As an important agronomic trait, rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaf rolling has attracted much attention from plant biologists and breeders. Moderate leaf rolling increases the photosynthesis of cultivars and hence raises grain yield. However, the relevant molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show the isolation and functional characterization of SHALLOT-LIKE1 (SLL1), a key gene controlling rice ...
PubMed Central
The effect of light on the stomatal resistance of abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied in the growth chamber and in the field. The adaxial stomata required more light to open than the abaxial stomata; the abaxial stomatal apertures were still about 50% open at 1% full sunlight and ...
PubMed
Regulation by abscisic acid (ABA) and Ca2+ of broad bean (Vicia faba) abaxial and adaxial guard cell movements and inward K+ currents were compared. One millimolar Ca2+ in the bathing medium inhibited abaxial stomatal opening by 60% but only inhibited adaxial ...
The flattening of leaves results from the interaction between upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) domains in the developing primordium. These domains are specified by conserved, overlapping genetic pathways involving several distinct transcription factor families and small regulatory RNAs. Polarity determinants employ a series of antagonistic interactions to produce mutually ...
edge are domed and elongated. Internally, palisade mesophyll is found adaxial to spongy mesophyll of the leaf, at the abaxial margins (Fig. 1B). In section, elongated palisade cells extend around the edge-type leaf shows that, the junction between adaxial palisade mesophyll (pm) and abaxial spongy mesophyll (sm
E-print Network
... with adaxial and abaxial shallow furrows located between vascular bundles. Bulliform cells adaxial, located between first and second order vascular bundles, and also at midnerve. Epidermal cells lacking pa...
NBII National Biological Information Infrastructure
Leaves arise from the flank of the shoot apical meristem and are asymmetrical along the adaxial/abaxial plane from inception. Mutations perturbing dorsiventral cell fate acquisition in a variety of species can result in unifacial (radially symmetrical) leaves lacking adaxial/abaxial polarity. However, mutations in maize (Zea mays) ...
... photosynthetic pathway, with several mesophyll cells between each vascular bundle and conspicuous adaxial and abaxial extensions radiating from outer vascular bundle. Panicum sect. Laxa includes, as presen...
Pistia stratiotes L. produces calcium (Ca) oxalate crystals in specialized cells called crystal idioblasts. Druse crystal idioblasts are produced in the adaxial mesophyll and raphide idioblasts are produced in the abaxial aerenchyma of this aquatic plant. Leaves formed on plants grown on 0 Ca medi...
Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)
Leaf primordia initiate from the shoot apical meristem with inherent polarity; the adaxial side faces the meristem, while the abaxial side faces away from the meristem. Adaxial/abaxial polarity is thought to be necessary for laminar growth of leaves, as mutants lacking either adaxial or abaxial cell types often ...
Coordination between cell proliferation and differentiation is essential to create organized and functional tissues. Arabidopsis thaliana stomata are created through a stereotyped series of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions whose frequency and orientation are informed by cell�cell interactions. Receptor-like proteins and a ...
Plant lateral organs exhibit proximal-distal and adaxial-abaxial polarity. In Arabidopsis, abaxial cell fate is regulated in part by putative transcription factors of the YABBY family, such as FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL) and INNER NO OUTER (INO), by a mechanism that currently is not fully understood. NOZZLE (NZZ) encodes a plant-specific ...
In plants, cell proliferation and polarized cell differentiation along the adaxial�abaxial axis in the primordium is critical for leaf morphogenesis, while the temporal�spatial relationships between these two processes remain largely unexplored. Here, it is reported that microRNA396 (miR396)-targeted Arabidopsis growth-regulating ...
Vitrification is a morphological and physiological disorder affecting plants during their in vitro vegetative propagation. Vitrified plants have a poor survival rate when transferred from in vitro to greenhouse conditions, a fact mainly due to water loss and dissecation. It has been shown that normal and vitreous leaves of Datura insignis differ in the frequency of normal and abnormal stomata. The ...
The vertebrate musculoskeletal system comprises the axial and appendicular systems. The postcranial axial system consists of the vertebrae, ribs and associated muscles, and the appendicular system comprises the muscles and skeleton of the paired appendages and their respective girdles. The morphology, proportions, and arrangements of these parts have undergone tremendous variation during ...
.(f)LSthroughepidermallayerofhypocotyl.(g,h)MLSthroughroot,showinghighlyregularpatterning.Asterisksmark(g)�rstcellofnewcorticallayeratthe root/hypocotylboundary;(h)endodermal/corticalinitialcells.(i)LSthroughsurfacelayersofroottip.Arrowsshowboundaryofepidermiswithlateralrootcap.c,cortex;col,columella removed. ab, abaxial epidermis; ad, adaxial epidermis; c, cortex; col, ...
Plant lateral organs, such as leaves, have three primary axes of growth-proximal-distal, medial--lateral and adaxial-abaxial (dorsal-ventral). Although most leaves are planar, modified leaf forms, such as the bikeeled grass prophyll, can be found in nature. A detailed examination of normal prophyll development indicates that polarity is established differently in the keels ...
Whole-plant morphology, leaf structure and composition were studied together with the effects of light orientation on the dorso-ventral regulation of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in Paspalum dilatatum cv. Raki plants grown for 6 wk at either 350 or 700 microl l(-1) CO(2). Plant biomass was doubled as a result of growth at high CO(2) and the shoot:root ratio was decreased. Stomatal ...
A plant-specific gene was cloned from melon fruit. This gene was named downward leaf curling (CmDLC) based on the phenotype of transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the gene. This expression level of this gene was especially upregulated during melon fruit enlargement. Overexpression of CmDLC in Arabidopsis resulted in dwarfism and narrow, epinastically curled leaves. These phenotypes were ...
Photosynthesis and associated signalling are influenced by the dorso-ventral properties of leaves. The degree of adaxial/abaxial symmetry in stomatal numbers, photosynthetic regulation with respect to light orientation and the total section areas of the bundle sheath (BS) cells and the surrounding mesophyll (M) cells on the adaxial and ...
We positionally cloned mwp1 and found that it encodes a KANADI transcription factor. Double mutants of mwp1-R with a microRNA-resistant allele of rld1, Rld1-N1990, show a synergistic phenotype with polarity defects in sheath and blade, and a failure to differentiate vascular and photosynthetic cell ...
in the Netherlands. Light and scanning electron microscopy studies on the infection of oriental lily leaves tube appressoria, lobed or digitate appressoria Abstract Light, scanning electron and fluorescent surfaces, but germ tubes failed to invade epidermal cells on the adaxial surface. On abaxial surfaces
Continuous lateral organ formation is critical for higher plants to produce their characteristic architectures, but the regulatory pathways that specify organ cell fate are still poorly understood. Here, we report a novel function for BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 (BOP1) and BOP2 in regulating Arabidopsis later...
