AAV expression vectors and recombinant virions produced using these vectors, which include genes coding for enzymes defective or missing in lysosomal storage disorders, are described. These recombinant AAV virions are useful in the treatment of a variety ...

Acute viral infections induce robust adaptive immune responses resulting in virus clearance. Recent evidence suggests that there may be depots of viral antigen that persist in draining lymph nodes (DLNs) after virus clearance and could, therefore, affect the adaptive immune response and memory T cell formation. The nature of these residual ...

BackgroundThe steps necessary to translate promising new biological therapies to the clinic are poorly documented. For gene therapy there are unique aspects that need to be addressed in biodistribution studies. Notably, spread of the vector beyond the intended target cells or tissue may result in persistent unwanted biological activity or unpredictable biological events, thus ...

Antibody to core antigen (anti-HB(c)) was found in 39% of acute hepatitis cases negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HB(s)Ag) and 96% of antigen positive cases. Persistence of anti-HB(c) in convalescent sera was significantly greater (P

... and other zinc-dependent, cross-linking superantigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells contributes to their potency as T-cell activators. ...

African trypanosomiasis is characterized by persistent but variable parasitemia. The level of the circulating parasite varies as a result of the interplay of host immunologic responses and parasitic adaptation resulting in changing antigenicity. Previous ...

Persistence of vaccinia at vaccination sites may help determine the risk associated with secondary transmission. Culture, PCR, and antigen detection were performed on serial vaccination site swab specimens. On day 21 after vaccination, 37% of volunteers w...

The specific anti-plasma membrane- or surface-specific serum antibodies to Mr 82,000 antigen of Giardia lamblia trophozoites in cases of persistent and nonpersistent giardiasis in a pediatric population indicated significantly low concentrations of these antibodies in patients with persistent giardiasis. There was an insignificant ...

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) persistently infected (PI) cattle in beef breeding herds was determined in 30 herds with 4530 calves. The samples collected by ear notches were tested for BVDV antigen using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and antigen capture ELISA (ACE). Animals wit...

There are numerous assays for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) detecting infectious virus, nucleic material, and antigen. Persistently infected (PI) and acutely/transiently infected calves with BVDV represent two different manifestations. Diagnostic test results impact on differentiation of PI o...

Rustigian, Robert (Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.). Persistent infection of cells in culture by measles virus. II. Effect of measles antibody on persistently infected HeLa clonal line persistently infected with incomplete virus. J. Bacteriol. 92:1805�1811. 1966.�The effect of viral antibody on ...

Low affinity mice, prone to chronic immune complex disease (ICD) induced by daily injection of antigen, were fed 0.05% HSA in their drinking water for 7 days before the start of daily injections of HSA. Antigen feeding resulted in a marked decrease in the incidence of ICD despite the presence of high levels of circulating immune complexes. These complexes, ...

Hepatitis B e antigen serum persistence in an individual chronically infected with the Hepatitis B virus may be associated with a greatly increased risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This article presents an overview of the Hepatitis B e antigen and discusses the findings of a recent study evaluating its ...

Control of blood-borne infections is dependent on antigen-specific effector and memory T cells and high-affinity IgG responses. In chronic infections characterized by a high antigen load, it has been shown that antigen-specific T and B cells are vulnerable to downregulation and apoptosis. Anaplasma ...

Naturally occurring human antisperm antibodies (ASA) detectable by immunofluorescence, were found to have a peak indicence of 90% in both sexes before puberty. Thereafter, the incidence declined to about 60% and persisted through life. This age-related incidence resembled that for foreign and not self antigens. The natural incidence of the six antibodies ...

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that can cause long-lasting persistent infections. The mechanisms by which persistent infections are maintained involve both bacterial escape strategies and modulation of the host immune response. So far, the investigations in this area have focused on strategies used by S. aureus to ...

Electron immunolabeling techniques were used for quantitative evaluation of alterations in the steady-state levels of chlamydial antigens in persistent Chlamydia trachomatis cultures. Gamma interferon-mediated persistent chlamydial development correlated with an increase in the levels of the chlamydial heat shock protein (hsp60) and ...

