An Inattentive/Overactive (I/O) behavioral phenotype has been reported in a significant percentage of children raised from birth in orphanages. While a number of studies have identified both functional and structural brain abnormalities in children raised from birth in orphanages, no published studies have evaluated potential neural correlates of the I/O phenotype. We applied ...

An Inattentive/Overactive (I/O) behavioral phenotype has been reported in a significant percentage of children raised from birth in orphanages. While a number of studies have identified both functional and structural brain abnormalities in children raised from birth in orphanages, no published studies have evaluated potential neural correlates of the I/O phenotype. We applied ...

Abstract An Inattentive/Overactive (I/O) behavioral phenotype has been reported in a significant percentage of children raised from birth in orphanages. While a number of studies have identified both functional and structural brain abnormalities in children raised from birth in orphanages, no published studies have evaluated potential neural correlates of the I/O phenotype. We ...

We investigated the effect of bromocriptine, a dopamine agonist, on individual differences in behavior as well as frontal�striatal connectivity during a working memory task. After dopaminergic augmentation, frontal�striatal connectivity in low working memory capacity individuals increases, corresponding with behavioral improvement whereas decreases in ...

Current evidence suggests that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves dysfunction in wide functional networks of brain areas associated with attention and cognition. This study examines the structural integrity of white-matter neural pathways, which underpin these functional networks, connecting fronto-striatal and fronto-parietal ...

Patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) perform poorly on tasks of selective attention and inhibitory control. Although similar behavioural deficits have been noted in their relatives, it is yet unclear whether they reflect dysfunction in the same neural circuits. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and the Stroop Colour Word Task to compare task related neural activity between 39 euthymic ...

Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene inducing abnormal processing and deposition of [beta]-amyloid protein in the brain have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although Tg2576 mice with the Swedish mutation ("hAPPswe") exhibit age-related [Alpha][beta]-plaque formation in brain regions like the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the ...

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) damages fronto-striatal regions, and is associated with deficits in executive functioning. We recently developed a semantic event sequencing task based on the Picture Arrangement subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III for use with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and found recruitment of dorsolateral prefrontal ...

Background: Several studies have documented fronto-striatal dysfunction in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using response inhibition tasks. Our objective was to examine functional brain abnormalities among youths and adults with ADHD and to examine the relations between these neurobiological ...

by the ministry of finance. The cost per DALY averted of treating Parkinson's disease using carbidopa is vastly

Inhibition problems in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are sensitive to stimulus event rate. This pilot study explores the neural basis of this increased susceptibility to event rate in ADHD. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used in conjunction with the administration of a fast (1.5 s) and a slow (7 s) Go/No-Go task. Brain activity patterns and reaction times ...

Studies of Parkinson�s disease (PD) suggest that cognitive deficits accompany the classically recognized motor symptoms, and that these cognitive deficits may result from damage to frontal-basal ganglia circuits. PD patients are impaired on ordering events and action components into coherent sequences. In this study, we examined early-stage, nondemented, medicated PD subjects and matched control ...

Fronto-basal ganglia pathways play a crucial role in voluntary action control, including the ability to inhibit motor responses. Response inhibition might be mediated via a fast hyperdirect pathway connecting the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and the presupplementary motor area (preSMA) with the subthalamic nucleus or, alternatively, via the indirect pathway between the ...

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has long been associated with abnormalities in frontal brain regions. In this paper we review the current structural and functional�imaging evidence for abnormalities in children and adults with ADHD in fronto-striatal, fronto-parieto-temporal, fronto-cerebellar and fronto-limbic regions and networks. While ...

Fronto-striatal circuits in set-shifting have been examined in neuroimaging studies using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) that requires changing the classification rule for cards containing visual stimuli that differ in color, shape, and number. The present study examined whether this fronto-striatal contribution to the planning and execution of set-shifts is similar in ...

