... Abduction Algorithms for Grammar Discovery. ... by the training sequence and a teacher. ... DIAGNOSIS, SYNTAX, GRAMMARS, AUTOMATA, ENGLISH ...

. Aravindan proposed [1] a simplified abductive framework for disjunctive logic programming that provides assumption set. References [1] Chandrabose Aravindan. An abductive framework for negation in dis� junctive

... PROBLEM SOLVING, *SYSTEMS APPROACH, *CONTEXT FREE GRAMMARS, GRAPHS, MATHEMATICAL LOGIC, ALGEBRA, FORECASTING ...

inouefieedept.kobe-u.ac.jp We introduce a framework for finding preference information to derive desired conclusions in nonmonotonic reasoning. A new abductive framework called preference abduction enables us to infer an appropriate set of priorities to explain the given observation skeptically, thereby resolving the multiple extension problem in the ...

... (Author). Descriptors : (*LINGUISTICS, *MATHEMATICAL LOGIC), SYNTAX, SEMANTICS, PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMARS, THEORY. ...

Abductive reasoning (roughly speaking, find an explanation for observations out of hypotheses), has been recognized as an important principle of common-sense reasoning. Since logical knowledge representation is commonly based on nonclassical formalisms like default logic, autoepistemic logic, or circumscription, it ...

... erative and transformational grammars, initiated by Chomsky, inherited ... 22- Page 22. III The Grammar of English I and II. ...

... designed whose grammar is essentially ... II to English I. Results ... Descriptors : *GRAMMARS, *ENGLISH LANGUAGE, COMPUTER PROGRAMMING ...

requirements. It is argued that this allows spotting design errors in medical guidelines, which is seenQuality Checking of Medical Guidelines through Logical Abduction Peter Lucas Institute of the correctness of formalised versions of medical guidelines. In this paper a second possible application

[29]). As pointed out by Aravindan [1], there are signi#12;cant di#11;erences between the proof methods paper, Aravindan proposes an abductive procedure for positive disjunctive programs based on the restart

... To Appear in Logic and Logic Grammars for Language Processing, I ... by Pundit is a very broad coverage grammar of English, including sentence ...

... Title : NEW PROOFS OF OLD THEOREMS IN LOGIC AND FORMAL LINGUISTICS,. ... Descriptors : (*LINGUISTICS, THEOREMS), GRAMMARS. ...

... Keywords: Unification grammars, parsing, natural language processing, Compositional semantics, Intensional logic, Higher order logic speech ...

Columbia 1 #12;Induction and abduction Bayesian networks probabilistic Horn abduction logical abduction(a|b1, � � � , bn) if V is not a descendant of a. 11 #12;Bayesian Network for Overhead Projector projector_lamp_on screen_lit_up lamp_works projector_switch_onpower_in_wire power_in_building ...

... EXPERT SYSTEMS, RESEARCH MANAGEMENT, COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS, CONTEXT SENSITIVE GRAMMARS, PSYCHOLINGUISTICS. ...

, the step to revise the theory to account for a counterexample, is abductive. In fact, this step is using science theories in first order logic. Most social science theories are stated in ordinary language (like be rigorously proved in an initial formal rendition of an ordi- nary language theory. This can be established

In logic-based diagnosis, the consistency-based method is used to determine the possible sets of faulty devices. If the fault models of the devices are incomplete or nondeterministic, then this method does not necessarily yield abductive explanations of s...

An Abductive Approach for Handling Inconsistencies in SCR Specifications Alessandra Russo* Rob in Software Cost Reduction (SCR) specifications. The approach uses an event-based logic, called the Event Calculus, to represent SCR mode transition tables. Building on this formalism, the approach provides

This book deals with a variety of topics related to advanced computing including: natural language; Prolog; logic grammars; concurrent Prolog; LISP; logic programming.

for normal programs. Aravindan is also interested in the problem of interpreting disjunctive programs proposed in this paper. References [1] C. Aravindan. An abductive framework for negation in disjunctive

The Independent Choice Logic: A pragmatic combination of logic and decision theory David Poole uncertainty using decision theory game theory logic specifies consequences of choices abduction who chooses, there is a function: P0 : [0, 1] such that 1 = P0() 11 #12;Independent choice logic theory ...

