... of time. The examined specimens were single layer epoxies on aluminum alloy (AA 2024-T3) substrates. Artificial weathering ...

... Title : Mechanisms of Adhesion Failure Between Polymers and Metallic Substrates: Aluminum 2024-T3 with HT424 Adhesive,. ...

... aa 2024-t3, aa 7075-t6 materials related terms: anodic polarization, chromate coatings, chromium addition, copper addition, corrosion protection ...

... materials and material types: aa 2024-t3 materials related terms: corrosion fatigue, crack growth rate, fatigue crack growth, grain size, intergranular ...

13 Strain hardening curve determined from uniaxial tension tests for AA 2024-T3 in LT orientation. Courtesy NASA Langley Research Center. ...

... anialysis and crack growth modelling in an aircraft alloy AA 2024-T3. ... Thie effect was much less evident in 4340 steel than in the ... For the aluminium. ...

... ship motions in wind and waves, basic ocean wave mechanics ... Initial experimentation on the application of amorphous cladding onto AA2024-T3 ...

or complete segregation of the anodic and cathodic reactions. By employing separate coupled electrodes pure Al, the cathodic and anodic reactions are largely segregated, and the observed current mimics% of the anodic current.16,33 AA2024-T3/copper cells allow the cathodic reaction to proceed on both electrodes

... T651 (11), AA7039-T64 (5), and AA7075-T651 (12). ... The actual aluminum specimens were cut to 1.75- � 1.5 ... The alloy 2024-T3 has been used for ...

The purpose of this study was to determine if the FLASHJET process affects the fatigue properties of two aluminum alloys that are commonly used as skin substrates in Army rotorcraft: (1) Al 2024-T3 and (2) Al 7075-T6. The two aluminum alloys were tested i...

The objective of this project was to develop an environmentally compliant conversion coating for use on aerospace aluminum alloys (e.g., AA2024- T3). This conversion coating was to replace the current chromate conversion coating processes in both mode of ...

The AFOSR funded program was designed to specifically test the ability of electroactive polymers, especially polyanilines, to provides corrosion protection for aluminums, especially the copper (approximately 4 to 5%) containing AA2024-T3 alloy of key inte...

Abstract: The effects of stress ratio (R) and crack opening behavior on fatigue crack growth rates (da/dN) for aluminum alloy (AA) 2024-T3 were investigated ...

... 3al(see ti-3al-13v-11cr), ti-6al-4v, aa 2014-t6, aa 2024-t3, aa 2219-t851, aa 6061-t6, aa 7075-t6, cda 706, custom 450, incoloy 901, inconel 718 ...

The effect of pretreatment and alloy microstructure on the rate of scribe-creep caused by under-paint corrosion on AA2024 was examined. Scribe- creep experiments were conducted on epoxy polyamide coated AA2024-T3 in 80% relative humidity at 25C, 40C, and ...

The effects of surface pretreatment on the rate of scribe-creep caused by underpaint corrosion on coated AA2024-T3 (UNS A92024) were investigated. Scribe-creep experiments were conducted on epoxy polyamide-coated (average coating thickness:10 micrometers)...

that passivates the surface and inhibits corrosion. KEY WORDS: AA2024-T3, anodic inhibitor, cathodic inhibitorCORROSION SCIENCE SECTION 284 CORROSION--MARCH 2004 0010-9312/04/000035/$5.00+$0.50/0 � 2004, NACE. * Fontana Corrosion Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University

Pitting potentials (E{sub pit}) of aluminum alloy (AA) 2024-T3 (UNS A92024) were improved with additions of 0.01 M sodium chromate (Na{sub 2}CrO{sub 4}, pH 8) and 0.0062 M Na{sub 2}Cro{sub 4} + 0.0038 M chromic acid (H{sub 2}CrO{sub 4}, pH 6) additions to 0.1 M sodium sulfate (Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}) + 0.005 M sodium ...

... Accession Number : ADD432799. Title : The Environmental Durability of 2024 T3-Kevlar (R) 49 Fiber and 2024 T3-Carbon Fiber Laminates,. ...

... Title : Impact Tests on Aluminium 2024 T3, Aramid and Glass Reinforced Aluminium Laminates and Thermoplastic Composites,. ...

Corrosion is one of the most damaging mechanisms in aluminum alloys used in aerospace engineering structures. In this article, the degradation behavior of AA 2024-T3 as a function of time under corrosive conditions is studied through experiments and modeling. Corrosion experiments were conducted on ...

Corrosion is one of the most damaging mechanisms in aluminum alloys used in aerospace engineering structures. In this article, the degradation behavior of AA 2024-T3 as a function of time under corrosive conditions is studied through experiments and modeling. Corrosion experiments were conducted on ...

2219-T852. AI. 2210-T87. A1. 2219-T87. AI at -400?F to -300?F. 2219-T87. Al st 800?F ... 2024-T3. AI, (L-T). 2024-T3. AI. 2024-T3. Ai, (L-T). ...

Objective was to determine if the protective coating could be enhanced by filling intercrystalline spaces or by reinforcing the coating at intermetallic particles by exposure to aqueous transition metal salt solutions. Two oxy-anion analogs to chromate were used: permanganate and molybdate. Ce(III) (as Ce(NO{sub 3}){sub 3}) was also studied. (Al alloys ...

The effects of curing temperature, based on new, low-temperature powder coating methods and traditional high-temperature powder coating methods, were studied. Heat-sensitive aluminum alloys (2024-T3, 6061-T6, and 7075-T6) were subjected to two different heat-treatment cycles, which were based on temperatures of 121 and 204 �C. ...

The overall goal of this research was to identify and investigate possible replacements of chromate corrosion inhibitive pigments for aluminum aerospace alloys. This research project was divided into two objectives: (1) to develop high throughput screening (HTS) methods that rapidly and quantitatively assess inhibitor and inhibitor mixture efficacy on aluminum alloy ...

