattern of the forcing, however, suggesting that oceanic and atmospheric mixing generally overwhelms the effect of even large localized forcings. Exceptions are the polar regions, where ozone and aerosols may induce substantial seasonal climate changes.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A41R..08A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A41R..08A"><span>Future land-use change <span class="hlt">emissions</span>: CO2, BVOC and wildfire</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arneth, A.; Knorr, W.; Hantson, S.; Anthoni, P.; Szogs, S.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Historical land-use (LUC) change is known to have been <span class="hlt">a</span> large source of CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, mostly from deforestation: the equivalent of around <span class="hlt">1</span>/3 of today's CO2 in the atmosphere arises from LUC. And LUC will continue into the future, although the expected area change, the type of LUC (deforestation vs. afforestation/reforestation) and regions where the LUC will take place will differ greatly, depending on the future <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. But LUC is not only of importance for projecting <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of CO2. It also affects greatly <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of biogenic volatile organic carbon, and from wildfires - all of which are important for the quantification of precursor substances relevant to air quality, and interactions with climate change. We show here that accounting for future socio-economic developments and LUC <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> has the potential to override climate change and effects of CO2 fertilisation on fire and BVOC <span class="hlt">emission</span>, regionally and in some cases also globally. Simulation experiments with the dynamic global vegetation model LPJ-GUESS will be performed, covering the 20th and 21st century, and assessing <span class="hlt">a</span> rage of future population growth, LUC and climate change <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. For wildfire <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, we find that burned area and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> depend greatly on the type of population growth <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, and on the distribution of urban vs rural population. BVOC <span class="hlt">emissions</span> depend greatly on the amount and location of deforestation vs the region and magnitude of forest expansion in response to warming, such as through expansion of vegetation in the northern hemisphere, and via reforestation/afforestation. LUC so far has not been given sufficient attention for simulations of future air quality-climate interactions. In terms of terrestrial precursor <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of atmospherically reactive substances our simulations clearly demonstrate the importance of including LUC in combination with vegetation that responds dynamically to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2 levels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........63J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........63J"><span>Collapse <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in magnetized star-forming regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Juarez, Carmen</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>-forming regions. During the project we studied the magnetic field from the polarized <span class="hlt">emission</span> of the dust and also the kinematics of the gas from the molecular line <span class="hlt">emission</span> of the different tracers of dense gas. From the molecular <span class="hlt">emission</span> of the gas tracing the envelope of the dense core, we see two different velocity structures separated by 2 km/s and converging towards the potential well in the region. In addition, the magnetic field also presents <span class="hlt">a</span> bimodal pattern following the distribution of the two velocity structures. Finally, we compared the observational results with 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations of star-forming regions dominated by gravity. The last project is the study of <span class="hlt">a</span> lower-mass star-forming region, L1287. From the data obtained with the SMA, the dust continuum structure shows six main dense cores with masses between 0.4 and 4 solar masses. The dense gas tracer DCN(3- 2) shows two velocity structures separated by 2-3 km/s, converging towards the highest-density region, the young stellar object IRAS 00338+6312, in <span class="hlt">a</span> similar <span class="hlt">scenario</span> to the one observed in the higher-mass case of NGC6334V. Finally, the studies of the pre-stellar core FeSt<span class="hlt">1</span>-457 and the massive region NGC6334V, show how the magnetic field has been overcome by gravity and is not enough to avoid the gravitational collapse. In addition, NGC6334V and the lower- mass region L1287 present very similar <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> with the material converging from large scales ( 0.<span class="hlt">1</span> pc) to the potential wells of both regions at smaller scales ( 0.02 pc) through two dense gas flows separated by 2-3 km/s. In <span class="hlt">a</span> similar <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, FeSt<span class="hlt">1</span>-457 is located just in the region where two dense gas structures separated by 3 km/s appear to converge.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..296T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCC...8..296T"><span>Cumulative carbon <span class="hlt">emissions</span> budgets consistent with <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C global warming</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tokarska, Katarzyna B.; Gillett, Nathan P.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The Paris Agreement<span class="hlt">1</span> commits ratifying parties to pursue efforts to limit the global temperature increase to <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels. Carbon budgets2-5 consistent with remaining below <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C warming, reported in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)2,6,8, are directly based on Earth system model (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5)7 responses, which, on average, warm more than observations in response to historical CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and other forcings8,9. These models indicate <span class="hlt">a</span> median remaining budget of 55 PgC (ref. 10, base period: year 1870) left to emit from January 2016, the equivalent to approximately five years of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> at the 2015 rate11,12. Here we calculate warming and carbon budgets relative to the decade 2006-2015, which eliminates model-observation differences in the climate-carbon response over the historical period9, and increases the median remaining carbon budget to 208 PgC (33-66% range of 130-255 PgC) from January 2016 (with mean warming of 0.89 °C for 2006-2015 relative to 1861-188013-18). There is little sensitivity to the observational data set used to infer warming that has occurred, and no significant dependence on the choice of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. Thus, although limiting median projected global warming to below <span class="hlt">1</span>.5 °C is undoubtedly challenging19-21, our results indicate it is not impossible, as might be inferred from the IPCC AR5 carbon budgets2,8.