Cannabinoids classically act via CB? and CB? receptors to modulate nociception; however, recent findings suggest that some cannabinoids bind to atypical receptors. One such receptor is GPR55 which is activated by the abnormal cannabidiol analogue O-1602. This study investigated whether the ...

Cannabidiol and other cannabinoids were examined as neuroprotectants in rat cortical neuron cultures exposed to toxic levels of the neurotransmitter, glutamate. The psychotropic cannabinoid receptor agonist delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol, (a non-psychoactive constituent of marijuana), both reduced NMDA, AMPA and ...

Background and purpose:Cannabidiol is a Cannabis-derived non-psychotropic compound that exerts a plethora of pharmacological actions, including anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and antitumour effects, with potential therapeutic interest. However, the actions of cannabidiol in the digestive tract are largely unexplored. In the present study, we ...

BackgroundMicroglia provide continuous immune surveillance of the CNS and upon activation rapidly change phenotype to express receptors that respond to chemoattractants during CNS damage or infection. These activated microglia undergo directed migration towards affected tissue. Importantly, the molecular species of chemoattractant encountered determines if microglia respond ...

The neuroprotective actions of cannabidiol and other cannabinoids were examined in rat cortical neuron cultures exposed to toxic levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate toxicity was reduced by both cannabidiol, a nonpsychoactive constituent of marijuana, and the psychotropic cannabinoid ...

The neuroprotective actions of cannabidiol and other cannabinoids were examined in rat cortical neuron cultures exposed to toxic levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate toxicity was reduced by both cannabidiol, a nonpsychoactive constituent of marijuana, and the psychotropic cannabinoid (-)Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). ...

Background and purpose:We aimed to demonstrate the involvement of 5-HT_1A receptors in the therapeutic effect of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive constituent of Cannabis sativa, in a model of hepatic encephalopathy induced by bile-duct ligation (BDL) in mice.Experimental approach:Cannabidiol (5 ...

Ashton CH, Moore PB. Endocannabinoid system dysfunction in mood and related disorders. Objective:? The endocannabinoid (EC) system is widely distributed throughout the brain and modulates many functions. It is involved in mood and related disorders, and its activity may be modified by exogenous cannabinoids. This article examines the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in psychiatric disorders. ...

Although cannabinoids exhibit a broad variety of anticarcinogenic effects, their potential use in cancer therapy is limited by their psychoactive effects. Here we evaluated the impact of cannabidiol, a plant-derived non-psychoactive cannabinoid, on cancer cell invasion. Using Matrigel invasion assays we found a cannabidiol-driven impaired invasion of human ...

Oleamide (cis-9,10-octadecenoamide), a fatty acid primary amide discovered in the cerebrospinal fluid of sleep-deprived cats, has a variety of actions that give it potential as a signaling molecule, although these actions have not been extensively investigated in the cardiovascular system. The synthetic pathway probably involves synthesis of oleoylglycine and then conversion to oleamide by ...

The endothelium-dependent mesenteric vasorelaxant effect of anandamide has been attributed to stimulation of a Gi/Go-coupled receptor, for which the nonpsychoactive analog abnormal cannabidiol (abn-cbd, (-)-4-(3-3,4-trans-p-menthadien-[1,8]-yl)olivetol) is a selective agonist and the compound O-1918 ...

Cannabidiol is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid which, based on several previous preclinical and clinical reports, is purported to have antipsychotic potential. The purpose of this investigation was to further investigate if these effects would be seen using an MK-801-induced rat model of aspects of schizophrenia. MK-801 is an NMDA receptor-antagonist ...

Abstract The objective of our study was to examine the pharmacology of the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering actions of the behaviorally inactive cannabinoids, abnormal cannabidiol (abn-CBD), and a cannabigerol analog, cannabigerol-dimethyl heptyl (CBG-DMH), in comparison to that of the nonselective cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB(1)R) ...

This study aimed to give a rationale for the employment of phytocannabinoid formulations to treat neuropathic pain. It was found that a controlled cannabis extract, containing multiple cannabinoids, in a defined ratio, and other non-cannabinoid fractions (terpenes and flavonoids) provided better antinociceptive efficacy than the single cannabinoid given alone, when tested in a rat model of ...

