This study evaluates how much electricity that can be produced from one hectare of farm land with different combinations of biomass fuel - upgrading processes - cogeneration techniques. The yield from energy crops, energy forest and broad-leaved trees has...
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The purpose of this study is to calculate the total cost to society of producing a certain quantity of energy from arable land. We will also calculate which quantity of energy from arable land that ought to be produced at a certain price of energy. We hav...
The aim of this report has been to show the ability of Salix to take up cadmium and how the uptake varies between different types of soil. The information that the results are based on has been obtained from analyses of soil and Salix. The samples were ta...
The report covers a literature survey and an experimental investigation within the area of welding of polyethylene pipes for gas distribution. The literature survey describes different welding methods as butt fusion and electro fusion. Advantages and disa...
The ROK program for calculating optical transmission through smoke is described. The program can describe smoke during its spread and at various diffusion stages, the air layers, and movable targets. Results are presented graphically at any given time. Th...
Vattenfall is assessing routines for the future handling of alkaline coal ash deposits in order to minimize environmental seepage of at least heavy metals. The Swedish Environmental Research Group (MFG) has been given responsibility to produce a backgroun...
An overview of current test methods, requirements and regulations in the Nordic countries, concerning safety valves and manhole assemblies for tank vehicles and tank containers, is presented. The investigation shows that documented test methods practicall...
Electric vehicles (EV) will probably be an important part of future environment friendly and efficient transport systems. The reason for this is our problem with pollution and noise that existing cars cause in our cities today. Therefore it is important t...
A method for collection and analysis of xenon-133 in ambient air is discussed. Xenon is collected from air on cooled activated charcoal and the gamma radiation is counted on a germanium detector. The disturbing effects of radon-222, which partly follows x...
A technical literature review assesses the sampling of microbiological aerosols. It is concluded that when the characteristics of the samplers fulfill design requirements and the microorganisms are preserved intact and viable during collection it will be ...
The report describes a compressed air calibrator for pressure transducers. The maximum pressure is 10 MPa and the risetime of the pulse is about 30 ms.
There is little research performed concerning pilot judgement and decision making in general aviation. Applicable results show that it is not lack of information that causes the accidents but rather the failure to understand the consequences of the made d...
In the course of developing more efficient wind turbines, a simulation program which models a 1200 kW research wind turbine has been made at FOA 2 in Stockholm. The input, i.e. the impact of the wind on the turbine was not modelled in an entirely satisfac...
The report contains thermochemical calculations for propellants with glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) as binder, that include propellants for rocket motors, air-breathing engines and guns (LOVA-propellants). Rocket propellants with GAP show approximately the ...
This report describes a control system for near optimal search of targets in a target area with a system of fibre-optical connected missiles. The missiles are linked to a global control centre on the ground supervised by a system operator in order to sear...
Propagation of electromagnetic waves has been studied within the defense research project in the C4ISR and EW area Wave propagation analysis of radio, radar and electro optical waves, with concentrations of naval environments during 2001-2003. Methods and...
This Ordinance of 2 June 1988 sets out the duties of the Advisory Board on Nuclear Waste and repeals an Ordinance SFS 1985:686 on the same subject. This Board is the expert advisory and consultative body in Sweden on nuclear waste and on decomissioning of...
The hazards for civilians during evacuation through a ground contamination of chemical warfare agents have been calculated by using computer models and previously performed field trials. Both the breathing hazard from the secondary cloud and the contact h...
Public transportation in Sweden is facing substantial changes. The purpose of this report is to clarify the impact a decision regarding railway or bus traffic can have on our society. This report should also highlight what factors affect a decision to con...
The project 'Quality assurance of packaging used for the transport of radioactive material' has been carried out in four parts. The present document is the final report from part 4. It is intended as an example of how quality assurance should be organized...
565 hand-held tools with metal parts which come into direct contact with the skin at normal use were examined. 27% of the tools had a nickel release which was estimated as a risk for causing allergic contact dermatitis. The question of nickel allergy and ...
The report describes a model for designing escape routes in a building based on performance based requirements. The model consists of three parts, awareness, behavior and response, and movement. In this report, the focus is on the movement component of ev...
Within the project Taktist telekrigsvardering (Tactical Assessment of Electronic Warfare) the simulation model FBSIM will be used for assessment of vehicle borne EW-systems. The FBSIM model, forming a derivative of the national IT program for industrial d...
A dynamic aerosol test system has been developed and used to evaluate two samplers for microbiological aerosols. Test aerosols (monodisperse Latex particles) were quantified by microscopic counting. A new method of analysis based on UV-absorption was also...
It is important for the dairies and the milk suppliers to emphasize the good quality of Swedish milk as a raw material in order to retain consumer confidence and to maintain milk's profile as good nourishment in an increasingly harder competitive market. ...