Leaf elongation rate (LER) in grasses is dependent on epidermal cell supply (number) and on rate and duration of epidermal cell elongation. Nitrogen (N) fertilization increases LER. Longitudinal sections from two genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), which differ by 50% in LER, were used to quantify the effects of N on the components of ...
Volume and conformational changes of the contractile tannin vacuoles of the abaxial motor cells of the primary pulvinus of Mimosa pudica L. parallel the seismonastic leaf movement. Since such changes in cells and organelles of animal systems are often regulated by calcium, we studied Ca2+ movement in the motor ...
Volume and conformational changes of the contractile tannin vacuoles of the abaxial motor cells of the primary pulvinus of Mimosa pudica L. parallel the seismonastic leaf movement. Since such changes in cells and organelles of animal systems are often regulated by calcium, we studied Ca(2+) movement in the motor ...
Morphology of foliar trichomes was analyzed in Quercus variabilis by electron microscopy and three-dimensional surface profiling. Leaves from suppressed or dominant sprouts of the oak species were collected after a forest fire to unravel the effects of the disturbance factor on sprouting of the oak species. Scanning electron microscopy revealed two types of trichomes depending on the leaf surface. ...
... arrangement, and structure of these features vary among organ types, and indeed, vary between adaxial and abaxial epidermal surfaces of a given organ. Stomata are densely distributed over the abaxial (lowe...
The ozone response was contrasted between Cherokee' and Norchip', relatively ozone-sensitive and -tolerant potato cultivars, respectively. Leaf conductance of the two cultivars was determined with a diffusive resistance porometer before, during and after a 3-hour exposure to 0.25 ppm ozone (490 ..mu..g m3). While Cherokee foliage had a higher leaf conductance at the onset of the ...
Energy Citations Database
Leaf sucrose (Suc) transporters are essential for phloem loading and long-distance partitioning of assimilates in plants that load their phloem from the apoplast. Suc loading into the phloem is indispensable for the generation of the osmotic potential difference that drives phloem bulk flow and is central for the long-distance movement of phloem sap compounds, including hormones and signaling ...
The relative significance of gene regulation and protein isovariant differences remains unexplored for most gene families, particularly those participating in multicellular development. Arabidopsis thaliana encodes three vegetative actins, ACT2, ACT7, and ACT8, in two ancient and highly divergent subclasses. Mutations in any of these differentially expressed actins revealed only mild phenotypes. ...
Here, we describe the cloning and characterization of RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED PROTEIN1 (RBR1) from the green alga Volvox carteri. RBR1 expression increases substantially during embryogenesis and in response to the sex-inducer glycoprotein, but it decreases significantly under heat stress. While RBR1 is expressed in gonidia (asexual reproductive cells) and embryos, the largest ...
Initiation and growth of leaf blades is oriented by an adaxial/abaxial axis aligned with the original axis of polarity in the leaf primordium. To investigate mechanisms regulating this process, we cloned the Nicotiana tabacum ortholog of PHANTASTICA (NTPHAN) and generated a series of antisense transgenics in N. sylvestris. We show that NSPHAN is expressed throughout emerging ...
In Arabidopsis thaliana, mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) perturb various developmental processes. Whether these perturbations are caused by overall ribosome insufficiency or partial dysfunction of the ribosome caused by deficiency of a particular ribosomal protein is not known. To distinguish these possibilities, a comparative study using several r-protein mutants was ...
We localized the tissues and cells that contribute to scent biosynthesis in scented and non-scented Rosa � hybrida cultivars as part of a detailed cytological analysis of the rose petal. Adaxial petal epidermal cells have a typical conical, papillate shape whereas abaxial petal epidermal cells are flat. Using two ...
Provider, a relatively susceptible bean variety and Stringless Black Valentine, a relatively tolerant variety were exposed to a sub-threshold concentration of 395 ..mu..g/m/sup 3/ (0.08 ppm) peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) for 0.5 hours. Both varieties were subjected to drought stress following exposure. Peroxyacetyl nitrate predisposed the susceptible variety Provider to post-exposure water stress, ...
In Arabidopsis thaliana, FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL) and YABBY3 (YAB3) encode YABBY domain proteins that regulate abaxial patterning, growth of lateral organs, and inflorescence phyllotaxy. In this study, we show that YABs physically interact with components of a transcriptional repressor complex that include LEUNIG (LUG), LEUNIG_HOMOLOG (LUH), the LUG-associated coregulator ...
ROXY1 and ROXY2 are CC-type floral glutaredoxins with redundant functions in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) anther development. We show here that plants lacking the basic leucine-zipper transcription factors TGA9 and TGA10 have defects in male gametogenesis that are strikingly similar to those in roxy1 roxy2 mutants. In tga9 tga10 mutants, adaxial and abaxial anther lobe ...
Carpels are the ovule-bearing structural units in angiosperms. In Arabidopsis, the specification of carpel identity is achieved by at least two separate pathways: a pathway mediated by the C class gene AG and an AG-independent pathway. Both pathways are negatively regulated by A class genes. Two genes, SPT and CRC, can promote differentiation of carpel tissue independently of AG and are thus ...
Conductance to gaseous transfer is normally considered to be greater from the abaxial than from the adaxial side of a leaf. Measurements of the conductance to water vapor of peanut leaves (Arachis hypogaea L.) under well watered and stress conditions in a controlled environment, however, indicated a 2-fold higher conductance from the adaxial side of the leaf than from the ...
Reasons for performing study: Abnormal epidermal stem cell regulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of equine chronic laminitis. Objective: To analyse the involvement of p63, a regulator of epidermal stem cell proliferative potential, in chronic laminitis. Methods: Epidermal tissues from skin, coronet and lamellae of the dorsal foot were harvested ...
The family Cyperaceae has an unusual microsporogenesis in which tetrad formation does not occur. In addition, other cytological features are important, such as the occurrence of holokinetic chromosomes and post-reductional meiosis. We have examined the ultrastructural features of the pollen mother cell (PMC) of Rhynchospora pubera. Anthers of several sizes were analyzed using ...
The characterization of cellular changes that occur during somatic embryogenesis is essential for understanding the factors involved in the transition of somatic cells into embryogenically competent cells and determination of cells and/or tissues involved. The present study describes the anatomical and ultrastructural events that lead ...