Oxidative stress with reactive oxygen species generation is a key weapon in the arsenal of the immune system for fighting invading pathogens and initiating tissue repair. If excessive or unresolved, however, immune-related oxidative stress can initiate further increasing levels of oxidative stress that cause organ damage and dysfunction. Targeting oxidative stress in various diseases ...

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major non-psychotropic constituent of Cannabis sativa, with well recognized therapeutic potential. Considering the importance of the endogenous cannabinoid system to the regulation of food intake and energy balance we studied the effects of repeated CBD administration on body weight gains in rats. Male Wistar rats (260 � 20 g at start of study) ...

The cannabinoid 1 (CB(1)) and cannabinoid 2 (CB(2)) receptor agonist Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been shown to be a broad-range inhibitor of cancer in culture and in vivo, and is currently being used in a clinical trial for the treatment of glioblastoma. It has been suggested that other plant-derived cannabinoids, which do not interact efficiently with CB(1) and ...

Loss of inhibitory synaptic transmission within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord plays a key role in the development of chronic pain following inflammation or nerve injury. Inhibitory postsynaptic transmission in the adult spinal cord involves mainly glycine. Ajulemic acid and HU210 are non-psychotropic, synthetic cannabinoids. Cannabidiol is a non-psychotropic plant ...

Brain endothelial cells infection represents one of the first events in the pathogenesis of TMEV-induced demyelination disease (TMEV-IDD), a model of multiple sclerosis (MS). The fact that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in brain endothelium mediates a wide variety of actions during CNS inflammatory diseases such as MS, and that cannabinoids ameliorate the progression of TMEV-IDD, lead us to ...

The effect of the plant-derived nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), on the function of hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)3A receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes was investigated using two-electrode voltage-clamp techniques. CBD reversibly inhibited 5-HT (1 microM)-evoked currents in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.6 microM). CBD (1 ...

In the present study, the effects of the combination of tamoxifen ((Z)-2[p-(1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylamine citrate) and three cannabinoids (Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol [Delta(9)-THC], cannabidiol, and anandamide [AEA]) upon the viability of C6 rat glioma cells was assessed at different incubation times and using different culturing concentrations of foetal ...

There remains debate regarding the impact of cannabis on neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we examined the effects of cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive constituent of cannabis on heroin self-administration and drug-seeking behavior using an experimental rat model. CBD (5-20 mg/kg) did not alter stable intake of heroin self-administration, extinction behavior, or drug ...

?9-THC is a component of Cannabis sativa that increases food intake in animals and humans, an effect prevented by selective CB1 receptor antagonists. Cannabidiol (CBD) is another constituent of this plant that promotes several opposite neuropharmacological effects compared to ?9-THC. CBD mechanisms of action are still not clear, but under specific ...

... be abnormal activity of the receptor for this chemical as well. Undoubtedly, ... their onset. No blood analysis or other type of neurological testing exists to ...

... an important role in the breast cancer development. ... SENSE ORGANS, RECEPTOR SITES(PHYSIOLOGY), ABNORMALITIES, MAMMARY GLANDS ...

... pathway in estrogen effects on ductal development. ... BIOLOGY), RECEPTOR SITES(PHYSIOLOGY), ABNORMALITIES, MAMMARY GLANDS ...

... mammary adenocarcinomas in a stochastic fashion, develop Harderian gland hyperplasia and have subtle developmental abnormalities of the ...

BACKGROUND: Chronic orthostatic intolerance (OI) is characterized by symptoms of inadequate cerebral

... SENSE ORGANS, RECEPTOR SITES(PHYSIOLOGY), ABNORMALITIES, GROWTH(PHYSIOLOGY), ACETYLATION, ANDROGENS, HISTONES. ...

Activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) impairs escape behavior, suggesting a panicolytic-like effect. Cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotomimetic compound present in Cannabis sativa, causes anxiolytic-like effects after intra-dPAG microinjections by activating 5-HT1A receptors. In the present work we ...

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotomimetic constituent of the Cannabis sativa plant that inhibits behavioral and cardiovascular responses to aversive situations, facilitating 5-HT1A-mediated neurotransmission. Previous results from our group suggest that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) may be involved in CBD's anti-aversive effects. To investigate whether the ...

Background and purposeCannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotomimetic compound from Cannabis sativa which induces anxiolytic- and antipsychotic-like effects in rodents. These effects could be mediated by facilitation of the endocannabinoid system or by the activation of 5-HT_1A receptors. As either of these mechanisms could promote ...

