Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification in which one or more 76 amino acid polypeptide ubiquitin molecules are covalently linked to the lysine residues of target proteins. Ubiquitination is the main pathway for protein degradation that governs a variety of eukaryotic cellular processes, including the cell-cycle, vesicle trafficking, antigen presentation, and ...

Page 1. AD Award Number: W81XWH-04-1-0049 TITLE: Aberrant AR Signaling as a Function of Declining Androgen PRINCIPAL ...

Different aspects of cytogenetics, such as the molecular structure of eukaryotic chromosomes, computerized analyses of chromosomes, evolution of karyotypes, chromosomes and cancer, chromosomes in genetic toxicology, and chromosomal aberrations (-induction, -in human populations, -in human eggs and sperm) are covered in this book. New techniques and ...

Synthesis of glucosylceramide via glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) is a crucial event in higher eukaryotes, both for the production of complex glycosphingolipids and for regulating cellular levels of ceramide, a potent antiproliferative second messenger. In this study, we explored the dependence of the early branching eukaryote Giardia lamblia on GCS ...

Synthesis of glucosylceramide via glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) is a crucial event in higher eukaryotes, both for the production of complex glycosphingolipids and for regulating cellular levels of ceramide, a potent antiproliferative second messenger. In this study, we explored the dependence of the early branching eukaryote Giardia lamblia on GCS ...

Persistent colonization by Helicobacter pylori is the strongest risk factor for distal gastric adenocarcinoma, and H. pylori strains that harbor the cag pathogenicity island further augment cancer risk. The H. pylori cag island encodes a secretion system, and the product of the terminal gene in the island (CagA) is translocated into host epithelial cells after bacterial attachment, where it ...

Cycles of protein phosphorylation are fundamental in regulating the progression of the eukaryotic cell through its division cycle. Here we test the complement of Drosophila protein kinases (kinome) for cell cycle functions after gene silencing by RNA-mediated interference. We observed cell cycle dysfunction upon downregulation of 80 out of 228 protein kinases, including most ...

One of the problems that affects the practical use of holographic memory is deterioration of the reproduced images due to aberration in the optical system. The medium must be interchangeable, and hence it is necessary to clarify the influence of aberration in the optical system on the signal quality and perform ...

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with diverse biological effects. IL-6 has been implicated in autocrine signaling pathways promoting tumor progression and chemoresistance in some human tumors. However, the mechanisms by which IL-6 modulates these responses are unknown. Aberrant apoptosis has been implicated as a fundamental mechanism of ...

SummaryAutophagy is a physiologically and immunologically controlled intracellular homeostatic pathway that sequesters and degrades cytoplasmic targets including macromolecular aggregates, cellular organelles such as mitochondria, and whole microbes or their products. Recent advances show that autophagy plays a role in innate immunity in several ways: (i) direct elimination of intracellular ...

Alternative splicing is a key molecular mechanism for increasing the functional diversity of the eukaryotic proteomes. A large body of experimental data implicates aberrant splicing in various human diseases, including cancer. Both mutations in cis-acting splicing elements and alterations in the expression and/or activity of splicing regulatory factors ...

Research article Origin and evolution of the Notch signalling pathway: an overview from eukaryotic genomes

The analysis of own and literature data accumulated in the last two decades allowed to check and confirm the author's hypothesis about the prokaryotic origin and endosymbiotic genesis of chemosignalling systems of higher eukaryotes. The comparison of structural-functional organization of these information systems and their components (receptors, GTP-binding proteins, enzymes ...

Many microbial pathogens use specialized secretion systems to inject proteins referred to as effectors directly into eukaryotic host cells. These effectors directly target various eukaryotic signaling pathways and cellular processes, often by mimicking the activity of host cell proteins. Effectors of pathogenic Escherichia coli and ...

Apr 21, 2011 ... In the case of gravity as a stimulus, it has been shown that free- living single eukaryotic cells, like slime molds, often use this vector ...

... on diverse posttranslational modifications of amino termini (36, 47) and the more recently implicated globular domains of histones (6). These ...

... We explored the possibility that different testosterone levels may influence prostate tumor growth. We have completed the ...

Precise biochemical pathways have evolved in eukaryotic cells to coordinate the multiple events needed to ensure genomic stability. Fundamental to these biochemical pathways are checkpoints which serve to monitor the integrity of chromosomes and cell cycl...