Previous investigations suggested that specific auxin spatial distribution due to auxin movements to particular embryonic regions was important for normal embryonic pattern formation. To gain information on the molecular mechanism(s) by which auxin acts to direct pattern formation in specific embryonic regions, the role of a plasma membrane (PM) ATPase was evaluated as downstream target of auxin ...
Phloem loading is the process by which photoassimilates synthesized in the mesophyll cells of leaves enter the sieve elements and companion cells of minor veins in preparation for long distance transport to sink organs. Three loading strategies have been described: active loading from the apoplast, passive loading via the symplast, and passive symplastic ...
... and spray droplet behavior on common lambsquarters, common purslane, and velvetleaf. Adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were ... adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of velvetleaf. Common purslane had neither...
... the anteriormost point of the curve connecting the axial and abaxial prongs; axial prong length (B, B�) as the distance from the anteriormost point of the curve connecting the axial and abaxial prongs to t...
The prevalence of abaxial sperm tails, accessory tails and double tails, was determined from semen evaluation records of 600 western Canadian range bulls and 449 bulls in Canadian artificial insemination centers. Spermatozoa with abaxial tails were produced by 10.5% of bulls, however, only 0.48% produced sperm with greater than 50% ...
The subcellular localization of calcium in Alpinia mutica Roxb. during style movement was studied in two morphs. In the styles, Ca-antimonate precipitates (ppts) were principally located in apoplasts, with some minimal accumulation in the nucleus. At different movement, stages of movement, the ppts in the abaxial and adaxial sides changed, and no lateral gradient of ppts in ...
The leaf mine in Richterago riparia is caused by a lepidopteran larva (lepidopteronome). The leaves of R. riparia show campdodrome venation; the epidermis is unistratified, with stomata and glandular trichomes in adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The mesophyll is bilateral and the vascular system is collateral. During the formation of the mine, the larva consumes the chlorenchyma ...
Leaves of trichomed (Tr) and trichomeless (tr) pearl millet were studied with both electron and light microscopy to determine morphological differences that may account for the differences in transpiration rate, pest resistance, and penetration of rumen microbes through the leaf surface between the two lines. Slight differences were observed in cuticle thickness. Encrustation of epidermal ...
Aquaporins are water channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water through biological membranes and play a crucial role in plant growth. We showed that ethylene treatment significantly reduced petal size, inhibited expansion of petal abaxial subepidermal cells, and decreased petal water content in rose (Rosa hybrida �Samantha�). Here, we report ...
Oxalic acid is a virulence factor of several phytopathogenic fungi, including Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, but the detailed mechanisms by which oxalic acid affects host cells and tissues are not understood. We tested the hypothesis that oxalate induces foliar wilting during fungal infection by manipulating guard cells. Unlike uninfected leaves, ...
Leaf rolling is considered an important agronomic trait in rice (Oryza sativa) breeding. To understand the molecular mechanism controlling leaf rolling, we screened a rice T-DNA insertion population and isolated the outcurved leaf1 (oul1) mutant showing abaxial leaf rolling. The phenotypes were caused by knockout of Rice outermost cell-specific gene5 ...
Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Provider seedlings were grown in sand culture in a controlled environment chamber. Six-day-old plants were exposed to one of the following dosages of PAN: 1) 271 ..mu..g/m/sup 3/ for 1 hr (subthreshold); 2) 405 ..mu..g/m/sup 3/ for 0.5 hr (subthreshold); 3) 405 ..mu..g/m/sup 3/ 1 hr (above threshold); and 4) 360 ..mu..g/m/sup 3/ for 1 hr (threshold). Exposures were ...
Globular somatic embryos can be induced from immature cotyledons of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv Jack) placed on high levels of the auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Somatic embryos develop from the adaxial side of the cotyledon, whereas the abaxial side evolves into a callus. Using a 9,280-cDNA clone array, we have compared steady-state RNA from the adaxial ...
Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. (Amur honeysuckle) is native to Asia and an important ornamental in China. However, the anatomy of leaf abscission (shedding) in L. maackii had not been studied previously. Such work is needed not only because knowledge of the leaf abscission process is important for a horticultural species like L. maackii but also because leaf abscission is probably the least ...
BackgroundThe Arabidopsis FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL) gene encodes a YABBY (YAB) family putative transcription factor that has been implicated in specifying abaxial cell identities and thus regulating organ polarity of lateral organs. In contrast to double mutants of fil and other YAB genes, fil single mutants display mainly floral and inflorescence ...
This paper describes the leaf anatomy of Sabal mauritiiformis (Karst.) Griseb. & H. Wendl., Sabal mexicana Mart. and Sabal yapa Wright ex Becc., three of the four most representative species of the Yucat�n Pen�nsula, in Mexico. These species are locally used: in the roofing of traditional homes, as food (fruits and apical buds), and in the production of hats, brooms and handicrafts. Leaf ...
We conducted kinematic and cytological studies on �between vein� epidermal cells of the gibberellin (GA)-deficient M489 dwarf mutant of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Himalaya). GAs affect radial and axial components of cell expansion and cortical microtubule orientation. Adaxial cells in particular expand radially after leaving the ...
The Arabidopsis AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) gene has been shown previously to be involved in ovule development and in the initiation and growth of floral organs. Here, we show that ANT acts in additional processes during flower development, including repression of AGAMOUS (AG) in second whorl cells, promotion of petal epidermal cell identity, and gynoecium ...
The bending movement of the pulvinus of Mimosa pudica is caused by a rapid change in volume of the abaxial motor cells, in response to various environmental stimuli. We investigated the relationship between the actin cytoskeleton and changes in the level of calcium during rapid contractile movement of the motor cells that was induced ...
An appreciable number of potassium channels mediating K+ uptake have been identified in higher plants. Promoter-beta-glucuronidase reporter gene studies were used here to demonstrate that SKT1, encoding a potato K+ inwardly rectifying channel, is expressed in guard cells in addition to KST1 previously reported. However, whereas KST1 was found to be expressed in essentially all ...
Dicot leaf primordia initiate at the flanks of the shoot apical meristem and extend laterally by cell division and cell expansion to form the flat lamina, but the molecular mechanism of lamina outgrowth remains unclear. Here, we report the identification of STENOFOLIA (STF), a WUSCHEL-like homeobox transcriptional regulator, in Medicago truncatula, which ...
Relative water content, resistance to gas transfer, stomatal spacing, and other characteristics of primary bean leaves were studied in relation to ozone sensitivity and injury. Cells of primary bean leaves are maximally sensitive to ozone exposure 9-10 days after germination under our experimental conditions. The stage of maximum sensitivity was not correlated with changes in ...