A model of languages syntax acquisition is formulated as an inference problem: to guess the wiring diagram of an unreliable automaton. A constructive method is developed which solves the grammatical inference problem via an abductory inductive process app...

The report summarizes research conducted to establish logical structures implicit in portions of natural English and the construction of artificial languages whose rules permit an explicit statement of those structures in terms of symbolic logic. A langua...

... While the language learning problem has focused on the behavior of individuals and how they acquire a particular grammar from a class of ...

... An example of a parsing logic is that devised by John Cocke in 1960 that requires each structure recognized by the grammar to be analyzed into 2 ...

This paper describes an algorithm for compiling attribute grammars into Prolog. The attribute grammars may include inherited and synthesized attributes and contain recursive (circular) definitions. The semantics of the recursive definitions is defined in terms of a fixed-point finding function. The generated Prolog code stands in direct relation to its ...

An account is given of how knowledge-intensive explanatory reasoning can be used to construct an interpretation of ultrasonic signals indicating the existence of cracks and similar defects in solid materials; this AI 'abductive' reasoning is able to simultaneously inspect and classify the material sample in question. The abduction ...

in the text, producing a logical form. Next, inferential pragmatics processing is applied to the logical form-based statistical filter to select the relevant Sentences in the text. This eliminates 75% of the sentences from

. Special thanks to Chandrabose Aravindan for his invaluable comments and encouragement. The �rst author Aravindan. An abductive framework for negation in disjunc� tive logic programming. In J. J. Alferes, L. M

model of the lactose metabolism of the bacterium E. Coli. The program P describes the fact that E. coli can feed on the sugar lactose if it makes two enzymes permease and galactosidase. Like all enzymes (E) of glucose are low and lactose are high or when they are both at medium level. The abducibles, A, declare all

Although it is distinct from induction and deduction, abduction is often mistaken for them. The initial stage of abduction, or novel hypothesis abduction, has 2 components. The first concerns providing novel hypotheses that explain the pattern of data; the second suggests that the novel hypothesis should be accepted to the extent that ...

In logic-based diagnosis, the consistency-based method is used to determine the possible sets of faulty devices. If the fault models of the devices are incomplete or nondeterministic, then this method does not necessarily yield abductive explanations of system behavior. Such explanations give additional information about faulty behavior and can be used for ...

This book contains the proceedings of the 1989 North American Conference on Logic Programming. Included are the following papers: Expanding query power in constrain logic programming languages, Investigating the linguistics of DNA with definite clause grammars, An intermediate language to support prolog's unification.

The emergence of Web 2.0 and some of its ascendant tools such as blogs and wikis have the potential to dramatically change education, both in how we conceptualize and operationalize processes and strategies. We argue in this paper that it is a change that has been over a century in coming. The promise of the Web 2.0 is similar to ideas proposed by Pragmatists such as Charles Peirce and John Dewey. ...

Off-line compilation of logic grammars using Magic allows an incorporation of filtering into the logic underlying the grammar. The explicit definite clause characterization of filtering resulting from Magic compilation allows processor independent and logically clean optimizations of dynamic ...

The independent choice logic (ICL) is part of a project to combine logic and decision/game theory into a coherent framework. The ICL has a simple possible-worlds semantics characterised by independent choices and an acyclic logic program that specifies the consequences of these choices. This paper gives an ...

... Thus, if the adult population is linguis- tically homogeneous (with grammar g1 ... The state (cur- rent) evolves as the capcitor discharges through the re ...

... They are the logic or grammar of moral reasoning�the subject, verb, and object. 2 ... �Has 360-Degree Feedback Gone Amok?� Academy of ...

Abduction is a method of reasoning that people use under uncertainty in a context in order to come up with new ideas. The use of abduction in this exploratory study is twofold: (i) abduction is a cross-disciplinary analytic tool that can be used to explain certain key aspects of human-computer interaction in advanced Information ...

We present a formal approach for handling inconsistencies in Software Cost Reduction (SCR) specifications. The approach uses an event-based logic, called the Event Calculus, to represent SCR mode transition tables. Building on this formalism, the approach provides an abductive reasoning mechanism that enables the analysis of inconsistencies between SCR ...

Abduction, which is articulated by C.S. Peirce, is one of the forms of inference. Abduction has been researched not only in philosophy but also in artificial intelligence and information science. Finlay and Dix's representation of abduction (1996) has almost the same meaning which is given by Peirce. On the other hand, Sawa and Gunji ...

