Argues that knowledge from studies of individuals with sex chromosome abnormalities can further understanding of aspects of normal human development. Studies of XO girls, XXY boys, XXX girls, and males with a fragile X chromosome are summarized to demonstrate how results contribute to knowledge about normal cognitive development and ...

... abnormalities of chromosomes. Normally every cell of the human body has 46 chromosomes, organized in 23 pairs (22 pairs of autosomes, identical in males and females) and one pair of sex chromosomes � XX in females and ...

The sex chromosomes play a highly specialized role in germ cell development in mammals, being enriched in genes expressed in the testis and ovary. Sex chromosome abnormalities (e.g., Klinefelter [XXY] and Turner [XO] syndrome) constitute the largest class of chromosome abnormalities and the commonest genetic cause ...

This presentation is designed to show the diagnostic implications of chromosomal abnormalities, and how in some cases chromosome analysis may be helpful in prognosis and counselling. Most males with Klinefelter's syndrome have chromatinpositive nuclei and an abnormal sex chromosome complex (usually XXY). In Turner's syndrome many such ...

Numerical chromosome abnormalities were studied in single blastomeres from arrested or otherwise morphologically abnormal human preimplantation embryos. A 6-h FISH procedure with fluorochrome-labeled DNA probes was developed to determine numerical abnormalities of chromosomes X, Y, and 18. The three chromosomes ...

Chromosome anomalies are extraordinarily common in human gametes, with approximately 21% of oocytes and 9% of spermatozoa abnormal. The types of abnormalities are quite different since most abnormal oocytes are aneuploid, whereas the majority of abnormalities in spermatozoa are structural. ...

Since 1946 a continuous effort to evaluate the potential genetic effects of the atomic bombs has been sustained. Observations on children born in Hiroshima and Nagasaki include sex ratio, congenital malformations, stillbirths, survival of liveborn infants, chromosomal abnormalities (sex chromosomal abnormalities ...

Sperm microinjection techniques, subzonal sperm insemination (SUZI) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), have achieved a wide spread clinical application for the treatment of male infertility. To date, only one study has focused on sperm karyotypes after microinjection. Martin et al. reported a very high incidence of abnormal human sperm ...

Intersexuality is a rare congenital abnormality in domestic animals. It is reported in numerous species including the swine, goat, horse, cat, and dog. The present work provides an overview of the variety of intersexual conditions known in different dog breeds. Each case was reclassified based on the described gonadal constitution, reproductive tract ...

... and Consequences of Contemporary Sex Research: A Feminist Perspective, Leonore ... instructions, viewing conditions, sex and subject variability. ...

... SEX: THE MISSING VARIABLE IN HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH Final 6. PERFORMING ORG. ... Sex: The Missing Variable in Human Factors ...

The recent emergence of human cytogenetics has a firm foundation in studies on other forms of life. Historical highlights are Mendel's studies on the garden pea (published in 1865 but lost in an obscure journal until 1900); formulation of cytogenic postulates by Sutton and Boveri (1902-1903); Bridges' discovery of chromosome abnormalities in Drosophila ...

... H. F. Percival, and A. R. Woodward. 1994. Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations ... ...

Sex chromosome aneuploidy is the most common numerical chromosomal abnormality in humans at birth and a substantial portion of these abnormalities involve paternal chromosomes. An efficient method is presented for using air-dried smears of human semen to detect the number of X and Y chromosomes ...

Thyroid disorders have a great impact on fertility in both sexes. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism cause changes in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), prolactin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and sex steroid serum levels. In females, thyroid hormones may also have a direct effect on oocytes, because it is known that specific ...

The history of ideas on how the sexes became divided spans at least three thousand years. The biblical account of the origin of Eve, and the opinions of the philosophers of classical Greece, have unexpected bearings on present-day ideas. The scientific study of sex determination can be said to have begun in the 17th century with the discovery of ...

section from an online biology textbook covering XY differences, X-inactivation, X abnormalities, sex determination in other animals and hermaphrodites.

Y-autosome translocations are rare in humans and pigs. In both species, these rearrangements can be responsible for meiotic arrest and subsequent infertility. Chromosome pairing abnormalities on the SSCX, SSCY and SSC1 chromatin domains were identified by analyzing pachytene spermatocytes from a boar carrying a (Y;1) translocation by immunolocalization of ...

A laboratory procedure for sex identification of monomorphic birds was developed using modern cytological methods of detecting chromosome abnormalities in human amniotic fluid samples. A pin feather is taken from a pre-fledging bird for tissue culture and karyotype analysis. Through this method, the sex was ...

Frequent or severe abnormal behavior may be associated with the release of endorphins that positively reinforce the behavior with an opiate euphoria or analgesia. One line of research exploring this association involves the superhormone, proopiomelanocortin (POMC). The products of POMC appear to be dysregulated in some human subjects who exhibit ...