Although current chromate coatings function very well in corrosion protection for aircraft alloys, such as aluminum alloy 2024 T3, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is planning to totally ban the use of chromates as coating materials in the next decade or so because of their extremely toxic effect. For this purpose, both ...

The local electrochemical and chemical characteristics of intrinsic breakdown sites on organically coated aerospace alloys were investigated. Local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and mapping were used in conjunction with capillary electrophoresis, local pH, and local open-circuit potential measurements to classify the electrochemical activity and chemical properties of individual failure ...

The need for toxic chromate replacements in metal-finishing industries has prompted an intensive search for replacement technologies in recent years. Among the replacements that have been proposed, those that are based upon the use of organofunctional silanes rank very high in terms of performance, broad applicability as well as ease of application. This dissertation presents a four-part work: (1) ...

... used were: (1) Alloys: 2024-T3, 2024-T3 clad (1230 alloy), 7075-T6, and 7075-T6 clad (7072 alloy); (2) Adhesives: FM 123-2 and EA 9628 250 F ...

... 3.14 Effect of PMB Stripping on Fatigue Crack Propagation 0.032 in. Anodized 2024-T3 Sheet ..... 36 ... Anodized 2024-T3 Sheet ..... 37 ...

The corrosion behaviour of a well-investigated aluminium alloy AA2024-T3 in sodium chloride solution was observed via scanning vibrating and ion-selective electrode techniques. A completely new approach to the analysis of the obtained data is demonstrated. The 3D fitting procedures of current density distribution ...

A microscopic study of the onset of pitting corrosion has been conducted on the important aerospace alloy AA2024-T3 with the aim of understanding the role of intermetallic particles in triggering the formation of deep pits in the corroding surface. By trace element and correlation mapping using a 3 MeV H+ ...

... Some 2024-T3 aluminum and mild steel specimens are also tested. Plexiglas specimens are used for static experiments. ...

... materials such as Al 2024-T3 Specimens of such alloys are corroded in a controlled environment and the pits' geometry is captured digitally using ...

... OF HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT AT NORMAL AND OBLIQUE INCIDENCE ON MULTIPLE SPACED 2024-T3 ALUMINUM PLATES, GENERAL MODEL ...

Chromate-based technology used currently in the aerospace industry provides excellent corrosion protection for the aerospace metals and alloys such as AA 2024-T3. However, chromates are toxic and carcinogenic and the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States has identified chromates for replacement. This ...

In this experimental work the weldability of an Al alloy AA 2024-T3 by using two different laser sources, (CO2 and Nd:YAG), has been tested for experiments. A ROFIN SINAR, 1500 W continuous wave (c.w.) max power level, emitting at 10.6 ?m, and a HAAS TRUMPH source, 3000 W max power level, pulsed beam, that produces ...

The behavior of chromate conversion coatings (CCCs) on the aluminum aircraft alloy AA 2024-T3 was examined by several types of experiments, using Raman spectroscopy as a primary technique. First, Raman spectra of the CCC film made from a commercial process revealed a Raman feature characteristic of Cr(VI) which was ...

A comprehensive suite of spectroscopy have been used to study the composition and structure of Chromate Conversion Coatings (CCC) formed on Aluminum Copper (Al-Cu) alloy AA2024-T3 and constituent Intermetallic Compounds (IMCs). Based on previous work the CCC formed over the IMCs is expected to be thinner and ...

The System Approach Interface Engineering (SAIE) concept was employed to develop corrosion protection processes for aluminum (Al) alloys by application of a low temperature plasma interface engineering technique with a cathodic electrocoat (E-coat) as the primary layer coating. The SAIE concept emphasizes that the corrosion protection property of the coated system for Al alloys depends on the ...

Inhibitor characteristics of 27 compounds considered as possible replacements for chromate pigments in aerospace paint were investigated. These compounds were tested and screened in solution and not as actual paint additives. In initial testing, aluminum alloy (AA) 2024-T3 (UNS A92024) samples were exposed to 0.6 M ...

AA 6069, a new aluminum alloy, has been developed for application in hot and cold extrusion and forging. It contains {approximately}2 Mg + Si, {approximately}1% Cu, 0.2% Cr, and 0.1% V. Nominal T6 properties of the ingot without hot or cold deformation are 415 MPa (60 ksi) ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 380 MPa (55 ksi) yield strength, and 12% elongation. Properties after ...

AA 6069, a new aluminum alloy, has been developed for application in hot and cold extrusion and forging. It contains ~2Mg + Si, ~1% Cu, 0.2% Cr, and 0.1% V. Nominal T6 properties of the ingot without hot or cold deformation are 415 MPa (60 ksi) ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 380 MPa (55 ksi) yield strength, and 12 % elongation. Properties after hot and cold extrusion in the ...

... WHS- Washington Headquarters Service. ... Title : The Effects of Net-Shape Machining on the Performance of Al 2024-T3 Subjected to Axial Tension ...

... Accession Number : ADA385463. Title : Study of Electroactive Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors of Aluminum 2024-T3 and Cold Rolled Steel. ...

... (1) Preparation of Steep Wall Profile Specimen Grating Specimen gratings for a compact tension (CT) and an single edge notch (SEN) 2024-T3 ...

... Abstract : Tensile shear test specimens made from clad 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet ... The primer pre-cure was done at 2500F for 30 minutes and ...

... Honeycomb Core Panel Bonding of Aluminum Alloys. ... clad 2024-T3 aluminum alloy face plates and 5052 aluminum alloy honeycomb core ...

... FPL) acid-etched 2024-T3 aluminium adherends. Depending upon adhesive type and surface treatment, bonded joints made with the inorganic ...

... FPL) acid-etched 2024-T3 aluminum adherends. Depending upon adhesive type and surface treatment, bonded joints made with the inorganic ...

... Abstract : Atmospheric corrosion tests were carried out on the aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 with various surface treatments. ...