Chromatic aberration is a form of aberration in color optical devices that produces undesirable color fringes along borders within images. It is becoming a more critical problem these days as digital cameras are getting smaller, while the number of picture elements is increasing. We propose a novel method for detecting and eliminating chromatic ...

Analysis of our own results and data published over the last two decades supports the authors' hypothesis of the prokaryotic origin and endosymbiotic mechanism of appearance of chemosignaling systems in higher eukaryotes. Comparison of the structural-functional organization of these information systems and their component blocks (receptors, GTP-binding proteins, enzymes with ...

Chemical communication between cells ensures coordination of behavior. In prokaryotes, this chemical communication is usually referred to as quorum sensing, while eukaryotic cells signal through hormones. In the past years, a growing number of reports have shown that bacterial quorum sensing signals, called autoinducers, ...

We present a new method to generate a spherical aberration error (SAE) signal for an optical pickup unit. The SAE signal is derived from two push-pull signals that are generated by a special diffractive optical element. First experiments provided a proof of principle.

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates mitogen and nutrient signals to control cell proliferation and cell size. Hence, mTORC1 is implicated in a large number of human diseases--including diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and cancer--that are characterized by aberrant cell growth and proliferation. Although ...

Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase (PNT) catalyzes the direct transfer of a hydride-ion equivalent between NAD(H) and NADP(H) in bacteria and the mitochondria of eukaryotes. PNT was previously postulated to be localized to the highly divergent mitochondrion-related organelle, the mitosome, in the anaerobic/microaerophilic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica based on the ...

Protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells is erroneous and often results in the formation of terminally malfolded species. A quality control system retards such molecules in the ER and eventually initiates their dislocation into the cytosol for proteolysis by 26S proteasomes. This process is termed ER associated protein degradation (ERAD). The ...

Most human diseases are related in some way to the loss or gain in gene functions. Regulation of gene expression is a complex process. In addition to genetic mechanisms, epigenetic causes are gaining new perspectives in human diseases related to gene deregulation. Most eukaryotic genes are packed into chromatin structures, which lead to high condensations of the genes that ...

The present invention relates to methods and compositions concerning resistance to a drug for cancer comprising aberrant KIT signal, such as aberrant KIT sequence or expression. In a specific embodiment, the cancer is also initially responsive to imatinib...

Aberration in ultrasound medical imaging is usually modeled by time-delay and amplitude variations concentrated on the transmitting/receiving array. This filter process is here denoted a TDA filter. The TDA filter is an approximation to the physical aberration process, which occurs over an extended part of the human body wall. Estimation of the TDA filter, ...

A statistical analysis of the distribution of charged residues in the N-terminal region of 39 prokaryotic and 134 eukaryotic signal sequences reveals a remarkable similarity between the two samples, both in terms of net charge and in terms of the position of charged residues within the N-terminal region, and suggests that the formyl group on Metf is not ...

An exciting discovery of the new millennium is that primary cilia, organelles found on most eukaryotic cells, play crucial roles in vertebrate development by modulating Hedgehog, Wnt and PDGF signaling. Analysis of the literature and sequence databases reveals that the ancient signal transduction pathway, which uses cGMP in ...

of prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides and prediction of their cleavage sites Henrik Nielsen, Jacob on separate sets of prokaryotic and Wrede, 1993). eukaryotic sequence. The method performs significantly available prokaryotic and eukaryotic entries and the prokaryotic data sets WWW server. were further ...

SummaryElucidating the mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells coordinate environmental signals with intracellular `fate' decisions, such as apoptosis, remains one of the important challenges facing cell biologists. It has recently emerged that the dynamic nature of the actin cytoskeleton is an important factor in the linkage of sensation of extracellular ...

Fibronectin, a 250-kDa eukaryotic extracellular matrix protein containing an RGD motif plays crucial roles in cell-cell communication, development, tissue homeostasis, and disease development. The highly complex fibrillar fibronectin meshwork orchestrates the functions of other extracellular matrix proteins, promoting cell adhesion, migration, and intracellular ...

Two-component signaling pathways involve histidine kinases, response regulators, and sometimes histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins. Prevalent in prokaryotes, these signaling elements have also been co-opted to meet the needs of signal transduction in eukaryotes such as fungi and plants. Here we consider ...