Cannabis sativa is the source of a unique set of compounds known collectively as plant cannabinoids or phytocannabinoids. This review focuses on the manner with which three of these compounds, (?)-trans-?⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (?⁹-THC), (?)-cannabidiol (CBD) and (?)-trans-?⁹-tetrahydrocannabivarin ...

BackgroundDespite the frequency of diabetes mellitus and its relationship to diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and neuropathic pain (NeP), our understanding of underlying mechanisms leading to chronic pain in diabetes remains poor. Recent evidence has demonstated a prominent role of microglial cells in neuropathic pain states. One potential therapeutic option gaining clinical acceptance is the ...

Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness among working-age adults. Despite many years of research, treatment options for diabetic retinopathy remain limited and with adverse effects. Discovery of new molecular entities with adequate clinical activity for diabetic retinopathy remains one of the key research priorities in ophthalmology. This review is focused on the therapeutic effects ...

One of the hallmarks of cancer is uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. In cells, a group of proteins called growth factor receptors are responsible for responding to the signals that trigger proliferation. When these receptors function abnormally d...

GPR55 has recently attracted much attention as another member of the cannabinoid family, potentially explaining physiological effects that are non-CB1/CB2 mediated. However, the data gathered so far are conflicting with respect to its pharmacology. We review the primary literature to date on GPR55, describing its discovery, structure, pharmacology and potential physiological functions. The CB1 ...

RATIONALE: The interactions between ?(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) during chronic treatment, and at equivalent doses, are not well characterised in animal models. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to examine whether the behavioural effects of THC, and blood and brain THC levels are affected by pre-treatment with equivalent CBD doses. METHODS: ...

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major non-psychotomimetic component of Cannabis sativa that has been shown to have an anxiolytic effect in human and animal models. Earlier studies suggest that these effects involve facilitation of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that has also been related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. On the basis of this evidence, this study investigated the effects ...

The effect of the plant-derived nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), on the function of hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)_3A receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes was investigated using two-electrode voltage-clamp techniques. CBD reversibly inhibited 5-HT (1 ?M)-evoked currents in a concentration-dependent manner ...

?? tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the principal psychoactive and nonpsychoactive components of cannabis. While most THC-induced behavioral effects are thought to depend on endogenous cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors, the molecular targets for CBD remain unclear. Here, we report that CBD and THC inhibited the function of human 5-HT(3A) ...

Background and purpose:Intravenous injection of the endocannabinoid anandamide induces complex cardiovascular changes via cannabinoid CB₁, CB₂ and vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. Recently, evidence has been accumulating that in vitro, but not in vivo, anandamide relaxes blood vessels, via an as yet unidentified, ...

Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently complain of having sleep disturbances, such as insomnia and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep abnormality. Cannabidiol (CBD), a psycho-inactive constituent of marijuana, reduces physiological non-REM (NREM) sleep and REM sleep in normal rats, in addition to generating its anxiolytic effect. ...

Newborn piglets exposed to acute hypoxia-ischemia (HI) received i.v. cannabidiol (HI + CBD) or vehicle (HI + VEH). In HI + VEH, 72 h post-HI brain activity as assessed by amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) had only recovered to 42 � 9% of baseline, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) parameters remained lower than normal, and neurobehavioral performance was ...

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a cannabinoid compound derived from Cannabis Sativa that does not possess high affinity for either the CB1 or CB2 cannabinoid receptors. Similar to other cannabinoids, we demonstrated previously that CBD suppressed interleukin-2 (IL-2) production from phorbol ester plus calcium ionophore (PMA/Io)-activated murine splenocytes. Thus, the ...

Cannabinoids, particularly ..delta../sup 9/-THC is known to affect thyroid function. The effect of naturally occurring and synthetic cannabinoids on brain TRH receptors labeled with /sup 3/H-(3-MeHis/sup 2/)TRH(MeTRH) was determined. /sup 3/H-MeTRH bound to brain membranes at a single high affinity binding sites with a B/sub max/ of 48 +/- 2 fmol/mg protein and K/sub d/ of 4.2 ...

Cannabinoids have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory activities in various in vivo and in vitro experimental models as well as ameliorate various inflammatory degenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms of these effects are not completely understood. Using the BV-2 mouse microglial cell line and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an inflammatory response, we studied the signaling pathways ...