The newly developed primerless silicone coating was effective at the corrosion protection of stainless steel 316 but failed on aluminum 2024-T3 and cold-rolled ...

... Melting Practice: Not Recorded ... 046 Lsnders, CB; Hardrath, HF; "Results of Axial-Load Tests on Electropolished 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 Aluminum ...

... aviation materials. The materials used were magnesium alloy AZ31B-H24 aluminum alloy 2024-T3, 4130 low alloy steel. 4340 ...

... Accession Number : ADA441234. Title : Effects of the FLASHJET Paint Removal Process on the Fatigue Properties of Al 7075-T6 and Al 2024-T3. ...

... THE AMOUNT OF SPRINGBACK OF ALUMINUM ALLOY SHEET AND ... BEND TEST RESULTS OF ALLOYS 2024-T3, 3003-H14, 5052-H32, 5083 ...

In this study, electrochemical experiments were performed under thin electrolyte layers using a Kelvin Probe (KP). In the first part of this dissertation, cathodic and anodic polarization experiments of stainless steel 304L were conducted under a thin layer of chloride containing solution. Cathodic polarization curves exhibited a limiting current density associated with oxygen reduction. The ...

Local Electrochemical Impedance Mapping (LED4) was used to investigate local underfilm corrosion of organic coated (epoxy, polyurethane, vinyl) aluminum alloy 2024- T3 substrates immersed in chloride solutions. Several interesting features in LEIM were observed that would provide insight into the local breakdown ...

... 2024-T3 CLAD SHEET I .I , .... I I i i ui ,,,, a , a i~Iaami iii I Il,,,I 10 10 104 o0s 106 LIFE (CYCLES) Fig. 2. Open Hole Sn Data 2024-T3 ...

Tensile specimens made from laminated 2024-T3 and 7475-T761 aluminium 0.3 mm thick sheets were mechanically tested in laboratory air after exposure to a salt spray fog. Additional test were performed on specimens prepared from 2024-T3 1 mm sheet, and on s...

Atmospheric corrosion tests were carried out on the aluminum alloys 2024 T3 and 7075 T6 with various surface treatments. The corrosion behavior and the influence of the corrosion on the mechanical properties were examined after 1, 2, and 3 years exposure....

A series of fracture test were conducted to determine the effects of specimen type specimen width and buckling on the fracture behavior of cracked thin sheet (0.063 inch thick) 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. A summary of the experimental measurements is presente...

The stable tearing behavior of thin sheets 2024-T3 aluminum alloy was studied for middle crack tension specimens having initial cracks that were: flat cracks (low fatigue stress) and 45 degrees through-thickness slant cracks (high fatigue stress). The cri...

Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3 by Aqueous Vanadium Species K. D. Ralston,a, *,z S. Chrisanti,a, * T. L. Young,b and R. G. Buchheita, ** a Fontana Corrosion Center, Department of Materials-12 Addition- ally, a number of vanadate surface treatments and pigmented organic coatings applied to zinc

solution of copper in aluminum and precipitate particles #12;Corrosion protection of Al 2024-T3 Chromate Introduction Microstructure and Corrosion of Al 2024-T3 Corrosion protection of the alloy Significance of study and Objectives, Reason for choosing titanatesReason for ...

Paint removal was studied by mechanical means, i.e., blasting, from aluminum structural aeronautical materials (2024-T3) and the changes on the surface morphology introduced by the paint removal process are examined. The principal experimental parameters are particle velocity, and particle angle of incidence. An ideal combination of ...

In situ, ex situ, and microscopic Raman spectroscopy were used to examine the interactions of dilute chromate solutions with actively corroding pits in aluminum alloy used for aerospace applications (AA-2024-T3). Approximately 10{sup {minus}3} M Cr(VI) in salt solution greatly reduces alloy corrosion, and soluble ...

Electrochemical corrosion testing using AC impedance measurement and ellipsometry has been performed on aircraft aluminum 2024-T3 samples. The AC Impedance technique was used to acquire a precise low-frequency impedance signature of corroding painted airc...

XANES and electrochemical impedance spectroscopes were used in parallel to correlate the amount of Cr(VI) in chromate conversion coatings (CCC) on Al 2024 and their corrosion resistance in order to understand the degradation mechanisms upon aging or heati...

... GLARE-4 2024--T3 70/30 % Cro1sply * 0.5% post-aire stretch 7he purpose of the GLARE evaluation program, in which NADC was a ...

... averaged 0.063 ohm, but the measuements were not repr-cible to within ... 2 TARGET 63-1.2, PIX'IE 2_, 2024-T3 AlUMINUM, 0.1 INCH ... Page 26. ...

Aluminum alloys are commonly used on spacecraft in structural ... treated to provide the highest strengths, e.g., 2014-T6, 2024-T3 and T4, 7075- ...

Within the AGARD Cooperative Test Program on the behavior of short cracks, a common airframe aluminium alloy (2024-T3) was investigated and the significance of the short crack effect analyzed from tests conducted on a single edge notched fatigue specimens...

... The materials represented are 7075-T6 clad, 2024-T3 clad, 2014-T6, and 2219-T87 aluminum alloys, and 17-7PH stainless steel. ...

... Twelve sets of lap-joint panels of clad 2024-T3 aluminum alloy bonded with 12 different adhesives, and one set of 177PH corrosion-resisting steel ...

... Alloys tested were magnesium AZ31B, 4340 steel, aluminum 2024-T3 Alclad, 7075-T6, 7079-T6 Alclad, and titanium-6Al-4V. ...

... Hudson and Seardina which involve systematic variations of RO all pro- vide convincing ... higher growth rates than 2024-T3 for the same &K-val.ues. ...

The principal objective of the research was to investigate paint removal by mechanical means, i.e., blasting, from aluminum structural aeronautical materials (2024-T3) and to examine the changes on the surface morphology introduced by the paint removal pr...