Discusses the motivation for Universal Grammar (UG), as assumed in the principles and parameters framework of generative grammar (Chomsky, 1981), focusing on the logical problem of first-language acquisition and the potential role of UG in second-language acquisition. Recent experimental research regarding the second-language status of ...

In type logical categorial grammar the analysis of an expression is a resource-conscious proof. Anaphora represents a particular challenge to this approach in that the antecedent resource is multiplied in the semantics. This duplication, which corresponds logically to the structural rule of contraction, may be treated lexically or ...

Contents: Semantics of Logic Programs; Query Optimization in Deductive Databases; Implementation Techniques; Updates and Integrity Checking; Belief Revision; and Metaprogramming Techniques. (Copyright (c) 1995-GMD-Forshungzentrum Imformations technik.)

This article reports on students' learning through conjecturing, by drawing on a semester-long teaching experiment with 6 sixth-grade students. It focuses on 1 of the students, Josh, who developed especially powerful ways of operating over the course of the teaching experiment. Through a fine-grained analysis of Josh's actions, this article integrates Piaget's scheme theory (1950/2001) and ...

Abstract. We describe an application of Abductive Logic Programming (ALP) to the analysis of an important class of DNA microarray experiments. We develop an ALP theory that provides a simple and general model of how gene interactions can cause changes in observable expression levels of genes. Input to the procedure are the observed microarray results; ...

In this paper we propose an argumentation-based semantic framework, called DAS, for disjunctive logic programming. The basic idea is to translate a disjunctive logic program into an argumentationtheoretic framework. One unique feature of our proposed framework is to consider the disjunctions of negative literals as possible assumptions so as to ...

and Computer Science (CWI), Amsterdam, 179-186. 1995 41 Temporal Logic, in D. Gabbay, C. Hoggar & J. Robinson and Philosophy of Science. Salzburg 1983, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 205-240. 12 The Ubiquity of Logic in Natural Grammar, John Benjamin, Amsterdam, 37-55. 1989 25 Time, Logic and Computation, in J. W. ...

This book features a discussion of languages of architectural form, their specification by means of formal grammars, their interpretation and their role in structuring design reasoning. The author re-examines central issues of design theory in the light of recent advances in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and the theory of computation.

To model how people understand language, it is necessary to understand not only grammar and logic but also how people use language to affect their environment. This area of study is known as natural language pragmatics. Speech acts, for instance, are the ...

into the architecture of grammar. This paper deals with such a case. When predicative modifiers of morpho- logically alternative resolution strategies exhibited by Turkish, Older Egyptian, and Hebrew. In addition strategies are discussed by Doron & Reintges (2005). In Older Egyptian participles do not agree

... document structure can be seen as an extension of Nunberg's `text-grammar'; it is also closely related to `logical' mark-up in languages like HTML and LATEX. We show that by using this intermediate representation, several subtasks in language generation and language understanding can be defined more cleanly.

discussion or definitions of key terms to debate. This kind of informal writing need not even be collected essays on which the instructor's comments trail into every margin and leave a depressing map of error through a logical sequence of assignments is one way to increase the level of conceptual difficulty

Logic based programming systems have enjoyed an increasing popularity in applied AI work in the last few years. One of the contributions to computational linguistics made by the logic programming paradigm has been the definite clause grammar. In comparing DCGS with previous parsing mechanisms such as ATNS, certain clear advantages are ...

interpretation can be given to syntactic variations of relative clauses in both languages. 2 Dependency Grammar Surface Level Figure 1: Levels of representation in PGF logically analysed input to a syntactic-semantic parsing process. Vibhakti is a Sanskrit gram- matical term that encompasses postpositionals and case

We propose a Proof - Theoretic Semantics (PTS) for a (positive) fragment E+0 of Natural Language (NL) (English in this case). The semantics is intended [7] to be incorporated into actual grammars, within the framework of Type - Logical Grammar (TLG) [12]. Thereby, this semantics constitutes an alternative to the traditional model - ...

Learnability theory is an attempt to illuminate the concept of learnability using a mathematical model of learning. Two models of learning of categorial grammars are examined here: the standard model, in which sentences presented to the learner are flat strings of words, and one in which sentences are presented in the form of functor-argument structures. The resulting two ...