-deficit hyperactivity disor- der (ADHD), drug/alcohol addiction, and Tourrette's syndrome. This knowledge will hopefully X Syndrome Fumiko Hoeft,* Arvel Hernandez, Sudharshan Parthasarathy, Christa L. Watson, Scott S: Response inhibition is an important facet of executive function. Fragile X syndrome (FraX), with a known

Fronto-striatal loops play an important role action selection processes, especially when discordant sensory and contextual information has to be integrated to allow adequate selection of actions. Neurodegeneration weakens neural inter-connectivity, which compromises the precision of neural synchronization processes. Yet, it is widely unknown how far ...

Background: Inhibitory and attention deficits have been suggested to be shared problems of disruptive behaviour disorders. Patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and patients with conduct disorder (CD) show deficits in tasks of attention allocation and interference inhibition. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of inhibitory and attention control has only ...

This research studied one aspect of pragmatic language processing, the ability to understand metaphorical language, to determine whether patients with Parkinson disease (PD) are impaired for these abilities, and whether cognitive resource limitations/fronto-striatal dysfunction contributes to these deficits. Seventeen PD participants and healthy controls (HC) completed a ...

Cognitive impairment can be demonstrated in Parkinson's disease (PD) from the very beginning of the disease. Clinical manifestations range from slight deficits, only demonstrable by means of neuropsychological testing, up to dementia. If a linear involution is supposed for the cognitive worsening in PD, then the relatively subtle cognitive defects should be taken as the earliest signs of dementia ...

Several recent studies suggest that autism may result from abnormal communication between brain regions. We directly assessed this hypothesis by testing the presence of abnormalities in a model of the functional cerebral network engaged during explicit emotion processing in adults with high functioning autism or Asperger syndrome. Comparison of structural ...

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in medication-na�ve children has been associated with reduced activation in inferior/medial prefrontal, striatal and parieto-temporal cortices during inhibitory control and attention allocation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in adult ADHD, however, have been inconsistent and confounded by medication-history and the need for a ...

The role of fronto-striatal regions in processing different language rules such as semantic and (grapho) phonological ones is still under debate. We have recently developed a lexical analog of the Wisconsin card sorting task which measures set-shifting abilities where the visual rules color, number, shape were replaced by three language ones: semantic, rhyme and syllable onset (attack). In the ...

... Air Force) service publications, Administrative Instructions, Directive-Type ... In addition neurophysiological abnormalities differentiate patients with ...

... military departments and agencies for Research Development Test and ... MEG) to detect and characterize focal abnormalities in neurophysiological ...

. Relationship of flumazenil and glucose pet abnormalities to neocortical epilepsy surgery outcome. American

A fistula is an abnormal connection between two parts inside of the body. Fistulas can happen because of injury, infection or inflammation. They may develop ...

... DETECTION, CLASSIFICATION, INDEXES, PIXELS, TEXTURE, ABNORMALITIES, SEGMENTED, MAMMARY GLANDS, CONNECTIVE TISSUE. ...

... ability to perform well integrated acts by defining the bionics and biophysical properties of normal and abnormal connective tissue components. ...

Core symptoms of Tourette's syndrome (TS) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be attributed to an impairment in inhibitory control. Neuropsychological studies have addressed inhibition in both disorders, but findings have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to examine cognitive inhibition, using a semantic Simon effect paradigm, in patients with TS and OCD. Furthermore, to address ...

IntroductionTics disorders and Tourette syndrome are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Currently, a vast number of behavioural, pharmacological and surgical treatments are available.MethodsRelevant and recent articles about clinical features, neurobiology and treatment of tic disorders and Tourette syndrome were reviewed and summarized.ResultsTic disorders and Tourette syndrome are ...

This paper aims to illustrate how combining multiple approaches can inform us about the neurobiology of ADHD. Converging evidence from genetic, psychopharmacological and functional neuroimaging studies has implicated dopaminergic fronto-striatal circuitry in ADHD. However, while the observation of converging evidence from multiple vantage points is convincing, it does not ...