Bovine viral diarrhea viruses are economically important pathogens of cattle. Most new infections are acquired from animals persistently infected with the virus. Surveillance programs rely on skin biopsies for detection of persistently infected cattle. The purpose of this study was to compare ant...

Follicular dendritic cells (DCs [FDCs]) are prominent stromal cell constituents of B cell follicles with the remarkable ability to retain complement-fixed antigens on their cell surface for extended periods of time. These retained immune complexes have long been known to provide the antigenic stimulus that drives antibody affinity maturation, but their ...

It is currently not understood how some chronic infections exhaust antigen-specific T cells over time and which pathogen components contribute to exhaustion. Here, we dissected the behavior of primed CD4(+) T cells exposed to persistent antigen using an inducible transgenic mouse system that allowed us to control ...

It is currently not understood how some chronic infections exhaust antigen-specific T cells over time and which pathogen components contribute to exhaustion. Here, we dissected the behavior of primed CD4⁺ T cells exposed to persistent antigen using an inducible transgenic mouse system that allowed us to control ...

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by lipid accumulation as well as vascular injury due to a massive infiltration of immune cells in the endothelial wall. Microbial and self- antigens are responsible for a persistent activation of immune and non-immune cells, thus leading to a condition of arterial chronic inflammation with plaque ...

For CD8⁺ T cells, a relatively short antigen pulse seems sufficient for antigen-presenting cells to drive clonal expansion and differentiation. It is unknown whether the requirement for antigen is similarly ephemeral for CD4⁺ T cells. To study the dependence of a CD4⁺ ...

The purposes of this study were to determine whether antigen is excreted by patients with Legionnaires disease early enough after the onset of symptoms to be useful for making therapeutic decisions and whether antigen excretion ends when successful treatment is concluded. Specific antigen was detected in the urine of 14 (88%) of 16 ...

... nylon wool columns (T cell), sephadex G-10 chromatography (macrophage) and panning (B cell) did not result in sufficient enrichment of the desired cell types as determined by FACS. These preliminary studie...

Prior to acquiring a memory phenotype, antigen-activated CD8(+) T cells need to expand and then undergo a contraction phase. Utilizing two different antigenic stimuli, we provide evidence that the tumor necrosis factor receptors OX40 and CD30 integrate synergistic signals during the expansion phase to help maintain CD8(+) effectors. Thus, double deficiency ...

BackgroundParasite-based diagnosis of malaria by microscopy requires laboratory skills that are generally unavailable at peripheral health facilities. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) require less expertise, but accuracy under operational conditions has not been fully evaluated in Uganda. There are also concerns about RDTs that use the antigen histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) to ...

The adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells to establish immunity is an effective therapy for viral infections and tumors in animal models. The application of this approach to human disease would require the isolation and in vitro expansion of human antigen-specific T cells and evidence that such T cells persist and function in ...

Serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels were measured in nine patients with choroidal malignant melanoma prior to enucleation and at three-month intervals thereafter for three years. Raised levels were found preoperatively in four of the nine patients. One of these patients had persistent and progressive elevation of serum carcinoembryonic ...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis survives in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and dendritic cells. APCs present antigens in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules to stimulate CD4⁺ T cells, and this process is essential to contain M. tuberculosis infection. Immune evasion allows M. ...

A long-term follow-up of 45 patients with chronic hepatitis and 41 with cirrhosis is reported. Hepatitis-B antigen (HBAg) was present in 19 (42%) of the chronic hepatitis patients and in 20 (49%) of those with cirrhosis. The clinical course and biochemical and histological findings in the HBAg-positive and the HBAg-negative cases were similar, suggesting that HBAg-positive ...

A long-term follow-up of 45 patients with chronic hepatitis and 41 with cirrhosis is reported. Hepatitis-B antigen (HBAg) was present in 19 (42%) of the chronic hepatitis patients and in 20 (49%) of those with cirrhosis. The clinical course and biochemical and histological findings in the HBAg-positive and the HBAg-negative cases were similar, suggesting that HBAg-positive ...