The test field is designed for different types of detection systems. One part is for research in different types of soil, the second part is for evaluation of chemical detection and mine dogs and the third part is for detection with metal detectors, radar...
This report presents a methodology for evaluation of the thermal indoor climate and the energy losses in detached houses. Some fundamental principles for the heat balance of buildings and of man are described, as well as different methods for measurement ...
In our concluding study we have formulated our recommendations: The objectives of Swedish R and D in the energy field should be: to develop a cost-effective, environmentally sound and flexible energy system, and to increase Sweden's international competit...
The report gives an overview of the work carried out at the Division of Information Systems (FOA 37), during FY 1987/88.
Calculation of the fragment resistance of the protective element, IGK and suggestion of modification. The hydrocode Autodyn2d have been used in the analysis. The response of the protective element, IGK with components calculated for blast, with the FE-pro...
A protective mask for children have been tested on 86 children, 3 to 7 years of age, for the purpose of: trying to determine the lower age limit for the use of the protective mask; studying whether the mask could be a suitable alternative or complement to...
In the report, recommendations are given regarding the dimensions and design of a mobile foam protection system that fire brigades need to fight fires in crashed tanktrucks, railway tanks, etc. The assumptions have been that fires both in petrol products ...
Calculation methodology and transmission data for BAC in the event of a nuclear explosion are considered. The shielding factor is the rate between the radiation dose at one point in the building and the dose in open air. It is separately calculated for ne...
The study demonstrates that the use of biofuel has several advantages over coal with regard to environmental viewpoints. A major advantage is found in the greenhouse gas problem. Combustion of biofuel gives no net emission of carbon dioxide. When consider...
This report analyses the willingness-to-pay method applied to reducing risks for catastrophes. One important question focused in this study is to what extent the results and conclusions drawn from published works on risk reductions also can be applied to ...
Quality assurance (QA) for a preinsulated joint begins with the planning and request for quotations, and is not complete until the final document concerning the projects is filed. The aim of this project has therefore meant that the entire process, with t...
The objective of the governmental program, to help establishing energy efficient technology on the market, is fulfilled mainly through demonstration projects and purchase of new technology. An evaluation of the program is presented in the report, together...
The report describes an investigation and development of the autopilot, which was described in an earlier report. This autopilot law was based on a library, consisting of missile models corresponding to different speeds and altitudes, which makes it possi...
An up to date users manual for the TODEP, TOREZ, and TOPLOT computer programs was prepared in order to overcome some errors and difficulties observed in the program applications and to adapt the manual to succesive modifications and improvements of the pr...
The project IT-weapons in a laboratory environment has developed a prototype for IT-weapons. This was named the Triops. The weapon is a series of software modules that can be combined in different ways to test different aspects of computer warfare. By con...
The objective of the study was to identify, on the basis of existing technology, the most economical solutions for transport, handling and storage of bioenergy fuels serving major combined heat and power stations. The main focus of the study was on transp...
Presents the Swedish laws and procedures of licensing radioactive waste facilities. The localization of SKBs (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co.) pilot plant has been used as an example. (Atomindex citation 25:011862)
At FOA work is ongoing to develop computer models for different laser application. This report tries to summarize some of the methods and formulas of interest in theoretical modeling of laser systems (underwater systems excluded). In order to simplify for...
Terrain navigation which has been studied the last years within FOA has proven to be an alternative to GPS aiding of submarines inertial navigation systems (INS) and it fulfills the Swedish Navy's requirements for an absolute reference system as a complem...
The purpose of the project was to collect, to develop and propose suitable techniques for mining underground narrow orebodies. A narrow orebody is here defined as an orebody with a width less than 4 m, a dip more than 45 degrees and a depth less than 1000...
Cleaning is done both manually and mechanically, with a trend for mechanical cleaning to increase its share. The market for forest fuel is far from fully developed. In pace with the increasing market there will be further development of techniques for uti...
The report analyses how production of district cooling is affected by the choice of cooling method and refrigerant. Three different cooling methods are analyzed, i.e. the compressor, absorption, and cold air machines. Performance calculations and quality ...
In the report, a specification of important parameters of a receiver for an FMCW semiconductor laser radar is given. The specification is based on the characteristics of the signal from the laser radar and on the desired range resolution of the system etc...
In the report a complete description is given of a model for visibility (STRIKT) and the adherent data program. This first version of STRIKT is designed for discovery- and transmission calculations in rather general combat situations. In the report the bu...
The work was initiated in the winter 1992 by the Swedish Ministry of Transport and Communications. The purpose was to analyze the social cost of constrained carbon dioxide emissions from road traffic, in the form of an background report. Several measures ...
