Neuroleptics are antipsychotic drugs. In addition to their antipsychotic properties, many physicians use them as anti-anxiety or antiemetics. Indeed, most patients referred to psychiatrists would have been given one, or a combination, of these drugs. Physicians should therefore be aware of their side-effects. Abnormal involuntary ...

Serial determinations of plasma dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) in 16 Parkinson's disease patients receiving levodopa showed a negative correlation between plasma dopa levels and disability scores among patients who exhibited daily fluctuations of signs and symptoms. This suggests that the amount of levodopa delivered to the brain from the periphery is of major importance in the production of the ...

(essential tremor), meta- bolic causes (hyperthyroidism, electrolyte abnormal- ities), degenerative diseases describe definitions of dystonia, chorea, athetosis, myoclonus, tremor, tics, and stereotypies that arose or relaxation of one or more muscles. Tremor is a rhythmic back-and-forth or oscillating involuntary move- ment

BACKGROUND: The syndrome of involuntary craniofacial lingual movements in the setting of acute intensive care-acquired quadriplegia (critical illness neuromyopathy) following sepsis-associated encephalopathy has not been previously described. We suggest a localization and treatment for this disabling condition. METHODS: Three patients (2 female) from our ...

Hyperkinetic movements are unwanted or excess movements that are frequently seen in children with neurologic disorders. They are an important clinical finding with significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. However, the lack of agreement on standard terminology and definitions interferes with clinical treatment and research. We describe ...

Dystonia is a movement disorder which causes involuntary contractions of your muscles. These contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements. Sometimes ...

Four patients developed abnormal involuntary movements of a limb after injury. All subsequently developed sympathetic algodystrophy with Sudeck's atrophy and then abnormal muscle spasms or jerks of the affected limb, lasting years. Sympathetic block in three patients did not relieve the ...

Self-injurious movements, common in persons diagnosed with Tourette syndrome, or mental retardation, are typically difficult to eliminate. The author considers the possibility that certain self-injurious movements are involuntary phenomena. An anatomical analysis of high-frequency movements in a patient with severe ...

Electromyographic (EMG) activity of abnormal involuntary movements and their modifications after Piribedil, a dopaminergic agonist, were analysed in patients presenting with tremor or tardive dyskinesia induced by treatment with neuroleptics. Quantitative analysis of EMG bursts and of their phase relationships with bursts of antagonist ...

Psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs) are common, but their physiology is largely unknown. In most situations, the movement is involuntary, but in a minority, when the disorder is malingering or factitious, the patient is lying and the movement is voluntary. Physiologically, we cannot tell the difference between ...

Psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs) are common, but their physiology is largely unknown. In most situations, the movement is involuntary, but in a minority, when the disorder is malingering or factitious, the patient is lying and the movement is voluntary. Physiologically, we cannot tell the difference between ...

We report a 70-year-old man, who developed painful involuntary muscle contraction of the left leg after the lumbar discectomy, which exacerbated after a vertebral fracture of Th12. This involuntary movement was accompanied with the abnormal position of left leg simulating triple flexion response, and was induced by ...

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) remains a significant problem for patients and physicians. Several reports have suggested that vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) can be helpful in the treatment of some neuroleptic-induced movement disorders, including parkinsonism and TD. This report presents the results of a preliminary study of five patients with TD who underwent a four week open-label ...

A 22-month-old toddler presented with involuntary movements, hemiparesis, and behavioral changes. Magnetic resonance imaging showed no abnormality, but positron emission tomography (PET) showed focal hypermetabolism. By immunohistochemical technique with the patient's sera in control brain sections, autoantibodies recognizing the same ...

A new syndrome was recently reported with the descriptive title of "painful legs and moving toes". The present paper describes five patients who developed this syndrome following minor trauma to the legs, which in three patients was attributable to surgery. Various mechanisms that may underlie this unusual combination of severe leg pain with involuntary ...

Stereotypical movements are characteristic of autism or mental retardation but can also occur in patients with dementia, particularly frontotemporal dementia (FTD). In this study, we administered the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) to 18 patients with FTD and to 18 patients with the most common form of ...