Variants of hepatitis A virus (pHM175 virus) recovered from persistently infected green monkey kidney (BS-C-1) cells induced a cytopathic effect during serial passage in BS-C-1 or fetal rhesus kidney (FRhK-4) cells. Epitope-specific radioimmunofocus assays showed that this virus comprised two virion populations, one with altered antigenicity including ...

One hundred and ninety eight men seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody and 58 HIV antibody seroconverters were studied for an average of 19.3 (SEM 0.5) months to assess the relation between HIV antigenaemia and the risk of developing the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS related complex. Forty (20.2%) of the 198 HIV antibody seropositive men were ...

The relay hypothesis [R. Nayak, S. Mitra-Kaushik, M.S. Shaila, Perpetuation of immunological memory: a relay hypothesis, Immunology 102 (2001) 387-395] was earlier proposed to explain perpetuation of immunological memory without requiring long lived memory cells or persisting antigen. This hypothesis envisaged cycles of interaction and proliferation of ...

THE capacity of Staphylococcus aureus to produce disease resides in its ability to invade and persist in the body, and in its elaboration of toxic metabolites. Host-defensive mechanisms comprise the elaboration of antibodies which facilitate phagocytosis and intracellular destruction, and the elaboration of antitoxins. This communication reports identification of at least one ...

Hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) was detected by complement fixation (CF) in serum samples of 7.5% of 1,106 pregnant Chinese women tested in Taipei, Taiwan. HB Ag persisted in all but one of 42 women followed for 1 to 18 months (average, nine months) after del...

Calcium phosphate nanoparticles as an antigen/protein delivery was explored in a fish model Labeo rohita H. S-layer protein (of Aeromonas hydrophila) adsorbed on nano sized calcium phosphate particles elicited both innate and adaptive immune parameters which persisted up to 63days of post immunization through parenteral immunization and gave cross ...

Trypsinization of BHK-21 cells 72 h after primary infection with pneumonia virus of mice yielded clones of persistently infected cells which specifically adsorbed murine erythrocytes. We describe one clone of cells, the progeny of which, after more than 100 passages, still bore viral antigen demonstrable by immunofluorescence and immune electron ...

Aim. Bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) are economically important pathogens of cattle. Most new acute infections of BVDV are acquired from an animal persistently infected (PI) with BVDV. Surveillance programs typically rely on blood or skin biopsies for detection of PI cattle. PI animals have ...

Calves persistently infected (PI) with Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) represent an important source of infection for susceptible cattle. We evaluated vaccine efficacy using calves PI with noncytopathic BVDV2a for the challenge and compared tests to detect BVDV in acutely or transiently infected ...

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections represent significant disease manifestations in cattle. Persistently infected (PI) cattle resulting from fetal infections are considered the major reservoir of virus for susceptible cattle. Beef cattle in stocker and feedlot operations are often where ...

The use of new, highly sensitive diagnostic methods has revealed persistent infections to be a common feature of different tick-borne diseases, such as babesiosis, anaplasmosis and heartwater. Antigenic variation can contribute to disease persistence through the continual elaboration of new surface structures, and we know in several ...

How tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) that are tumor-specific but functionally tolerant persist in the antigen-expressing tumor tissue is largely unknown. We have previously developed a modified TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) model where prostate cancer cells express the T-cell epitope SIYRYYGL (SIY) recognized by CD8 T cells ...

The indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) is the most frequently used serological test to confirm exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei. Patients with culture-confirmed disease often have a nonreactive IHA at presentation and occasionally fail to seroconvert on serial testing. We investigated whether using antigens derived from the cultured isolates of ...

Antigen expressed as MHC Class I glycoprotein (pMHCI) complexes on dendritic cells is the primary driver of CD8⁺ T cell clonal expansion and differentiation. As we seek to define the molecular differences between acutely stimulated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effectors and long-lived memory T cells, it is essential that we understand the duration of in ...

BALB/c mice and BN rats manifesting persistent IgE and IgG responses were examined up to 1 year after immunization. A significant proportion of the ongoing antibody response in these animals survived lethal X-irradiation employing dosages sufficient to deplete B memory cells. The persistent IgE responses in both species were refractory to exogenous ...