The report discusses the use of large bags for transport of dangerous goods, and a standard testing program, comprising lifting test, tear test, drop test, compression test, materials test, and fastness to light test, is proposed. The report shows the exp...
This report describes the consequences of increased use of forest fuel for, primarily, red-listed (i.e. disappeared, threatened, vulnerable, rare or care demanding) invertebrates in Sweden. The report concentrates in invertebrate animals that largely live...
The model simulates 3 bodies in a 3 dimensional space, an antitorpedo-torpedo which is launched from a submarine against an incoming torpedo. The submarine is simulated as a body with a velocity vector. The attacking torpedo is simulated as a body with ve...
In the development of military command and control systems and supporting communication systems, there is a need of assessment and evaluation of tactical communication networks. Above all, their influence on the command and control ability. The impact of ...
In the report, the extension of the model to include waves reflected from curved surfaces is described. The types of surfaces are spheres, ellipsoids, cones, and cylinders. The cones and cylinders may have circular or elliptic bases. Parts of these volume...
An interactive computer program for simulating the smoke filling in single enclosures is described. The enclosure is assumed to be closed except for openings near the floor or near the ceiling. The single space is divided into distinct homogeneous zones. ...
This report discusses in a 10 year perspective some different approaches to continue introducing ethanol as an automotive fuel in Sweden, and tries to elucidate the costs and environmental effects of such introduction alternatives. Ethanol can be used in ...
The manufacture of a scale of blackness (grey levels) using a combination of a number of symbols on a line printer is reported. Calibration of a scale of blackness is also discussed. The results show that the reflection lies between 45 and 85%. Within thi...
In this report, an evaluation of Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is done. An investigation of the method and results from several calculations based on SPH are presented. In applicable cases, results have been compared with analytical solutions and ca...
In this project, our main aim has been to find new and resource efficient solutions for the energy use in buildings, in line with sustainable development. The solutions have been sought within the interaction between behavior and the utilization of buildi...
Routine procedures are described for generating graphical information on the screen of EMR 6130 equipment. The procedure packet corresponds to plotting with the same equipment. The routines are written in FORTRAN. (Author)
The present publication supersedes publication SNV 1973:5 of the State Environmental Protection Office (SNV). Its purpose is to make available the criteria used by SNV in its decisions and to facilitate the work of those seeking permits or reporting viola...
The first part of the report gives a general description of the fundamental principles of the electronic photoamplifier and of the present stage of development. It also surveys those light levels and spectral divisions of light rays that can be expected a...
Surface roughness is of vital importance in many applications for the manufacturing industry. Friction, lubrication, appearance, corrosion resistance are examples of characteristics that are strongly dependent on surface texture. Traceable surface texture...
Manufacturers may use the P-symbol to mark their products after permission from the SP (Swedish National Institute). Before issuing a marking permit, it must be verified that the products fulfil the requirements contained in a standard recognized by SP. A...
The report describes a computer card with three programmable real time clocks to be placed in Personal Computer IBM PC/AT, aimed to be used in rapid control system. An example of a program is also given.
Survival suits for submarine personnel should be able to protect against drowning and hypothermia for long periods under severe weather conditions. The Division of Naval Medicine of the Swedish Defense Research Establishment has carried out a series of te...
The background to the Masters thesis is the vision of an autonomous vehicle that under movement can detect changes in natural surroundings. For this purpose it is natural to combine computer vision and pulsed laser. In the report measurements of outdoor s...
This report consists of a proposal for the new project 'Energy Conversion'. Energy Conversion will theoretically, as well as experimentally, study the possibilities to use the energy stored in explosives in new and effective ways. The project is divided i...
Calorimetric measurements are based on the first law of thermodynamics and Newton's law of cooling. The classification of calorimeters is based on the thermal flow characteristics between the calorimeter proper and its environment (the thermostat or jacke...
Treatment and killing of haulm is an important part of potato-growing. Haulm killing is a means of terminating growth when the tubers have reached a suitable size, and also to prepare the tubers for harvesting. The resistance of the skin and the tuber to ...
The work was initiated in order to define the critical factors for distribution of propane in polyethylene pipes. The project has included pressure testing of MDPE-pipes with gaseous propane as internal medium at 60, 80, 95 and 105 degrees C, pressure tes...
This report presents an analysis of 11 papers treating anomaly based intrusion detection from Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection (RAID) published between 2000 and 2004, and 9 papers from the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) published betwe...
This report is a compilation of several sample preparation methods prior to PCR-analysis. The report focuses on methods for preparation of DNA, and in some cases RNA, from environmental samples including soil, water, vegetation, powders and swabs. The aim...
Key indicators for the working environment can be used on a community or company level and both for external and internal purpose. They can be effective in studying development and to set goals. In this report, the discussion will reflect the use of key i...
