This paper has identified key issues in retort abandonment and has addressed research needs. Retort abandonment for vertical modified in-situ (VMIS) shale oil recovery is an environmentally sensitive research area that has received recognition only within...

A procedure has been developed for stabilizing abandoned in-situ oil shale retorts by means of high-temperature treatment of surface-processed shale, followed by grinding, mixing with water, and injection underground. Laboratory results indicate that abandoned in-situ retorts can be made strong ...

A procedure has been developed for stabilizing abandoned in-situ oil shale retorts by means of high-temperature treatment of surface-processed shale, followed by grinding, mixing with water, and injection underground. Laboratory results indicate that abandoned in-situ retorts can be made strong ...

The modified in-situ process is one of the methods being considered for extracting oil from oil shale. One of the questions to be answered for this approach is the environmental consequence of underground retort abandonment. This report outlines a study w...

Grouts based on Lurgi spent shale were developed for backfilling in-situ oil shale retorts. Lignosulfonate fluidizer (0.25%) was used to achieve adequate fluidity. Addition of 10% fly ash increased the strength of the grouts. Permeabilities of the grouts decreased at higher confining pressures and were low enough to reduce leaching by groundwater.

A procedure has been developed for stabilizing abandoned in situ oil shale retorts by means of high-temperature treatment or surface-processed shale, followed by grinding, mixing with water, and injection underground. Laboratory results indicate that abandoned in situ retorts can be made strong enough to prevent subsidence, and ...

Low-cost grouts based on Lurgi spent shale have been developed for backfilling abandoned in situ oil shale retorts. Addition of 0.25% lignosulfonate fluidizer was used to satisfy requirements both for fluidity and nonbleeding of the grout. Permeabilities of the grouts decreased at higher confining pressures and were low enough to reduce greatly leaching ...

A process for the preparation of grout from burned shale by treating the burned shale in steam at approximately 700.degree. C. to maximize the production of the materials alite and larnite. Oil shale removed to the surface during the preparation of an in-situ retort is first retorted on the surface and then the carbon is burned off, leaving burned shale. The burned shale is ...

Potential ground water problems associated with Modified In Situ (MIS) oil shale retorting need to be examined in order to minimize or mitigate possible invasion of spent shale leachates into ground water systems in actively mined or mined and abandoned sites. This background rep...

... Accession Number : ADA005083. Title : In-situ Detection of Oil Slicks Utilizing Differential Evaporation: Phase II. System Design. ...

This program is investigating two potential uses of the spent shale for treatment of retort waters. In the first application, the abandoned in-situ retorts would be directly used as part of a treatment system. Water generated in one retort would be circul...

The modified in-situ process is one of the methods being considered for extracting oil from oil shale. One of the questions to be answered for this approach is the environmental consequence of underground retort abandonment. This report outlines a study which addresses the question in terms of a grouting solution. ...

Oil shale formations were retorted in-situ and gaseous hydrocarbon products recovered by drilling two or more wells into an oil shale formation. After fracturing a region of oil shale formation by directing a high energy laser beam into one of the wells a...

Prevention of groundwater pollution resulting from in-situ oil shale development will require a novel control technology. Based upon information available regarding the problems and related technologies, certain candidate control technologies appear technically and economically feasible. These technologies and their projected costs are listed. Pending ...

In-situ combustion is the most energy efficient of the thermal oil recovery methods. In this process, a portion of a reservoir's oil is burned in-situ as fuel to drive the recovery process. In light oil reservoirs, too little fuel may be deposited, making...

Sandia Laboratories, in support of the Department of Energy Laramie Energy Technology Center's in-situ oil shale programs, conducted a true in-situ oil shale experiment to evaluate the porosity and permeability produced by detonating a slurry explosive in...

Process descriptions and a tabulation comparing the main characteristics of 11 methods of processing coal, oil shale, heavy oil and oil sand to produce synthetic crude, gas, tar, and electricity are given. The following processes are discussed: (1) in-situ retorting of oil shale by combustion; ...