The genus Hymenaea is characterized by a great diversity of secretory structures, but there are no reports of colleters yet. The objectives of this study are to report the occurrence and describe the origin and structure of colleters in Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne. Shoot apex samples were collected, fixed, and processed for light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission ...
A goal of modern agriculture is to improve plant drought tolerance and production per amount of water used, referred to as water use efficiency (WUE). Although stomatal density has been linked to WUE, the causal molecular mechanisms have yet to be determined. Arabidopsis thaliana GT-2 LIKE 1 (GTL1) loss-of-function mutations result in increased water deficit tolerance and higher integrated WUE by ...
Leafy greens are occasionally involved in outbreaks of enteric pathogens. In order to control the plant contamination it is necessary to understand the factors that influence enteric pathogen-plant interactions. Attachment of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to lettuce leaves has been demonstrated before; however, only limited information is available regarding the localization and ...
Lateral organs in flowering plants display polarity along their adaxial-abaxial axis with distinct cell types forming at different positions along this axis. Members of three classes of transcription factors in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; the Class III homeodomain/leucine zipper [HD-ZIP] proteins, KANADI proteins, and YABBY proteins) are expressed ...
Mineral inclusions in plants, of different chemical constitution and forms, have been studied in some plant groups and are currently used as diagnostic tools in taxonomic identifications. With the aim to identify their possible application in taxonomy, mineral inclusions in the leaves of 140 species of Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) were analyzed and compared. Leave transversal sections were studied ...
Light provides crucial positional information in plant development, and the morphogenetic processes that are orchestrated by light signals are triggered by changes of gene expression in response to variations in light parameters. Control of expression of members of the RbcS and Lhc families of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes by light cues is a paradigm for light-regulated gene ...
� Floral scents and visual cues of the globeflower Trollius europaeus may play a key role in the attraction of Chiastocheta flies, involved in a highly specific nursery pollination mutualism. � Here, headspace collection and GC-MS were used to identify and quantify the volatile organic compounds emitted by the globeflower. � Scents are produced in three different floral parts by four ...
To clarify the mechanisms of methane transport from the rhizosphere into the atmosphere through rice plants (Oryza sativa L.), the methane emission rate was measured from a shoot whose roots had been kept in a culture solution with a high methane concentration or exposed to methane gas in the gas phase by using a cylindrical chamber. No clear correlation was observed between change in the ...
Epidermal and subepidermal cells in the abaxial, basal region of the maize (Zea mays L.) immature zygotic embryo (IZE) scutellum can be induced by exogenous auxin to proliferate and undergo somatic embryogenesis. Successful genetic transformation of IZEs depends not only on optimizing transformation parameters for these totipotent ...
... twigs and abaxial side of young leaves with arachnoid rufescent trichomes to 0.2 mm, twigs apically ... ...
... y abaxial glabras, margen ciliado, glándulas impresas presentes; estambres (8)9 a 10, filamentos glabros, antera cordiforme, ... ...
Abaxial epidermal strips, containing guard cells as the only viable cells, were prepared from leaves of Vicia faba following a period in darkness, and floated, under CO2-free air, on 2 mm RbCl + 0.1 mm CaCl2 labeled with 86Rb+. Under white light ...
A classical view is that leaf shape is the result of local promotion of growth linked to cell proliferation. However, an alternative hypothesis is that leaf form is the result of local repression of growth in an otherwise growing system. Here we show that leaf form can indeed be manipulated in a directed fashion by local repression of growth. We show that targeting expression ...
This paper aimed to evaluate the initial growth of "mutambo" seedlings in different conditions of light intensity and treatments with gibberellic acid (GA). The seedlings were kept under full sun and 50% of shading. Sixty days after the emergence, seedlings were sprayed with: 1) 100 mg L(-1) GA(3); 2) 200 mg L(-1) GA(3); 3) control. At the end of the appraisals, seedlings height under 50% of ...
Fossils can shed new light on plant biogeography and phylogeny. Pinnately lobed leaves from the Oligo-Miocene Newvale lignite mine, South Island, New Zealand are the first extra-Australian leaf fossils of the charismatic genus Banksia (Proteaceae), and they are assigned to a new species, B. novae-zelandiae. Comparison with extant taxa shows that the fossils are best regarded as an extinct stem ...
Particle-in-cell simulations are performed to study the acceleration of ions due to the interaction of a relativistic femtosecond laser pulse with a narrow thin target. The numerical results show that ions can be accelerated in a cascade by two electrostatic fields if the width of the target is smaller than the laser beam waist. The first field is formed in front of the target ...
Polarity along the adaxial-abaxial axis of the leaf is essential for leaf development and morphogenesis. One of the genes that encodes a putative transcription factor regulating adaxial-abaxial polarity, FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL), is expressed in the abaxial region of the leaf primordia. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling the ...
A red/purple coloration of lower (abaxial) leaf surfaces is commonly observed in deeply-shaded understorey plants, especially in the tropics. However, the functional significance of red abaxial coloration, including its role in photosynthetic adaptation, remains unclear. The objective of this study was to test the back-scatter hypothesis for ...
... 1993 from Stoneville, MS. Egg masses oviposited on wax paper (one per leaf) were clipped to the abaxial ... leaf such that the eggs were between the wax paper and the abaxial surface. Sufficient wax paper...
We present a method for counting white blood cells that is uniquely compatible with centrifugation based microfluidics. Blood is deposited on top of one or more layers of density media within a microfluidic disk. Spinning the disk causes the cell populations within whole blood to settle through the media, reaching an equilibrium based on the density of ...
Current and predicted climate changes caused by global warming compel greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms that plants use to survive drought. The desiccation-tolerant fern Polypodium polypodioides exhibits extensive cell wall folding when dried to less than 15% relative water content (RWC) and rapidly (within 24 h) rehydrates when exposed to water and high ...
Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to characterize blue light responses from chloroplasts of adaxial guard cells from Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense) and coleoptile tips from corn (Zea mays). The chloroplast response to blue light was quantified by measurements of the blue light-induced enhancement of a red light-stimulated quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence. In ...
Study of the unique leaf anatomy and chloroplast structure in shade-adapted plants will aid our understanding of how plants use light efficiently in low light environments. Unusual chloroplasts in terms of size and thylakoid membrane stacking have been described previously in several deep-shade plants. In this study, a single giant cup-shaped chloroplast, termed a bizonoplast, was found in the ...