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29103898','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29103898"><span>Atmospheric modeling to assess wind dependence in tracer dilution method measurements of landfill methane <span class="hlt">emissions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Taylor, Diane M; Chow, Fotini K; Delkash, Madjid; Imhoff, Paul T</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The short-term temporal variability of landfill methane <span class="hlt">emissions</span> is not well understood due to uncertainty in measurement methods. Significant variability is seen over short-term measurement campaigns with the tracer dilution method (TDM), but this variability may be due in part to measurement error rather than fluctuations in the actual landfill <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. In this study, landfill methane <span class="hlt">emissions</span> and TDM-measured <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are simulated over <span class="hlt">a</span> real landfill in Delaware, USA using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) for two <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. In the steady <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, <span class="hlt">a</span> constant landfill <span class="hlt">emissions</span> rate is prescribed at each model grid point on the surface of the landfill. In the unsteady <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are calculated at each time step as <span class="hlt">a</span> function of the local surface wind speed, resulting in variable <span class="hlt">emissions</span> over each <span class="hlt">1</span>.5-h measurement period. The simulation output is used to assess the standard deviation and percent error of the TDM-measured <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. Eight measurement periods are simulated over two different days to look at different conditions. Results show that standard deviation of the TDM- measured <span class="hlt">emissions</span> does not increase significantly from the steady <span class="hlt">emissions</span> simulations to the unsteady <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, indicating that the TDM may have inherent errors in its prediction of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> fluctuations. Results also show that TDM error does not increase significantly from the steady to the unsteady <span class="hlt">emissions</span> simulations. This indicates that introducing variability to the landfill <span class="hlt">emissions</span> does not increase errors in the TDM at this site. Across all simulations, TDM errors range from -15% to 43%, consistent with the range of errors seen in previous TDM studies. Simulations indicate diurnal variations of methane <span class="hlt">emissions</span> when wind effects are significant, which may be important when developing daily and annual <span class="hlt">emissions</span> estimates from limited field data. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079250','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22079250"><span>Comparing the greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from three alternative waste combustion concepts.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vainikka, Pasi; Tsupari, Eemeli; Sipilä, Kai; Hupa, Mikko</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>Three alternative condensing mode power and combined heat and power (CHP) waste-to-energy concepts were compared in terms of their impacts on the greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from <span class="hlt">a</span> heat and power generation system. The concepts included (i) grate, (ii) bubbling fluidised bed (BFB) and (iii) circulating fluidised bed (CFB) combustion of waste. The BFB and CFB take advantage of advanced combustion technology which enabled them to reach electric efficiency up to 35% and 41% in condensing mode, respectively, whereas 28% (based on the lower heating value) was applied for the grate fired unit. <span class="hlt">A</span> simple energy system model was applied in calculating the GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> in different <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> where coal or natural gas was substituted in power generation and mix of fuel oil and natural gas in heat generation by waste combustion. Landfilling and waste transportation were not considered in the model. GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> were reduced significantly in all of the considered <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> where the waste combustion concepts substituted coal based power generation. With the exception of condensing mode grate incinerator the different waste combustion <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> resulted approximately in <span class="hlt">1</span> Mton of fossil CO(2)-eq. <span class="hlt">emission</span> reduction per <span class="hlt">1</span> Mton of municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerated. When natural gas based power generation was substituted by electricity from the waste combustion significant GHG <span class="hlt">emission</span> reductions were not achieved. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.5375V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.5375V"><span>Effects of climate change adaptation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> on perceived spatio-temporal characteristics of drought events</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vidal, J.-P.; Martin, E.; Kitova, N.; Najac, J.; Soubeyroux, J.-M.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Drought events develop in both space and time and they are therefore best described through summary joint spatio-temporal characteristics, like mean duration, mean affected area and total magnitude. This study addresses the issue of future projections of such characteristics of drought events over France through three main research questions: (<span class="hlt">1</span>) Are downscaled climate projections able to reproduce spatio-temporal characteristics of meteorological and agricultural droughts in France over <span class="hlt">a</span> present-day period? (2) How such characteristics will evolve over the 21st century under different <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>? (3) How would perceived drought characteristics evolve under theoretical adaptation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>? These questions are addressed using the Isba land surface model, downscaled climate projections from the ARPEGE General Circulation Model under three <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, as well as results from <span class="hlt">a</span> previously performed 50-year multilevel and multiscale drought reanalysis over France (Vidal et al., 2010). Spatio-temporal characteristics of meteorological and agricultural drought events are computed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Soil Wetness Index (SSWI), respectively, and for time scales of 3 and 12 months. Results first show that the distributions of joint spatio-temporal characteristics of observed events are well reproduced by the downscaled hydroclimate projections over <span class="hlt">a</span> present-day period. All spatio-temporal characteristics of drought events are then found to dramatically increase over the 21st century under all considered <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, with stronger changes for agricultural droughts. Two theoretical adaptation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> are eventually built based on hypotheses of adaptation to evolving climate and hydrological normals. The two <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> differ by the way the transient adaptation is performed for <span class="hlt">a</span> given date in the future, with reference to the normals over either the previous 30-year window ("retrospective</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.epa.gov/environmental-economics/development-probabilistic-socio-economic-emissions-scenarios-2012','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://www.epa.gov/environmental-economics/development-probabilistic-socio-economic-emissions-scenarios-2012"><span>Development of Probabilistic Socio-Economic <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> <span class="hlt">Scenarios</span> (2012)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The purpose of this analysis is to help overcome these limitations through the development of <span class="hlt">a</span> publically available library of socio-economic-<span class="hlt">emissions</span> projections derived from <span class="hlt">a</span> systematic examination of uncertainty in key underlying model parameters, w</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1955d0112L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1955d0112L"><span>Design of smart home gateway based on Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and ZigBee</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Yang</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>With the increasing demand for home lifestyle, the traditional smart home products have been unable to meet the needs of users. Aim at the complex wiring, high cost and difficult operation problems of traditional smart home system, this paper designs <span class="hlt">a</span> home gateway for smart home system based on Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and ZigBee. This paper first gives <span class="hlt">a</span> smart home system architecture base on cloud server, Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and ZigBee. This architecture enables users to access the smart home system remotely from Internet through the cloud server or through Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> at home. It also offers the flexibility and low cost of ZigBee wireless networking for home equipment. This paper analyzes the functional requirements of the home gateway, and designs <span class="hlt">a</span> modular hardware architecture based on the RT5350 wireless gateway module and the CC2530 ZigBee coordinator module. Also designs the software of the home gateway, including the gateway master program and the ZigBee coordinator program. Finally, the smart home system and home gateway are tested in two kinds of network environments, internal network and external network. The test results show that the designed home gateway can meet the requirements, support remote and local access, support multi-user, support information security technology, and can timely report equipment status information.