Cognitive dysfunction occurs at early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). Initial studies reported that cognitive dysfunction in early PD only affected fronto-striatal circuits, provoking a marked executive dysfunction. Memory impairment in PD was thought to depend on a problem in retrieving stored information, therefore also reflecting a fronto-striatal dysfunction. However, ...

that causes abnormal growth of connective tissue, the proteins that support your skin and organs. There are two main types. Localized scleroderma affects only your skin. Systemic...

Sections Children's Health Issues Chapters Hereditary Connective Tissue Disorders Osteochondrodysplasias Osteochondrodysplasias are a group of rare disorders of bone or cartilage that cause the skeleton to develop abnormally. In osteochondrodysplasias, ...

. Shah, C. Watson, A. Canady, and H. T. Chugani. Relationship of flumazenil and glucose pet abnormalities

problem (an abnormal connection between the skin and tissue underneath) When to Contact a Medical Professional A health care provider will usually find the skin tag during the...

A coronary artery fistula generally occurs when one of the coronary arteries fails to form properly during the development of the baby. Coronary artery fistula is an abnormal connection between one ...

All known Rift Valley fever(RVF) outbreaks in Kenya from 1950 to 1998 followed periods of abnormally

...bronchial asthma and urticaria, may not be disposed of routinely for compensation purposes as constitutional or developmental abnormalities. Service connection must be determined on the evidence as to existence prior to enlistment and,...

...bronchial asthma and urticaria, may not be disposed of routinely for compensation purposes as constitutional or developmental abnormalities. Service connection must be determined on the evidence as to existence prior to enlistment and,...

...any manifestation of joint pain, any abnormality of heart action or heart sounds, any urinary findings of casts, or any cough...permit service connection of arthritis, disease of the heart, nephritis, or pulmonary disease, first...

The changes of parameters and topology in a complex network often lead to unexpected accidents in complex systems, such as diseases in neural systems and unexpected current in circuit system, so the methods of adjusting the abnormal network back to its normal conditions are necessary to avoid these problems. However, it is not easy to detect the structures and information of ...

or middle agent is abnormal, agent-based system may occur erroneous behaviors. The abnormal situations can) is defined as following. A = (C-F)/C where: C means Complexity; F = Number of links connected to abnormal: agent coordination level, individual agent behavior level, and agent-oriented methodology level. ...

identified a robust link connecting singular surfaces to abnormal coarsening and grain growth phenomena. Based on this work, abnormal growth can be attributed to the step migration growth mechanisms population. Furthermore, the growth constant (K in Eq. 1) for the abnormal grains has been reported

We use the notion of generalized connection over a bundle map in order to present an alternative approach to sub-Riemannian geometry. Known concepts, such as normal and abnormal extremals, will be studied in terms of this new formalism. In particular, some necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of abnormal extremals will ...

An alarm management system is described, comprising: a light water pressurized nuclear power plant; sensors coupled to the plant indicating the state of the plant; a sensor signal processor, operatively connected to the sensors, for producing state signals indicating the state of the sensors monitoring the power plant from the sensor signals and for combining the state signals ...

Radioecological situation of Adjara foreland and external irradiation doses of population have been studied. A comparison of frequency of genetic abnormalities (congenital abnormalities, underweight) among infants born in 2004-2008 and magnitude of the radiation background (RB) of region was studied to establish the causal connection ...

The past few years have seen considerable interest in findings of abnormal brain connectivity in the autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We review recent work from neuroimaging and other sources, and argue that there is considerable convergent evidence suggesting that connectivity is disrupted in ASD. We point to evidence both of local ...

ObjectiveThe multiplanar display is a modality that allows the simultaneous visualization of three orthogonal planes from volume datasets obtained with three- (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography. Simultaneous display of standard views used in fetal echocardiography and their orthogonal planes may provide novel sonographic views for examination of the fetal heart and its vascular ...