The aim of this investigation was to clarify (1) if present requirements for endurance is adequate, (2) if the tests give adequate information on the capability to meet the so-called basic demands regarding endurance, (3) if the tests are applicable to bo...
A helicopter in action is a big threat to soldiers. It can suddenly appear behind hills, vegetation etc. It would be a great advantage in being able to recognize the helicopter. One way to do this is to use the helicopter's characteristic sound, which can...
SPH (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics) is an adaptive and cell-free method. In this report the focus will be on some of the shortcomings of SPH. SPH does not give an accurate description of phenomena at the boundaries. In the report, two methods are treated....
Computer programs intended for the analysis and interpretation of sensory data should include methods for uncertain reasoning. Several methods have been suggested. The report gives a short presentation and comparison of four different methods: Bayes' meth...
The present review is partly based on a previous literature research (FOI Memo 02-2332). It is aimed at compiling the different models describing bistatic scattering at rough surfaces and at investigating the basis of and the relations between them. The s...
A model for simulation of a horizontally fluctuating instantaneous plume is proposed. The intention is to create a tool for education and training. The model cannot reproduce or predict a real situation, but merely describes the fluctuations in time and s...
In this report the authors focus on the need for integrated models of transportation and regional structural change in infrastructure planning. Especially, we are discussing the choice of endogenous and exogenous variables in such a model in terms of thei...
This report concerns a preliminary study of the possibility to develop a mobile system for the briquetting of straw. The system is intended to be moved from farm to farm and thus be able to support a large district with a convenient fuel derived from agri...
The report describes a program package which calculates scattering efficiencies, absorption efficiencies and phase-functions with Mie-scattering theory. An approximation to the relation between isotropic and forward scattering is evaluated at FOA 27 modif...
This report presents a class of 'graphical' workshop methods for structured brainstorming, based on displaying the participants' ideas on a working wall for everybody to see. This enables participants to build on each other's ideas. It also facilitates st...
An inventory has been made of literature covering fiber materials of polyamide (PA), polyester (PETP) and polypropylene (PP). Appropriate test methods for the determination of lifetime have long been discussed within the section of standardization. In thi...
Within the context of environmental product development and environmental procurement, it is important to consider the complete life cycle of products. This is important in order to avoid sub optimization of the products. A life cycle assessment (LCA) con...
A Standard methodology for estimating the energy transfer characteristics of small calibre bullets and other fast missiles is proposed, consisting of firings against targets made of soft soap. The target is evaluated by measuring the size of the permanent...
To verify that a detonation occurs in a pulse detonation engine, pressure sensors have been used to measure the flame propagation velocity. However, pressure sensors are easily destroyed and quite expensive. An alternative method has therefore been examin...
Methane comprises 80%-90% of the hydrocarbon exhaust emission from natural gas engines. The status of catalysator emission control technology, with the emphasis on methane, is described. The description is based on a review of relevant literature and cont...
The report discusses the prerequisites for using antibodies, or antibody equivalent molecules, for a biosensor based on membrane integrated binding proteins. The antibodies will be immobilized into a lipid membrane, which means that conventional technolog...
A number of mathematical models for different processes and occurrences in a water system are reported. The models offer good chances of developing to an analysis of variables and situations of interest to the water engineer. The first chapter reports on ...
The purpose of the investigation is to identify and describe existing and potential markets for various kinds of materials and to analyze quality demands, threats and prospects concerning existing recovery systems and bases for establishing new ones. (O.S...
There are two main groups of thermal radiation detectors, that is thermal detectors and photoelectric detectors. In a thermal detector the thermal radiation that hits the surface of the detector element causes a heat increase in the element. A thermal det...
The aim of this project was to develop measuring equipment to determine the status of existing underground bonded district heating mains with steel service pipes, polyethylene casing and polyurethane insulation. In order to establish the condition of the ...
The report presents a model, MUMS, for simulation of underwater countermeasures for protection of submarines and surface ships against threatening torpedoes. The ships can be equipped with floating, towed, or self-propelled decoys and jammers.The deceivin...
The Model Area Project in the city of Sundsvall, referred to as MOPS, is concerned with the development and evaluation of public transport and aims at practically testing and further developing the results from the latest year's projects in order to find ...
The purpose of this study is to describe the present logistic systems for recycling of packaging. The approach includes an inquiry and interviews with a selection of relevant parties, (including the Swedish National Environment Protection Board, municipal...
This is a report on the pressure on bunker silo walls. The report comprises a description of the pressure recording apparatus and the measuring method, a presentation of recorded pressures, static as well as dynamic pressures imposed by the tractor, and t...
In this report we investigate the potential future for airborne laser systems for forestry applications. The report has been prepared as part of an internal FOI project on Remote Sensing for Forestry, with the aim of looking into future systems for civili...