Protein folding and quality control in the early secretory pathway function as posttranslational checkpoints in eukaryote gene expression. Herein, an aberrant form of the hepatic secretory protein ?1-antitrypsin was stably expressed in a human embryonic kidney cell line to elucidate the mechanisms by which glycoprotein endoplasmic reticulum-associated ...

In the complete genome sequences of Bacteroides fragilis NCTC9343 and 638R, we have discovered a gene, ubb, the product of which has 63% identity to human ubiquitin and cross-reacts with antibodies raised against bovine ubiquitin. The sequence of ubb is closest in identity (76%) to the ubiquitin gene from a Migratory Grasshopper entomopoxvirus, suggesting acquisition by inter-kingdom horizontal ...

... TW Glover, FS Collins, and J. Downward (1992) Aberrant regulation of ras ... 2. C. Borner and C. Fabbro (1992) Protein Kinase C: current ...

In Vivo Induction of Chromosome Instability and Aberrant Patterns of DNA Methylation in Hemapoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells by Heavy Ions ...

... Figure 1. Geometric relationship of the SAR system In the figure 1, the radar moves along the Y-axis ... channel and the aberration of signal channel. ...

Methods for correction of phase aberrations induced by near-field variations in the index of refraction are explored. Using signals obtained from a sampled aperture (i.e. transducer array), phase aberrations can be accurately measured with a correlation approach similar to methods used in adaptive optics and radar. However, the method ...

... Title : Development of a Novel Prognostic Marker to Link a Potential Tumor Suppressor Gene at Chromosome 6q to Aberrant Signal Transduction ...

Dr. Giubellino research has focused on cancer biomarkers and on pre-clinical drug development, specifically targeting aberrant protein signaling networks associated with cancer as a new therapeutic strategy.

Our research interests focus on the normal and aberrant organismal and cellular events and signaling pathways that can enhance or inhibit tumor development or other disease processes.

... sites identified as related to S ... Defense (DoD) Issuances (current and cancelled ... PILOT STUDIES, MICE, SENSE ORGANS, ANATOMICAL MODELS. ...

Retinoblastoma 1 (pRb) and the related pocket proteins, retinoblastoma-like 1 (p107) and retinoblastoma-like 2 (p130) (pRb_f, collectively), play a pivotal role in regulating eukaryotic cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and terminal differentiation. While aberrations in the pRb-signaling pathway are common in ...

The histidine kinase based signal transduction pathway was first uncovered in bacteria and is a prominent form of regulation in prokaryotes. However, this type of signal transduction is not unique to prokaryotes; over the last decade two-component signal transduction pathways have been identified and characterized in diverse ...

Two different methods have been derived and implemented for simulation of multipole imaging systems and aberration correctors. The first method uses an aberration theory for combinations of multipole lenses and deflectors, including primary and secondary aberrations up to the fifth order. A damped least-squares algorithm is used to ...

This paper is focus on analyzing the telescopes used in atmosphere, which studies the effect of optical aberration of telescopes to the laser radar. The method of numerical simulation is used to calculate and analyze the characters of backward wave when laser beam propagates through atmosphere and reflects back. Then make use of optical transfer function including quartic ...

Presented here is a characterization of aberration in medical ultrasound imaging. The characterization is optimal in the sense of maximizing the expected energy in a modified beamformer output of the received acoustic backscatter. Aberration correction based on this characterization takes the form of an aberration correction filter. ...

We present an analysis of the effects of aberrations in third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy by considering different specimen geometries. Numerical simulations show the general trend that signal intensity and resolution are reduced as aberrations increase in amplitude. It is also shown that there are certain combinations of ...

Telomeres are specialised nucleoproteic complexes localised at the physical ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes that maintain their stability and integrity. In vertebrate chromosomes, the DNA component of telomeres is constituted by (TTAGGG)n repeats, which can be localised at the terminal regions of chromosomes (true telomeres) or at intrachromosomal sites (interstitial ...

The eukaryotic nucleolus is multifunctional and involved in the metabolism and assembly of many different RNAs and ribonucleoprotein particles as well as in cellular functions, such as cell division and transcriptional silencing in plants. We previously showed that Arabidopsis thaliana exon junction complex proteins associate with the nucleolus, suggesting a role for the ...