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.3 Formats of Inference: Premises and Background Theory�to�day common sense reasoning. If we wake up, and the lawn is wet, we might explain this observation by assuming: Explaining observations with simple facts. All you know is that the lawn gets wet either when it rains

below for the drug zidovudine and states that the patient is resistant to zidovudine if he is carrying, zidovudine) the system will not even con- sider showing the first two mutations if it has previously es- tablished mutation(P, T, "215Y F"). resistant(P, T, zidovudine) atleast(1, [mutation(P, T, 151M ), mutation

Abstract. This paper shows how moral decisions can be drawn computationally by using ACORDA, a working implementation of prospective logic programming. ACORDA is employed to model moral dilemmas, as they are able to prospectively look ahead at the consequences of hypothetical moral judgments. With this knowledge of consequences, moral rules are then used to decide the ...

GASTROENTEROLOGY 2008;134:1424�1435 #12;at the nonpermissive temperature of 39�C. The H-2Kb promoter is active AL GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol. 134, No. 5 #12;trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (0.25%), and re- plated are mean SE, n 3; **P .01, ***P .001. BASIC� ALIMENTARYTRACT 1428 ANITHA ET AL GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol. 134

has become a global epidemic. Although several anti-HIV drugs have been developed, they are not very Program- ming (ALP) approach for assisting clinicians in the selection of anti- retroviral drugs and predict which drugs they are most likely re- sistant to. But, instead of genetically analysing samples

�theoretic framework for DLP, which is an interesting and non� trivial generalization of Dung and Torres' work (ground) negative literals in P and any subset \\Delta of � B P is considered as a hypothesis of P , ; P is an attack relation among hypotheses of P . An admissible hypothesis \\Delta is defined by a kind of stability

Science education has a rich history of studies into the impact of analogical reasoning upon researcher and student alike. These have focused on how induction and deduction are utilized in determining the appropriateness of the analogy being scrutinized. Research in artificial intelligence has demonstrated that human cognition cannot be modeled with only inductive and deductive forms of ...

. Guarded fragments. Both the guarded fragment, introduced in [ANB98] [Niv98,GdN99] (see also [dNSH00 procedures [Niv98,GdN99]. In [Hla02], a tableau procedure for the guarded fragment with equality complexities of the simple modal logics is the approach taken in [Niv99,Niv01]. There, an almost structure

The thesis investigates russellian and tarskian definitions of the concept of logical consequence from a modal logic perspective. Advisor: Prof. Kevin Mulligan. EPFL, Lausanne, Switzer-Language and Speech Engineering postgraduate course. land, April�June 2000. 3/4 licence in Computational Linguistics (equivalent to a Bachelor degree; grade: 5.7/6). ...

Magic for Filter Optimization in Dynamic Bottom-up Processing Guido Minnen* SFB 340, University-tuebingen, de Abstract Off-line compilation of logic grammars us- ing Magic allows an incorporation of fil of filtering resulting from Magic compilation allows processor independent and logically clean optimizations

an arbitrary combination of axioms D, T, B, 4, 5, regular modal logics of agent beliefs (Gor�e & Nguyen, CLIMA a transformation into PDL) Gor�e & Nguyen, 2005: an ExpTime tableau decision procedure with converse Demri & de to control behaviors of universal modalities (Gor�e & Nguyen [TABLEAUX'05]). Let A = , Q, I, , F and I = {q1

This paper describes a user interface and a set of tools for the Attribute Logic Engine (ALE, Carpenter & Penn 1994) and its implementation in Emacs and discusses some issues related to user interfaces and Grammar Development Environments (GDE). We pay particular attention to user-friendliness, robustness, reusability and extendability. This user ...

... Title : Abduction Machines and Language Acquisition. ... Abstract : This paper deals with a model of language syntax acquisition. ...

... Title : A Unified Abductive Treatment of the Intentional and Informational Aspects of Discourse Interpretation: A Preliminary Report. ...

Many researchers believe that there is a logical problem at the center of language acquisition theory. According to this analysis, the input to the learner is too inconsistent and incomplete to determine the acquisition of grammar. Moreover, when corrective feedback is provided, children tend to ignore it. As a result, language learning must rely on ...