It is concluded that, contrary to the much referred to work of Ditchburn and Lettvin, vision does exist, though impaired, during involuntary saccadic eye movements as well as during voluntary saccadic eye movements as shown by Volkmann. In practical appli...

It has been known for many years that vitamin B12 deficiency can cause neurologic problems. One of these problems is involuntary movements that can appear both before and after the initiation of vitamin B12 treatment. Here, we report 3 infants who developed movement disorder during vitamin B12 administration. The ...

BACKGROUND: Both involuntary dyskinetic movements and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are reported to be antecedents of schizophrenia that may reflect dysfunctional dopaminergic activity in the striatum. The present study compared dyskinetic movement abnormalities displayed by children with multiple antecedents ...

Pontine ischemia usually results in focal deficits such as hemiparesis, facial palsy, dysarthria, disorders of eye movements or vertigo. Although rarely described, involuntary abnormal movements and "convulsions" due to pontine lesions can also occur. Here we describe a 67-year-old woman with hypertension who ...

Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric movement disorder characterised by the presence of multiple tics. Tics have an unusual, intermediate status between voluntary and involuntary movements. This ambiguity might involve not just a disorder of movement generation but also an ...

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by cognitive, psychiatric and motor abnormalities including a range of involuntary movements. Currently, assessment of these movements involves the use of subjective rating scales such as the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scales (UHDRS) ...

A double-blind study comparing the effects of carbidopa and levodopa combined in a single tablet with levodopa alone was undertaken in 50 patients with Parkinson's disease. After 6 months, there was a statistically significant improvement over baseline in total score, rigidity, and tremor only in the patients randomized to carbidopa/levodopa. In addition, 40 percent of the patients treated with ...

Dystonia is a diverse movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle co-contraction of the agonist and antagonist, which may cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal posture. Dystonia is the least understood movement disorder associated with the basal ganglia dysfunction. ...

Paroxysmal choreodystonic disorders or paroxysmal dyskinesias are a heterogeneous group of movement disorders characterized by recurrent attacks of abnormal involuntary movements. They are classified into four categories according to the precipitant, duration of attacks, and etiology: (1) paroxysmal kinesigenic ...

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are a group of genetic disorders characterized by dysfunction of an enzyme or other protein involved in cellular metabolism.(1) Most IEMs involve the nervous system (neuro-metabolic diseases or NMD). NMD often present with a complex clinical picture: psychomotor retardation and/or regression, pyramidal signs, ataxia, hypotonia and epilepsy and ...

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary oro-facial, limb, and truncal movements. As a genetic basis for inter-individual variation is assumed, there have been a sizeable number of candidate gene studies. All subjects met diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and were randomized to receive ...

To ensure high acuity vision, eye movements have to be controlled with astonishing precision by the oculomotor system. Many human diseases can lead to abnormal eye movements, typically of the involuntary oscillatory eye movements type called nystagmus. Such nystagmus can be congenital ...

Primary dystonia is characterized by abnormal, involuntary twisting and turning movements that reflect impaired motor system function. The dystonic brain seems normal, in that it contains no overt lesions or evidence of neurodegeneration, but functional brain imaging has uncovered abnormalities involving the ...

... involuntary, rhythmic, "back-and-forth" movement characteristic of tremor . In some dystonic patients, tremor-like muscle spasms or tremulous movements or dystonic ...

... is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and spasms of the eyelid muscles. It is ... form of dystonia, a movement disorder in which muscle contractions cause sustained eyelid closure, twitching or repetitive movements. ...

Blepharospasm is a focal dystonia characterized by involuntary eye closure due to abnormal contraction of orbicular eyelid muscles. When blepharospasm is associated to the presence of involuntary oromandibular movements, it is termed Meige syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of ...

Diagnosis of dystonia is not difficult by recognizing the pattern of clinical presentation. Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) and Wilson disease are important in differential diagnosis because of their specific treatment. The most common are the focal dystonias, including blepharospasm and spasmodic torticollis. Dystonia comprises mobile involuntary movements ...

Embouchure dystonia is a focal task-specific disorder involving abnormal non-coordinated movements and involuntary muscle contraction around the mouth. In professional brass players it is often so disabling that patients have to limit or give up their occupation. We examined the somatosensory homuncular representation and measured gap ...