The cannabinoid 1 (CB₁) and cannabinoid 2 (CB₂) receptor agonist, ?⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has been shown to be a broad range inhibitor of cancer in culture and in vivo, and is currently being used in a clinical trial for the treatment of glioblastoma. It has been suggested that other plant-derived ...

Plant-derived cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids) are compounds with emerging therapeutic potential. Early studies suggested that cannabidiol (CBD) has anticonvulsant properties in animal models and reduced seizure frequency in limited human trials. Here, we examine the antiepileptiform and antiseizure potential of CBD ...

Background and purpose:Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotomimetic compound from Cannabis sativa that induces anxiolytic- and antipsychotic-like effects in animal models. Effects of CBD may be mediated by the activation of 5-HT_1A receptors. As 5-HT_1A receptor activation may induce ...

RATIONALE: Cannabidiol, the main nonpsychotropic constituent of Cannabis sativa, possesses a large number of pharmacological effects including anticonvulsive, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective, as demonstrated in clinical and preclinical studies. Many neurodegenerative disorders involve cognitive deficits, and this has led to ...

This invention provides isolated nucleic acids encoding mammalian SNORF33 receptors, purified mammalian SNORF33 receptors, vectors comprising nucleic acid encoding mammalian SNORF33 receptors, cells comprising such vectors, antibodies directed to mammalian SNORF33 receptors, nucleic acid probes useful for detecting ...

Apr 21, 2011 ... + Development of Sensory Receptors in Skeletal Muscle (9303006) + Developmental Abnormalities (PARE.04C) ...

... 8q24.2 that encodes osteoprotegerin (OPG), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family [5]. The primary pathologic abnormality in ...

Apr 21, 2011 ... + Development of Sensory Receptors in Skeletal Muscle (9303006) + Developmental Abnormalities (PARE.04C) + Effect of Microgravity on ...

... group were found to have gross abnormalities in kidney, bladder, seminal ... expression of hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor, c-Met, during sex ...

... antibody, and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated streptavidin, ... and B2). Note the greater number of hybridization signals in a part of an ... ...

BackgroundMyeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are getting increased attention as one of the main regulatory cells of the immune system. They are induced at sites of inflammation and can potently suppress T cell functions. In the current study, we demonstrate how activation of TRPV1 vanilloid receptors ...

A tritiated form of CP-55,940, a Pfizer cannabinoid analog that is 20- to 100-fold more potent than {Delta}{sup 9}-tetrahydrocannabinol in various in vivo and in vitro models of cannabimimetric activity, was used as the tool with which to probe for a cannabinoid receptor in rat cortical membranes. The bound and free ligand were successfully separated using a centrifugation ...

Cannabinoids play an important role in activity-dependent changes in synaptic activity and can interfere in several brain functions, including responses to aversive stimuli. The regions responsible for their effects, however, are still unclear. Cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system and are present in the periaqueductal gray ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous findings have indicated that a cannabinoid, such as ?(9) -THCV, which has antioxidant properties and the ability to activate CB(2) receptors but to block CB(1) , might be a promising therapy for alleviating symptoms and delaying neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The ability of ?(9) -THCV to reduce motor ...

Medicines that activate cannabinoid CB₁ and CB₂ receptor are already in the clinic. These are Cesamet� (nabilone), Marinol� (dronabinol; ?⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol) and Sativex� (?⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol with cannabidiol). The first two of these medicines can be ...

Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and its receptor Tie-2, a trans-membrane tyrosine kinase uniquely expressed by endothelial cells, are essential to developmental angiogenesis. The phenotypic abnormalities shown by null mutation studies suggest that Tie-2 signaling ...

The therapeutic potential of cannabidiol, the major non-psychotropic Cannabis constituent, was investigated in rats exposed to ischemia/reperfusion liver injury. Ischemia was induced by clamping the pedicle of the left hepatic lobe for 30min, and cannabidiol (5mg/kg, i.v.) was given 1h following the procedure and every 24h thereafter for 2days. ...

Background and purpose:Cannabis is taken as self-medication by patients with inflammatory bowel disease for symptomatic relief. Cannabinoid receptor agonists decrease inflammation in animal models of colitis, but their effects on the disturbed motility is not known. (-)-Cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown to interact with ...

Indian hemp is used since thousands of years as herbal drug. We found that a single dose of cannabis resin was equally active as ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) enhancing severity and duration of symptoms in vaccinia virus infected mice. Cowpox virus did not cause symptomatic disease, but some reduction of specific antibody production was observed in drug treated animals. In vitro cannabis was ...

