As the industries of cell phone and LCD TV were vigorously flourishing and the manufacturing requirements for LCD glass substrate were getting higher, the thermal fracture cutting technology (TFCT) has progressively become the main technology for LCD glass substrate cutting. Due to using laser as the heat source, the TFCT has many advantages, such as ...

In this paper, we report on a micro-cutting of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) by nanosecond-pulsed laser ablation with a diode-pumped solid state UV laser (DPSS UV laser, ?= 355nm). A well-defined cutting of CFRP which were free of debris and thermal-damages around the grooves, were performed by the laser ...

Chemical etching is a non-traditional machining process where a chemical solution is used to remove unwanted material by dissolution. To shape the etched area, before the process, a chemical inert paint (maskant) is applied on the surface. Then the maskant is trimmed away and the uncovered area is subject to the etching. The maskant ...

Femtosecond laser ablation has been shown to produce well-defined cuts and holes in metals with minimal heat effect to the remaining material. Ultrashort laser pulse processing shows promise as an important technique for materials processing. We will disc...

Because of the unique properties with regard to the absorption in organic tissue, pulsed Er:YAG laser has found most interest for various application in medicine, such as dermatology, dentistry, and cosmetic surgery. However, consensus regarding the optimal parameters for clinical use of this tool has not been reached. In this paper, the laser ablation characteristics of soft ...

... Direct Impulse Measurements of Ablation Processes from ... Of particular interest are the forces due to processes of laser ablation. ...

... CONTRACT NUMBER Analytical and Kinetic Modeling of Ablation Process (Preprint) ... Analytical and kinetic modeling of ablation process (Preprint) ...

For selected indications laser ablation and cutting of biological tissues is clinical practice. Preferentially lasers with emission wavelengths in the far UV and the mid IR are used, for which tissue absorption is very high. Morphologically the ablation sites look surprisingly similar for the two wavelength ranges, despite of the very ...

This paper deals with the development of a new cutting method for thin silicon solar wafers with liquid-jet-guided lasers (LaserMicroJet�, LMJ, and Laser Chemical Processing, LCP). Several laser systems with different wavelengths were tested to find the optimum laser system and processing parameters in terms of efficient material ...

New experimental results in support of the universal mechanism of "cold" laser ablation for machining of various commercial green ceramic materials (LTCC) are presented in this paper. The "cold" ablation model was mathematically formulated and employed to derive an ablation curve equation. The model was tested by CO2 laser ...

... The influence of the cutting fluid on the cutting process is ... METALS), CUTTING TOOLS, MACHINE TOOLS, CUTTING FLUIDS, FRICTION, WEAR ...

Femtosecond laser ablation shows promise in machining energetic materials into desired shapes with minimal thermal and mechanical effects to the remaining material. We will discuss the physical effects associated with machining energetic materials and assemblies containing energetic materials, based on experimental results. Interaction of ultra-short laser pulses with matter ...

Femtosecond laser ablation shows promise in machining energetic materials into desired shapes with minimal thermal and mechanical effects to the remaining material. We will discuss the physical effects associated with machining energetic materials and assemblies containing energetic materials, based on experimental results. Interaction of ultra-short laser pulses with matter ...

CO2 lasers are among the most important lasers used for medical applications such as laser surgery. This laser is used mainly for tissue cutting and tissue removal, exploiting the high power of this laser systems and the high absorption of the biological tissue at this laser wavelength. Our research continues earlier studies conducted at the Tel Aviv University since 1987 that ...

UV picosecond laser pulses have been shown to be able to etch clean holes in polymers. This process has numerous applications in processing polymers. We present the results obtained by the investigation of the laser ablation process with picosecond pulses in 19 different organic materials. Micro-drilling and ...

BACKGROUND: Cutting bony tissue using short-pulsed laser ablation enables contact-free processing in arbitrary shapes and with considerably smaller incision widths compared with mechanical tools. This precise method necessitates assistance by robotic surgery. METHODS: Using a prototype system for robot assisted laser bone ...

Recently we established an experimental setup for robot-assisted laser bone ablation using short-pulsed CO2 laser. Due to the comparable low processing speed of laser bone ablation the application in surgical interventions is not yet feasible. In order to optimize this ablation process, we ...