Impaired understanding of others' sensations and emotions as well as abnormal experience of their own emotions and sensations is frequently reported in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). It is hypothesized that these abnormalities are based on altered connectivity within "shared" neural networks involved in emotional ...

Damage to the visual cortex can lead to changes in anatomical connectivity between the remaining areas. For example, after a unilateral lesion to striate cortex (V1), an abnormal anatomical pathway can develop between the lateral geniculate nucleus of the undamaged hemisphere and the motion area V5/MT+ in the damaged hemisphere, accompanied by a ...

Connections in sub�Riemannian geometry B. Langerock Department of Mathematical Physics of a connection over a bundle map and apply it to a sub�Riemannian geometry. It is shown that the concepts: sub�Riemannian geometry, abnormal extremals, connections. AMS classification: 53C05, 53C17, 58E25. 1

Connections in sub-Riemannian geometry B. Langerock Department of Mathematical Physics of a connection over a bundle map and apply it to a sub-Riemannian geometry. It is shown that the concepts: sub-Riemannian geometry, abnormal extremals, connections. AMS classification: 53C05, 53C17, 58E25. 1

Abnormalities in the interactions between functionally linked brain regions have been suggested to be associated with the clinical impairments observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We investigated functional connectivity within the limbic system during face identification; a primary component of social cognition, in 19 high-functioning adults with ...

Abnormalities in the interactions between functionally linked brain regions have been suggested to be associated with the clinical impairments observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We investigated functional connectivity within the limbic system during face identification; a primary component of social cognition, in 19 high-functioning adults with ...

An electrostatic diagnostic apparatus is described for distinctly recognizing different events occurring in an operating gas turbine engine which consists of: electrostatic signal means, each including a probe to be disposed in the gas stream of an engine, for providing, when the probe is disposed in the gas stream of an operating engine, a probe signal having amplitude variations indicative of ...

For some time, dystonia has been seen as purely a motor disorder. Relatively novel concepts published approximately 10 years ago also presumed that in the development of dystonic dyskinesias, only motor behaviour was abnormal. Neurophysiological observations of various types of dystonic disorders, which were performed using sophisticated electromyography, polymyography, ...

Functional studies in schizophrenia demonstrate prominent abnormalities within the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and also suggest the functional connectivity abnormalities in language network including left IFG and superior temporal gyrus during semantic processing. White matter connections between regions ...

BackgroundConvergent evidence implicates white matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder. The cingulum is an important candidate structure for study in bipolar disorder as it provides substantial white matter connections within the corticolimbic neural system that subserves emotional regulation involved in the disorder.AimsTo test the hypothesis that ...

In this study we use Magnetoencephalography (MEG) to detect and characterize focal abnormalities in neurophysiological function in patients with mTBI and PTSD for the purpose of distinguishing between the two. MEG is a completely non-invasive imaging moda...

In this study we propose to use magnetoencephalography (MEG) to detect and characterize focal abnormalities in neurophysiological function in patients with mTBI and PTSD for the purpose of distinguishing between the two. MEG is a completely non-invasive i...

A generation indicating apparatus for a vehicle alternator in a generating and charging system includes an indicator lamp connected in series with an electric load and the series circuit of the indicator lamp and the electric load is connected to a battery through a key switch. A series circuit of an electric load drive transistor and an indicator lamp ...

(gamma) - (gamma) angular correlation measurements have been performed in (sup 187)Pt in order to determine the spin values of the states connected by the highly converted transitions. For one of these transitions, we have determined that the spin values ...

needle adapter to female adapter of butterfly connecter. Ascertain that no air ..... Abortion. Hemorrhage. Abnormal delivery. X. Poisonings and drug overdose. Ingestion. Inhalation ..... In abortions, of any type, treat the patient ...

The total profile of volatile metabolites in urine of patients with diabetes mellitus was studied. Because of the drastic abnormalities in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins connected with diabetes it was expected that apart from aceton...