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhPro..29...46A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhPro..29...46A"><span>Investigation of yellow <span class="hlt">emission</span> from <span class="hlt">a</span> co-polymer utilizable as an emitting material for white OLED</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Akimoto, I.; Tsuzuki, S.; Uzawa, H.; Hinatsu, M.; Nishide, Y.; Osuga, H.; Sakamoto, H.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">A</span> novel co-polymer, P-PBTx, is <span class="hlt">a</span> promising emitting material for white OLED. Appearance of unexpected yellow <span class="hlt">emission</span> in EL is <span class="hlt">a</span> key point, but its origin has not been clarified yet. Photo-luminescence properties of the copolymer were investigated in comparison with those of its monomer as well as two component molecules. An PL yellow band was also observed even in <span class="hlt">a</span> film of <span class="hlt">a</span> chromophore molecule at low temperature, depending on the position of an inhomogeneous film. Then, modified molecule center such as <span class="hlt">a</span> dimer or an excimer of neighboring chromophores is <span class="hlt">a</span> possible origin of the PL yellow <span class="hlt">emission</span>. PACS: 33.50.Dq; 33.70.-w; 78.60.<span class="hlt">Fi</span>;</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28967061','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28967061"><span>Effects of electromagnetic waves emitted from 3G+wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> modems on human semen analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kamali, Koosha; Atarod, Mohammadmehdi; Sarhadi, Saeedeh; Nikbakht, Javad; Emami, Maryam; Maghsoudi, Robab; Salimi, Hormoz; Fallahpour, Bita; Kamali, Negar; Momtazan, Abdolreza; Ameli, Mojtaba</p> <p>2017-10-25</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 3G+wifi modems on human sperm quality.<span class="hlt">A</span> total of 40 semen specimens were gathered between March and September 2015, from healthy adult men. The sperm samples were divided into two groups - 3G+wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> exposed and unexposed groups. In the unexposed group, the specimens were shielded by aluminum foil in three layers and put into an incubator at <span class="hlt">a</span> temperature of 37°C for 50 minutes. The exposed group was positioned in another room in an incubator at <span class="hlt">a</span> temperature of 37°C for 50 minutes. <span class="hlt">A</span> 3G+wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> modem was put into the same incubator and <span class="hlt">a</span> laptop computer was connected to the modem and was downloading for the entire 50 minutes.Semen analysis was done for each specimen and comparisons between parameters of the two groups were done by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov study and <span class="hlt">a</span> paired t-test. Mean percentage of sperm with class <span class="hlt">A</span> and B motility were not significantly different in two groups (p = 0.22 and 0.54, respectively). In class C, it was significantly lower in the exposed group (p = 0.046), while in class D it was significantly higher (p = 0.022).Velocity curvilinear, velocity straight line, velocity average path, mean angular displacement, lateral displacement and beat cross frequency were significantly higher in the unexposed group. The limitation was the in vitro design. Electromagnetic waves (EMWs) emitted from 3G+wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> modems cause <span class="hlt">a</span> significant decrease in sperm motility and velocity, especially in non-progressive motile sperms. Other parameters of semen analysis did not change significantly.EMWs, which are used in communications worldwide, are <span class="hlt">a</span> suspected cause of male infertility. Many studies evaluated the effects of cell phones and wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> on fertility. To our knowledge, no study has yet been done to show the effects of EMWs emitted from 3G+wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> modems on fertility.Our study revealed <span class="hlt">a</span> significant decrease in the quality of human semen after exposure to EMWs emitted from 3G+wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> modems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28004372','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28004372"><span>Greenhouse gas <span class="hlt">emissions</span> during plantation stage of palm oil-based biofuel production addressing different land conversion <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in Malaysia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kusin, Faradiella Mohd; Akhir, Nurul Izzati Mat; Mohamat-Yusuff, Ferdaus; Awang, Muhamad</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The environmental impacts with regard to agro-based biofuel production have been associated with the impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. In this study, field GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> during plantation stage of palm oil-based biofuel production associated with land use changes for oil palm plantation development have been evaluated. Three different sites of different land use changes prior to oil palm plantation were chosen; converted land-use (large and small-scales) and logged-over forest. Field sampling for determination of soil N-mineralisation and soil organic carbon (SOC) was undertaken at the sites according to the age of palm, i.e. <5 years (immature), 5-20 and >21 years (mature oil palms). The field data were incorporated into the estimation of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and the resulting CO 2 -eq <span class="hlt">emissions</span> as well as for estimation of carbon stock changes. Irrespective of the land conversion <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, the nitrous oxide <span class="hlt">emissions</span> were found in the range of 6.47-7.78 kg N 2 O-N/ha resulting in 498-590 kg CO 2 -eq/ha. On the other hand, the conversion of tropical forest into oil palm plantation has resulted in relatively higher GHG <span class="hlt">emissions</span> (i.e. four times higher and carbon stock reduction by >50%) compared to converted land use (converted rubber plantation) for oil palm development. The conversion from previously rubber plantation into oil palm plantation would increase the carbon savings (20% in increase) thus sustaining the environmental benefits from the palm oil-based biofuel production.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACP....14.7323M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACP....14.7323M"><span>Air quality in the mid-21st century for the city of Paris under two climate <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>; from the regional to local scale</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Markakis, K.; Valari, M.; Colette, A.; Sanchez, O.; Perrussel, O.; Honore, C.; Vautard, R.; Klimont, Z.; Rao, S.