Abduction, Experience, and Goals: A Model of Everyday Abductive Explanation* David B. Leake Explanation Abstract Many abductive understanding systems generate explanations by a backwards chaining that uses case-based reasoning to generate explanations. In this case-based model, the generation

Abstract. This paper shows how moral decisions can be drawn computationally by using prospective logic programs. These are employed to model moral dilemmas, as they are able to prospectively look ahead at the consequences of hypothetical moral judgments. With this knowledge of consequences, moral rules are then used to decide the appropriate moral judgments. The whole moral ...

A system of symmetric clausal logic axioms is shown to transform a thirteen-sentence narrative about a v-2 rocket flight into semantic case relations. The same axioms translate the case relations into english sentences. An approach to defining schemas in clausal logic is presented and applied in the form of a mini-flight schema to two paragraphs of the ...

We have developed a general system, QGB, for performing complex queries on the information in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases, including queries over the structural features of sequences implied in the FEATURE TABLE. Queries are formed in a Structured Query Language (SQL)-like syntax with language extensions to support complex types (e.g., sets, ordered sets, and records) appropriate for ...

Taking the lexicogrammatical resources (i.e. the vocabulary and syntax) of English as a starting point, this report explores the demands those resources put on the design of the part of a text generation system that supports the process of lexicogrammatical expression. The first section of the report notes that a reason for using the lexicogrammar to infer the organization of other parts of the ...

Abstract. The Semantic Web presents the vision of a distributed, dynamically growing knowledge base founded on formal logic. Common users, however, seem to have problems even with the simplest Boolean expression. As queries from web search engines show, the great majority of users simply do not use Boolean expressions. So how can we help users to query a web of ...

ABSTRACTPoverty of the stimulus (POS) arguments have instigated considerable debate in the recent linguistics literature. This article uses the comparative method to challenge the logic of POS arguments. Rather than question the premises of POS arguments, the article demonstrates how POS arguments for individual languages lead to a reductio ad absurdum as POS arguments from ...

This paper explores the concept of expertise in intensive care nursing practice from the perspective of its relationship to the current driving forces in healthcare. It discusses the potential barriers to acceptance of nursing expertise in a climate in which quantification of value and cost containment run high on agendas. It argues that nursing expertise which focuses on the provision of ...

The present conference discusses cognitive mapping as a knowledge-engineering tool, inconsistency checking, abductive signal interpretation for NDE, hypotheticodeductive diagnoses, a parallel architecture for a multiple-input fuzzy logic controller, fuzzy-concept formation, and a case-associative mobile-robot planning system. Also considered are symbolic ...

. In this paper it is shown how a partial semantics for presuppositions can be given which is empirically more satisfactory than its predecessors, and how this semantics can be integrated with a technically sound, compositional grammar in the Montagovian fashion. Additionally, it is argued that the classical objection to partial accounts of presupposition, namely that they ...

. In this paper it is shown how a partial semantics for presuppositions can be given which is empirically more satisfactory than its predecessors, and how this semantics can be integrated with a technically sound, compositional grammar in the Montagovian fashion. Additionally, it is argued that the classical objection to partial accounts of presupposition projection, namely ...

... Research Note Polynomial solvability of cost-based abduction * ... 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Polynomial solvability of cost-based abduction 5a. ...

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for everyone involved. We assist parents as they pursue recovery of their abducted children, and we offer tools to prevent future abductions. Learn More Abduction Resources...

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This book examines how the underlying linguistic competence of second language (L2) learners is constrained by the same universal principals governing natural language. It is assumed that there is an innately given universal grammar (UG) which constrains L1 grammars, limiting the kinds of hypotheses that L1 acquirers entertain about the nature of the ...

To state or prove properties of concurrent programs, it is often necessary to deal not only with the input/output behaviour of the program but also with its entire execution sequence. This has led to the development of specification languages for concurrent programs which are oriented toward the description of sequences. Among these languages, one can distinguish those based on regular ...

Abstract. Biochemical pathways or networks are generic representations used to model many different types of complex functional and physical interactions in biological systems. Models based on experimental results are often incomplete, e.g., reactions may be missing and only some products are observed. In such cases, one would like to reason about incomplete network representations and propose ...

From the perspectives of the philosophy of science and statistical inference, we discuss the challenges of making prescriptive statements in quantitative research articles. We first consider the prescriptive nature of educational research and argue that prescriptive statements are a necessity in educational research. The logic of deduction, abduction, and ...