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a pivotal mechanism of liver damage after liver transplantation or hepatic surgery. We have investigated the effects of cannabidiol (CBD), the nonpsychotropic constituent of marijuana, in a mouse model of hepatic I/R injury. I/R triggered time-dependent increases/changes in markers of liver injury (serum transaminases), hepatic oxidative/nitrative ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabis extracts and several cannabinoids have been shown to exert broad anti-inflammatory activities in experimental models of inflammatory CNS degenerative diseases. Clinical use of many cannabinoids is limited by their psychotropic effects. However, phytocannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD), devoid of psychoactive activity, are, potentially, safe and ...

Cannabidiol (CBD), a major nonpsychoactive constituent of cannabis, is considered an antineoplastic agent on the basis of its in vitro and in vivo activity against tumor cells. However, the exact molecular mechanism through which CBD mediates this activity is yet to be elucidated. Here, we have shown CBD-induced cell death of breast cancer cells, independent of cannabinoid and ...

The major cellular event in the development and progression of liver fibrosis is the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Activated HSCs proliferate and produce excess collagen, leading to accumulation of scar matrix and fibrotic liver. As such, the induction of activated HSC death has been proposed as a means to achieve resolution of liver fibrosis. Here we demonstrate that ...

The major cellular event in the development and progression of liver fibrosis is the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Activated HSCs proliferate and produce excess collagen, leading to accumulation of scar matrix and fibrotic liver. As such, the induction of activated HSC death has been proposed as a means to achieve resolution of liver fibrosis. Here we demonstrate that ...

Abnormal wound healing is a major problem in healthcare today, with both scarring and chronic wounds affecting large numbers of individuals worldwide. Wound healing is a complex process involving several variables, including growth factors and their receptors. Chronic wounds fail to complete the wound healing process, while scarring is considered to be an ...

BackgroundAdult neurogenesis is a particular example of brain plasticity that is partially modulated by the endocannabinoid system. Whereas the impact of synthetic cannabinoids on the neuronal progenitor cells has been described, there has been lack of information about the action of plant-derived extracts on neurogenesis. Therefore we here focused on the effects of ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) ...

Background? This study was to investigate the effects of the novel cannabinoid receptor - G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) - and its ligands O-1602 and cannabidiol (CBD) on gastrointestinal (GI) motility in rodents. Methods? Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used in vivo to produce the model of septic ileus. The intestinal motility was ...

Endocytosis of erbB receptors is an important regulator of erbB receptor signaling. Given that abnormal erbB signaling may lead to cellular transformation, it is important to understand the factors that determine its regulation. ErbB-2, the erbB receptor ...

The present invention is directed to methods and compositions related to .alpha.7 acetylcholine nicotinic receptor genes, in particular, the human .alpha.7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene. The human .alpha.7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene is associated with the pathophysiological aspects of the disease schizophrenia. The ...

Cannabinoids are promising medicines to slow down disease progression in neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD), two of the most important disorders affecting the basal ganglia. Two pharmacological profiles have been proposed for cannabinoids being effective in these disorders. On the one hand, cannabinoids like ?(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol or ...

Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), the principal psychoactive constituent of the Cannabis sativa plant, and other agonists at the central cannabinoid (CB(1)) receptor may induce characteristic psychomotor effects, psychotic reactions and cognitive impairment resembling schizophrenia. These effects of Delta(9)-THC can be reduced in animal and human models of ...

Using RNA (Northern) blot hybridization and reverse transcription-PCR, we demonstrate that the brain-type cannabinoid receptor (CB1-R) mRNA, but not the spleen-type cannabinoid receptor (CB2-R) mRNA, is expressed in the mouse uterus and that this organ has the capacity to synthesize the putative endogenous cannabinoid ligand, anandamide ...

Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most prevalent biologically active constituents of Cannabis sativa. THC is the prototypic cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist and is psychoactive and analgesic. CBD is also analgesic, but it is not a CB1 receptor agonist. Low voltage-activated T-type calcium channels, ...

Background and purpose: To evaluate the hypothesis that agonism of somatodentdritic 5-HT(1A) autoreceptors in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (DRN) produces the anti-emetic/anti-nausea effects of cannabidiol (CBD), a primary non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in cannabis. Experimental approach: The potential of systemic and intra-DRN administration of 5-HT(1A) ...