Test results are presented for semi-finished sheet material products compared with alloy 2024 T3 as reference material. The new aluminum-lithium alloys offer considerable weight gain potential without extensive conversions of their manufacturing facilitie...

The new aluminum-lithium alloys offer an attractive alternative of reducing structural weight for civil aircraft components. For fuselage application the damage tolerant version of aluminum-lithium as substitution of 2024 T3 material is of greatest intere...

Efforts to improve the impact properties of Arall laminates by using aramid weaves instead of unidirectional prepeg, and by using S-glass fibers instead of aramid fibers are described. The impact properties are compared with the behavior of thermoplastic ...

... Accession Number : AD0845269. Title : Ignition Characteristics of the .50-Caliber API-M8 Versus 2024-T3 Aluminum Plates. ...

Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) are multi-component materials utilizing metals, fibers ... (same aluminum, 2024-T3, and surface treatment as GLARE) containing resin flow ... include aluminum on glass, copper on glass and titanium on carbon. ...

Aluminum alloys are finding increasing use in the aerospace and automobile industries due to their attractive low density-high modulus and low density-high strength characteristics. Unfortunately, cyclic stress-strain deformation alters the microstructure...

A significant number of commercial and military aircraft have reached or exceeded their original design life, and fleet surveys have shown that the major problem of corrosion is increasing with the fleet's age. Corrosion can affect an airframe's structura...

... sets of lap-joint panels of clad 2024-T3 aluminum alloy respectively bonded with 12 different adhesives, and 1 set of 17-7PH corrosion-resisting ...

This research focuses on three key issues related to the nucleation and growth of corrosion fatigue cracks in fuselage fastener holes. (1) The identification of the precise mechanisms responsible for corrosion damage in Al alloy 2024-T3 in the bare, clad,...

The corrosivity of various tropical environments towards 2024-T3 aluminum and other metals was determined. Rain forest exposure generally produced less corrosion than open field. Marine exposure resulted in the highest corrosion rates and, in some instanc...

The corrosion rates of bare and chromated 2024-T3 aluminum and AZ31b magnesium were determined at several tropical environments (marine, open field, rain forest). Weight losses for magnesium were generally greater than for aluminum, but there were instanc...

... stages during the chromic-acid anodizing procedure used to prepare aluminum surfaces for ... found to form during the first 6 minutes of the 37-1/2 ...

and 0.3 g of iron naphthenate catalyst. This is 1.8 equivalents of NCO to 1.0 of OH. Coupons of. 2024-T3 aluminum were bonded with this adhesive ...

... Mechanical Properties of Materials Material Stainless Steel Aluminum Alloy Al c I ad Specification Z 10 CN'F 18 AGS - X 516 2024 - T3 ...

Aluminum alloy sheet rivet data were assessed to see if any loss of strength is likely for rivets made of Aramid Aluminum Laminate (ARALL). Tests on 4.8 mm diameter 2024-T3 flush head rivets in 1.0 and 2.2 mm thick 2024-T3 ARALL sheet (t/D = 0.21 and 0.46...

The localized corrosion of pure aluminum, AA2024-T3 alloy, and in particular the behavior of the intermetallic particles in AA2024-T3 were studied using a technique of scratching the surface with atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips. In situ AFM scratching provides information regarding the ...

High strength aluminum alloys are used in aerospace industry and are normally coated to prevent corrosion. The corrosion protection of the coatings is mainly provided by pigmented-primer layer. Strontium chromate pigments are widely used, but they are toxic and carcinogenic. The objective of the current study is to develop and characterize the ion exchange compounds bentonite and hydrotalcite as ...

The mechanism of corrosion protection of the widely used 2024-T3 aluminum alloy by cerium and lanthanum inhibitors in chloride media is described in detail in the present work. The corrosion process was investigated by means of scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), in situ atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron ...

In-situ neutron reflectivity (NR) is used to observe the structure and evolution of a Trivalent Chromium Process (TCP) passive film on Al in a NaCl-D₂O solution. Using a split liquid reflectivity cell we mimicked the corrosion process on the anodic sites in alloy AA ...

Current research in the areas of aircraft alloy pretreatments and their influence on corrosion have raised fundamental questions regarding the applicability of standard surface preparation and analyzing protocols. Electrochemical techniques along with surface analytical techniques such as Laser Speckle Sensor and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy have demonstrated the ability to detect early ...

Low-temperature plasma polymerization is a promising pretreatment technique to create environmentally friendly coating systems for corrosion protection of aluminum alloys. In this study, the pretreatment effects of plasma treatment and plasma polymerization on corrosion properties of alclad aluminum alloy 2024-T3 ([2A]) were ...

A novel bifunctional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) based silane precursor R(x)R'(y)(SiO(3/2))(8), (x + y = 8), bearing 3-(N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)ureido)propyl (ureasil - U) and isooctyl (IO) groups (i.e., U(2)IO(6) POSS) was synthesized, and the corresponding coatings, prepared under the acid hydrolysis conditions, were studied in order to assess their corrosion inhibition of the ...

... AAs 0ol, where AAlnhib and AAinhib' are the Helmholtz free energy of binding for substrates FMP and FMP', respectively; AA S01v ...

Surface enhanced Raman scattering was used to observe interactions of dilute CrVI solutions with silver and copper surfaces in situ. Using silver as a model surface, CrIII was observed at the near monolayer level, and the spectra were compared to those from CrIII oxyhydroxide species and CrIII/Cr VI mixed oxide. Similar experiments were conducted with copper surfaces and 785 nm excitation. Upon ...

A critical step in protecting aluminum alloys from corrosion is surface pretreatment. According to ASTM D-1730, many combinations of acid, alkaline, or solvent cleanings may be used and regarded as acceptable methods for pretreatment of aluminum alloys before painting. Flexibility in controlling the steps in the standard has lead to a high number of pretreatments, many of which have not been ...