</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Ozone and PM2.5 concentrations over the city of Paris are modeled with the CHIMERE air-quality model at 4 km × 4 km horizontal resolution for two future <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. <span class="hlt">A</span> high-resolution (<span class="hlt">1</span> km × <span class="hlt">1</span> km) <span class="hlt">emission</span> projection until 2020 for the greater Paris region is developed by local experts (AIRPARIF) and is further extended to year 2050 based on regional-scale <span class="hlt">emission</span> projections developed by the Global Energy Assessment. Model evaluation is performed based on <span class="hlt">a</span> 10-year control simulation. Ozone is in very good agreement with measurements while PM2.5 is underestimated by 20% over the urban area mainly due to <span class="hlt">a</span> large wet bias in wintertime precipitation. <span class="hlt">A</span> significant increase of maximum ozone relative to present-day levels over Paris is modeled under the "business-as-usual" <span class="hlt">scenario</span> (+7 ppb) while <span class="hlt">a</span> more optimistic "mitigation" <span class="hlt">scenario</span> leads to <span class="hlt">a</span> moderate ozone decrease (-3.5 ppb) in year 2050. These results are substantially different to previous regional-scale projections where 2050 ozone is found to decrease under both future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. <span class="hlt">A</span> sensitivity analysis showed that this difference is due to the fact that ozone formation over Paris at the current urban-scale study is driven by volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited chemistry, whereas at the regional-scale ozone formation occurs under NOx-sensitive conditions. This explains why the sharp NOx reductions implemented in the future <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> have <span class="hlt">a</span> different effect on ozone projections at different scales. In rural areas, projections at both scales yield similar results showing that the longer timescale processes of <span class="hlt">emission</span> transport and ozone formation are less sensitive to model resolution. PM2.5 concentrations decrease by 78% and 89% under business-as-usual and mitigation <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, respectively, compared to the present-day period. The reduction is much more prominent over the urban part of the domain due to the effective reductions of road transport and residential <span class="hlt">emissions</span> resulting in the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27754315','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27754315"><span>Dynamic Power-Saving Method for Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Direct Based IoT Networks Considering Variable-Bit-Rate Video Traffic.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jin, Meihua; Jung, Ji-Young; Lee, Jung-Ryun</p> <p>2016-10-12</p> <p>With the arrival of the era of Internet of Things (IoT), Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Direct is becoming an emerging wireless technology that allows one to communicate through <span class="hlt">a</span> direct connection between the mobile devices anytime, anywhere. In Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Direct-based IoT networks, all devices are categorized by group of owner (GO) and client. Since portability is emphasized in Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Direct devices, it is essential to control the energy consumption of <span class="hlt">a</span> device very efficiently. In order to avoid unnecessary power consumed by GO, Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Direct standard defines two power-saving methods: Opportunistic and Notice of Absence (No<span class="hlt">A</span>) power-saving methods. In this paper, we suggest an algorithm to enhance the energy efficiency of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Direct power-saving, considering the characteristics of multimedia video traffic. Proposed algorithm utilizes the statistical distribution for the size of video frames and adjusts the lengths of awake intervals in <span class="hlt">a</span> beacon interval dynamically. In addition, considering the inter-dependency among video frames, the proposed algorithm ensures that <span class="hlt">a</span> video frame having high priority is transmitted with higher probability than other frames having low priority. Simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms the traditional No<span class="hlt">A</span> method in terms of average delay and energy efficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5087468','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5087468"><span>Dynamic Power-Saving Method for Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Direct Based IoT Networks Considering Variable-Bit-Rate Video Traffic</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jin, Meihua; Jung, Ji-Young; Lee, Jung-Ryun</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>With the arrival of the era of Internet of Things (IoT), Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Direct is becoming an emerging wireless technology that allows one to communicate through <span class="hlt">a</span> direct connection between the mobile devices anytime, anywhere. In Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Direct-based IoT networks, all devices are categorized by group of owner (GO) and client. Since portability is emphasized in Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Direct devices, it is essential to control the energy consumption of <span class="hlt">a</span> device very efficiently. In order to avoid unnecessary power consumed by GO, Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Direct standard defines two power-saving methods: Opportunistic and Notice of Absence (No<span class="hlt">A</span>) power-saving methods. In this paper, we suggest an algorithm to enhance the energy efficiency of Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Direct power-saving, considering the characteristics of multimedia video traffic. Proposed algorithm utilizes the statistical distribution for the size of video frames and adjusts the lengths of awake intervals in <span class="hlt">a</span> beacon interval dynamically. In addition, considering the inter-dependency among video frames, the proposed algorithm ensures that <span class="hlt">a</span> video frame having high priority is transmitted with higher probability than other frames having low priority. Simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms the traditional No<span class="hlt">A</span> method in terms of average delay and energy efficiency. PMID:27754315</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25703814','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25703814"><span>Investigation of the effects of distance from sources on apoptosis, oxidative stress and cytosolic calcium accumulation via TRPV<span class="hlt">1</span> channels induced by mobile phones and Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> in breast cancer cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Çiğ, Bilal; Nazıroğlu, Mustafa</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>TRPV<span class="hlt">1</span> is <span class="hlt">a</span> Ca2+ permeable channel and gated by noxious heat, oxidative stress and capsaicin (CAP). Some reports have indicated that non-ionized electromagnetic radiation (EMR)-induces heat and oxidative stress effects. We aimed to investigate the effects of distance from sources on calcium signaling, cytosolic ROS production, cell viability, apoptosis, plus caspase-3 and -9 values induced by mobile phones and Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> in breast cancer cells MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines were divided into <span class="hlt">A</span>, B, C and D groups as control, 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz groups, respectively. Cells in Group <span class="hlt">A</span> were used as control and were kept in cell culture conditions without EMR exposure. Groups B, C and D were exposed to the EMR frequencies at different distances (0 cm, <span class="hlt">1</span> cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm and 25 cm) for <span class="hlt">1</span>h before CAP stimulation. The cytosolic ROS production, Ca2+ concentrations, apoptosis, caspase-3 and caspase-9 values were higher in groups B, C and D than in <span class="hlt">A</span> group at 0 cm, <span class="hlt">1</span> cm and 5 cm distances although cell viability (MTT) values were increased by the distances. There was no statistically significant difference in the values between control, 20 and 25 cm. Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> and mobile phone EMR placed within 10 cm of the cells induced excessive oxidative responses and apoptosis via TRPV<span class="hlt">1</span>-induced cytosolic Ca2+ accumulation in the cancer cells. Using cell phones and Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> sources which are farther away than 10 cm may provide useful protection against oxidative stress, apoptosis and overload of intracellular Ca2+. This article is part of <span class="hlt">a</span> Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990064481&hterms=Lagrangian&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DLagrangian','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990064481&hterms=Lagrangian&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DLagrangian"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Lagrangian Simulation of Subsonic Aircraft Exhaust <span class="hlt">Emissions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schoeberl, M. R.; Morris, G. A.