This report is divided into two parts. Part I contains the development of a conceptual model and a proposed formula for prediction of penetration distances. In this section grout fluid properties are examined, previous work is presented and analyzed, the applicability of Darcy's Law to grout flow is discussed, and a hypothesis is presented for predicting the penetration distance. The ...

In simulated in-situ retorting, lesser amounts of mercury are distributed to the spent shale, shale oil, and water than to the offgas. The mercury release is controlled by the successive volatilization and removal of mercury as the reaction front progress...

... Title : In-situ Detection of Oil Slicks Utilizing Differential Evaporation: Phase I Feasibility Study. Descriptive Note : Final rept. 1 Jun-14 Sep 73,. ...

In modified in-situ (MIS) oil shale retorting, large chambers of rubblized oil shale are formed by mining out about 20% to 40% of the in-place shale and blasting the balance into the created void. The mined-out material is brought to the surface and oil is recovered from it by surface retorting. The in-place ...

Recent results from operation of a 6 metric ton simulated, modified in-situ retort show that high (up to 3 m/day) retorting rates can be achieved with high (85%) oil yield and acceptable (

Development of a viable in-situ technology offers the potential of both significant environmental advantages and an increase in the amount of recoverable resources. The program described in this report is directed specifically toward research needed to ov...

... the S1 unit of radioactivity; Bp = 1 event ... al., "In-Situ Burning of Oil Spills: Mesoscale Experiments ... the Fifteenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program (U ...

The current status of in-situ and modified in-situ oil shale research is presented. Programs sponsored by ERDA are emphasized. Areas of emphasis in future research are outlined.

... after an oil spill. Animated techniques include sorbents, bioremediation, monitoring, wildlife cleanup, in-situ burning, dispersants, berms/trenches, and manual recovery....

... techniques for restoring the open sea after an oil spill. Animated techniques include using booms, skimmers, in-situ ... ...

evaluate worker exposures during operations including vessels of opportunity operations, drilling operations, in-situ burning, barge oil vacuuming, oil dispersant application...

Currently Marathon Oil Co. has in operation an in-situ combustion project located in Crawford County, Ill. Preliminary field work was completed in 1960 and in 1961 a single air injection well within a 3.3 acre inverted 5-spot was ignited. Since 1961 the project has expanded by drilling additional wells, reworking or abandoning old producers and installing ...

When in-situ ignition and burning oil slicks is not feasible, skimming the oil slicks by means of skimmer vessels has been used. The skimmer vessels collect the oil from the oil slick locations with a significant amount of water, such as 9 gallons of wate...

During the oil shortage of the 1970's, the US Department of Energy (DOE) conducted experiments to test in-situ methods of oil recovery from the large reserves of oil shale in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. The in-situ experiments involved different methods ...

Reviews in-situ burning with particular emphasis on how it can be applied in water-related oil spill situations. Presents and discusses the use of nomograms and development of techniques cited for safe and effective ignition and controlled burning of spilled oil. Includes representative oil spill scenarios and ...

Vertical modified in-situ processes for oil-shale development require an accessible, thick and continuous oil-shale section. In Colorado's Piceance Creek Basin the Mahogany zone and its overlying oil-shale is the Green River Formation section that best me...

This paper has identified key issues in retort abandonment and has addressed research needs. Retort abandonment for vertical modified in-situ (VMIS) shale oil recovery is an environmentally sensitive research area that has received recognition only within the past five years. Thus, experimental data and information ...

Samples were taken immediately after the collection of sediment, after the addition of the oils to the sediment and after five weeks in-situ incubation. ...

... autonomous vehicles will enable in-situ study of surface and sub-surface characteristics of HABs, coastal pollutants, oil spills, and hurricane factors. ...

May 31, 2011 ... Fluid lubricant losses are mainly due to evaporation, tribo-degradation, and oil creep out of the tribological regions. ...