Aerosol-assisted evaporation-induced self-assembly has been applied to fabricate a wide range of nanoparticle architectures. Ordered core-shell Ce/silica particles are effective for corrosion inhibition of aluminum alloy AA2024-T3. Higher hydrophobicity derived by increasing ...

Aerospace aluminum alloys such as Al alloy 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 are subject to localized corrosion due the existence of intermetallics containing Cu, Mg or Zn. Current protection measurement employs substantial use of chromate and high VOC organics, both of which are identified as environment and health hazards. The approach of this ...

Chitosan, a derivative of naturally abundant biopolymer chitin, was used as the basis for corrosion resistant coating. Chitosan suffers from two inherent weaknesses as a coating material, namely its high hydrophilicity and its poor adhesive strength with Al 2024 T3 alloy. In the present study, the chitosan structure was modified using ...

In this report a comparison was made between 2024-T3 aluminium alloy sheet crack growth obtained from two NASA reports (from 1958 and 1959) and an NLR report (from 1966) to examine batch to batch variability of fatigue crack growth rates. Two other NASA r...

A study has been performed in order to compare fatigue properties of the Al-Li alloy 2090 with a conventional Al-Cu alloy (2024-T3). The elastic modulus and the fracture toughness have been determined for each alloy. The fatigue tests have been done for t...

Moire interferometry was used to determine the two orthogonal displacement fields surrounding a stably growing crack in a thin 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, single-edge notched (SEN) specimen. The measured displacements were used to compute the J-integral and t...

Fatigue tests under flight-simulation loading were performed on unnotched Alclad 2024-T3, anodised 2.0 mm thick sheet specimens, manufactured according to several machine-shop processes applied in the aircraft industry. From the results it appears that mi...

Flight simulation tests were carried out on 10 mm thick 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy sheet specimens to study fatigue crack propagation in three environments: dry air, normal air, and salt water. The flight simulation loading was based on a gust spe...

Chromate surface treatments and chromate-containing epoxy primers are often used for corrosion control of aluminum alloys. However, due to environmental concerns and adverse health effects surrounding such use of chromates, there is an intensive effort to...

A previous Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory study focused on experimental measurements that could be used to derive material model representations of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 and the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V for use in ballistic impact simulations. Th...

Changes in the tensile and tensile yield strengths after fusing Teflon on magnesium alloy AZ31B-H24, and aluminum alloys 2024-T3, 5052-H32, and 6061-T6 have been studied. The new technique, a flame technique, for fusing Teflon caused less alteration of th...

The present paper is concerned with the application of a "plasticity-induced" crack closure model to study fatigue crack growth under various load histories. The model was based on the Dugdale model but modified to leave plastically deformed mat...

Atmospheric exposure of aircraft alloys was conducted to provide experimental data in support of an environmental rating system. Alloys tested were magnesium AZ31B, 4340 steel, aluminum 2024-T3 Alclad, 7075-T6, 7079-T6 Alclad, and titanium-6Al-4V. Test si...

This report describes a study of nondestructive inspection (NDI) for contaminants on phosphoric acid anodized aluminum alloys (A1 7075-T6 and A1 2024-T3). Contamination is used in the broad sense to include surface preparation process errors (such as inco...

Paint removal is required before conducting fluorescent penetrant inspection (FPI). The effects of various pre-inspection paint-removal processes on FPI indications of fatigue cracks were evaluated using 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum specimens. Comparative...

In the current period our efforts were concentrated on the without chromate passivation of Al 2024-T3. This material in known to be very prone to both pitting and intergranular corrosion owing to high Cu content (its composition-4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 0.6% Mn)...

Over the last five years several aluminium sheet alloys have emerged as candidates for replacing the industry standard damage tolerant AlCuMg alloy 2024-T3 in aircraft structures. These alloys include the AlLiCuMgZr (Al-Li) alloys 2091-T84 and 8090-T81, a...

Friction stir welding of thin aluminum sheets represents a potential goal for aircraft and automotive industries because of the advantages of using this new technological process. In the current work, the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of 6082T6-6082T6, 2024T3-2024T3, and ...

Studies were made to determine the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys that would be applicable to SNAP-2 radiator-condenser design. The mechanical properties of 6061-T6, 2024-T3, 1100-0, and Alcoa No. 23 braze sheet were established, and the results are reported. (W.L.H.)

Moire interferometry with line densities of 1200 and 40 lines per mm was used to determine the two orthogonal displacements surrounding a stationary and a stably extending crack, respectively in two thin 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, single-edge notched specime...

ARALL sheet material is built up from very thin aluminum alloy sheets bonded to one laminate by intermediate prepreg layers. The prepregs are unidirectional aramid fibers in an epoxy adhesive. Efforts are described to improve the impact properties of ARAL...

A series of experiments were conducted to observe the functioning (ignition) of incendiary projectiles (.50-caliber API-M8). During these tests the following impact parameters were considered: impact velocity, impact angle, and plate thickness. The result...

Flight simulation fatigue crack propagation tests with gust spectrum loading were carried out on laminates of aluminum alloy 2024-T3/carbon-epoxy, aluminum alloy 7475-T761/carbon-epoxy and titanium alloy Ti-6A1-4V/carbon-epoxy with nominal weight savings ...

A two-dimensional, elastic-plastic finite-element analysis was used with a critical crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA) fracture criterion to model stable crack growth in thin-sheet 2024-T3 aluminum alloy under monotonic loading after precracking at different ...

Two aluminum alloy sheet materials used in aircraft structures were tested for the effect of temperature on the rate of fatigue, crack propagation, and residual strength. The materials tested were 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 clad sheets of 2 mm thickness and 7075...

J-integral values were determined directly from the measured orthogonal displacement fields surrounding a crack in 2024-0, 2024-T3, 2091-T3 and 5052-H32 aluminum alloy SEN and cruciform specimens of 0.8 mm thickness. These J-values were then used to compu...