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>To estimate the effect of subsonic and supersonic aircraft exhaust on the stratospheric concentration of NO(y), we employ <span class="hlt">a</span> trajectory model initialized with air parcels based on the standard release <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. The supersonic exhaust simulations are in good agreement with 2D and 3D model results and show <span class="hlt">a</span> perturbation of about <span class="hlt">1</span>-2 ppbv of NO(y) in the stratosphere. The subsonic simulations show that subsonic <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are almost entirely trapped below the 380 K potential temperature surface. Our subsonic results contradict results from most other models, which show exhaust products penetrating above 380 K, as summarized. The disagreement can likely be attributed to an excessive vertical diffusion in most models of the strong vertical gradient in NO(y) that forms at the boundary between the <span class="hlt">emission</span> zone and the stratosphere above 380 K. Our results suggest that previous assessments of the impact of subsonic exhaust <span class="hlt">emission</span> on the stratospheric region above 380 K should be considered to be an upper bound.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26406506','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26406506"><span>Specific innovative semi-transparent solar cell for indoor and outdoor Li<span class="hlt">Fi</span> applications.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bialic, Emilie; Maret, Luc; Kténas, Dimitri</p> <p>2015-09-20</p> <p>Research in light-fidelity (Li<span class="hlt">Fi</span>), also called visible light communication (VLC), has gained huge interest. In such <span class="hlt">a</span> communication system, an optical sensor translates the received luminous modulation flux into an electrical signal which is decoded. To consider Li<span class="hlt">Fi</span> as an alternative solution for wireless communication, the receiver must be operational in indoor and outdoor configurations. Photovoltaic modules could appear as <span class="hlt">a</span> solution to this issue. In this paper, we present signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) response in the frequency of two different kinds of photovoltaic modules. We characterize in detail the SNR by using an experimental setup which connects <span class="hlt">a</span> software-based direct current optical (DCO)-orthogonal frequency division multiiplexing emitter and receiver to hardware optical front ends. We analyze Li<span class="hlt">Fi</span> performances under different lighting conditions. We prove that the available bandwidth depends drastically on ambient lighting configurations. Under specific lighting conditions, <span class="hlt">a</span> bandwidth around 4 MHz corresponding <span class="hlt">a</span> data rate around 8 Mbit/s could be achieved. We present the lighting saturation effects and we prove that the semi-transparent solar cell under study improves their performances (both bandwidth and data rate) in high ambient lighting environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.141..209V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.141..209V"><span>Photochemical model evaluation of the ground-level ozone impacts on ambient air quality and vegetation health in the Alberta oil sands region: Using present and future <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vijayaraghavan, Krish; Cho, Sunny; Morris, Ralph; Spink, David; Jung, Jaegun; Pauls, Ron; Duffett, Katherine</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>One of the potential environmental issues associated with oil sands development is increased ozone formation resulting from NOX and volatile organic compound <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from bitumen extraction, processing and upgrading. To manage this issue in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in northeast Alberta, <span class="hlt">a</span> regional multi-stakeholder group, the Cumulative Environmental Management Association (CEMA), developed an Ozone Management Framework that includes <span class="hlt">a</span> modelling based assessment component. In this paper, we describe how the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied to assess potential ground-level ozone formation and impacts on ambient air quality and vegetation health for three different ozone precursor cases in the AOSR. Statistical analysis methods were applied, and the CMAQ performance results met the U.S. EPA model performance goal at all sites. The modelled 4th highest daily maximum 8-h average ozone concentrations in the base and two future year <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> did not exceed the Canada-wide standard of 65 ppb or the newer Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards of 63 ppb in 2015 and 62 ppb in 2020. Modelled maximum <span class="hlt">1</span>-h ozone concentrations in the study were well below the Alberta Ambient Air Quality Objective of 82 ppb in all three cases. Several ozone vegetation exposure metrics were also evaluated to investigate the potential impact of ground-level ozone on vegetation. The chronic 3-months SUM60 exposure metric is within the CEMA baseline range (0-2000 ppb-hr) everywhere in the AOSR. The AOT40 ozone exposure metric predicted by CMAQ did not exceed the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) threshold of concern of 3000 ppb-hr in any of the cases but is just below the threshold in high-end future <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. In all three <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, the CMAQ predicted W126 ozone exposure metric is within the CEMA baseline threshold of 4000 ppb-hr. This study outlines the use of photochemical modelling of the impact of an industry (oil</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJSE...37..105N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJSE...37..105N"><span>Design <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for renovation of sports complex: <span class="hlt">a</span> case study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nižetić, S.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>This paper elaborates design <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> for <span class="hlt">a</span> sports complex in Croatia from <span class="hlt">a</span> technical and economic aspect. Different energy options are analysed and two are additionally addressed and discussed as the most viable ones. The possibilities of sports complex renovation are shown by properly choosing the appropriate energy concept and thus reducing the overall cost for produced thermal energy by around 33% and reducing the carbon dioxide <span class="hlt">emission</span> by <span class="hlt">a</span> factor of <span class="hlt">1</span>.8 in comparison with its present state. Finally, this study presents an example of good practice, where renewable energy solutions can be proposed and where it is possible to cover around 70-80% of overall yearly costs from achieved energy savings for the novel plant that is assumed to be financed through <span class="hlt">a</span> bank loan.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3855688','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3855688"><span>Effects of Formalin-Inactivated Respiratory Syncytial Virus (<span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV) in the Perinatal Lamb Model of RSV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Derscheid, Rachel J.; Gallup, Jack M.; Knudson, Cory J.; Varga, Steven M.; Grosz, Drew D.; van Geelen, Albert; Hostetter, Shannon J.; Ackermann, Mark R.