The objective of the research project 'In situ biorestoration of an oil contaminated subsoil' is to study the technical and financial feasibility of this technique. In the report the results of the pilot plant scale column studies are given and discussed....

Question After the catastrophic April 20, 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico, cleanup efforts included the controlled burning...

In-situ burning of spilled oil, which receives considerable attention in marine conditions, could be an effective way to cleanup wetland oil spills. An experimental in-situ burn was conducted to study the effects of oil type, marsh type, and water depth on oil chemistry and ...

Air emissions and water effluents from true in-situ oil shale retorting were physically, chemically and biologically characterized by sampling of Geokinetics Retort No. 17, a pilot-scale unit which produced 30 barrels of crude shale oil per day during tes...

Air emissions and water effluents from true in-situ oil shale retorting were physically, chemically and biologically characterized by sampling of Geokinetics Retort No. 17, a pilot-scale unit which produced 30 barrels of crude shale oil per day during tes...

Air emissions and water effluents from true in-situ oil shale retorting were physically, chemically and biologically characterized by sampling of Geokinetics Retort No. 17, a pilot-scale unit which produced 30 barrels of crude shale oil per day during testing from July 16 to July...

Air emissions and water effluents from true in-situ oil shale retorting were physically, chemically and biologically characterized by sampling of Geokinetics Retort No. 17, a pilot-scale unit which produced 30 barrels of crude shale oil per day during testing from July 16 to July...

Seven appendices are included on: oil shale technology activities, ERDA oil shale program, method of assaying oil shale by a modified Fischer retort, environmental standards and regulations, supplemental information on various true in-situ processing step...

In-situ burning of oil may provide an efficient and rapid method of oil spill response, providing that the requirements to carry on the response are met. Burning the oil on the water generates a large amount of smoke, which contains particulates and toxic...

The paper discusses the current retorting research projects of the oil shale conversion group at the Laramie Center. These projects include the concurrent production of usable gas and oil during oil shale retorting, the effects of retorting atmosphere and pressure on oil shale retorting, the retorting of ...

The results of a study to determine the feasibility of using reverse osmosis for the treatment of the three major wastewater streams evolved during modified in-situ oil shale processing: gas condensate, retort water and excess mine drainage water, are pre...

Total mercury mass in oil shale retort offgas was quantified in a series of laboratory retorting experiments and in a simulated modified in-situ (MIS) retorting experiment. Accurate quantitative determinations of offgas Hg mass were made possible by the use of a continuous on-lin...

The South 8th Street site contained a 2.5 acre oily sludge pit with very low pH waste produced by oil recycling activities. This sludge was treated using in-situ solidification/stabilization technology applied by deep soil mixing augers. The problems encountered, solutions develo...

A new in-situ oil shale extraction process is presented which utilizes a new robotic mining method in remote and safe operations. A uniform bed of rubble is produced by a special raise-boring operation producing large 30 foot diameter, rubble-filled vertical shafts. The uniform rubble insures that retorting and combustion fronts move through smoothly.

... Accession Number : ADA129031. Title : Refining of Military Jet Fuels from Shale Oil. Part II. Volume II. (In Situ Shale Oil Process Data). ...

The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory is engaged in a program aimed at extraction of oil from oil shale in-situ. The experimental program is briefly described. Retorting results obtained in pilot above-ground retorts are reviewed. Combustion retorting of smal...

The objectives of the Project are to demonstrate: (1) the Modified In- Situ (MIS) shale oil extraction process and (2) the application of CFBC technology using oil shale, coal and waste gas streams as fuels. The project will focus on evaluating and improv...

Under the general objective of developing mathematical models to describe the recovery of oil from oil shale using in-situ retorting techniques, the following tasks have been completed: (1) An improved kinetic model of kerogen decomposition has been devel...

Oil biodegradation in Arctic coastal marine waters was modelled using a flow through system incubated 'in situ'. Rates of natural oil degradation were very slow. Addition of nutrients increased degradative losses. Biodegradation did not result in major ch...