... Accession Number : ADA011262. Title : The Influence of Age, Sex, and Oral Contraceptives on Human Blood Cholinesterase Activity. ...

... Accession Number : ADA056799. Title : Human Performance: Sex Differences and the Influence of the Menstrual Cycle (A Selected Bibliography). ...

... Accession Number : ADA085824. Title : Human Performance: Psychological and Physiological Sex Differences (A Selected Bibliography). ...

The bibliography is a compilation of 1571 references dealing with, or related to, the effects of sex differences on human performance. The material is organized into four categories: An Overview of Sex Differences, Physiological Sex Differences, Sex Diffe...

... if humans could choose the sex of their babies? I heard that question asked and quickly dismissed ... humans can easily choose the sex of their babies? Various methods are already being used for sex ... ...

Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a leading cause of birth defects, largely manifested as central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The principal site of manifestations in the mouse model is the fetal brain's neural progenitor cell (NPC)-rich subventricular zone. Our previous human NPC studies found these cells to be fully permissive for ...

... abnormal uterine bleeding? What is a normal menstrual cycle? At what ages is abnormal bleeding more common? ... Bleeding after sex Spotting anytime in the menstrual cycle Bleeding heavier or for more days than normal ...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and typing using the PapilloCheck test and cytological examination were carried out in anal samples collected from 67 men seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who have sex with men. Fifty (74.6%) patients had anal HPV infection, 46 (68.7%) had high-risk (HR) HPV infection, and 38 ...

... of 11p Genes in Human Breast Cancer. ... region of chromosome loss in ... Descriptors : *CHROMOSOMES, *GENES, *ABNORMALITIES, *METASTASIS ...

... Accession Number : ADB225776. Title : Identification and Characterization of Molecular Abnormalities of 11p Genes in Human Breast Cancer. ...

BACKGROUND:: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the cervix and related abnormal cervical cytology in HIV-infected women has been well described. Little is known about anal HPV infection in HIV-infected women. METHODS:: The SUN Study is a prospective cohort study of 700 HIV-infected patients including 167 women. At baseline, patients completed a ...

This summary report focuses on current studies on reproductive effects reported at the workshop on Perinatal Exposure to Dioxin-like Compounds and supporting data noted in the discussion. Recent laboratory studies have suggested that altered development (e.g., low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, congenital malformation) and reproductive health (e.g., fertility, sex organ ...

This summary report focuses on current studies on reproductive effects reported at the workshop on Perinatal Exposure to Dioxin-like Compounds and supporting data noted in the discussion. Recent laboratory studies have suggested that altered development (e.g., low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, congenital malformation) and reproductive health (e.g., fertility, sex organ ...

BackgroundMale-factor infertility is a common condition, and etiology is unknown for a high proportion of cases. Abnormal epigenetic programming of the germline is proposed as a possible mechanism compromising spermatogenesis of some men currently diagnosed with idiopathic infertility. During germ cell maturation and gametogenesis, cells of the germ line undergo extensive ...

Sex chromosomes are distinctive, not only because of their gender determining role, but also for genomic features that reflect their evolutionary history. The genomic sequences in the ancient sex chromosomes of humans and in the incipient sex chromosomes of medaka, stickleback, and papaya exhibit u...

The Tier II mutagenic screening of 2-methoxyethanol (109864) is discussed. The properties, human exposure and toxicology of the compound are reviewed. The chemicals, animals, animal management and atmosphere generation, are described. The methods for DNA synthesis assay, cytogenetic analysis of rat bone marrow cells, dominant lethal testing, sperm ...

Turner syndrome (TS) is the human being's most frequent sex chromosome abnormality. Progressive sensorineural hearing loss is documented in more than 50% of the women affected by this syndrome. Although Mondini defect is the cochlear congenital malformation most frequently identified in other polymalformative syndromes, it has rarely ...

The specialized literature was reviewed concerning the suspected increasing secular trends in the frequency of female births, male genital congenital anomalies, abnormal sperm counts, and testicular cancer. Although no risk factors could be identified yet, the observed sex ratio decline during the last decades has been considered to be an effect of certain ...

... SEROLOGY, *HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, *SEX, REPRINTS, COMMERCE, ENZYMES, ORAL INTAKE, GENOME, URUGUAY ...

Dr. R. Anjaneyulu, a senior obstetrician in India, wrote a book extolling the mother. In the book, Anjaneyulu clearly presents the scientific and technical aspects of obstetrics and gynecology as well as his philosophy on the social, moral, and ethical aspects of human reproduction. Anjaneyulu's essays on sex determination, sex ...

The bibliography is a compilation of 640 references dealing with, or related to, the effects of sex differences and the menstrual cycle on human performance. The material is organized into six categories: An Overview of Sex Differences, Physiological Sex ...