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of bronchiolitis in infants and children worldwide. There are currently no licensed vaccines or effective antivirals. The lack of <span class="hlt">a</span> vaccine is partly due to increased caution following the aftermath of <span class="hlt">a</span> failed clinical trial of <span class="hlt">a</span> formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine (<span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV) conducted in the 1960’s that led to enhanced disease, necessitating hospitalization of 80% of vaccine recipients and resulting in two fatalities. Perinatal lamb lungs are similar in size, structure and physiology to those of human infants and are susceptible to human strains of RSV that induce similar lesions as those observed in infected human infants. We sought to determine if perinatal lambs immunized with <span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV would develop key features of vaccine-enhanced disease. This was tested in colostrum-deprived lambs immunized at 3–5 days of age with <span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV followed two weeks later by RSV infection. The <span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV-vaccinated lambs exhibited several key features of RSV vaccine-enhanced disease, including reduced RSV titers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung, and increased infiltration of peribronchiolar and perivascular lymphocytes compared to lambs either undergoing an acute RSV infection or naïve controls; all features of RSV vaccine-enhanced disease. These results represent <span class="hlt">a</span> first step proof-of-principle demonstration that the lamb can develop altered responses to RSV following <span class="hlt">FI</span>-RSV vaccination. The lamb model may be useful for future mechanistic studies as well as the assessment of RSV vaccines designed for infants. PMID:24324695</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A51I0187N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A51I0187N"><span>Multi-model projections of Indian summer monsoon climate changes under <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B <span class="hlt">scenario</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Niu, X.; Wang, S.; Tang, J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>As part of the Regional Climate Model Intercomparison Project for Asia, the projections of Indian summer monsoon climate changes are constructed using three global climate models (GCMs) and seven regional climate models (RCMs) during 2041-2060 based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change <span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. For the control climate of 1981-2000, most nested RCMs show advantage over the driving GCM of European Centre/Hamburg Fifth Generation (ECHAM5) in the temporal-spatial distributions of temperature and precipitation over Indian Peninsula. Following the driving GCM of ECHAM5, most nested RCMs produce advanced monsoon onset in the control climate. For future climate widespread summer warming is projected over Indian Peninsula by all climate models, with the Multi-RCMs ensemble mean (MME) temperature increasing of <span class="hlt">1</span>°C to 2.5°C and the maximum warming center located in northern Indian Peninsula. While for the precipitation, <span class="hlt">a</span> large inter-model spread is projected by RCMs, with wetter condition in MME projections and significant increase over southern India. Driven by the same GCM, most RCMs project advanced monsoon onset while delayed onset is found in two Regional Climate Model (RegCM3) projections, indicating uncertainty can be expected in the Indian Summer Monsoon onset. All climate models except Conformal-Cubic Atmospheric Model with equal resolution (referred as CCAMP) and two RegCM3 models project stronger summer monsoon during 2041-2060. The disagreement in precipitation projections by RCMs indicates that the surface climate change on regional scale is not only dominated by the large-scale forcing which is provided by driving GCM but also sensitive to RCM' internal physics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...804...26A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...804...26A"><span><span class="hlt">A</span> Deep Narrowband Imaging Search for C IV and He II <span class="hlt">Emission</span> from Lyα Blobs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arrigoni Battaia, Fabrizio; Yang, Yujin; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Prochaska, J. Xavier; Matsuda, Yuichi; Yamada, Toru; Hayashino, Tomoki</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>We conduct <span class="hlt">a</span> deep narrowband imaging survey of 13 Lyα blobs (LABs) located in the SSA22 proto-cluster at z ˜ 3.<span class="hlt">1</span> in the C iv and He ii <span class="hlt">emission</span> lines in an effort to constrain the physical process powering the Lyα <span class="hlt">emission</span> in LABs. Our observations probe down to unprecedented surface brightness (SB) limits of (2.<span class="hlt">1</span>-3.4) × 10-18 erg s-<span class="hlt">1</span> cm-2 arcsec-2 per <span class="hlt">1</span> arcsec2 aperture (5σ) for the He ii λ1640 and C iv λ1549 lines, respectively. We do not detect extended He ii and C iv <span class="hlt">emission</span> in any of the LABs, placing strong upper limits on the He ii/Lyα and C iv/Lyα line ratios, of 0.11 and 0.16, for the brightest two LABs in the field. We conduct detailed photoionization modeling of the expected line ratios and find that, although our data constitute the deepest ever observations of these lines, they are still not deep enough to rule out <span class="hlt">a</span> <span class="hlt">scenario</span> where the Lyα <span class="hlt">emission</span> is powered by the ionizing radiation from an obscured active galactic nucleus. Our models can accommodate He ii/Lyα and C iv/Lyα ratios as low as ≃0.05 and ≃0.07, respectively, implying that one needs to reach SB as low as (<span class="hlt">1-1</span>.5) × 10-18 erg s-<span class="hlt">1</span> cm-2 arcsec-2 (at 5σ) in order to rule out <span class="hlt">a</span> photoionization <span class="hlt">scenario</span>. These depths will be achievable with the new generation of image-slicing integral field units such as the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on VLT and the Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI). We also model the expected He ii/Lyα and C iv/Lyα in <span class="hlt">a</span> different <span class="hlt">scenario</span>, where Lyα <span class="hlt">emission</span> is powered by shocks generated in <span class="hlt">a</span> large-scale superwind, but find that our observational constraints can only be met for shock velocities vs ≳ 250 km s-<span class="hlt">1</span>, which appear to be in conflict with recent observations of quiescent kinematics in LABs. .</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3703962','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3703962"><span>Aged particles derived from <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of coal-fired power plants: The TERESA field results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kang, Choong-Min; Gupta, Tarun; Ruiz, Pablo A.; Wolfson, Jack M.; Ferguson, Stephen T.; Lawrence, Joy E.; Rohr, Annette C.; Godleski, John; Koutrakis, Petros</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The Toxicological Evaluation of Realistic <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> Source Aerosols (TERESA) study was carried out at three US coal-fired power plants to investigate the potential toxicological effects of primary and photochemically aged (secondary) particles using in situ stack <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. The exposure system designed successfully simulated chemical reactions that power plant <span class="hlt">emissions</span> undergo in <span class="hlt">a</span> plume during transport from the stack to receptor areas (e.g., urban areas). Test atmospheres developed for toxicological experiments included <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> to simulate <span class="hlt">a</span> sequence of atmospheric reactions that can occur in <span class="hlt">a</span> plume: (<span class="hlt">1</span>) primary <span class="hlt">emissions</span> only; (2) H2SO4 aerosol from oxidation of SO2; (3) H2SO4 aerosol neutralized by gas-phase NH3; (4) neutralized H2SO4 with secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed by the reaction of α-pinene with O3; and (5) three control <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> excluding primary particles. The aged particle mass concentrations varied significantly from 43.8 to 257.<span class="hlt">1</span> μg/m3 with respect to <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and power plant. The highest was found when oxidized aerosols were neutralized by gas-phase NH3 with added SOA. The mass concentration depended primarily on the ratio of SO2 to NOx (particularly NO) <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, which was determined mainly by coal composition and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> controls. Particulate sulfate (H2SO4 + neutralized sulfate) and organic carbon (OC) were major components of the aged particles with added SOA, whereas trace elements were present at very low concentrations. Physical and chemical properties of aged particles appear to be influenced by coal type, <span class="hlt">emissions</span> controls and the particular atmospheric <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> employed. PMID:20462390</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFMGC31A0717B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFMGC31A0717B"><span>General circulation model response to production-limited fossil fuel <span class="hlt">emission</span> estimates.