Laser materials processing has been used in the industry for drilling, cutting, welding, scribing, and etc. In most of the scientific papers, the authors assume that the laser energy imparted to the material is transformed into heat. This induces phase transformation as melting, fusion, sublimation, or vaporization. It is known that the atoms and ions are ...

Lasers are finding expanding applications in the field of dentistry. Cutting in soft tissue, hard dental material ablation, caries removal, and root canal therapy are only a few examples of dental laser uses. In this article, the application of short pulse ArF excimer laser to ablation of dentin and enamel is investigated. In ...

By borrowing ideas from control theory, Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics incorporates temperature, stress, and heat flux directly into atomistic, time-reversible, deterministic equations of motion. We are applying this technique to studies of surface indentation, surface cutting, friction, ablation, and condensation. Here we describe simulations of the ...

A brief review of laser ablation mechanisms and applications is presented. Topics covered include polymer ablation, thin film deposition, tissue ablation, and chemical analysis.

The process of ablation for Earth atmospheric entry is simulated using a computational approach that

The Reaction kinetics ablation program /REKAP/, developed to simulate ablation of various materials,

The authors have demonstrated the feasibility of safely and efficiently cutting and drilling metal cases containing a variety of high explosives (HE) using a Nd:YAG laser. Spectral analysis of the optical emission, occurring during the laser-induced ablation process, is used to identify the removed material. By monitoring changes in ...

The mechanism of particle evaporation was used to examine ablation effects in the fragmentation of 2.1 GeV/nucleon oxygen nuclei by lead targets. Following the initial abrasion process, the excited projectile prefragment is assumed to statistically decay in a manner analogous to that of a compound nucleus. The decay probabilities for the various particle ...

The mechanism of particle evaporation was used to examine ablation effects in the fragmentation of 2.1 GeV/nucleon oxygen nuclei by lead targets. Following the initial abrasion process, the excited projectile prefragment is assumed to statistically decay in a manner analogous to that of a compound nucleus. The decay probabilities for the various particle ...

Material processing using laser became a widely used method especially in the scope of industrial automation. The systems are mostly based on a precise model of the laser process and the according parameterization. Beside the industrial use the laser as an instrument to treat human tissue has become an integral part in medicine as well. Human tissue as an ...

... cutting or injection of chemicals is involved. Endovenous Ablation Therapy Endovenous ablation (ab-LA-shun) therapy uses lasers or radiowaves ...

... Title : LASER ABLATION IN MATERIALS PROCESSING: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS; SYMPOSIUM HELD DECEMBER 1-4, 1992 ...

... of Process and Material Parameters on Ablation Phenomena and Mechanical Properties of Ceramics and Composites for Excimer Laser Treatment. ...

Pulsed mid-infrared (6.45 microm) radiation has been shown to cut soft tissue with minimal collateral damage (<40 microm); however, the mechanism of ablation has not been elucidated to date. The goal of this research was to examine the role of the unique pulse structure of the Vanderbilt Mark-III free-electron laser (FEL) and its role in the efficient ...

Neodimium laser treatment has several drawbacks when used in the hard tissue cutting, because of the low absorption of the dental tissues at its wavelength. This investigation proved that the Nd:YAG radiation is a powerful ablation tool if it is used with the dye assisted method. Several in vitro tests on enamel and dentin were accomplished changing some ...

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has been widely studied last years, both from the basic research and industrial points of view, due to the important set of potential applications that this material offers, ranging from Thin Films Transistors (TFTs) to solar cells technologies. In different fabrication steps of a-Si:H based devices, laser sources have been used as appropriate tools for ...

manufacturing processes such as drilling, cutting, grooving, marking, surface texturing, etc. While laserLASER CAVING Seminar II Author: Rok Simic Mentor: prof. dr. Janez Mozina Date: May 2009 Abstract Physical background of caving by ablation with one laser pulse is presented in first part of this seminar

The various mechanisms by which ablation of materials can be induced with lasers are discussed in this paper. The various ablation processes and potential applications are reviewed from the threshold for ablation up to fluxes of about 10(sup 13) W/cm(sup ...

Vacuum impregnation. Resin. 2. Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator Processing. Morphology refers to the microstructure of an ablator system and the location ...

Ablation is a process by which the heat shield material is consumed by burning ... Materials that use passive transpiration cooling - ablation - were then ...