Rumex palustris responds to complete submergence with upward movement of the younger petioles. This so-called hyponastic response, in combination with stimulated petiole elongation, brings the leaf blade above the water surface and restores contact with the atmosphere. We made a detailed study of this differential growth process, encompassing the complete range of the known signal transduction ...
The effects of dark chilling on the leaf-side-specific regulation of photosynthesis were characterized in the C(4) grass Paspalum dilatatum. CO(2)- and light-response curves for photosynthesis and associated parameters were measured on whole leaves and on each leaf side independently under adaxial and abaxial illumination before and after plants were exposed to dark chilling ...
The effects of dark chilling on the leaf-side-specific regulation of photosynthesis were characterized in the C4 grass Paspalum dilatatum. CO2- and light-response curves for photosynthesis and associated parameters were measured on whole leaves and on each leaf side independently under adaxial and abaxial illumination before and ...
The adaxial (upper) and abaxial (lower) surfaces of a plant leaf provide heterogeneous habitats for small arthropods with different environmental conditions, such as light, humidity, and surface morphology. As for plant mites, some agricultural pest species and their natural enemies have been observed to favor the abaxial leaf surface, which is considered ...
Fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy were explored to investigate the movement and localization of mineral oils in citrus. In a laboratory experiment, fluorescence microscopy observation indicated that when a 'narrow' distillation fraction of an nC23 horticultural mineral oil was applied to adaxial and opposing abaxial leaf surfaces of potted orange [Citrus x ...
Background and AimsThe distinction between pearl bodies (or pearl glands) and food bodies (FBs) is not clear; neither is our understanding of what these structures really represent. The present work examined the ontogenesis, structure, ultrastructure and histochemical aspects of the protuberances in Cissus verticillata, which have been described since the beginning of the 19th century as pearl ...
Background and AimsFood bodies (FBs) are structures that promote mutualism between plants and ants, which help protect them against herbivores. The present study aims to describe the anatomical organization, ultrastructure and chemical composition of the FBs in Hovenia dulcis, which represent the first structures of this type described in Rhamnaceae.MethodsLeaves in various stages of development ...
Angiosperm embryo sac development begins with a phase of free nuclear division followed by cellularization and differentiation of cell types. The indeterminate gametophyte1 (ig1) gene of maize (Zea mays) restricts the proliferative phase of female gametophyte development. ig1 mutant female gametophytes have a prolonged phase of free nuclear divisions leading to a variety of ...
The effects of chitosan (beta-1,4 linked glucosamine, a fungal elicitor), on the patterns of stomatal movement and signaling components were studied. cPTIO (NO scavenger), sodium tungstate (nitrate reductase inhibitor) or L: -NAME (NO synthase inhibitor) restricted the chitosan induced stomatal closure, demonstrating that NO is an essential factor. Similarly, catalase (H(2)O(2) scavenger) or DPI ...
A method for isolating guard cell protoplasts (GCP) from mechanically prepared epidermis of Vicia faba is described. Epidermis was prepared by homogenizing leaves in a Waring blender in a solution of 10% Ficoll, 5 millimolar CaCl{sub 2}, and 0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone 40 (PVP). Attached mesophyll and epidermal cells were removed by shaking epidermis in a ...
A method for isolating guard cell protoplasts (GCP) from mechanically prepared epidermis of Vicia faba is described. Epidermis was prepared by homogenizing leaves in a Waring blender in a solution of 10% Ficoll, 5 millimolar CaCl2, and 0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone 40 (PVP). Attached mesophyll and epidermal cells were removed by shaking ...
The gravitropic bending of rice shoot in horizontal position results from differential elongation of cells between two halves of shoot bases. In our experiment, reversibly glycosylated polypeptide (OsRGP1), sucrose synthase (OsSuS) genes which related to sugar metabolism were identified by suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) in gravitropism in rice shoot bases. ...
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
... in mesophyll (i.e., monocots and dicots) and photosynthetic capacity. O. nubilalis larvae feeding within the plant stem should affect adaxial and abaxial surface reflectance between 400 nm ... ...
... dark green), true blue, and black, varied in spectral reflectance in the visible (400�700 nm) and near- ... orange spectral regions (490�600 nm), resembling the spectral reflectance curve of the abaxial (u...
... with a Leica-Wild MZ6 Stereomicroscope with drawing tube attachment. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of abaxial leaf surfaces of Schoenocaulon framei Zomlefer & ... ...
... II, 1.5�2.2 mm long, the filaments tomentose along middle section in lower half or ... III, 1.5�2.3 mm long; the filaments glabrescent adaxially, tomentose abaxially, the anthers 0.7� ... ...
... deep, narrow, gently abaxially curved axial furrow that dies out on steep anterior slope; no preglabellar furrow, ... 4.2). The axial furrow curves inward and dies out anteriorly, well before reaching the...
... It is distinctive in its abaxially sericeous, lanceolate laminas borne on relatively short petioles. The limb of ... sericeous and eventually glabrescent to glabrous. Leaves opposite; laminas 6�10 cm long...
... adaxial and abaxial surface of leaf discs of Brassica rapa, B. juncea, and B. carinata. Means and standard ... By contrast, P. xylostella oviposition on Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis (...
Cornell University's Department of Plant Pathology provides this online glossary of technical terms in plant pathology. From abaxial to zygote, this lengthy resource offers definitions accompanied by diagrams, photographs, reference texts, and pronunciation options.
NSDL National Science Digital Library
The new rotor device, based on a miniaturized and computerized version of a centrifugal analyzer, will analyze blood for cholesterol, glucose, total protein, and other chemicals that indicate whether a patients heart, liver, kidneys, and metabolism are functioning properly.
... of uppermost leaf. Leaves glaucous abaxially, green adaxially; radical leaves few, with small ternate lamina, ca. 2 � ... segments; petiole 10�12 cm; cauline leaves like radical; lowermost cauline leaf so...
... sometimes broadly elliptic (in which case wider than tall), relatively thick, oil glands numerous, shortly hairy abaxially near apex, mostly ... ...
... on Nymphal Development. Twenty-four hours after trichome removal treatments mentioned in the first set of experiments, Plexiglas ring cages (30 mm in diameter) were affixed to the abaxial surface of the a...
Mar 2, 2011 ... According to Abaxis, the VetScanR Chemistry Analyzer product is the first broad- menu clinical chemistry analyzer designed for point-of-care ...
NASA Website
... samples were +1 lipemic. Discussion This was a clinical method comparison study evaluating performance of a bench-top ... 1997. Jensen, A. L. and M. Kjelgaard-Hansen. Method comparison in the clinical l...