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bowman, K. W.; Rutledge, D.; Miller, C.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>The differences in <span class="hlt">emissions</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> used to drive IPCC climate projections are the largest sources of uncertainty in future temperature predictions. These estimates are critically dependent on oil, gas, and coal production where the extremal variations in fossil fuel production used in these <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> is roughly 10:<span class="hlt">1</span> after 2100. The development of <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> based on production-limited fossil fuel estimates, i.e., total fossil fuel reserves can be reliably predicted from cumulative production, offers the opportunity to significantly reduce this uncertainty. We present preliminary results of the response of the NASA GISS atmospheric general circulation model to input forcings constrained by production-limited cumulative future fossil-fuel CO2 <span class="hlt">emissions</span> estimates that reach roughly 500 GtC by 2100, which is significantly lower than any of the IPCC <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. For climate projections performed from 1958 through 2400 and <span class="hlt">a</span> climate sensitivity of 5C/2xCO2, the change in globally averaged annual mean temperature relative to fixed CO2 does not exceed 3C with most changes occurring at high latitudes. We find that from 2100-2400 other input forcings such as increased in N2O play an important role in maintaining increase surface temperatures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/950190-effect-emissions-trading-carbon-sequestration-cost-co2-emissions-mitigation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/950190-effect-emissions-trading-carbon-sequestration-cost-co2-emissions-mitigation"><span>The Effect of <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> Trading And Carbon Sequestration on The Cost Of CO2 <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> Mitigation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mahasenan, Natesan; Scott, Michael J.; Smith, Steven J.</p> <p>2002-08-05</p> <p>The deployment of carbon capture and sequestration (CC&S) technologies is greatly affected by the marginal cost of controlling carbon <span class="hlt">emissions</span> (also the value of carbon, when <span class="hlt">emissions</span> permits are traded). <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> limits that are more stringent in the near term imply higher near-term carbon values and therefore encourage the local development and deployment of CC&S technologies. In addition, trade in <span class="hlt">emissions</span> obligations lowers the cost of meeting any regional or global <span class="hlt">emissions</span> limit and so affects the rate of penetration of CC&S technologies. We examine the effects of the availability of sequestration opportunities and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> trading (either within select regionsmore » or globally) on the cost of <span class="hlt">emissions</span> mitigation and compliance with different <span class="hlt">emissions</span> reduction targets for the IPCC SRES <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>. For each base <span class="hlt">scenario</span> and <span class="hlt">emissions</span> target, we examine the issues outlined above and present quantitative estimates for the impacts of trade and the availability of sequestration opportunities in meeting <span class="hlt">emissions</span> limitation obligations.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wi+AND+fi&id=EJ1138885','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wi+AND+fi&id=EJ1138885"><span>Considerations for Using Personal Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> Enabled Devices as "Clickers" in <span class="hlt">a</span> Large University Class</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Katz, Larry; Hallam, Megan C.; Duvall, Michael M.; Polsky, Zoe</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Interactive student response systems, commonly referred to as clickers, have increased in popularity in higher education classrooms as <span class="hlt">a</span> means to improve engagement and enhance learning. Clicker systems come with handheld devices as well as <span class="hlt">a</span> radio frequency receiver. <span class="hlt">A</span> Wi-<span class="hlt">Fi</span> connection to the receiver is possible, enabling students to use their…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACP....14.5709Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACP....14.5709Y"><span>Global <span class="hlt">emission</span> projections for the transportation sector using dynamic technology modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yan, F.; Winijkul, E.; Streets, D. G.; Lu, Z.; Bond, T. C.; Zhang, Y.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>In this study, global <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of gases and particles from the transportation sector are projected from the year 2010 to 2050. The Speciated Pollutant <span class="hlt">Emission</span> Wizard (SPEW)-Trend model, <span class="hlt">a</span> dynamic model that links the emitter population to its <span class="hlt">emission</span> characteristics, is used to project <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from on-road vehicles and non-road engines. Unlike previous models of global <span class="hlt">emission</span> estimates, SPEW-Trend incorporates considerable detail on the technology stock and builds explicit relationships between socioeconomic drivers and technological changes, such that the vehicle fleet and the vehicle technology shares change dynamically in response to economic development. <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> from shipping, aviation, and rail are estimated based on other studies so that the final results encompass the entire transportation sector. The <span class="hlt">emission</span> projections are driven by four commonly-used IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (<span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B, <span class="hlt">A</span>2, B<span class="hlt">1</span>, and B2). With global fossil-fuel use (oil and coal) in the transportation sector in the range of 128-171 EJ across the four <span class="hlt">scenarios</span>, global <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are projected to be 101-138 Tg of carbon monoxide (CO), 44-54 Tg of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 14-18 Tg of non-methane total hydrocarbons (THC), and 3.6-4.4 Tg of particulate matter (PM) in the year 2030. At the global level, <span class="hlt">a</span> common feature of the <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> is <span class="hlt">a</span> projected decline in <span class="hlt">emissions</span> during the first one or two decades (2010-2030), because the effects of stringent <span class="hlt">emission</span> standards offset the growth in fuel use. <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> increase slightly in some <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> after 2030, because of the fast growth of on-road vehicles with lax or no <span class="hlt">emission</span> standards in Africa and increasing <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from non-road gasoline engines and shipping. On-road vehicles and non-road engines contribute the most to global CO and THC <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, while on-road vehicles and shipping contribute the most to NOx and PM <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. At the regional level, Latin America and East Asia are the two</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACPD...1323373Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACPD...1323373Y"><span>Global <span class="hlt">emission</span> projections for the transportation sector using dynamic technology modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yan, F.; Winijkul, E.; Streets, D. G.; Lu, Z.; Bond, T. C.; Zhang, Y.