The formation of spot welds with explosive charges as high energy sources has been investigated, and methods of producing welds have been determined. Materials welded include aluminum alloy 2024-T3, Type 347 stainless steel, 17-7 precipitation hardening s...

Flight simulation fatigue crack propagation tests with gust spectrum loading were carried out on 2024-T3/carbon-epoxy, 7475-T761/carbon-epoxy, and Ti-6Al-4V/carbon-epoxy laminates with nominal weight savings of 30 percent as compared to equivalent 2024-T3...

to Aqueous Vanadate Inhibitors K. D. Ralston,a, *,z T. L. Young,b and R. G. Buchheita, ** a Fontana Corrosion with chromate use, more "green" alternative inhibitors and coatings have recently received attention of vanadate interact with complex Al alloy microconstituent intermetallics to impart corrosion protection

Surface texture and process defects resulting from net-shape machining of engineering materials are often ignored in the design analysis of machined components parts. In this investigation, the effects of net-shape machining on the fatigue life of 2024-T6...

2024-T852. A1. [EK]. 2014-T651. A1. [AF]. 2024-T861. A1. [EL]. 2020-T651. A1. [ CB]. 2048-T851. A1. [FC]. 2024-T3. A1. [EA]. 2124-T851. A1. [GC]. 2024-T351 ...

The characterization of the pitting corrosion is performed on the following aluminum alloys: 2091 (in state T851 and T8XCPHK), 2024 T3, 7010 T73651 and 7075 T7351 (7175). The spectral analysis of the electrochemical noise concerning the corrosion sensitiv...

The experimental phase of the study included compressive tests on HTS/PMR-15 graphite/polyimide, 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, and 5052 aluminum honeycomb at room temperature, and tensile tests on graphite/polyimide at room temperature, -157 C, and 316 C. Elast...

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The direct electrodeposition of electroactive conducting polymers (ECPs) on active metals such as iron, steel, and aluminum is complicated by the concomitant metal oxidation that occurs at the positive potentials required for polymer formation. In the case of aluminum and its alloys, the oxide layer that forms is an insulator that blocks electron transfer and impedes polymer formation and ...

The corrosion resistance of 33 inorganic conversion coatings applied to five aluminum alloys was tested by salt spray exposure and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results were evaluated to determine if a relationship existed. Individual salt spray test panels, with an area of 30 in.{sup 2} (194 cm{sup 2}), were inspected visually at regular intervals up to 168 h of exposure. At each ...

Nutrient signalling by the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway involves upstream sensing of free AA (amino acid) concentrations. Several AA-regulated kinases have recently been identified as putative intracellular AA sensors. Their activity will reflect the balance between AA flows through underlying ...

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AAA A A AA AA AA A A -~ A AA A AA A A I. AA A A A AA A AA AA AA A A AAAAAAA ... A A A AAA AA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAA AAAAAAAAAA ...

To understand how intestinal amino acid (AA) transport is regulated by dietary substrate levels, the authors measured uptake of seven radioactively-labelled AAs and glucose across the jejunal brush-border membrane of mice kept on one of three isocaloric rations differing in nitrogen content. In the high-protein ration, uptake increased ...

The energetic and electronic structure of bilayered graphene (BLG) with AA stacking arrangement on a SiO2 substrate is investigated in the presence of an electric field F of different intensities by ab initio density functional calculations. The AA-stacked bilayer graphene is stable on the SiO2 substrate in the ...

Free corrosion immersion experiments were conducted on a commercial airframe material, Al 2024-T3 (UNS A92024), in 0.5 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution to investigate the role of microconstituents in pitting corrosion. The alloy was found to contain numerous constituent particles (> 300,000 per cm [> 2 million per in.]), and ...

XANES and electrochemical impedance spectroscopes were used in parallel to correlate the amount of Cr(VI) in chromate conversion coatings (CCC) on Al 2024 and their corrosion resistance in order to understand the degradation mechanisms upon aging or heating. Cr(VI) species appear to be immobilized for temperatures higher than 80 C due to dehydration. CCC are shown to be dynamic in the first month ...

Tension-compression and rotating bending fatigue tests were carried out using aluminum alloy 2024-T3 in 3% sodium chloride solution. During corrosion fatigue process, many corrosion pits were initiated at the early stage, and cracks were initiated from the pits. The characteristics of the pit growth were investigated in detail. The ...

The electrochemical polarization behavior of the copper-containing Al 2024-T3 alloy in deaerated 0.01 M NaCl saturated with a number of solid inhibitors demonstrates that one of the compounds examined, barium metaborate, exhibits an inhibiting power in excess of that of zinc chromate. Electrochemical polarization of a synthetic ...

Aging aircraft are prone to corrosion damage and fatigue cracks in riveted lap joints of fuselage skin panels. This can cause catastrophic failure if not detected and repaired. Hence detection of corrosion damage and monitoring its effect on structural integrity are essential. This paper presents multifrequency eddy current (EC) inspection of corrosion damage and machined material loss defect in ...

Aging aircraft are prone to corrosion damage and fatigue cracks in riveted lap joints of fuselage skin panels. This can cause catastrophic failure if not detected and repaired. Hence detection of corrosion damage and monitoring its effect on structural integrity are essential. This paper presents multifrequency eddy current (EC) inspection of corrosion damage and machined material loss defect in ...

An experimental program was conducted to determine the correlation between fatigue life values obtained by sinusoidal fatigue tests and those obtained from narrow band random fatigue tests. The fatigue tests were performed on two commonly used aluminum alloys, 2024-T3 and 6061-T6. Specimens made from these two materials were subjected ...

In this study, aqueous vanadates and vanadate pigments were studied for possible use as chromate replacements to inhibit corrosion of Al 2024-T3. Vanadate inhibition on Al 2024-T3 was characterized as a function of pH and concentration using anodic and cathodic polarization ...