... exposures of the two leaf surfaces to direct sunlight. Plants were selected in a partially disturbed section of ... on three different leaves for each of six plants of A. nidus; the three ... to direct s...
... authors would like to thank Abaxis for the donation of the VetScan rotors ... Care Blood Laboratory Systems web site. VetScan® Classic. Available from: ... ...
... fiber-tracheids, presence of abaxial-confluent plus diffuse axial parenchyma, and presence of predominantly uniseriate rays. These ... vessel surfaces other than those in contact with axial parenchyma). T...
... enlarge figure Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs of glands on abaxial leaf surfaces of plants of four new species; glands are sessile and patelliform. A. Ruellia norvegigratiosa (Santamaria ... ...
... Versieux 149 (HB). enlarge figure Figure 3 SEM images of different structures of Orthophytum itambense Versieux & Leme. �A, B. Abaxial epidermis showing the asymmetric trichomes. �C. Pollen grain. �D. Det...
... conspicuously different in size and form, with axial prong of medial hooks stouter than abaxial prong), hook size (total length of medial hooks up ... single conspicuous tubercle on proximal part of axial...
Stomatal characteristics and its plasticity in leaves of four canopy species, Shorea chinensis, Pometia tomentosa, Anthocephalus chinensis, Calophyllun polyanthum and three middle-layer species, Barringtonia pendula, Garcinia hanburyi, Horsfieldia tetratepala acclimated to different light conditions (8%, 25%, 50% and 100% of full sunlight) for more than one year were surveyed. All plant's stomata ...
CDC48 is a member of the AAA ATPase superfamily. Yeast CDC48 and its mammalian homolog p97 are implicated in diverse cellular processes, including mitosis, membrane fusion, and ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. However, the cellular functions of plant CDC48 proteins are largely unknown. In the present study, we performed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) screening and found that silencing ...
Emission fluorescence spectra were obtained for the adaxial and abaxial faces of dicotyledonous (Ficus benjamina L., Ficus elastica, Gardenia jasminoides and Hedera helix) and monocotyledonous leaves (Gladiolus spp. and Dracaena cincta bicolor). After correction by light-re-absorption processes, using a previously published physical model, the adaxial faces of dicotyledons ...
In some plants, stomata are exclusively located in epidermal depressions called crypts. It has been argued that crypts function to reduce transpiration; however, the occurrence of crypts in species from both arid and wet environments suggests that crypts may play another role. The genus Banksia was chosen to examine quantitative relationships between crypt morphology and leaf structural and ...
In this study, we investigated the leaf anatomy and the composition of volatiles in Myrrhinium atropurpureum var. atropurpureum endemic to Rio de Janeiro restingas. Particularly, leaf secretory structures were described using light microscopy, and histochemical tests were performed from fresh leaves to localize the secondary metabolites. To observe secretory cavities, fixed leaf samples were ...
Biochemical changes in vivo and pathway interactions were investigated using integrated physiological and metabolic responses of Arabidopsis thaliana L. to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (280-400 nm) at 9.96 kJ m(-2) d(-1) over the entire life cycle from seed to seed (8 weeks). Columbia-0 (Col-0) and a UV-B sensitive accession (fah-1) showed significant (P < 0.001) reductions in leaf growth after 6 ...
Structures on the surfaces of leaves, such as dense layers of non-glandular trichomes, strongly affect phylloplane mite activities. On the other hand the feeding of eriophyoid mites on leaf surfaces can cause hyperplasia of leaf trichomes (erinea formation). In many cases the hyperplasia is accompanied by the accumulation of pigments within trichome cells, causing an ...
Panicum tricanthum Nees, Panicum antidotale Retz., and Panicum decipiens Nees ex Trin. were selected to represent C3, C4, and C3/C4 intermediate perennial species of Panicum, respectively. Plants grown from seed with 900 ppm [CO2] under natural sunlight and controlled temperatures (30 degrees /22 degrees C) were compared with plants grown with ambient [CO2]. The anatomy of the last fully expanded ...
Leaflet movements in the mimosa-family tree Samanea saman stem from coordinated volume changes of cells in the leaf motor organs in the adaxial and abaxial motor cells (�flexors� and �extensors�). Shrinking, initiated by dissimilar light signals in extensors and in flexors, depends in both cell types on ...
In open places, plants are exposed to higher fluence rates of photosynthetically active radiation and to higher red to far-red ratios than under the shade of neighbor plants. High fluence rates are known to increase stomata density. Here we show that high, compared to low, red to far-red ratios also increase stomata density in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). High red to far-red ratios increase ...
BackgroundParasites that manipulate host behavior can provide prominent examples of extended phenotypes: parasite genomes controlling host behavior. Here we focus on one of the most dramatic examples of behavioral manipulation, the death grip of ants infected by Ophiocordyceps fungi. We studied the interaction between O. unilateralis s.l. and its host ant Camponotus leonardi in a Thai rainforest, ...
Leaf structural characteristics and gas-exchange measurements were used to determine whether photosynthetic tissue of Typha Iatifolia L. (cattail) utilized CO2 from the aerenchyma gas spaces, part of an internal pathway for gas transport in this wetland species. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in these aerenchyma gas spaces can be more than 10 times atmospheric pCO2. The photosynthetic tissue ...
Spectral reflectance and transmittance of leaves to ultraviolet irradiation were determined under laboratory conditions for seven species of hardwood trees, namely red oak ( Quercus rubra, L), black oak ( Q. velutina, Lamarch), white oak ( Q. alba, L.), sugar maple ( Acer saccharum), Norway maple ( A. plantanoides), hickory ( Carya tomemtosa), sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua), and black oak ...
Angiosperm leaves generally develop as bifacial structures with distinct adaxial and abaxial identities. However, several monocot species, such as iris and leek, develop unifacial leaves, in which leaf blades have only abaxial identity. In bifacial leaves, adaxial-abaxial polarity is required for leaf blade flattening, whereas many ...
Leaf primordia are generated around the shoot apical meristem. Mutation of the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana results in defects in repression of the meristematic and indeterminate state, establishment of adaxial-abaxial polarity and left-right symmetry in leaves. AS2 represses transcription of meristem-specific class 1 KNOX homeobox genes and of the ...
Our previous studies showed that a member of the YABBY gene family, FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL), plays a role in specifying the abaxial side tissues in the development of lateral organs such as cotyledons, leaves, young flower buds, and flower organs. We examined the expression pattern of FIL and found a temporal change of expression domains in the developmental process of the ...