Inherited disorders of sexual development are important to identify as a cause of inherited infertility or sterility in humans and animals. Investigation of these disorders in dogs and cats can identify new mutations, allowing us to eliminate inherited disorders from breeding populations, while contributing to the understanding of mammalian sexual development and ...

Chimerism, when more than one genetically distinct cell line originating in different zygotes is present in a single individual, is a rare event in humans but has been described more than 50 times in the literature. Nearly all the described cases have been detected due to discordance in the cell lines for the sex chromosomes, resulting in an ovotesticular ...

Lasting anxiogenic effects of predator stress in rodents may model aspects of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is a link between genetic variation in the serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) and anxiety in humans, prompting the generation of SERT knockout mice. This review brings together studies of SERT knockout male mice, normal female mice, and different 5-HT ...

A novel spontaneous neurological mutation, scrambler (scm), appeared in the inbred mouse strain DC/Le (dancer) in 1991. Mice homozygous for this recessive mutation are recognized by an unstable gait and whole-body tremor. The cerebella of 30-day-old scrambler homozygotes are hypoplastic and devoid of folia; however, neither seizures nor abnormal brain wave patterns have been ...

... in the sex ratio, or the ratio of boys to girls at birth, have been widely studied and variously ... human populations there is a small excess of boys over girls at birth, or a sex ratio slightly greater ...

... found that the sex of women's previous children has an effect on their ... rather than the family structure of two- and three-child sibships. In his ... ...

In the absence of manipulation, both the sex ratio at birth and the population sex ratio are remarkably constant in human populations. Small alterations do occur naturally; for example, a small excess of male births has been reported to occur during and after war. The tradition of son preference, however, has distorted these natural ...

The results of standard cytogenetic analysis of the long-term cultures of embryonic fibroblasts of 478 first-trimester spontaneous abortions were retrospectively reviewed. In 16% of embryos with cytogenetically confirmed karyotype 46,XX, the Y chromosome was found by molecular genetic methods. Prior to obtaining the chromosome preparations, the cell cultures of Y chromosome-carrying embryos were ...

The kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling complex is a key gatekeeper of human sexual maturation. Kisspeptins, encoded by the KISS1 gene, constitute a powerful stimulus for gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced gonadotropin secretion. In addition, the KISS1 gene is a target for regulation by gonadal steroids in both sexes. The increase in hypothalamic kisspeptin ...

Professor Dennis O'Neil's Anthropology Tutorials Web site offers a collection of multimedia enhanced web pages that covers topics ranging from Physical (Biological) Anthropology to Cultural (Social Anthropology). The discipline of Physical Anthropology is divided into eleven subtopics: - Early Theories of Evolution - The Basic Principles of Genetics - Biological Basis of Heredity - ...

To study the significance of the increased ratio of the estrogen/androgen concentration for the male reproductive functions, we have generated transgenic mice expressing human P450 aromatase under a promoter providing ubiquitous and permanent transgene expression (AROM+ mice). AROM+ male mice are characterized by elevated serum estradiol and prolactin (Prl) concentrations, ...

N,N-Dimethylformamide (68122) (NND) was subjected to a tier II mutagenic test screening program. The assays included unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay in human diploid fibroblasts with exposure of 3 hours duration and concentrations up to 9,220 micrograms per milliliter of culture medium; dominant lethal test in male rats with exposure to atmospheres containing 10 parts ...

Author Proof A Gender, immunity and the regulation of longevity Robin C. May* Summary For humans is not human specific, since sex differences in longevity occur in a huge range of animals, regardless and lifespan may also exist in humans. The evolution of sex-dependent differences in longevity ...

... Association. Published online in APA�s Journal of Abnormal Psychology � , the study looked at the prevalence by gender ... on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Online First, Aug. 17, 2011. Nicholas R. Eaton ...

The present study reports the first systematic rostrocaudal distribution of estrogen receptor-alpha immunoreactivity (ERalpha-ir) in the human hypothalamus and its adjacent areas in young adults. Postmortem material taken from 10 subjects (five male and five female), between 20 and 39 years of age, was investigated. In addition, three age-matched subjects with ...

The micronucleus (MN) assay on exfoliated buccal cells is a useful and minimally invasive method for monitoring genetic damage in humans. To determine the genotoxic effects of calcite dust that forms during processing, MN assay was carried out in exfoliated buccal cells of 50 (25 smokers and 25 non-smokers) calcite factory workers and 50 (25 smokers and 25 non-smokers) age- ...

Trichopoliodystrophy (also known as Menkes' kinky or steely hair disease), a recessive sex-linked syndrome, is characterized by severely retarded mental and physical development, convulsions, a particular phenotype and abnormalities of the hair, bones and arteries. Very low levels of copper and ceruloplasmin in the serum confirm the diagnosis. This rare ...