... damage suffered by the antifouling coating by the mechanical process. The US Navy is investigating these ablative coatings and comparing its ...

The terahertz resonant metal-mesh filters were fabricated using the laser direct writing technique. UV picosecond laser was employed to cut matrixes of cross-shaped holes in stainless steel foil and molybdenum layer deposited on polyimide substrate. Different laser processing strategies were developed: holes were cut through in the ...

The terahertz resonant metal-mesh filters were fabricated using the laser direct writing technique. UV picosecond laser was employed to cut matrixes of cross-shaped holes in stainless steel foil and molybdenum layer deposited on polyimide substrate. Different laser processing strategies were developed: holes were cut through in the ...

The use of lasers in industrial material processing is discussed in reviews and reports. Sections are devoted to high-precision laser machining, deposition methods, ablation and polymers, and synthesis and oxidation. Particular attention is given to laser cutting of steel sheets, laser micromachining of material surfaces, ...

... Title : Plasma Processes of Cutting and Welding. ... Modern machines allow the full economic advantage of plasma cutting to be realized. ...

The exact mechanism of the ablation of tooth hard tissue with most common wavelengths, which are 2,940 nm and 2,780 nm, is not yet clear. There are several different theories, but none of them has yet been established. Concepts and methods of looking at these mechanisms have been based on heat formation and transformation, and mathematical calculations evaluating the outcome ...

Ultrafast lasers are a class of laser that produce pulse widths of picoseconds (10-12 sec) and femtoseconds (10-15 sec). They can achieve extremely high peak power with low pulse energies. The most important characteristics of ultrafast laser-matter interaction are precise ablation threshold and absence of heat diffusion into the material during laser irradiation, both due to ...

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of an applied water film on bone hard tissue ablation by pulse CO2 laser. Fresh bovine shank bone in vitro used in the experiment were put on a PC-controlled motorized linear drive stage and moved repeatedly through focused beam of laser without and with a water film of 0.4 mm and 1 mm on target tissue. The ...

A key issue in laser surgery is the inability for the human operator to stop the laser irradiation in time while cutting/ablating delicate tissue layers. In the present work, we forward-image through the laser machining front in complex biological tissue (dense bovine bone) to monitor the incision's approach to subsurface interfaces in real-time (47-312 kHz line rate). ...

Results of microdrilling and cutting in silicon and glass with picosecond lasers are presented. Recent progress in the development of diode-pumped mode-locked (picosecond) lasers has increased interest in their industrial application, especially in microfabrication. Our experiments started from single-shot patterning and extended to cutting and drilling of ...

The effectiveness of the oscillating cutting method for fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) is described through a comparison of normal cutting and oscillation cutting from the standpoint of cutting properties, such as cutting resistance and finished surface roughness, based on the research ...

... Accession Number : ADD460302. Title : Adequacy Of Metal Ablation Process With Laser Radiation And A Shock-Compressed Plasma. ...

Different ideas have been presented to describe the mechanism of augmented laser ablation of dental enamel with different shapes by adding water to the working environment. In this study, the influence of water-laser interaction on the surface of enamel during ablation was investigated at a wavelength of 2.94 microm with different distances between the ...

With the established technique of laser in science and industry, its applications have become diversified in the micro- and macro-processing areas. Three potential lasers CO2/Nd- YAG/Excimer operating in the ir and uv region have been applied in various domains covering different spectrum of industrial applications. Of this the processing with the ...

The ability to cut and remove biological tissue with short pulsed laser light, a process called laser ablation, has the potential to revolutionize many surgical procedures. Ablation procedures using short pulsed lasers are currently being developed or used in many fields of medicine, including cardiology, ...

Pulsed, high-beam quality lasers offer unique materials processing characteristics. In processing metals, copper vapor and pulsed Nd:YAG lasers have produced micron-scale cuts and holes with submicron heat-affected zones. Since the cost of laser photons is high and average material removal rates can be slow with ...

Medical applications of laser are measurement, laser surgery, in-situ monitoring, and processing of medical devices. In this paper, author briefly reviews the trends of medical applications, describes some new applications, and then discuss about the future trends and problems of medical applications. At present, the domestic market of laser equipment for medical applications ...