The response of biological cells to environmental change is coordinated by protein-based signaling networks. These networks are to be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, the signaling networks can be highly complex, some networks comprising of 60 or more proteins. The fundamental motif that has ...

We examine the effects of aberrations induced by a refractive index mismatch on the signal level and resolution of single-photon (1-p) and two-photon (2-p), conventional and confocal scanning microscopes. In particular, we consider the aberrations introduced by an interface between oil/glass and water. Resolution is defined in terms of ...

We examine the effects of aberrations induced by a refractive index mismatch on the signal level and resolution of single-photon (1-p) and two-photon (2-p), conventional and confocal scanning microscopes. In particular, we consider the aberrations introduced by an interface between oil/glass and water. Resolution is defined in terms of ...

We have developed a rule to predict the orientation of the first internal signal-anchor sequence in eukaryotic transmembrane proteins synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The difference in the charges of the 15 residues flanking the first internal signal-anchor determines its orientation, with the more positive portion ...

this paper we address the organism-specific aspects of the problem and present neural-network based prediction methods to identify signal peptides and their cleavage sites in protein sequences from Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria, humans and other eukaryotes.

- tivities are regulated by tyrosine phos- phorylation, the covalent addition of a phosphate group to tyrosine residues in cell proteins, and the emergence of this signaling mechanism may actually have been advantage of genome sequences from diverse eukaryotic lin- eages to address the origins of the tyrosine

The initiation of chromosomal DNA replication involves initiator proteins that recruit and load hexameric DNA helicases at replication origins. This helicase loading step is tightly regulated in bacteria and eukaryotes. In contrast to the situation in bacteria, the eukaryotic helicase is loaded in an inactive form. This extra 'lock and load' mechanism in ...

Constitutively active forms of Notch receptors have been shown to have oncogenic potential in several cell-types. Aberrant expression of Notch signaling pathway components has been detected in several human tumors, including breast cancer. Since Ras signa...

HypothesisImpaired wound healing in diabetics is due to pathological angiogenesis, which is a result of aberrant sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling. Pharmacological modulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate-dependent signaling normalizes healing in diabetic wounds.

This is the final report on the grant 'Development of a novel diagnostic marker to link a potential tumor suppressor gene at chromosome 6q to aberrant signal transduction pathway in breast cancer.' The purpose of the grant proposal is to examine the hypot...

Disrupted or aberrant endocrine signaling has profound effects on the health of both children and adults. This issue focuses attention on endocrine signaling mediated by G protein–coupled receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase pathways involved in endocrine signaling, especially those critical in child ...

Specimen-induced aberrations cause a reduction in signal levels and resolution in fluorescence microscopy. Aberrations also affect the image contrast achieved by these microscopes. We model the effects of aberrations on the fluorescence signals acquired from different specimen structures, such ...

Aphidicolin is a tetracyclic diterpinoid fungal antibiotic which inhibits DNA synthesis in eukaryotic cells by interfering specifically with DNA polymerase ..cap alpha.., apparently by binding to and inactivating the DNA-polymerase ..cap alpha.. complex. We have shown that aphidicolin, like other inhibitors of DNA synthesis, both induces chromosomal ...

Plant cell growth is limited by the extension of cell walls, which requires both the synthesis and rearrangement of cell wall components in a controlled fashion. The target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway is a major regulator of cell growth in eukaryotes, and inhibition of this pathway by rapamycin reduces cell growth. Here, we show that in plants, the TOR pathway affects cell wall ...

mRNA lacking stop codons (�nonstop mRNA�) can arise from errors in gene expression, and encode aberrant proteins whose accumulation could be deleterious to cellular function 1,2. In bacteria, such �nonstop proteins� become co-translationally tagged with a peptide encoded by tmRNA/ssrA, which signals their degradation by energy-dependent proteases ...

Dynamic regulation of histone modifications is critical during development, and aberrant activity of chromatin-modifying enzymes has been associated with diseases such as cancer. Histone demethylases have been shown to play a key role in eukaryotic gene transcription; however, little is known about how their activities are coordinated in vivo to regulate ...

Background:The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases or dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are a family of proteins that catalyse the inactivation of MAPK in eukaryotic cells. Little is known of the expression, regulation or function of the DUSPs in human neoplasia.Methods:We used RT�PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to examine the expression of DUSP16 mRNA. ...