Cannabis extracts and synthetic cannabinoids are still widely considered illegal substances. Preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that they may result useful to treat diverse diseases, including those related with acute or chronic pain. The discovery of cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands, and the machinery for the synthesis, transport, and degradation ...

Cannabis extracts and synthetic cannabinoids are still widely considered illegal substances. Preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that they may result useful to treat diverse diseases, including those related with acute or chronic pain. The discovery of cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands, and the machinery for the synthesis, transport, and degradation ...

Adenosine, dopamine and endocannabinoids strictly modulate the release of one another in the dorsolateral striatum thereby controlling synaptic plasticity. As a second level of interaction, they regulate the action of one another via receptor heteromer formation. Here we investigated a putative third level of interaction, i.e. the possible control by cannabinoids of synaptic ...

Abnormal T cell function is a feature of a spectrum of inherited and acquired diseases. We have detected a frequent restriction fragment length polymorphism in the human T cell antigen receptor beta-chain locus that may aid in the analysis of these disorders. A study of a panel of 18 normal individuals, testing for the presence of the polymorphism, showed ...

(THC) and high in cannabidiol (CBD). Is industrial hemp the same as marijuana? No. Both are varieties of Cannabis sativa L., but marijuana is high in THC and low...

The syndrome of generalized resistance to thyroid hormone is characterized by elevated circulating levels of thyroid hormone in the presence of an overall eumetabolic state and failure to respond normally to triiodothyronine. The authors have evaluated a family with inherited generalized resistance to thyroid hormone for abnormalities in the thyroid hormone nuclear ...

The syndrome of generalized resistance to thyroid hormone is characterized by elevated circulating levels of thyroid hormone in the presence of an overall eumetabolic state and failure to respond normally to triiodothyronine. We have evaluated a family with inherited generalized resistance to thyroid hormone for abnormalities in the thyroid hormone nuclear ...

Background and purpose:Cannabis is the source of at least seventy phytocannabinoids. The pharmacology of most of these has been little investigated, three notable exceptions being ?⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and ?⁹-tetrahydrocannabivarin. This investigation addressed the question of whether the little-studied ...

Blood vessels express estrogen receptors, but their role in cardiovascular physiology is not well understood. We show that vascular smooth muscle cells and blood vessels from estrogen receptor ? (ER?)-deficient mice exhibit multiple functional abnormalities. In wild-type mouse blood vessels, estrogen attenuates vasoconstriction by an ...

Considerable preclinical research has demonstrated the efficacy of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of Cannabis sativa, in a wide variety of animal models of pain, but few studies have examined other phytocannabinoids. Indeed, other plant-derived cannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabichromene ...

Our knowledge and understanding of the P2 receptor signalling system in the kidney have increased significantly in the last ten years. The broad range of physiological roles proposed for this receptor system and the variety of P2 receptor subtypes found in the kidney suggest that any disturbance of function may contribute to several ...

Microglial activation is an invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is noteworthy that cannabinoids are neuroprotective by preventing ?-amyloid (A?)-induced microglial activation both in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) has shown anti-inflammatory properties in different paradigms. In the present study, we compared the ...

Dysregulation of cytokines is among the main abnormalities in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). However, although, estrogens, which are known to be involved in lupus disease, influence cytokine production, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. Recent evidence demonstrates the presence of estrogen receptor in various cell types of ...

In ATLL, HTLV-1 causes abnormal and uncontrolled growth of T cells (immune system cells that normally fight infections and disease). These malignant T cells often express high amounts of a protein called Tac, which is a receptor protein for the immune system hormone interleukin-2.

... junction associated with swollen cytoplasmic droplets [5]. This defect is thought to reflect an abnormality in the ... knockout mice and wild-type males as controls. Defects in the interaction of sperm wi...

Inappropriate gene expression and abnormal progression of the cell cycle are intimately linked to oncogenesis and tumor formation. The purpose of this proposal is to examine the role of the PCAF histone acetyltransferase as a co-factor for steroid hormone...

A method of detecting Alzheimer's disease includes detecting a disruption or alteration in normal sub-cellular distribution of G-protein receptor kinases (GRKs), particularly GRK2 and GRK5. The disruption is caused by abnormal accumulation of soluble .bet...