Model of hypoxia-induced retinopathy. The collapse of blood vessels in the eye results in a lack of oxygen delivery to the tissue. This hypoxic environment generates signals that cause abnormal blood vessel proliferation, which can be suppressed by angiogenesis inhibitors.

It has been almost 50 years since a "minute chromosome" was first identified in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). This genetic abnormality, named the Philadelphia chromosome for where it was discovered, was the first genetic defect linked to cancer.

Brain lesions Basics Multimedia Definition Causes When to see a doctor Connect with others who've been ... Clinic staff CLICK TO ENLARGE MRI showing a brain lesion Brain lesions are abnormal areas of tissue ...

The present invention provides AA targeting compounds which comprise AA targeting agent-linker conjugates which are linked to a combining site of an antibody. Various uses of the compounds are provided, including methods to treat disorders connected to abnormal angiogenesis.

...for emergency response. For transmission lines, the manual must also...Abnormal operation. For transmission lines, the manual required by paragraph...operators that are operating transmission lines in connection with their...

...any manifestation of joint pain, any abnormality of heart action or heart sounds...disorders which are characterized by developmental defects or pathological trends in...showing preservice origin. Congenital or developmental defects, refractive error of the...

That creativity and psychopathology are somehow linked remains a popular but controversial idea in neuroscience research. Brain regions implicated in both psychosis-proneness and creative cognition include frontal projection zones and association fibers. In normal subjects, we have previously demonstrated that a composite measure of divergent thinking (DT) ability exhibited significant inverse ...

That creativity and psychopathology are somehow linked remains a popular but controversial idea in neuroscience research. Brain regions implicated in both psychosis-proneness and creative cognition include frontal projection zones and association fibers. In normal subjects, we have previously demonstrated that a composite measure of divergent thinking (DT) ability exhibited significant inverse ...

Background:Rewards and punishments may make distinct contributions to learning via separate striato-cortical pathways. We investigated whether fronto-striatal dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ) is characterized by selective impairment in either reward- (Go) or punishment-driven (NoGo) learning.Methods:We administered two versions of a Probabilistic Selection task (Frank et al., ...

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder in childhood with established problems in cognitive control and associated fronto-striatal circuitry. More recently, fronto-cerebellar circuits have been implicated in this disorder. Both of these circuits are important in predicting the occurrence and timing of behaviorally ...

Youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have deficits in interference inhibition, which can be improved with the indirect catecholamine agonist methylphenidate (MPH). Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the effects of a single dose of MPH on brain activation during interference inhibition in medication-na�ve ADHD boys. Medication-na�ve boys with ...

Youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have deficits in interference inhibition, which can be improved with the indirect catecholamine agonist methylphenidate (MPH). Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the effects of a single dose of MPH on brain activation during interference inhibition in medication-na�ve ADHD boys. Medication-na�ve boys with ...

AbstractAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism are two neurodevelopmental disorders associated with prominent executive dysfunction, which may be underpinned by disruption within fronto-striatal and fronto-parietal circuits. We probed executive function in these disorders using a sustained attention task with a validated brain-behaviour basis. Twenty-three ...

Increased variability in reaction time (RT) has been proposed as a cardinal feature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Increased variability during sustained attention tasks may reflect inefficient fronto-striatal and fronto-parietal circuitry; activity within these circuits is modulated by the catecholamines. A disruption to dopamine signaling is suggested in ...

Anorexia nervosa is a severe illness and shows one of the highest death rates among psychiatric or psychosomatic diseases. However, despite several lines of research, the etiology of this disease is still unknown. One of those features is the rigidity of behaviors, for example, controlling of weight and pursuing of thinness, that often meets the criteria for obsessive-compulsive behavior. In this ...

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by excessive levels of hyperactivity, inattentiveness and impulsivity. Stimulant drugs which increase dopamine neurotransmission are treatments for ADHD. Hypodopaminergic fronto-striatal function with associated overactivity of the dopamine transporter (DAT) represents one ...