The buzz-pollinated genus Senna (Leguminosae) is outstanding for including species with monosymmetric flowers and species with diverse asymmetric, enantiomorphic (enantiostylous) flowers. To recognize patterns of homology, we dissected the floral symmetry character complex and explored corolla morphology in 60 Senna species and studied floral development of four enantiomorphic species. The ...
Stomatal conductances of normally oriented and inverted leaves were measured as light levels (photosynthetic photon flux densities) were increased to determine whether abaxial stomata of Vicia faba leaves were more sensitive to light than adaxial stomata. Light levels were increased over uniform populations of leaves of plants grown in an environmental chamber. Adaxial stomata ...
HYPONASTIC LEAVES1 (HYL1) is an important regulator of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. Incurvature of rosette leaves in loss-of-function mutants of HYL1 implicates the regulation of leaf flatness by HYL1 via miRNA pathways. Recent studies have identified jba-1D, jaw-1D, and oe-160c, the dominant mutants of MIR166g, MIR319a, and MIR160c genes, respectively, which display three types of leaf curvature. ...
Ozone-induced stress-ethylene emissions from the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of four plant species (Glycine max (L) Merr. cv. Dare, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Roma VF, Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Hedera helix L.) were studied to determine if the stress ethylene diffused through the stomata or cuticle. In plants not exposed to ozone, basal ethylene was detected ...
Conductance for water vapor, assimilation of CO(2), and intercellular CO(2) concentration of leaves of five species were determined at various irradiances and ambient CO(2) concentrations. Conductance and assimilation were then plotted as functions of irradiance and intercellular CO(2) concentration. The slopes of these curves allowed us to estimate infinitesimal changes in conductance (and ...
Conductance for water vapor, assimilation of CO2, and intercellular CO2 concentration of leaves of five species were determined at various irradiances and ambient CO2 concentrations. Conductance and assimilation were then plotted as functions of irradiance and intercellular CO2 concentration. The slopes of ...
In the cuticular wax mixtures from leaves of pea (Pisum sativum) cv Avanta, cv Lincoln, and cv Maiperle, more than 70 individual compounds were identified. The adaxial wax was characterized by very high amounts of primary alcohols (71%), while the abaxial wax consisted mainly of alkanes (73%). An aqueous adhesive of gum arabic was employed to selectively sample the ...
... 7.5�11 cm, green, lustrous, inconspicuously dark wine-red along the margins, wine-colored spotted on both sides or only abaxially, ... apex acute to cuspidate, totally green or dark wine-red colored, recu...
Pinnate compound leaves have laminae called leaflets distributed at intervals along an axis, the rachis, whereas simple leaves have a single lamina. In simple- and compound-leaved species, the PHANTASTICA (PHAN) gene is required for lamina formation. Antirrhinum majus mutants lacking a functional gene develop abaxialized, bladeless adult leaves. Transgenic downregulation of ...
Plants undergo two major post-embryonic developmental transitions--the juvenile-to-adult vegetative transition (vegetative phase change) and the adult-to-reproductive transition (flowering). In woody plants, these transitions can be separated by years, but in herbaceous species they are often very close together, making it difficult to differentiate the effects of vegetative phase change and ...
The meniscal release (MR) is used to minimize meniscal pathology after Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) surgery. The purposes of this study were: (i) to describe meniscal orientation in a unaltered cadaveric canine stifle, a cruciate deficient stifle, TPLO repaired stifle with and without the MR using magnetic resonance imaging; (ii) to determine if the abaxial release ...
glauca, Setaria verticillata, Se- taria italica, and Setaria viridis; see ``Excluded Names; tertiary axes are initiated along the abaxial sides of the secondary axes. c, Setaria verticillata for the gene ndhF place Ixophorus within the ``bristle grass'' clade, which includes Setaria and Pennisetum
The effects of growth light environment on stomatal light responses were analyzed. We inverted leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) for 2 weeks until their full expansion, and measured gas exchange properties of the adaxial and abaxial sides separately. The sensitivity to light assessed as the increase in stomatal conductance was generally higher in the ...
Ozone-induced stress ethylene emissions from the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of four plant species (Glycine max (L) Merr. cv. Dare, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Roma VF, Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Hedera helix L.) were studied to determine ...
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Ozone-induced stress ethylene emissions from the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of four plant species (Glycine max (L) Merr. cv. Dare, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Roma VF, Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Hedera helix L.) were studied to determine if the stress ethylene di...
EPA Science Inventory
made a mould of the abaxial surface of a single randomly selected mature leaf on 32�46 individuals Co., Orange, CA, USA) and used the hardened mould as a cast for clear nail polish. The surface area to freezing-induced cavitation (Pockman & Sperry, 1997; Martinez-Vilalta & Pockman, 2002). Upon freezing
half the number of functional stomata on a leaf surface area basis as did mature leaves), mounted abaxial side up on aluminum SEM stubs (preliminary work showed no stomata on the adaxis), coated at 600 � magnification. The number of mature stomata on each image was counted. Those five values were
positioning of the incipient primordium (I1), and therefore for the perpetuation of the generative spiral indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) act in the abaxial domain of the leaf primordia by silencing adaxializing, this deviation was transient, and the meristem rapidly re-established normal spiral phyllotaxis (Fig. 3D). In 12
A choice test revealed that Hessian fly adults deposited approximately three times more eggs on wheat seedlings than on barley or rice seedlings. On a barley seedling, 49.4% of eggs were deposited on either the abaxial leaf-surface or the coleoptile and first leaf-sheath (C&FLS), where newly hatche...
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L).Moench.) is one of the most drought tolerant and water efficient grass species. A distinctive feature of sorghum is the profuse deposition of epicuticular wax or bloom on the abaxial side of the leaf and sheaths which has been proposed as a possible trait contributing t...
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L).Moench.) is one of the most drought tolerant and water efficient grass species. A distinctive feature of sorghum is the profuse deposition of epicuticular wax or bloom on the abaxial side of the leaf and sheaths which has been proposed as one of the possible trait contr...
In June 2008, apparently diseased lentil plants (Lens culinaris L. cv. Crimson) were observed in a production field in Kendrick, ID. Symptoms included stunting, leaf chlorosis, reddening of abaxial leaf surfaces, browning of entire root systems and root necrosis. Roots of symptomatic plants were sur...
Pepper plants grown in large experimental plots at Beltsville Maryland showed widespread powdery mildew infection in the late summer of 2008. Extensive coverage of the abaxial surface by white patches of conidia was noted, along with chlorotic regions on the adaxial surface. Samples were taken for ...