Tensile and fatigue tests were carried out using specimens from 5 mm thick plates. This copper-aluminum alloy shows breaking characteristics closer to a 7 x 75 T7 alloy than to a 2024 T3 alloy. Tensile tests carried out at minus 75 C confirm the good cryo...

In this study we provide a molecular and biochemical identification of two arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases (aaNAT) from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. N-acetyldopamine, the enzyme product of aaNAT, was detected in Ae. aegypti, indicating the presence of an aaNAT in this mosquito. A BLAST search of the Ae. aegypti genome, using sequence ...

... Corrosion testing was performed on aluminum alloy 7075-T651 ... 0.015 in of cold spray CP-aluminum. ... of corrosion of the AA7075-T651 substrates. ...

BackgroundHepatic glucose uptake is enhanced by portal delivery of glucose which creates a negative arterio-portal substrate gradient. Hepatic amino acid (AA) utilization may be regulated by the same phenomenon, but this has not been proven.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess hepatic AA balance and protein synthesis with or without a negative ...

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Dietary protein ultimately regulates many processes involved in protein digestion, but it is often unclear whether proteins themselves, peptides, or amino acids (AAs) are the proximate regulatory signal. Hence the authors compared several processes involved in protein digestion in mice adapted to one of three rations, identical except for containing 54% of either casein, a ...

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Digestion of blood meal proteins by midgut proteases provides anautogenous mosquitoes with the nutrients required to complete the gonotrophic cycle. Inhibition of protein digestion in the midgut of blood feeding mosquitoes could therefore provide a strategy for population control. Based on recent reports indicating that the mechanism and regulation of protein digestion in blood fed female Aedes ...

The effects of ascorbic acid (AA) and 4-hexylresorcinol (4-HR) on pear polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and stability have been investigated in vitro. AA does not interact directly with PPO but prevents browning by reducing oxidized substrates. The 4-HR exerts a dual role on PPO. If no substrates are present, it ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The major Dengue virus vector Aedes aegypti requires nutrients obtained from blood meal proteins to complete the gonotrophic cycle. Although bioinformatic analyses of Ae. aegypti midgut serine proteases have provided evolutionary insights, very little is known about the biochemical activity of these digestive enzymes. RESULTS: We used peptide specific antibodies to show that ...

BackgroundThe major Dengue virus vector Aedes aegypti requires nutrients obtained from blood meal proteins to complete the gonotrophic cycle. Although bioinformatic analyses of Ae. aegypti midgut serine proteases have provided evolutionary insights, very little is known about the biochemical activity of these digestive enzymes.ResultsWe used peptide specific antibodies to show that midgut serine ...

Aminoacylase 3 (AA3) deacetylates N-acetyl-aromatic amino acids and mercapturic acids including N-acetyl-1,2-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine (Ac-DCVC), a metabolite of a xenobiotic trichloroethylene. Previous studies did not demonstrate metal-dependence of AA3 despite a high homology with a Zn(2+)-metalloenzyme aminoacylase 2 (AA2). A 3D ...

The authors report that hydroxyl radical (/sup ./OH) damage to amino acids (AA) affects their incorporation into E. coli proteins. Modification of AA (Try, Trp, Met, Cys, His, Lys, Asn, Gln) by /sup ./OH was achieved by exposure to /sup 60/Co radiation (1-100 krads at 600 rads/min) in N/sub 2/O saturated water. Following exposure to /sup ./OH, the modified ...

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Trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the most widespread environmental contaminants, which is metabolized to N-acetyl-S-1,2-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine (NA-DCVC) before being excreted in the urine. Alternatively, NA-DCVC can be deacetylated by aminoacylase 3 (AA3), an enzyme that is highly expressed in the kidney, liver, and brain. NA-DCVC deacetylation initiates the transformation ...

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the most widespread environmental contaminants, which is metabolized to N-acetyl-S-1,2-dichlorovinyl-l-cysteine (NA-DCVC) before being excreted in the urine. Alternatively, NA-DCVC can be deacetylated by aminoacylase 3 (AA3), an enzyme that is highly expressed in the kidney, liver, and brain. NA-DCVC deacetylation initiates the transformation ...

Methods for synthetically manipulating protein structure enable greater flexibility in the study of protein function. Previous characterization of the Escherichia coli aminoacyl tRNA transferase (AaT) has shown that it can modify the N-terminus of a protein with an amino acid from a tRNA or a synthetic oligonucleotide donor. Here, we demonstrate that AaT ...

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... T = z ' z - ( a ' z ) 2 = z ' (I - aa ') z . Now (I - aa ')(I - aa ') = I - aa ' - aa ' + aa ' aa ' = I - aa ', because a ' a = Σ a j...

It was shown that ultrasonic welding will produce spottype solld-state junctions in 1100-H14, 2024-T3, and 7075T6 Alclad, and 2024-T3 bare aluminum alloys, meeting the shear strength requirements of MfL-W-6860 for resistance spotwelds in 0.081-inch, 0.064-inch, and 0.051-inch sheet thicknesses, respectively. The process was ...

Probe design parameters affecting depth of penetration of pulsed eddy currents in multi-layer aluminum 2024-T3 were examined. Several probe designs were evaluated for their ability to detect a discontinuity at the bottom of a stack of aluminum plates. The reflection type probes, consisting of pick-up coil and encircling drive coil, ...

A review of the Wheat Starch Blasting technology is presented. Laboratory evaluations covering Almen Arc testing on bare 2024-T3 aluminum and magnesium, as well as crack detection on 7075-T6 bare aluminum, are discussed. Comparisons with Type V plastic media show lower residual stresses are achieved on aluminum and magnesium with wheat ...

A sensing and monitoring set-up based on electrochemical pH induced fluorescence to systematically control the electrochemical corrosion process has been developed for possible applications in the field of localized corrosion. The sensing and monitoring concept is based on exposing the corroding metal surface to solutions that contain selected redox chemicals which will react in local regions ...