There are many diseases that humans can contract through sexual contact with each other. Humans can lower their risk of contracting these diseases by practicing safe sex techniques if they choose to participate in those kinds of actions.

... 0038 Why Sex Matters: A Darwinian Look at Human Behavior. Bobbi S. Low. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, ... how it interacts with biological evolution in determining human behavior is still an ...

... power of nanotechnology to engineer devices to analyze human fluids and tissues for abnormal molecules that are indicative of a ...

... of abnormal cells. Immune System: The body's natural defense system against foreign substances and invading organisms, such ...

... Descriptors : , (*MENTAL DISORDERS, HUMANS), PSYCHOSES, BEHAVIOR, ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY, BACKGROUND. ...

Previous studies of non-human animals and humans with endocrine abnormalities have demonstrated that higher prenatal androgen levels promote more male-typical behavior, including cognitive abilities and sexual behavior. Research on normal hormonal fluctuations (e.g. menstrual cycle studies) has shown additional effects of circulating ...

In the case of autosomal dominant genes, a single abnormal gene on one of the autosomal chromosomes (one of the first 22 "non-sex" chromosomes) from either parent can ...

... group were found to have gross abnormalities in kidney, bladder, seminal ... expression of hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor, c-Met, during sex ...

... F. Nakasuji, and N. Morimoto. 1991. Abnormal sex-ratio condition in the walnut leaf beetle, Gastrolina depressa (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool 26:299�306. Curtsinger, J. W. and M. W. Feld...

Molecular cytogenetic aneuploidy testing for pregnant women at increased risk of chromosome abnormality leads to rapid reassurance for those with normal results and earlier decisions on pregnancy management in the case of abnormality. We tested 9080 prenatal samples using a one-tube QF-PCR test for trisomies 13, 18, and 21; the ...

Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at chromosomal ends contributing to genomic integrity. In somatic cells, telomeres are shortened during DNA reduplication. Thus, telomere erosion has been regarded as a biological clock. Applying the telomere/centromere (T/C)-FISH technique to human ...

For most pollutants a full range of short-term adverse reproductive outcomes should be considered as possible markers in monitoring populations. These include sex ratio, birthweight, intrauterine growth retardations, neonatal motality, birth defects manifest at birth or very shortly thereafter, embryonic and fetal deaths (EFD), germinal chromosome ...

Proteins from single frozen sections of human muscle were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and detected by fluorography or Coomassie Blue staining. The major proteins were identical in different normal muscles obtained from either sex at different ages, and in Duchenne and myotonic dystrophy samples. Congenital myopathy denervation atrophy, ...

A sex chromosome is one of the two chromosomes that specify an organism's genetic sex. Humans have two kinds of sex chromosomes, one called X and the other Y. Normal females possess two X chromosomes and normal males one X and one Y.

-degree relatives with psychosis were more apt to be of the same sex than of the opposite sex (Mott 1910; Penrose al. 1992). A number of sex chromosome abnormalities have been reported in association with psychosis chromo- some, and reported isolated instances of psychosis in sex- ...

Aromatization of androgens is a key step in estrogen production, and it regulates the delicate balance between estrogens and androgens in the gonads and sex steroid target tissues. In the present study, we generated transgenic mice (AROM(+)) bearing the human ubiquitin C promoter/human P450 aromatase fusion gene. AROM(+) male mice are ...

The sex hormone-binding globulin gene (shbg) is expressed in the liver and testis as well as in several other tissues that play important roles in reproduction. Expression of shbg in the human liver results in the production of plasma sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), which regulates the bioavailability of sex ...

The hypothesis that specific chromosomal abnormalities in human tumors are related to particular etiologic agents is discussed. The following lines of evidence are considered; nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities in leukemia, lymphomas, meningiomas, and ot...

... onset cyclic neutropenia demonstrated abnormal in vitro Droliferative responses to purified, recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony ...

In mammals, the Y chromosome is a dominant male determinant, causing the bipotential gonad to develop as a testis. Recently, cases of familial and spontaneous 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) have been attributed to mutations in the human gene encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1, MAP3K1, a component of the mitogen-activated ...

In mammals, the Y chromosome is a dominant male determinant, causing the bipotential gonad to develop as a testis. Recently, cases of familial and spontaneous 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) have been attributed to mutations in the human gene encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase ...

Evaluation of trace metals in human tissues such as hair and nails has proven useful in the studies pertaining to chronic body exposure. These have also been suggested as indexes to evaluate environmental exposure by toxic trace metals. Though hair have been more extensively studied than finger nails, yet it remains that the latter tissue is equally promising in the ...

... (Author). Descriptors : *TECHNICAL WRITING, HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING, SEX, PSYCHOLINGUISTICS. Subject ...