A method for calculation of the total energy consumption by household appliances is described, with special emphasis on refrigeration and freezing. The conclusion is that by increasing the energy efficiency it is possible to markedly reduce the total ener...
The Swedish armed forces invest large resources on the development of information systems new as well as modifications of existing systems. The difficulties with development of the adequate systems, to the adequate costs, and in the right time are well-kn...
In this report, we describe the information requirements for a tank active defense radar. The requirements are calculated considering a simple 'generic active defense concept' with a simplified parameter description. The requirements comprise prediction t...
A survey of literature dealing with corrosion of copper or copper alloys intended for nuclear waste containers. 152 refs. (Atomindex citation 25:063565)
This report consists of commentaries on, and summaries of 9 studies in the field of ''building climatology.'' The common aim of the papers is to map local climate conditions and to improve the planning of outdoor environments and to create more energy eff...
Four trials with fattening pigs were carried out at the Department of Agricultural Biosystems and Technolgy (JBT). The investigations compared air environment in an uninsulated building with an insulated building and also different kinds of pen and hut de...
Dumped ammunition in lake and sea sediment is considered as an environmental problem. Consequently, accurate analytical methods for determination of explosives are needed for the correct assessment of distribution, transformation and effects in different ...
There exist numerous technical regulations, at a national as well as an international level, for the transportation of dangerous goods. The national regulations and also different interpretations of international agreements will sometimes become technical...
Methods and technologies which potentially are part of a multi sensor system for mine detection are discussed. Preliminary evaluation of the capability for single sensors in different environments (background, target, clutter) favors the combination of ra...
When natural gas fired infrared radiators are used for direct room heating in storerooms or other industrial premises, the flue gases from the combustion are emitted directly out into the room. This report describes the results from measures of air qualit...
There are good reasons for reducing resistance on tractor controls. Regular work with stiff controls may cause physical strains of different types. In addition, many people today suffer from problems involving their joints and which may be aggravated by w...
A groundwater modeling and a vulnerability analysis were performed for the Uto shooting range. The result is presented in map form, the map showing modeled vulnerability of groundwater to contamination, and the flow direction. In addition the result is de...
The subject of this work has been to examine the possibilities of modelling and computer simulation of a gas turbine for a combined cycle power plant. The work contains fundamental studies of the gas turbine, both as a detached plant and as a part of a co...
The evolution of wartime medical care and its recently changed premises are shortly discussed. Different general forms of command and control (C2) as well as requirements and possibilities for the C2 of wartime medical care are reviewed. A presentation of...
This report analyses current arguments for and against the constructions of district heating systems and related energy conservation measures in Sweden. Building data is used in order to estimate how much of the present Swedish building stock is suitable ...
At a seminar on anthropometry in November 1984, a series of papers was presented on the use of body measures in various fields of knowledge (published in Arbete och Halsa 1985). Based on that seminar the report describes the importance, the present situat...
Radiation protection research programs are summarized. The main fields are: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, radioactive wastes, radiation accidents, dosimetry, epidemiology, radiobiology and radioecology. (Atomindex citation 24:055145)
The project 'FBSIM' was a part of the national IT program for industrial development (IT4). The result from this project was a general model for simulation of military units and weapon systems, and an implementation of this model as software written in Ad...
The target of this study was to test and develop different laboratory methods for characterization of pyrolysis properties of biomass fuels. A completely new laboratory instrument, a pressurized net-pyrolyzer, was mounted during the study. The final targe...
Specifications are given for 25 devices, indicative of carbon monoxide meters and the three dosimeters available on the market. The indicating instruments belong to four types; electrochemical detection, semiconductor devices, detection by catalytic oxida...
The various types of electrical equipment used in farm mechanization are examined under three general headings: signaling devices, signal-handling devices, and operating equipment. The discussion is concerned with their function, method of operation, and ...
The aim of the report is to provide an overview of theories dealing with the connection between economics and security with the focus being on American research. The report takes its departure in the major ideational traditions of political science: reali...
The dicentric assay, the current gold standard in biological dosimetry, requires a degree of technical competence. Expertise is usually developed by the evaluation of hundreds of metaphases, and is documented through establishment of a dose response curve...
A method for forecasting radiation fog, and mixed fog is presented. Two FORTRAN vesions were developed, one on a VAX computer, the other on an HP computer. The calculation of the critical temperature is outlined.
Statistics have been compiled on active and closed landfills in Sweden, numbering about 300 and 4000 respectively. Mechanisms and potentials for methane production are briefly reviewed, and criteria are developed for selecting landfills that should be equ...