... PubMedlguchi T, Sato T (2000) Endocrine disruption and developmental abnormalities of female reproduction. Am Zool 40: 402�411 ... ...

of abnormalities in blood flow, metabo- lism, and neurotransmitter receptor function and has the potential study that included both first-onset psychosis and chronic schizophrenic subjects as well as controls

... lines proceeded with obvious problems. A marked lactation defect was apparent in transgenic females and could be ... number (five copies). The occurrence of a lactational defect might be partially explain...

Abnormalities in the expression and signaling pathways downstream of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) contribute to the progression, invasion, and maintenance of the malignant phenotype in breast cancer. EGFR is expressed at high levels in at l...

- tunately, in an unregulated state they can also mediate abnormal leukocyte infiltration in ARDS off by extracellular proteases. Since the amino terminus mediates receptor acti- vation, this creates), which are secreted during the inflammatory response, can specifically cleave off the amino termini

... androgen) synthesis (i.e. abirateone) or androgen receptor inhibition (i.e. MDV3100). For patients whose disease has ... being discharged through the urethra. cancer: An abnormal growth that can invade nearby structures and spread to ...

These studies document dopaminergic abnormalities in cocaine abusers. They also suggest a regulatory role of Dopamine (DA) in frontal metabolism. The correlation of striatal D(sub 2) receptor availability with metabolism was strongest for orbital frontal ...

The objective of this project is to investigate the potential significance of the neuroprotective agent dextromethorphan, and its receptor, in normal and abnormal brain. Dextromethorphan is a non-opioid cough suppressant. It is as potent as codeine, but h...

The major non-psychoactive compound of cannabis plant, cannabidiol, has been reported to be a promising therapeutic agent for many inflammatory, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. In spite of growing interest in therapeutic use of cannabidiol very little is known about its influence on the immune system. Present study aimed to evaluate lymphocyte ...

This study examined the association of the reticulon 4 receptor (RTN4R) gene with schizophrenia and smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) abnormality in a Korean population. Although we failed to provide convincing evidence that RTN4R is associated with schizophrenia development and SPEM impairment, our findings may be useful for further genetic studies. ...

HIV infection is associated with abnormal lipid metabolism, body fat redistribution, and altered energy expenditure. The pathogenesis of these complex abnormalities is unclear. Viral protein R (Vpr), an HIV-1 accessory protein, can regulate gene transcription mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor ...

receptor ENSTGUG00000004249 ASPM Abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated protein ENSTGUG00000004747 (ASPM and LHX2). In partic- ular, ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associ- ated) has been mutations in ASPM are a cause of primary microcephaly [77] and the gene shows evidence of positive selection

Insulin isolated from the pancreas of a diabetic patient with fasting hyperinsulinaemia showed decreased activity in binding to cell membrane insulin receptors and in stimulating cellular 2-deoxyglucose transport and glucose oxidation. Chemical studies suggest that the isolated hormone is a mixture of normal insulin and an abnormal variant which contains a ...

GPR55 is a G protein-coupled receptor recently shown to be activated by certain cannabinoids and by lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). However, the physiological role of GPR55 remains unknown. Given the recent finding that the cannabinoid receptors CB₁ and CB₂ affect bone metabolism, we examined the role of GPR55 ...

We studied whether combinations of botanical extracts enriched in either ?(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (?(9) -THC) or cannabidiol (CBD), which are the main constituents of the cannabis-based medicine Sativex, provide neuroprotection in rat models of Huntington's disease (HD). We used rats intoxicated with 3-nitropropionate (3NP) that were given combinations of ?(9) -THC- and ...

Background and purpose:? Activation of cannabinoid receptors decreases emesis, inflammation, gastric acid secretion and intestinal motility. The ability to modulate intestinal permeability in inflammation may be important in therapy aimed at maintaining epithelial barrier integrity. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the effects of cannabinoids on ...

This article reviews recent research on cannabinoid analgesia via the endocannabinoid system and non-receptor mechanisms, as well as randomized clinical trials employing cannabinoids in pain treatment. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol^�) and nabilone (Cesamet^�) are currently approved in the United States and other countries, ...

A Japanese female infant with typical features of leprechaunism exhibited glucose intolerance despite marked hyperinsulinemia, indicating insulin resistance. Circulating insulin appeared to be chemically and biologically normal. There was no evidence of antagonism of insulin action or circulating antibodies to insulin or insulin receptors. Insulin receptor ...