In the present study, we sought to examine whether the fronto-striatal learning system, which has been implicated in bulimia nervosa, would demonstrate altered BOLD activity during probabilistic category learning in women who met subthreshold criteria for bulimia nervosa (Sub-BN). Sub-BN, which falls within the clinical category of Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS), is comprised of ...

Connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Sj�gren's syndrome, and scleroderma are systemic disorders that may have an autoimmune basis. The system manifestations vary, and there is frequent overlap among the syndromes. Liver involvement in patients with connective tissue diseases has been well documented ...

An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein which may result from a traumatic injury or occur as a congenital abnormality. It may be asymptomatic or may present with a variety of symptoms. Surgical or endovascular treatment can be preferred. We present a case of unsuccessful percutaneous ...

To diagnosis the lung cancer as to determine if it has malignant or benign nature, it is important to understand the spatial relationship among the abnormal nodule and other pulmonary organs. But the lung field has very complicated structure, so it is difficult to understand the connectivity of the pulmonary organs using Thin-section CT images. This method ...

We assessed abnormalities within the principal brain resting state networks (RSNs) in patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) to define whether functional abnormalities in this disease are limited to the visual system or, conversely, tend to be more diffuse. We also defined the structural substrates of fMRI changes using a ...

Three pairs of siblings with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) are reported. The types of the anomalous venous return (supra- or infracardial connections) varied within the families indicating that genetic regulation deals with the left atrial connection to the intrapulmonary veins. Having failed to establish this ...

There is emerging evidence for a connection between the surface morphology of the brain and its underlying connectivity. The foundation for this relationship is thought to be established during brain development through the shaping influences of tension exerted by viscoelastic nerve fibers. The tension-based morphogenesis results in compact wiring that ...

ObjectiveAbnormalities in the anterior interhemispheric connections provided by the corpus callosum (CC) have long been implicated in bipolar disorder (BD). In this study, we used complementary diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) methods to study the structural integrity of the CC and localization of potential abnormalities in ...

Brain activation and functional connectivity were investigated in high functioning autism using functional magnetic resonance imaging in an n-back working memory task involving photographic face stimuli. The autism group showed reliably lower activation compared with controls in the inferior left prefrontal area (involved in verbal processing and working memory maintenance) ...

Total hepatic venous drainage into the left atrium is an extremely uncommon abnormality. We present a patient in whom the hepatic veins drained into the left atrium in the absence of other intracardiac or extracardiac anomalies. Surgical correction of the anomalous hepatic venous connection was performed by suturing the hepatic veins to the right atrium. ...

hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients in several former functional MRI (fMRI) studies. Resting-state low pattern differences of dACC in adolescents with and without ADHD. As compared to the controls, the ADHD suggest these abnormally more significant functional connectivities in the ADHD patients may indicate

Mapping Corpus Callosum Deficits in Autism: An Index of Aberrant Cortical Connectivity Christine N Background: Volumetric studies have reported reductions in the size of the corpus callosum (CC) in autism method was used to detect and map the spatial pattern of CC abnormalities in male patients with autism

A 68-year-old male patient had aortic valve replacement for aortic valve endocarditis. The central line (left) position looked abnormal on chest X-ray. Contrast studies confirmed left sided partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. PMID:20805252

Recent animal studies have suggested that cortical areas may play a greater role in the modulation of abnormal oscillatory activity in Parkinson's disease (PD) than previously recognized. We investigated task and medication-dependent, EEG-based directional cortical connectivity in the ? (4-7Hz), ? (8-12Hz), ? (13-30Hz) and low ? (31-50Hz) frequency bands ...

SummaryThe mechanisms controlling the formation of synaptic connections between muscle spindle afferents and spinal motor neurons are believed to be regulated by factors originating from muscle spindles. Here, we find that the connections form with appropriate specificity in mice with abnormal spindle development caused by the ...