Numerous problems with materials in solar energy systems have demonstrated the need for data to assess their performance and durability. The report describes a database of solar materials that provides basic material data for designers, manufacturers and ...
This report describes the structure of the database DABASK (Database of Armour) made in Microsoft Access 2.0. The report also contain a manual for the database. A disc is included with this report containing the structure of the database, without data. DA...
Cytokines are generic groups of proteins that participlate i immunoregulation. They are of interest for NBC protection because of their ability to hasten hematopoiesis and activate a damaged immune system. There are already clinical applications, in parti...
The purpose of the report is to clarify what cyber terrorism is and to determine if there is such a threat against our society or if one could develop over time. A definition of cyber terrorism is suggested. The connection between 'cyber' and 'terrorism' ...
The MEDGEN program which brings together data from reports which are distributed to a great number of ionosphere stations in the world is described. Moreover, the test programs, JONTST and DELTST, used for MEDGEN in-data were reviewed. The completely rewr...
A concept with possible broadband cylindrical array antenna, to be placed inside an aerostat, is studied with the purpose to assess the realizability, preliminary design and performance. Future work needed for its realization is also suggested. Constraint...
The mechanical construction and production of chassis are reported with associated details for an antenna array module. Also described are problems encountered during development and their solutions concerning methods of soldering, cooling components (esp...
In order to limit the radiation dose to persons working with animal husbandry in severe fallout situations, it was considered necessary to make an inventory of the Swedish livestock buildings as to number, location, use and size. These data as well as dat...
The aim of this study is to describe the possibility for extended use of biogas as an automotive fuel in Sweden. The report gives information that could be used in the development process and points out the major advantages and problems that could be fore...
This report gives a description of suitable techniques for production from biogas of heat, power and automotive fuels. Techniques for gas purification and load equalization are also described. Today, district heat production is the most common field of ap...
The Swedish Defense Research Establishment wants to use a mobile radio channel with low capacity for realtime digital video transmission from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to a receiver on the ground. It is important to use methods to increase the robu...
The report describes today available or in the near future possible power sources, suited for a single soldier: batteries and alternative power sources. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Factors influencing the choice of power source are further...
This report summarizes the results of the research program 'Environmental studies' at the Defense Research Establishment (FOA) for the fiscal year 1998. In co-operation with the Environmental Protection Agency a report has been published concerning 'Envir...
The report describes the research of The Defense Research Establishment in Protection and Construction Techniques. In the report, the results and the aim and directions of the research area but the national and the international development are discussed....
Coplanar waveguides have recently achieved a lot of interest as a promising transmission line for microwave integrated circuits. One reason is that this type of transmission line, where only one side of the substrate has to be metallized, is very useful i...
The transmitter and receiver of Bistatic Radar Systems are located at different positions. It is therefore possible simultaneously to transmit and receive. This opens up the possibility of using continuous wave (CW) signals. This report shows how traditio...
Together with the Department of Animal Nutrition and Management and the Department of Microbiology at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, the Swedish Institute of Agricultural Engineering conducted a series of studies during 1978-1983to inves...
The following study is initiated and carried out by the Continental Shelf Institute (IKU) and the National Defence Research Institute (FOA) as an incitement for establishing a jointly sponsored activity to build and experimentally operate a proposed integ...
Progress in the development of adaptive structures for aeronautical applications, i.e. development of aircraft structures with an adaptive exterior or interior shape, is believed to have a potential to significantly improve the performance of future aircr...
M., Albert A. Foer, and Micha Udwin. Criminalizing Cartels: An American Perspective. New Journal of European Criminal Law V. 1, No. 2 (2010): 199-217. Article title: INCREASING INCOMES OF MALIAN COTTON
E-print Network
A protective mask designed for children has been tested on 86 children, ranging in age from 3 to 7 years, for the purpose of: trying to determine the lower age limit for the use of the protective mask; studying whether the mask could be a suitable alternative or complement to other types of respiratory protective devices; and particularly to study what kind of preferences the children who refused ...
Energy Citations Database
This report describes various aspects of classification and data fusion with an eye to principal methods. A discussion on generic methods is followed by a short description of commonly used classification methods. Data fusion is discussed in terms of feat...
The use of biofuels is expected to increase in Sweden. The growing and harvesting of biofuels affect the landscape and the habitat for plants and animals. This may conflict with environmentalists. In cost-benefit analysis all kinds of effects are translat...
SPECRAY EM, with complementary software modules, is a tool for calculation of radar cross section and simulation of electromagnetic scattering in synthetic environments. The software is developed by the French company OKTAL SE in cooperation with ONERA. T...
Changes in public transport systems is often made without any evaluation of the effects. Without an evaluation we have very little knowledge of the funds invested have been used correctly and if the result is the expected one. A good evaluation, however, ...