A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed for the detection of Fasciola hepatica excretory secretory (ES) antigens in stool specimens of infected humans. The assay uses antibodies against F. hepatica ES antigens. A monoclonal antibody (ES78, mouse immunoglobulin G2a) was used to capture ES antigens, and a rabbit ...

Long-term antigen expression is believed to play an important role in modulation of T-cell responses to chronic virus infections. However, recent studies suggest that immune responses may occur late after apparently acute infections. We have now analyzed the CD8 T-cell response to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which is thought to cause to an infection characterized by ...

We designed a lentiviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor with specificity for the B-cell antigen CD19, coupled with CD137 (a costimulatory receptor in T cells [4-1BB]) and CD3-zeta (a signal-transduction component of the T-cell antigen receptor) signaling domains. A low dose (approximately 1.5�10(5) cells per kilogram ...

Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis, one of the most lethal helminthic (accidental) infections in humans, as the life cycle predominantly includes wildlife rodents as intermediate hosts. The physical barrier between the proliferating parasitic metacestode and the host tissue is the acellular laminated layer (LL), which is characterized by its rich high-molecular-weight ...

Immunization with irradiated sporozoites is currently the most effective vaccination strategy against liver stages of malaria parasites, yet the mechanisms underpinning the success of this approach are unknown. Here we show that the complete development of protective CD8+ T cell responses requires prolonged antigen presentation. Using TCR transgenic cells specific for the ...

Immunization with irradiated sporozoites is currently the most effective vaccination strategy against liver stages of malaria parasites, yet the mechanisms underpinning the success of this approach are unknown. Here we show that the complete development of protective CD8+ T cell responses requires prolonged antigen presentation. Using TCR transgenic cells specific for the ...

The tissue damage caused by virus infection has been traditionally explained by the ability of viruses to multiply in cells and thereby injure or destroy them. Recent evidence suggests, however, that lesions may also be caused by the host's immune response to viral antigens and that the immune system itself may be perturbed by some viruses. This memorandum reviews recent ...

There is evidence that the limited immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines is the result, at least in part, of the rapid clearance of vaccine antigen expression by antigen-specific immune responses. However, the cell types responsible for the clearance of plasmid DNA vaccine antigens are not known. Here we demonstrate that macrophages, ...

The discovery of new vaccines can result from deletion of virulence determinants from a specific pathogen or from identification of target antigens that stimulate a protective immune response. Vaccine development will become less empirical as applications of genomics, proteomics and reverse vaccinology are exploited, and new protective antigens will emerge ...

SUMMARYNeoantigens derived from somatic mutations in tumors may provide a critical link between the adaptive immune system and cancer. Here we describe a system to introduce exogenous antigens into genetically engineered mouse lung cancers to mimic tumor neoantigens. We show that endogenous T cells respond to and infiltrate tumors, significantly delaying malignant progression. ...

An effort was made to ascertain whether infectious virus in thin sections could be inactivated without destroying either the antigenicity of the virus or the integrity of the tissue. Adjacent sections of the head from a suckling mouse dying of the Egypt 101 strain WN virus infection were exposed for varying lengths of time to the atmosphere (in the dark), to ...

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) causes a disease that has a wide range of clinical symptoms in domestic and wild ruminants. It is a major problem in cattle and causes significant economic losses in the cattle industry. The virus infects bovines of all ages and causes both immunosuppression and reproductive, respiratory and digestive disorders. Cattle infected persistently, ...

Chronic antigenic stimulation and inflammation of the bronchial tree occurs in several diseases involving microbial airway colonization. We developed a guinea pig model to study the effects of persistent intrabronchial antigenic stimulation with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Sepharose beads 200 to 300 micron in diameter conjugated ...

Upon antigen encounter, na�ve T cells undergo extensive antigen driven proliferation and can differentiate into effector cells. Up to 95% of these cells die leaving a small residual population of T cells that provide protective memory. In this study, we investigated the contribution of the BH3-only family protein Bid in the shutdown of T cell responses ...