Human melanocytes respond to several growth factors whose receptors have tyrosine kinase activity. Abnormalities in the expression of tyrosine kinase receptors may play an important role in the initiation and progression of melanoma. We therefore determined the steady-state mRNA expression of five tyrosine kinase ...

Previous studies have demonstrated a significant reduction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor binding in spinal cord sections from patients who died with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) compared to that in control patients. The reduction in NMDA receptor binding in ALS could be increased toward control values by treatment with phorbol ester, ...

Synthesis of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor was studied by incubation of cultured human fibroblasts with 35S-methionine followed by immunoprecipitation with a monoclonal antireceptor antibody. The receptor was synthesized as a precursor with an apparent molecular weight of 120 kilodaltons (kd) that was converted to a mature form of 160 kd. This ...

Despite advances in surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, malignant gliomas are still highly lethal tumors. Traditional treatments that rely on nonspecific, cytotoxic approaches have a marginal impact on patient survival. However, recent advances in the molecular cancer biology underlying glioma pathogenesis have revealed that abnormalities in common cell surface ...

The androgen receptor (AR) is a high affinity receptor protein encoded on the human X-chromosome that mediates the actions of androgens during development and in the adult. Defects in this receptor protein result in a wide range of abnormalities of male sexual development. Studies in a number of different ...

Studies in humans and rats indicate that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors are involved in mammalian sleep expression. We investigated the contribution of the 5-HT2c receptor to sleep expression by examining sleep patterns in mice bearing a targeted null mutation of this receptor. 5-HT2c receptor ...

An adult patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with a 14q+ marker chromosome is presented. The abnormally resulted from a translocation of material from the long arm of chromosome 11. The leukemic cells were found to be B cells on the basis of surface immunoglobulins, lack of receptors for sheep erythrocytes, and a characteristically low ...

Progesterone receptor status is a marker for hormone responsiveness and disease prognosis in breast cancer. Progesterone receptor negative tumours have generally been shown to have a poorer prognosis than progesterone receptor positive tumours. The observed loss of progesterone receptor could be through a range of ...

Vascular dilatation is critically impaired in many diseases and is encountered by an upregulated endothelin receptor A (ETA) in the vasculature in association with a decline in nitric oxide bioavailability. Diabetic vasculopathy is characterized as a compromised vascular dilatation, implicated in many diabetic complications. It appears to be activated ETA and NADPH ...

Although many genetic disorders are characterized by cognitive failure during development, there is little insight into the neurobiological basis for the abnormalities. Down syndrome (DS), a disorder caused by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21), is characterized by impairments in learning and memory attributable to dysfunction of the hippocampus. We ...

Using a reverse transcription-coupled PCR, we demonstrated that both brain and spleen type cannabinoid receptor (CB1-R and CB2-R, respectively) mRNAs are expressed in the preimplantation mouse embryo. The CB1-R mRNA expression was coincident with the activation of the embryonic genome late in the two-cell stage, whereas the CB2-R mRNA was present from the one-cell through the ...

Considerable evidence demonstrates that manipulation of the endocannabinoid system regulates nausea and vomiting in humans and other animals. The anti-emetic effect of cannabinoids has been shown across a wide variety of animals that are capable of vomiting in response to a toxic challenge. CB(1) agonism suppresses vomiting, which is reversed by CB(1) antagonism, and CB(1) inverse agonism promotes ...

The Cannabis sativa herb contains over 100 phytocannabinoid (pCB) compounds and has been used for thousands of years for both recreational and medicinal purposes. In the past two decades, characterisation of the body's endogenous cannabinoid (CB) (endocannabinoid, eCB) system (ECS) has highlighted activation of central CB(1) receptors by the major pCB, ...

Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis) extracts, vapor produced by the Volcano vaporizer and smoke made from burning cannabis joints were analyzed by GC-flame ionization detecter (FID), GC-MS and HPLC. Three different medicinal cannabis varieties were investigated Bedrocan, Bedrobinol and Bediol. Cannabinoids plus other components such as terpenoids and pyrolytic by-products were identified and quantified ...

Numerous studies demonstrated a close relationship between cannabis abuse and schizophrenia with similar impairments in cognitive processing, particularly in P300 generation. Recently, an (AAT)n triplet repeat polymorphism within the cannabinoid receptor gene CNR1 has been found to be associated with both schizophrenia and substance dependence, and to modulate the P300 ...