A package of coordinated measures in order to develop public transport has been carried out in Kongsvinger. This report summarizes the short-term effects of the measures as they appear in surveys of train and bus passengers, and among the elderly, which i...
A model is suggested for the calculation of the parameters that describe the spall bundles that are generated when projectiles penetrate through armour shields. The basic requirement for the model are that the penetration and spall bundle generation proce...
A small text formatting system which includes programmable functions (shadow print, right justify, text centering) and gives printouts of high typographic quality is described. The system consists of a formatting program DIADOC and a printout program DIAT...
A comparing study of seven epoxy matrices was made to estimate their suitability for field repairs of carbon fibre/epoxy structures. Laminated carbon fibre/epoxy test specimens was cut in different angles and joined with the matrix that was to be tested. ...
An analytical method for phosphonoacetate, LT-8 in biological samples was developed. It is based on solid phase extraction and analysis by means of gas chromatography and detection with a detector specific for phosphorus (GC/NPD). Selection of column for ...
The objective of the IAM (Interactive Adaptive Ground Sensor Networks) project is to demonstrate how a network consisting of ground sensors and communication systems can be designed and how system user interaction for this system can be designed. In this ...
This publication reports work done for the Ground Forces department of the SwAF HQ Forces Directorate during 2003 and also involving the group of development managers of the Swedish Army. The type of scenario methodology commonly associated with Shell and...
Sulphur emissions from oil fired plants can either be reduced through switch to low sulphur oil or through flue gas desulphurization. In countries with emission standards the development has so far resulted in the use of low sulphur oil. The demand for lo...
The report describes the different ballistic test methods used at FOA when testing ceramic armor. A recommendation is made to target test setup and evaluation methods when testing additional armor for Swedish APC 90 and similar vehicles.
A strategic analysis is made of the supply and suitable forms of delivery of biofuel to a plant located at Skoevde. The study is based on costs and not on market prices. The fuels considered are logging residues from final harvests, salix, sawmill residue...
The report is the result of a joint inter-Nordic project concerning assessment of standardized procedures for testing and laboratory handling of recycled aggregates. The focus of interest has been the determination of the particle size distribution. In ad...
Twenty-eight conscript antitank missile gunners fired 24 simulated missiles each, using Saab BT 46 simulators against a Volkswagen minibus appearing at three distances (575, 1,160 and 1,700 m), with two speeds (25 and 50 km/h) and with two traveling direc...
Due to the tax on land filling from the year of 2000 other treatment alternatives for the organic waste become more competitive. In the year of 2002 landfilling of separated burnable waste is forbidden and after 2005 it will be forbidden to put organic wa...
A novel method for demodulation and linearization of the output signal from fiber-optic interferometers is described. The method has been developed to allow for detection of weak signals using all-optical sensor heads, i.e. sensor heads without electrical...
This document gives the description of the framework of the environmental labeling in the P-marking system. The environmental criteria is introducing a voluntary option in the system. The environmental labeling system is regarding to ISO definition a type...
This report deals with the experiences from commercial processes for simultaneous sulphur and NO(sub x) removal, mainly based on activated coke and catalytic reduction/oxidation. The Walther and SHL processes are briefly illuminated. The first demonstrati...
Microbial activity in bed water during storage of jet fuel in underground caverns may cause transformation of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. This may lead to the incorporation of corrosive sulfur compounds into the fuel, amongst them are elemental sulfur. A...
This report is the concluding documentation of the FOI-project Evolva which has been carried out between 2003 and 2005 with an objective to produce long-term knowledge about development and evaluation methodology serving to improve the command and control...
In order to simulate penetration in ceramic armor with continuum dynamic codes, constitutive models for brittle materials are needed. The Johnson-Holmquist's model (JH2), CM1 bt Ake Persson, and CERACODE by Mark Wilkins and Michael Murphy are described, J...
This report describes the intelligent agent concept and the use of intelligent agents in complex systems. International research activities focusing on intelligent agents in sensor systems will also be discussed. More specifically, the report also describ...
In co-operation with the Swedish National Road Administration, the Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) has performed a basic life cycle assessment covering the inventory part for road construction, road maintenance and road operation. This work...
A HeNe laser, emitting light of wavelength 0.633 micrometer stabilized to certain absorption features in a vapor of molecular iodine, has been constructed. The laser and control electronics are based subtantially on already existing systems developed at s...
The differences in injury consequences of run-off accidents for different slope designs. The accident cost is based on computer simulation for various slope designs in earth cuts, rock cuts and embankments. The results indicate a major reduction in accide...
New industrial applications for electricity have gained large interest in USA from both industry and utilities. The best ways to promote the use of new technology have been visiting activities, expert information and technical support. It is very importan...