</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>In this study, global <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of gases and particles from the transportation sector are projected from the year 2010 to 2050. The Speciated Pollutant <span class="hlt">Emission</span> Wizard (SPEW)-Trend model, <span class="hlt">a</span> dynamic model that links the emitter population to its <span class="hlt">emission</span> characteristics, is used to project <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from on-road vehicles and non-road engines. Unlike previous models of global <span class="hlt">emission</span> estimates, SPEW-Trend incorporates considerable details on the technology stock and builds explicit relationships between socioeconomic drivers and technological changes, such that the vehicle fleet and the vehicle technology shares change dynamically in response to economic development. <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> from shipping, aviation, and rail are estimated based on other studies so that the final results encompass the entire transportation sector. The <span class="hlt">emission</span> projections are driven by four commonly-used IPCC <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (<span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B, <span class="hlt">A</span>2, B<span class="hlt">1</span>, and B2). We project that global fossil-fuel use (oil and coal) in the transportation sector will be in the range of 3.0-4.0 Gt across the four <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in the year 2030. Corresponding global <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are projected to be 101-138 Tg of carbon monoxide (CO), 44-54 Tg of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 14-18 Tg of total hydrocarbons (THC), and 3.6-4.4 Tg of particulate matter (PM). At the global level, <span class="hlt">a</span> common feature of the <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> is <span class="hlt">a</span> projected decline in <span class="hlt">emissions</span> during the first one or two decades (2010-2030), because the effects of stringent <span class="hlt">emission</span> standards offset the growth in fuel use. <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> increase slightly in some <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> after 2030, because of the fast growth of on-road vehicles with lax or no <span class="hlt">emission</span> standards in Africa and increasing <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from non-road gasoline engines and shipping. On-road vehicles and non-road engines contribute the most to global CO and THC <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, while on-road vehicles and shipping contribute the most to NOx and PM <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. At the regional level, Latin America and East Asia are the two largest contributors to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A31C0087Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A31C0087Y"><span>Global <span class="hlt">emission</span> projections for the transportation sector using dynamic technology modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yan, F.; Winijkul, E.; Streets, D. G.; Lu, Z.; Bond, T. C.; Zhang, Y.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>In this study, global <span class="hlt">emissions</span> of gases and particles from the transportation sector are projected from the year 2010 to 2050. The Speciated Pollutant <span class="hlt">Emission</span> Wizard (SPEW)-Trend model, <span class="hlt">a</span> dynamic model that links the emitter population to its <span class="hlt">emission</span> characteristics, is used to project <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from on-road vehicles and non-road engines. Unlike previous models of global <span class="hlt">emission</span> estimates, SPEW-Trend incorporates considerable details on the technology stock and builds explicit relationships between socioeconomic drivers and technological changes, such that the vehicle fleet and the vehicle technology shares change dynamically in response to economic development. <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> from shipping, aviation, and rail are estimated based on other studies so that the final results encompass the entire transportation sector. The <span class="hlt">emission</span> projections are driven by four commonly-used IPCC <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> (<span class="hlt">A</span><span class="hlt">1</span>B, <span class="hlt">A</span>2, B<span class="hlt">1</span>, and B2). We project that global fossil-fuel use (oil and coal) in the transportation sector will be in the range of 3.0-4.0 Gt across the four <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> in the year 2030. Corresponding global <span class="hlt">emissions</span> are projected to be 101-138 Tg of carbon monoxide (CO), 44-54 Tg of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 14-18 Tg of total hydrocarbons (THC), and 3.6-4.4 Tg of particulate matter (PM). At the global level, <span class="hlt">a</span> common feature of the <span class="hlt">emission</span> <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> is <span class="hlt">a</span> projected decline in <span class="hlt">emissions</span> during the first one or two decades (2010-2030), because the effects of stringent <span class="hlt">emission</span> standards offset the growth in fuel use. <span class="hlt">Emissions</span> increase slightly in some <span class="hlt">scenarios</span> after 2030, because of the fast growth of on-road vehicles with lax or no <span class="hlt">emission</span> standards in Africa and increasing <span class="hlt">emissions</span> from non-road gasoline engines and shipping. On-road vehicles and non-road engines contribute the most to global CO and THC <span class="hlt">emissions</span>, while on-road vehicles and shipping contribute the most to NOx and PM <span class="hlt">emissions</span>. At the regional level, Latin America and East Asia are the two largest contributors to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28524674','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28524674"><span>Holography of Wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> Radiation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Holl, Philipp M; Reinhard, Friedemann</p> <p>2017-05-05</p> <p>Wireless data transmission systems such as wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> or Bluetooth emit coherent light-electromagnetic waves with <span class="hlt">a</span> precisely known amplitude and phase. Propagating in space, this radiation forms <span class="hlt">a</span> hologram-<span class="hlt">a</span> two-dimensional wave front encoding <span class="hlt">a</span> three-dimensional view of all objects traversed by the light beam. Here we demonstrate <span class="hlt">a</span> scheme to record this hologram in <span class="hlt">a</span> phase-coherent fashion across <span class="hlt">a</span> meter-sized imaging region. We recover three-dimensional views of objects and emitters by feeding the resulting data into digital reconstruction algorithms. Employing <span class="hlt">a</span> digital implementation of dark-field propagation to suppress multipath reflection, we significantly enhance the quality of the resulting images. We numerically simulate the hologram of <span class="hlt">a</span> 10-m-sized building, finding that both localization of emitters and 3D tomography of absorptive objects could be feasible by this technique.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvL.118r3901H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvL.118r3901H"><span>Holography of Wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> Radiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Holl, Philipp M.; Reinhard, Friedemann</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Wireless data transmission systems such as wi-<span class="hlt">fi</span> or Bluetooth emit coherent light—electromagnetic waves with <span class="hlt">a</span> precisely known amplitude and phase. Propagating in space, this radiation forms <span class="hlt">a</span> hologram—<span class="hlt">a</span> two-dimensional wave front encoding <span class="hlt">a</span> three-dimensional view of all objects traversed by the light beam. Here we demonstrate <span class="hlt">a</span> scheme to record this hologram in <span class="hlt">a</span> phase-coherent fashion across <span class="hlt">a</span> meter-sized imaging region. We recover three-dimensional views of objects and emitters by feeding the resulting data into digital reconstruction algorithms. Employing <span class="hlt">a</span> digital implementation of dark-field propagation to suppress multipath reflection, we significantly enhance the quality of the resulting images. We numerically simulate the hologram of <span class="hlt">a</span> 10-m-sized building, finding that both localization of emitters and 3D tomography of absorptive objects could be feasible by this technique.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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