Sandia National Laboratories and Geokinetics, Inc., have recently completed processing of a 6000-tonne horizontal in situ oil shale retort near Vernal, Utah. The heavily instrumented, explosively fractured oil shale bed, containing 12% void, was combustio...

An abandoned waste impoundment located within a portion of the Bunker Hill Superfund Site constitutes a field research area for studying the feasibility of recovering heavy metals in-situ from unsaturated mine and mill wastes. A prototype in-situ leaching cell has been evaluated using liquid-phase tracer tests and other hydrogeologic ...

The current status of oil-shale conversion process is summarized. Above-ground processes discussed are: Tosco-II Paraho (1) and (2), Union Oil, (Rock Pump, SGR, and No. 3), Superior Oil, Gas Combustion, Hydrogasification, Petrosix, Lurgi-Ruhrgas, Galoter, and Kiviter. In-situ processes are: Oxy Modified ...

This study concerns the treatment of retort water from a modified in-situ shale retort. The water contains organic and inorganic contamination. An oil water separator was designed but tests were not made and are recommended. A steam stripper for ammonia w...

This study evaluated the feasibility of conducting in-situ burning (ISB) using current technology on post 1967 major oil spills over 10,000 barrels in North America and over 50,000 barrels in South America and Europe. A diverse set of 141 spills represent...

The technology being evaluated is the Modified In-Situ (MIS) retorting process for raw shale oil production, combined with a Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor (CFBC), for the recovery of energy from the mined shale. (VC)

The technology being evaluated is the Modified In-Situ (MIS) retorting process for raw shale oil production, combined with a Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor (CFBC), for the recovery of energy from the mined shale. (VC)

From airborne in-situ measurements of gases and aerosol size distributions and from post-flight chemical analyses of sample particles, it was found that oil refinery operations in southern Los Angeles can modify clouds in the vicinity. The refinery efflue...

The results from several leaching studies using retorted oil shale from the Rifle mine in Colorado and both demineralized, de-ionized water and Rock Springs groundwater are reported. The shale used in the groundwater leaching was retorted at temperatures ...

Treatability studies were conducted on retort water and gas condensate wastewater from modified in-situ oil shale retorts to evaluate the effectiveness of selected treatment technologies for removing organic and inorganic contaminants. At retorts operated...

Infiltration (double-rint) and pressure permeability (packer) tests were conducted in or near true in-situ oil shale retorts and at adjacent undisturbed locations to obtain comparative data to evaluate the potential for groundwater pollution due to increa...

This technical report describes the detailed design phase of a sensor system development program. The development is based upon a unique oil detection technique which utilizes fundamental differences in thermodynamic evaporation properties between liquids...

The report describes an empirical-analytical investigation to determine the feasibility of applying an evaporative technique to the in-situ detection of oil slicks on natural waters. Extensive measurement data are presented and analysed in order to establ...

The coupling between energy and mass transport has been used to develop a diagnostic method, Thermal Logging, which provides dispersion information and indications of the bed structural character in pilot scale retorts simulating in-situ oil shale rubble ...

Infiltration (double-rint) and pressure permeability (packer) tests were conducted in or near true in-situ oil shale retorts and at adjacent undisturbed locations to obtain comparative data to evaluate the potential for groundwater pollution due to increased fluid migration resul...

In-situ combustion is a process whose applicability is partly determined by the combustion characteristics of the specific crude oil in question. These characteristics are directly influenced by the rate of oxidation reactions occurring in the rock matrix...

The feasibility of removing soluble organics from oil shale retort water by anaerobic digestion with methane production was experimentally investigated. The following conclusions were made. The retort water studied had to be pretreated to remove toxic and...

In a study concerning the control of potential environmental residuals, the effect of retorting variables on the partitioning of the title elements was investigated by completing mass balances for four runs in both the U.S. Department of Energy, Laramie Energy Research Center 20 kg controlled-state, simulated, in-situ retort and Lawrence Livermore Laboratory's 125 kg ...