Dynamic regulation of histone modifications is critical during development, and aberrant activity of chromatin-modifying enzymes has been associated with diseases such as cancer. Histone demethylases have been shown to play a key role in eukaryotic gene transcription; however, little is known about how their activities are coordinated in vivo to regulate ...

Signal transduction underlies how living organisms detect and respond to stimuli. A goal of synthetic biology is to rewire natural signal transduction systems. Bacteria, yeast, and plants sense environmental aspects through conserved histidine kinase (HK) signal transduction systems. HK protein components are typically comprised of ...

Genome sequences of diverse free-living protists are essential for understanding eukaryotic evolution and molecular and cell biology. The free-living amoeboflagellate Naegleria gruberi belongs to a varied and ubiquitous protist clade (Heterolobosea) that diverged from other eukaryotic lineages over a billion years ago. Analysis of the 15,727 protein-coding ...

Genome sequences of diverse free-living protists are essential for understanding eukaryotic evolution and molecular and cell biology. The free-living amoeboflagellate Naegleria gruberi belongs to a varied and ubiquitous protist clade (Heterolobosea) that diverged from other eukaryotic lineages over a billion years ago. Analysis of the 15,727 protein-coding ...

The Eukaryotic Promoter Database (EPD), developed at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and currently maintained at the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, is an annotated collection of eukaryotic POL II promoters intended to assist experimental researchers as well as computer analysts in the investigation of ...

Holographic data storage (HDS) is a prospective, next-generation mass optical storage system. In HDS, wave-front aberration in the optical system causes deterioration of the reconstructed signal quality. In this study, to clarify the margin allowed for HDS drive development, the influence of aberration in the case of wave-front ...

While studies on metazoan cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cytokine signaling laid the foundation of the current paradigms of tyrosine kinase signaling, similar studies using lower eukaryotes have provided invaluable insight for the understanding of mammalian pathways, such as Wnt and STAT pathways. Dictyostelium is one of ...

Motile bacteria respond to attractants and repellents in their environment by changing their movement. Stock et al. describe the similarities of the bacterial chemotaxis signaling system to eukaryotic signaling cascades. Also included is a discussion of how the ordered signaling complex of the receptor, the kinase ...

This Teaching Resource provides lecture notes and slides for a class covering the mechanism and regulation of eukaryotic gene transcription machinery and is part of the course "Cell Signaling Systems: A Course for Graduate Students." This lecture begins with an overview of eukaryotic gene transcription and provides discussions ...

Eukaryotic release factor 1 (eRF1) is responsible for recognition of the stop codons in mRNAs during protein synthesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that eRF1 functions in other processes in addition to translation termination. The physiological role of eRF1-2, a member of eRF1 family, was examin...

?-catenin, a key factor in the Wnt signaling pathway, has essential functions in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Aberrant ?-catenin signaling has been linked to various disease pathologies, including an important role in tumorigenesis. Here, we review the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway ...

Microorganisms and their hosts communicate with each other through an array of hormonal signals. This cross-kingdom cell-to-cell signalling involves small molecules, such as hormones that are produced by eukaryotes and hormone-like chemicals that are produced by bacteria. Cell-to-cell signalling between bacteria, ...

When a two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) microscope is used to image deep inside tissue, out-of-focus background can arise from both ballistic and nonballistic excitation. We propose a solution to largely reject TPEF background in thick tissue. Our technique is based on differential-aberration imaging with a deformable mirror. By introducing extraneous ...

A filter for aberration correction in medical ultrasound imaging is presented. The filter is optimal in the sense of maximizing the expected energy in a modified beamformer output of the received acoustic backscatter. The situation considered is frequently found in applications when imaging organs through a body wall: aberration is introduced in a layer ...

Several methodologies are available for screening human populations for exposure to ionizing radiation. Of these, aberration frequency determined in peripheral blood lymphocytes is the best developed. Individual exposures to large doses can easily be quantitated, and population exposures to occupational levels can be detected. However, determination of exposures to the very ...

A recent publication on both chromosome-type and chromatid-type aberrations in lymphocytes of patients during treatment with radium-224 for ankylosing spondilitis has revived the question of whether the chromatid-type aberrations may be the consequence of factors released by irradiated cells. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the ...