... Title : Laser Cutting. ... Abstract : Laser cutting substitutes more and more conventional processes due to its technical and economic advantages. ...

... A pinhole transmission experiment was performed for the study of the cut-off time when the ablation/air breakdown plasma becomes opaque to the ...

A material and process study was performed using subscale panels in an attempt to reduce the cost of

The transient ablation process for nonradiating glassy materials is discussed, and numerical calculations are presented for quartz along an ICBM trajectory. It is shown that the transient effects do not appreciably affect the amount of ablated material along the trajectory but that they very significantly affect the amount of ...

This Exploratory Research Project addressed the coupling between short pulse, short wave length, high-radiance laser beams and a solid substrate. The motivation for conducting this research stems from the ever increasing application of high-radiance lasers in processing materials for science and industry. As a result of extensive research and development activities at Lawrence ...

tube used to produce single wall carbon nanotubes by laser ablation of graphite ... Center using the laser ablation process developed at Rice University.7,8 ...

carbon nanotubes in the laser-ablation process that is based on ... direct ablation of the target, but also from carbon particles ...

A simple laboratory set-up for cutting the round transplants of the cornea is described. An excimer ArF laser served as the ablating 193 nm radiation source. The results of the first experiments to produce some cylindrical and segmental transplants are presented.

... directional sensitivity of GIs after the unilateral cercal ablations. This process is essential for understanding the pattern ... ICI animals within 1 day after the cercal ablation. Open squares: CCI anim...

The 1D Lagrangian fluid code MEDUSA has been used to study the process of laser driven ablation for a variety of irradiances and laser wavelengths. Values are given for physically important parameters such as ablation pressure and coronal temperature as a...

... EDS) model of Leydig cell regeneration. Following EDS ablation of differentiated Leydig cells in young adult rats, ... The process of Leydig cell regeneration after EDS ablation is controlled by both extr...

An annealing model is extended to treat the vaporization process, and a hydrodynamic model describes the ablated material. We find that dynamic source and ionization effects accelerate the expansion front of the ablated plume with thermal vaporization tem...

The various mechanisms by which ablation of materials can be induced with lasers are discussed in this paper. The various ablation processes and potential applications are reviewed from the threshold for ablation up to fluxes of about 10{sup 13} W/cm{sup 2}, with emphasis on three particular ...

The various mechanisms by which ablation of materials can be induced with lasers are discussed in this paper. The various ablation processes and potential applications are reviewed from the threshold for ablation up to fluxes of about 10{sup 13} W/cm{sup 2}, with emphasis on three particular ...

Laser ablation on the ultra-short-pulses regime (femtosecond), has an impact on materials processing and micromachining in a quite profound ways. The investigation of the time progression of the laser ablation process within the material can produce much information and it is not conventionally used. The ...

This paper reports on the results of research which investigated the potential for the application of an excimer laser in the field of composite material drilling and cutting, by comparing this technology with that using CO2 sources. In particular, the scope of the work was to check whether the interaction between excimer lasers and composite materials, whose characteristic ...

The increasing use of lasers in biomedical research and clinical praxis leads to the development and application of new, non-invasive, therapeutic, surgical and diagnostic techniques. In laser surgery, the theory of ablation dictates that pulsed mid-infrared laser beams exhibit strong absorption by soft and hard tissues, restricting residual thermal damage to a minimum zone. ...

... Accession Number : AD0724998. Title : Study of the Friction Process during Vibration Cutting of Refractory Alloys,. Corporate ...

... Accession Number : ADD344188. Title : Process Control Monitoring of Laser Cutting,. Corporate Author : Personal Author ...

Thermal tissue ablation is an interventional procedure increasingly being used for treatment of diverse medical conditions. Microwave ablation is emerging as an attractive modality for thermal therapy of large soft tissue targets in short periods of time, making it particularly suitable for ablation of hepatic and other tumors. ...

This study evaluated the process of ablation produced by a Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser under different average powers taking place at the enamel/dentin interface. Based on the geometry of ablated microcavities the effective intensity for ablation was obtained. This study shows the validity for the local effective ...

We will present possible mechanisms for nanotube production by laser oven process. Spectral emission

A cutting tool has a cutting edge for cutting into a surface of material to be mined so that fissures develop in the region of the bottom of the cut. The cutting tool is provided with apertures adjacent said cutting edge. High pressure fluid medium jets are directed through ...