The evaporation and formation of deposit patterns from single droplets deposited at various locations on waxy leaves were investigated under controlled conditions. Leaf locations included the interveinal area, midrib and secondary vein on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Tests were conducted with ...
Cuticular water permeabilities of adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces and their dependence on relative air humidity (RH) applied in long-term and short-term regimes have been analysed for Hedera helix, native in a temperate climate, and Zamioculcas zamiifolia, native in subtropical regions. The water permeability of cuticular membranes (CM) isolated from the adaxial (astomatous) ...
Hosts for the fungus Cronartium ribicola, causal agent of white pine blister rust (WPBR), include five-needle pines, currants, and gooseberries. Aeciospores, produced from cankers on diseased pines, and urediniospores, originating from uredinia on abaxial leaf surfaces of susceptible Ribes, can ...
... teeth with both spurred (1�2) and blister glands (4�6), and leaves 7�17 mm long, ... densely to softly pilosulous and charged with blister glands abaxially, glabrous adaxially. Leaves odd-pinnate, 7�14(� ...
Objectives: To compare in vitro monotonic biomechanical properties of an axial 3-hole, 4.5?mm narrow locking compression plate (ELCP) using 5.0?mm locking screws and 5.5?mm cortical screws in conjunction with 2 abaxial transarticular 5.5?mm cortical screws inserted in lag fashion (ELCP-TLS) with an axial 3-hole, 4.5?mm narrow dynamic compression plate (DCP) using 5.5?mm ...
Although many genes that regulate floral development have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, relatively few are known in the grasses. In normal maize (Zea mays), each spikelet produces an upper and lower floral meristem, which initiate floral organs in a defined phyllotaxy before being consumed in the production of an ovule. The bearded-ear (bde) mutation affects floral development ...
MicroRNAs and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are two classes of small regulatory RNAs derived from different types of precursors and processed by distinct Dicer or Dicer-like (DCL) proteins. During evolution, four Arabidopsis thaliana DCLs and six rice (Oryza sativa) DCLs (Os DCLs) appear to have acquired specialized functions. The Arabidopsis DCLs are well characterized, but those in rice remain ...
Triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis is a principal metabolic pathway in most organisms, and TAG is the major form of carbon storage in many plant seeds. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is the only acyltransferase enzyme that has been confirmed to contribute to TAG biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. However, dgat1 null mutants display only a 20 to 40% decrease in seed oil ...
Plants possess many metabolic genes for the production of a wide variety of phytochemicals in a tissue-specific manner. However, the metabolic systems behind the diversity and tissue-dependent regulation still remain unknown due to incomplete characterization of phytochemicals produced in a single plant species. Thus, having a metabolome dataset in addition to the genome and transcriptome ...
The localization of the key photoreductive and oxidative processes and some stress-protective reactions within leaves of mesophytic C(3) plants were investigated. The role of light in determining the profile of Rubisco, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, catalase, fumarase, and cytochrome-c-oxidase across spinach leaves was examined by exposing leaves to illumination on either the adaxial or ...
Concurrent measurements of abaxial and adaxial stomatal resistance and leaf-water potentials of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the field and growth chamber show that the stomata on the 2 surfaces of the leaflet react differently to water deficit. The stomata on the abaxial surface, which are about 7 times more numerous than on the adaxial surface, ...
Petiole curvature is important in regulating light interception by the leaf. To dissect the determination processes of leaf angle, we irradiated the lamina or petiole of Chenopodium album L. with either one or two spots of actinic light, after dark adaptation. When the abaxial side of the petiole was irradiated with blue light, the petiole curvature increased, and under ...
Two portable instruments, designed to evaluate epidermal UV screening in leaves, were compared: the Dualex and the UV-A-PAM fluorimeter. Both instruments excite chlorophyll fluorescence at the same UV wavelengths but reference excitation is in the red and the blue spectral range in the former and the latter fluorimeter, respectively. When analyzing green leaves, general agreement of the data is ...
The response of intra and interspecific variation in photosynthetic acclimation to growth at elevated atmospheric CO{sub 2} concentration (600{micro}mol mol-l) in six important grassland species was investigated. Plants were grown in a background sward of Lolium perenne and measurements were made after four years of growth at elevated C{sub a}. Elevated CO{sub 2} was maintained using a FACE ...
Cardiopteris, a small herbaceous genus, had long been placed in its own family, Cardiopteridaceae. However, the family was recently broadly circumscribed to include more genera in Aquifoliales. To better understand the morphological relationships of the genus and the family, I studied the floral anatomy and development of Cardiopteris using C. quinqueloba. As has been previously described, flowers ...
An important objective in evolutionary developmental biology is to understand the molecular genetic mechanisms that have given rise to morphological diversity. Leaves in angiosperms generally develop as a flattened structure with clear adaxial-abaxial polarity. In monocots, however, a unifacial leaf has evolved in a number of divergent species, in which leaf blades consist of ...
A comparative analysis was undertaken to conduct a micromorphological study of Pistacia atlantica leaves by comparing different populations grown under different climatic conditions. Leaf epidermis of eight wild populations was investigated under scanning electron microscope. Micromorphological characteristics (epidermis ornament, stomata type, waxes as well as trichomes) of the adaxial and ...
Galium aparine is a herbaceous climbing plant that attaches to host plants mainly via its leaves, which are covered by hooked trichomes. Although such hooks are found on both leaf surfaces, the leaves of G. aparine are mainly positioned upon the leaves of supporting plants and rarely beneath. In order to understand the mechanism underlying this observation, we have studied structural and ...
Textured hematite was fabricated from paramagnetic goethite by slip casting in a strong magnetic field followed by thermal treatment via topotactic phase transformation. The completely-textured hematite with the Lotgering factor F = 1 was obtained by sintering the goethite compact at 1200 �C. The a,b-axis of the goethite was taken over the c-axis of the hematite through the ...
This paper reported the development of hyperspectral fluorescence imaging system using ultraviolet-A excitation (320-400 nm) for detection of bovine fecal contaminants on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of romaine lettuce and baby spinach leaves. Six spots of fecal contamination were applied to each of 40 lettuce and 40 spinach leaves. In this study, the wavebands at 666 nm ...
The important role of nitrogen (N) in limiting or enhancing vegetation productivity is relatively well understood, although the interaction of N with other environmental variables in natural and agricultural ecosystems needs more study. In 2001, a suite of optical, fluorescence, and biophysical measurements were collected on leaves of corn (Zea Mays L.) from field plots provided four N fertilizer ...