Reports a study of a method for reducing the amount of cesium-137 in meat from wild animals. The method is intended for use in the kitchen and is based on a combined leaching and mechanical process. (K.A.E.). (Atomindex citation 23:030750)
Many continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) have been installed in Swedish heat and power generating plants over the last years. Several of these CEMS are used to monitor NO(sub x) emissions for the payment of environmental fees for NO(sub x) emiss...
Streptomyces is an industrially important microorganism which produces a wide variety of useful pharmaceutical compounds and industrial enzymes in extracellular form. Heterologous expression in the bacteria is progressing and several types of proteins hav...
The moisture protection capability of some organic coating systems for exterior wood has been assessed from measurements of the moisture content of painted wooden facades during outdoor exposure for a time period of four years. Altogether six coating syst...
An equipment developed for analysis of propellants using chemilumescence reaction between nitric oxide and ozone has been used. The high sensitivity of the method makes it possible to carry out measurements at temperature close to normal storing condition...
Initial field tests within the FOI project Interactive Adaptive Ground Sensor Networks (IAM) were undertaken in June 2002. The authors report here how the tests were performed and what equipment that was used. Furthermore, some examples of how the acquire...
An instrument was built that collects radon daughter elements on an (alpha)-detector by means of an electric field. The instrument consists of an aluminium ball and an insulated surface barrier detector; over these parts is applied a voltage of 8 kV. The ...
A system for contour blasting with a charge that makes use of the linear shaped charge principle has been studied. In one operation the charge creates two notches along the borehole wall and breaks the rock mass. The built in notching capability makes it ...
The three appendices contain background material to the main report. Appendix A shows the sampling of vehicles etc. and how direct energy use varies within different means of transport. Furthermore, it shows energy use for manufacturing and maintenance of...
When designing an appropriate communication system for a ground sensor network it is important to know how the traffic is generated from the sensors and the data fusion system. When evaluating different protocols for sensor networks it is therefore valuab...
Isocyanates are chemical substances that may cause respiratory allergies even at very low concentrations. They are the most common cause of work-related allergies. Therefore it is important to avoid exposure to isocyanates and undertake control measures i...
The division of guided weapons and control has developed a control system useful for control of minor processes. The system is called GARP and has been used for many different kinds of applications, for example heating plants and autonomous vehicles. This...
The report gives a summary of activities in the field of reconnaissance and seeker systems during the fiscal year 1985/86. The ambition of the division is to generate, test and present new ideas and principles using optics, electronics, and computer techn...
This report is a prestudy regarding research about the usage of data fusion methods in intelligence analysis. The authors have studied a number of application areas and presented the following four project proposals; Project proposal I: Data fusion for in...
To improve the accuracy of the measurements on microstrip components a model for the connector has been proposed. The element values of the model were optimized to fit measured data. All S-parameters agreed very well with the measured results up to 15 GHz...
This report gives a description of the function of the communication interface COM-Dart. COM-Dart is connected to the RA180 and can automatically send information from instruments and sensors via TS9000, e.g. to the command and control system LIM/MAST. Th...
The report analyses the information content in registrations of the ground obtained by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). On the basis of this analysis a new type of SAR-system, named CARABAS, is proposed. The speckle ambiguity, which is a characteristic of ...
Extremely low concentrations of the explosive TNT (trinitroluene) relax the muscles of the arterial wall. In the experimental set-up the muscles are tensed by adding phenylephrine. The extremely high sensitivity makes it possible to detect the presence of...
The determination method still most widely used is atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace. The natural levels of several elements are however too low to be accurately determined without any preconcentration. Besides, in sea water, the high s...
The report deals with the possibilities of achieving a better preparedness in times of war for civil functions in society by using legal control instruments. The chances to attain a better preparedness are analyzed in areas such as physical planning and d...
This report summarizes the results of the research program Environmental studies during 2001. A compilation of all reports published 1995 - 2000 has been made. A pilot study investigating the possibilities of using maps to support the estimate environment...
The research within the workphysiology group has elucidated the heat exchange in the man-environment relation and ways to measure and raise the standards for physical fitness. Gauges to measure the energy consumption and the body temperature in the field ...
The report describes experimental work within Electrothermal-Chemical launch (ETC) with the ambition to improve the performance of guns. ETC is a launch technology in which electric energy is used to ignite and/or stimulate the combustion of the propellan...
Acetylcholinesterase was purified from hog brain and the properties of the enzyme as regards the reaction with the nerve agent soman, the subsequent 'aging' reaction and reactivation with the oxime HI-6 have been investigated. The results are compared wit...
AFE 1.1 is a software program implemented in C++. It simplifies the use of simulation models implemented in the simulation language ACSL. A simulation can easily be started and controlled with AFE 1.1. Initial parameters to the model are supplied through ...