Thermal tumour ablation techniques, such as radiofrequency (RF) ablation, are applied for radical removal of local tumours as an easier, less invasive alternative to surgical resection. A serious drawback of thermal ablation, however, is that the ablation area cannot be accurately assessed during the procedure. To ...

Multiscale computational approach that combines different methods to study laser ablation phenomenon is presented. The methods include the molecular dynamics (MD) breathing sphere model for simulation of the initial stage of laser ablation, a combined MD - finite element method (FEM) approach for simulation of propagation of the laser-induced pressure ...

A difficulty with using an OPO laser to reshape the cornea by ablation is the tendency for ablation to stop prematurely. We report on using an OPO laser (2.94 micrometers wavelength, 5 ns pulse duration, 7 mJ pulse energy, approximately 0.5-mm 1/e2-radius Gaussian beam) to ablate a 20% acrylamide gel as a model for the cornea. ...

A transient, one-dimensional numerical model is developed to describe the processes of transpiration cooling and ablation of the porous matrix used for the cooling. This model is based on the assumption of local thermal equilibrium. The problem of moving boundary due to ablation of the porous matrix is treated by the front-fixing ...

Laser ablation of polymers has become an established technique in the electronic industry and the large number of studies published annually indicates that this is still an attractive area of research. Several new approaches with new techniques and materials have given new insights in the ablation process. One of these approaches is ...

Efficient control of laser cutting processes is closely related to knowledge of heat effects in the cutting front and its surroundings. Similar to other machining processes using high power densities, in laser cutting processes it is very important to monitor the heating ...

The field of excimer laser-induced ablation of polymeric materials is reviewed and examplified with specific data on polymeric materials based on polyamide 6,6 (PA 6,6), either pure or ad-mixed with mineral additives. Informations collected on the process (ablation threshold, ablation rate, surface topography) are ...

Selective laser patterning of thin films in a multilayer structure is an emerging technology for the fabrication of MEMS devices. A 775-nm Ti:sapphire laser (130 fs, 1 kHz) was used to irradiate thin-film stacks with variations in the process parameters, such as the pulse energy, feed rate, and numerical aperture of the objective lens. The two layers of the Au/Cr film have the ...

Continuous-wave CO-laser seems to be useful in surgery of soft blood tissue because its spectrum contains the components with cutting and coagulating features. If CO-laser or another types of continuous wave lasers for surgering are employed the main cause of the health tissues damaging on the walls of cut of drilled hole, is heating walls by evaporation ...

Results are presented of an investigation of the effect on cutting of certain abrasive-jet parameters. Two cutting modes that may be obtained during abrasive-jet cutting are identified. The first, cutting wear, is a micromachining process that contributes...

Pulsed laser ablation is a process in which an intense laser pulse interacts with the matter producing plasma. The present work describes the theoretical work being conducted in the past for the pulsed laser ablation phenomenon. It incorporates the theoretical models being proposed by various researchers around the globe for pulsed ...

Advances in the life sciences rely on the ability to observe dynamic processes in live systems and in environments that mimic in-vivo situations. Therefore, new methodological developments have to provide environments that resemble physiologically and clinically relevant conditions as closely as possible. In this work, plasma-induced laser nanosurgery for three-dimensional ...

Since the introduction of radiofrequency tumor ablation of liver tumors in the late 1990s, local destructive therapies have been applied to lung, renal and bone lesions. In addition, new techniques have been introduced to compensate for the limitations of radiofrequency ablation, namely the reduced rate of complete ablation for tumors ...

Laser ablation of aluminum metal with 1 ns, 800 nm pulse at low radiant exposures was investigated in air (dry) and water (wet) environments. Compared to dry ablation, an approximately eight times increase in material removal rate was associated with wet ablation. Based on optical reflectance and scanning electron microscope images, ...

Laser ablation of aluminum metal with 1 ns, 800 nm pulse at low radiant exposures was investigated in air (dry) and water (wet) environments. Compared to dry ablation, an approximately eight times increase in material removal rate was associated with wet ablation. Based on optical reflectance and scanning electron microscope images, ...