An in-situ monitoring method was used to observe the initiation sites and the processes of pitting corrosion in aluminum alloy 2024-T3 in real time. These observations complemented more detailed information about composition and distribution of constituent particles, pre- and post-corrosion surface morphology, and the internal ...

The recently developed aluminum alloy 6013-T6 has been selected for the fuselage skin and other applications on the U.S. Navy's P-7A airplane, in place of the traditional 2024-T3 clad sheet. Alloy 6013-T6 is naturally corrosion resistant, like the well-established alloy 6061, and hence is used unclad. Its fatigue strength, ...

In the present study, in vivo brain microdialysis coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrochemical detection were used to evaluate the effects of either L-arginine (L-Arg), the substrate of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), a non-selective NOS inhibitor, or sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor ...

The accuracy of protein synthesis relies on the ability of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) to discriminate among true and near cognate substrates. To date, analysis of aaRSs function, including identification of residues of aaRS participating in amino acid and tRNA discrimination, has largely relied on the ...

Little is known about amino acid (aa) and protein metabolism in lactating women. We hypothesized: 1) aa sources other than the plasma acid pool provide substrate for milk protein synthesis in humans; and 2) if albumin was one such source, then albumin fractional synthesis rate (FSR) is higher in th...

Amino acid specificity in translation Taraka Dale and Olke C. Uhlenbeck Department of Biochemistry for both the amino acid and the tRNA portions of their aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) substrates. These data tRNA sequence has co-evolved with its cognate amino acid, such that all aa-tRNAs are translated

A real-time fluorescence assay system utilizing a series of 9-N-(alkylamino)acridine derivatives (methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, and benzyl) that are N-dealkylated to 9-aminoacridine (9AA) is described. The product, 9AA, is ca. 27-fold more fluorescent than the substrates using excitat...

The values listed are considered applicable to all aluminum alloy substrates, including AA 7075-T73, provided coating thickness is .010 in. or greater. ...

Molecular dynamics is used to study the chemical reaction A+A yields B+B. It is shown that the reaction rate constant follows the Arrhenius law both for Lennard-Jones and hard sphere interaction potentials between substrate particles. A. For the denser sy...

Description of an analogy between substrate cycling in metabolic pathways and tonic activity in opposing neural systems aa applied to the case of heart rate regulation by the two limbs of the autonomic nervous system.

The relative absorption intensities of composites containing Au, Ag or Cu prolate (a>b=c), oblate (aa=c) and ortho-oblate (b

We investigated the influence of arachidic acid/cadmium dication (AA/Cd(2+)) as a transfer promoter for the deposition of dicyanopyrazine-linked porphyrin (2-DCPP) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films on both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates. In the case of LB deposition on a hydrophilic substrate, the presence of ...

Structures designed by the aerospace industry often require the use of high-strength materials at high working loads. Sach high-strength materials are often brittle in the sense that undetected small cracks may trigger into catastrophic lengihs under loads that may be at design level or far under this level. When no initial cracks are present the material is satisfactory. It is ...

Friction stir welding is a solid state joining process with relatively low welding temperatures. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties of friction stir welded blanks are degraded after welding. Indeed, both strength and ductility of the welds are decreased after welding. Often, the resulting friction stir welded blanks need to be formed to their final structural shape. Therefore, the formability ...

In Escherichia coli, ClpYQ (HslUV) is a two-component ATP-dependent protease in which ClpQ is the peptidase subunit and ClpY is the ATPase and the substrate-binding subunit. The ATP-dependent proteolysis is mediated by substrate recognition in the ClpYQ complex. ClpY has three domains, N, I, and C, and these domains are discrete and exhibit different ...

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The two categories of anti-albumin antibodies (AAA), namely precipitins (AA-P) and agglutinins (AA-Aggl), were investigated in 260 patients with morphologically diagnosed chronic liver diseases (CLD). A parallelism was observed between AA-P titre and the severity of chronic hepatitis as revealed by clinical diagnosis. Thus, significant ...

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Selection of appropriate oviposition sites is essential for progeny survival and fitness in generalist insect species, such as Drosphila melanogaster, yet little is known about the mechanisms regulating how environmental conditions and innate adult preferences are evaluated and balanced to yield the final substrate choice for egg-deposition. Female D. melanogaster are ...

The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of dietary amino acids (AA) to energy metabolism under high protein (HP) diets, using a double tracer method to follow simultaneously the metabolic fate of ?-amino groups and carbon skeletons. Sixty-seven male Wistar rats were fed a normal (NP) or HP diet for 14�days. Fifteen of them were equipped with a permanent ...

Cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) belong to a newly defined family of enzymes that use aminoacyl-tRNAs (aa-tRNAs) as substrates to synthesize the two peptide bonds of various cyclodipeptides, which are the precursors of many natural products with noteworthy biological activities. Here, we describe the crystal structure of AlbC, a CDPS from Streptomyces ...

Cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) belong to a newly defined family of enzymes that use aminoacyl-tRNAs (aa-tRNAs) as substrates to synthesize the two peptide bonds of various cyclodipeptides, which are the precursors of many natural products with noteworthy biological activities. Here, we describe the crystal structure of AlbC, a CDPS from Streptomyces ...

Aminoacylase 3 (AA3) deacetylates N-acetyl-aromatic amino acids and mercapturic acids including N-acetyl-1,2-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine (Ac-DCVC), a metabolite of a xenobiotic trichloroethylene. Previous studies did not demonstrate metal-dependence of AA3 despite a high homology with a Zn²⁺-metalloenzyme aminoacylase 2 ...

Recently the authors proposed that the initial incorporation of AA into 1,2 diacylphosphatidylcholine (PC) was mediated by AA-CoA transferase(s) while the subsequent transfer of AA from 1,2-diacyl- into alkyl, acyl-PC was mediated by a CoA-independent transacylase. Studies here provide further evidence for such a two-step mechanism. ...