The present volume is the first of a series of three constituting the title study. It provides a brief but thorough description of six Oil Shale Retorting Processes, namely: Paraho, Tosco II, Oxidental Modified In-Situ, Rio Blanco, Union Oil, and Superior...

When in-situ ignition and burning oil slicks is not feasible, skimming the oil slicks by means of skimmer vessels has been used. The skimmer vessels collect the oil from the oil slick locations with a significant amount of water, such as 9 gallons of water for each gallon of ...

Soils and groundwater beneath an abandoned process sewer line in the A/M Area of the Savannah River Site (SRS) contain elevated levels of volatile organic compounds, specifically trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE), two common chlorinated solvents. These compounds have low aqueous solubilities, thus when released to the subsurface in sufficient quantity, tend ...

Three crude oil bioremediation techniques were applied in a randomized block field experiment simulating a coastal oil-spill. Four treatments (no oil control, oil alone, oil + nutrients, and oil + nutrients + an indigenous inoculum) were applied. ...

This method of carrying out a waterflood operation for recovering oil not only produces a soap surfactant in-situ but also produces an alcohol in-situ, thus creating a region of miscibility between the aqueous and the hydrocarbon phases. In the first step of the method, a hydrocarbon solution containing an acid ester is injected into ...

Apparatus for facilitating the burning of an oil spill in-situ is described which utilizes a plurality of closely associated floating facilitors. The facilitators are constructed of a highly insulative and porous material for subdividing the oil spill into separably definable oil columns that are substantially ...

A brief description is given of the Alberta Oil Sands deposits and the current active pilots which are testing various recovery processes. The role of the Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority (AOSTRA) in these oil sands pilots is discussed, and details of six AOSTRA funded pilots in the major oil ...

Research projects on enhanced recovery are reported on in this report. Studies include: flow properties; in-situ combustion; steam with additives; and field support definitions.

A proposed program for investigating the mining and rubblizing requirements for modified in-situ retorting is reported. The program includes basic blasting experiments in small scale retorts and is scoped in some detail with schedules and costs estimated ...

Results are reported on pilot retorting operations including: simulated modified in-situ (MIS) operations, aging of crushed shale, temperature measurement methods, intermittent retorting and recycled offgas. Field testing of retort operation and control i...

To promote a better understanding of the problems and mechanisms involved in dry in-situ combustion of crude oils in porous media, continuing laboratory studies are carried out at SUPRI. The report about the first two experiments was submitted earlier to ...

Many of today's spacecraft have long mission lifetimes. Whatever the lubrication method selected, the initial lubricant charge is required to last the entire mission. Fluid lubricant losses are mainly due to evaporation, tribo-degradation, and oil creep o...

Low speed, steel on steel sliding experiments were run in situ in a scanning electron microscope which was modified to allow the application of a thin film of hydrocarbon oil to the sliding surfaces. With periodic videotaping of the lubricated sliding con...

Since the early 1990's, thermal methods of enhanced oil recovery have been adapted for the remediation of soils and groundwater. Steam injection and electrical resistance heating have proven to be robust and aggressive techniques for the enhanced recovery of volatile and semivol...

Special in-situ reservoir accessing schemes have recently been given increased consideration as a means of improving unconventional fossil fuel recovery. Specifically, the efficiency of thermal recovery methods for tar sands or very heavy oils may be sign...

Subsurface microbial activity is critical in many bioengineering processes such as enhanced oil recovery, in-situ or enhanced bioremediation, and biomass plugging operations. To investigate biofilm formation, strain PHOO2 of the Azoarcus genus, which prod...

The background for initiating the research reported herein, was the limited availability of material characteristics for shales encountered when drilling for oil and gas. Even fewer results are available where in-situ seal-peal shale samples have been tes...

Projects underway at Laramie included oil shale projects, in-situ tar sands recovery projects, and in-situ coal gasification projects. Activities of the divisions of environmental sciences, physical sciences, operations, resource characterization, researc...