In ophthalmology, the laser excimer corneal surface ablation used to correct the refractive eye defects, such as myopia, astigmatism and hyperopia and, more recently, presbyopia is known as refractive surgery. Typically, the characterization of the corresponding technique, as well as the laser accuracy, is performed by analyzing standard ablation profiles ...

While using a laser to process hard tissue, it is difficult to guarantee, that the laser beam is always perpendicular to the tissue surface. Therefore, it is necessary to know the dependence of ablation depth on angle of incidence for preoperative planning. Considering the propagation of the ablation front, an Addition Model is ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of liquid environments upon laser bone ablation. A long-pulsed Er,Cr:YSGG laser was employed to ablate bovine bone tibia at various radiant exposures under dry, wet (using water or perfluorocarbon) and spray environmental conditions. Energy loss by the application of liquid during laser irradiation ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of liquid environments upon laser bone ablation. A long-pulsed Er,Cr:YSGG laser was employed to ablate bovine bone tibia at various radiant exposures under dry, wet (using water or perfluorocarbon) and spray environmental conditions. Energy loss by the application of liquid during laser irradiation ...

Laser ablation of bulk High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) material promises to provide a useful means of producing high quality HTS thin films. Mass spectrometric probes of the ablation plume provide a microscopic understanding of the ablation event and plume development as well as providing a process monitor ...

Femtosecond laser ablation has been shown to produce well-defined cuts and holes in metals with minimal heat effect to the remaining material. Ultrashort laser pulse processing shows promise as an important technique for materials processing. We will discuss the physical effects associated with ...

The report analyzes the latest developments in plasma arc cutting, welding and shape cutting machines with emphasis on their application in the shipbuilding industry. Plasma welding was found advantageous over other welding processes for only a very few s...

The book sets forth the basic premises of metal cutting theory. The physical and chemical phenomena that accompany the metal cutting process are examined in the light of recent achievements in science and technology: deformation of the material being mach...

... their processing residues, economic methods of cut stock manufacture are highly dependent upon minimization of sound-wood waste from cutting ...

An eight shot pellet injector is used to fuel the HL-1M tokamak from the low field side. The pellet ablation process is investigated with a CCD camera and an array of H? emission detectors. It is observed that the velocity of the pellet ablation cloud is obviously slowed down after it enters the plasma. The ...

Laser ablation of Teflon doped with size-selected (30-250 nm) Al nanoparticles is studied. Unlike pure Teflon, which requires a vacuum-ultraviolet or femtosecond excimer laser for ablation, this sensitized Teflon can be ablated with a near-infrared laser. Using 100 ps duration pulses, near-infrared ablation ...

Ablation of gold nanoparticle films on polymer was explored using a nanosecond pulsed laser, with the goal to achieve feature size reduction and functionality not amenable with inkjet printing. The ablation threshold fluence for the unsintered nanoparticle deposit was at least ten times lower than the reported threshold for the bulk film. This could be ...

Femtosecond laser ablation of gallium arsenide investigated with time- of-flight mass spectroscopy laser-induced ablation of gallium arsenide using time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. At the ablation into a collisional expansion process. Above the ablation threshold, the behavior of gallium ...

The process of laser ablation of the thin film in solid or liquid phase in the before-evaporation regime is considered. The physical model of film ablation caused by thermal tension, occurring in the film by its fast laser heating, is proposed. The dependence of velocity of film fragment movement of the substrate surface on laser ...

Experimental evidence supporting the importance of ablation in plasma armature railguns is presented. Experiments conducted using the HYVAX and MIDI-2 railguns are described. Several indirect effects of ablation are identified from the experimental results. An improved ablation model of plasma armature dynamics is proposed which ...

Experimental evidence supporting the importance of ablation in plasma armature railguns is presented. Experiments conducted using the HYVAX and MIDI-2 railguns are described. Several indirect effects of ablation are identified from the experimental results. An improved ablation model of plasma armature dynamics is proposed which ...

The purpose of this paper is to present a model for ablation due to a plasma flash in cylindrical symmetry. The model of ablation speed of the coaxial material is based on the integral method of the heat equation which basically involves the idea of a thermal layer. It is first shown that an important step in the process is the heating ...

... subcommittees, makes incremental cuts in agency requests ... the Department and OMB made cuts Congress ... the budgeting process to make it more ...