Genetic material in eukaryotes is tightly packaged in a hierarchical manner into multiple linear chromosomes within the nucleus. Although it is known that eukaryotic transcriptional regulation is complex and requires an intricate coordination of several molecular events both in space and time, whether the complexity of this process constrains genome ...

The unusual basic amino acid, hypusine [N^?-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-lysine], is a modified lysine with the addition of the 4-aminobutyl moiety from the polyamine spermidine. This naturally occurring amino acid is a product of a unique posttranslational modification that occurs in only one cellular protein, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A ...

DNA methylation is one of the most important heritable epigenetic modifications of the genome and is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. Aberrant DNA methylation has been frequently reported to influence gene expression and subsequently cause various human diseases, including cancer. Recent rapid advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have ...

In eukaryotes, amino-terminal extensions, signal sequences, mediate the translocation of lysosomal, membrane and secreted proteins into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Structure/function studies indicate that eukaryotic signal sequences are composed of 3 distinct domains, a positively charged ...

Three-dimensional live imaging in cell biology is hindered by optical aberrations which degrade the resolution and signal-to-noise ratio as the focal plane is moved deeper into the sample. The solution to this problem is to use adaptive optics to correct the aberrations. In this paper, we discuss our work on applying adaptive optics to ...

Spatial organization of signalling is not an exclusive property of eukaryotic cells. Despite the fact that bacterial signalling pathways are generally simpler than those in eukaryotes, there are several well-documented examples of higher-order intracellular signalling structures in bacteria. ...

Studies of our Laboratory in the field of molecular and evolutionary endocrinology have allowed us to put forward a hypothesis about evolutionary origin of endocrine and other diseases of human and animals. This hypothesis is considered using a model of hormonal signal systems. It is based on the concept formulated by the authors about molecular defects in hormonal ...

The type III secretion (T3S) pathway allows bacteria to inject effector proteins into the cytosol of target animal or plant cells. There are probably a few hundred effectors interfering with control and signaling in eukaryotic cells and offering a wealth of new tools to cell biologists.

Phosphorylation of proteins catalyzed by protein kinases is associated with central functions in growth and proliferation of the eukaryotic cell, and kinases are particularly important in the signal transduction pathways. Enterobacterial protein kinases a...

... cells, the mTOR signaling pathway, as determined by the phosphorylation of S6K (ribosomal S6 kinase) and 4EBP1 (eukaryote initiation factor 4E ...

Molecular Characterization of Two Arabidopsis Ire1 Homologs, Endoplasmic Reticulum of eukaryotic cells to the presence of unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER protein response signaling in plants. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which in plant cells is composed

Students are given a problem about a relatively new treatment for cancer, Gleevec, and asked to apply and synthesize what they have learned about cell signaling and the eukaryotic cell cycle to explain why this targeted treatment works to prevent cell division with fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapeutic agents.

systems constitute a potential target for antibacterial and antifungal agents, since they are found signal transduction an attractive target for antibac- terial and antifungal agents (Barrett et al., 1998, it is active and autophosphorylates His576, from where the phos- phate group is relayed to Asp1114

BackgroundA knowledge of the positions of introns in eukaryotic genes is important for understanding the evolution of introns. Despite this, there has been relatively little focus on the distribution of intron positions in genes.ResultsIn proteins with signal peptides, there is an overabundance of phase 1 introns around the region of the ...

Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA is folded into topologically independent loop domains by making a periodic attachment at the nuclear matrix. Genomic sequences at these bases of the loops are called matrix attachment regions (MARs), and proteins that specifical...

Eukaryotic chromosomes are thought to be separated into topologically independent loop domains by periodic attachment onto an intranuclear frame known as the nuclear matrix. Specific DNA sequences that bind to the nuclear matrix are called matrix attachme...

Eukaryotic chromosomes are thought to be separated into topologically independent loop domains by periodic attachment onto an intranuclear frame known as the nuclear matrix. Specific DNA sequences that bind to the nuclear matrix are called matrix attachme...

Eukaryotic ribosomes are substantially larger and more complex than their bacterial counterparts. Although their core function is conserved, bacterial and eukaryotic protein synthesis differ considerably at the level of initiation. The eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S) plays a central role in this process; it binds initiation ...