Mirror movements (MM) are involuntary movements of one side of the body that accompany and mirror intentional movements on the opposite side. Physiological MM can occur during normal childhood development, probably owing to corpus callosum immaturity. Pathological congenital MM may be clinically isolated or part of ...

We report a 56-year-old man with adult-onset Sydenham chorea. Since January 2003, he had often troubled other persons, and in October 2003, following an episode of fever in August of the same year, he noticed left shoulder joint pain and involuntary movements of his limbs, especially on the left side. These involuntary ...

Primary dystonia is characterized by abnormal, involuntary twisting and turning movements that reflect impaired motor system function. The dystonic brain seems normal, in that it contains no overt lesions or evidence of neurodegeneration, but functional brain imaging has uncovered abnormalities involving the ...

Tetrabenazine (TBZ), a catecholamine-depleting agent initially developed for the treatment of schizophrenia, when tested for other indications, has proven to be more useful for the treatment of a variety of hyperkinetic movement disorders. These disorders include neurological diseases characterized by abnormal involuntary ...

The transplantation of dopaminergic cells for the treatment of symptoms of Parkinson’s disease has several hurdles to overcome before it can be considered a successful therapeutic approach. One issue is the development of abnormal involuntary movements in the absence of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine following the ...

... in the arms; speech difficulties (dysarthria); difficulty swallowing (dysphagia); involuntary movements of the eyes (nystagmus); mild hearing ... autosomal ; autosomal recessive ; cell ; deficiency ; difficulty swallowing ; dysarthria ; dysphagia ; gene ; involuntary ; mitochondria ; motor ; muscle tone ; mutation ; nerve ...

The authors describe a previously unreported clinical sign that may indicate the onset of significant compression of the medulla oblongata in cases of craniovertebral junction abnormalities. This 17-year-old boy presented with mild bilateral leg weakness. Imaging studies revealed severe basilar invagination and a marked Chiari malformation. While awaiting surgery, his tongue ...

Hemiballismus is a rare movement disorder characterized by involuntary, large amplitude movements of the limbs of 1 side of the body. We describe the case of a man in his late sixties with slurred speech, agitation, and right-sided hemiballismus resulting from a left thalamic hemorrhagic stroke. Treatment with haloperidol was ...

Despite being the most effective treatment for Parkinson�s disease, L-DOPA causes a development of dyskinetic movements in the majority of treated patients. L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia is attributed to a dysregulated dopamine transmission within the basal ganglia, but serotonergic and noradrenergic systems are believed to play an important modulatory role. In this study, we ...

Dystonia is defined as involuntary sustained muscle contractions producing twisting or squeezing movements and abnormal postures. The movements can be stereotyped and repetitive and they may vary in speed from rapid to slow; sustained contractions can result in fixed postures. Dystonic disorders are classified into ...

Abnormal involuntary dyskinetic movements in schizophrenia patients have been documented for more than 140�years. Clinicians should distinguish between two kinds of disturbances-spontaneous dyskinetic movements and movements induced by psychotropic medications-which may look familiar ...

A case of transient post-varicella lingual-mandibular dystonia is presented. This case was compared with the eight previously reported instances of involuntary movement disorders which rarely follow varicella infection.

Three techniques of hypnotic interrogation were compared. The technique rated most difficult to resist was an involuntary movement in response to mention of the concealed item of information. The strategy rated easiest to resist was implantation of guilt....

the eyes because of involuntary eye movements Dizziness Hearing loss in one ear Loss of balance, such as falling toward one side Nausea and vomiting Ringing or other noises...

Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and behavioral disorders leading to functional disability. In contrast to patients with adult onset, in which chorea is the major motor abnormality, children often present with spasticity, ...

The authors report their experience, over a 26-month period, in the management of 60 parkinsonian patients with the combination of levodopa and an inhibitor of peripheral dopa-decarboxylase, Ro 4-4602. This approach to Parkinson's disease is useful, safe, and at least as effective as levodopa alone. To date there have been no recognizable toxic effects attributable to Ro 4-4602. This agent appears ...

Intramuscular injections of botulinum neurotoxin type A cause reversible chemodenervation and subsequent paralysis by blocking the presynaptic release of acetylcholine. Botulinum toxin type A has emerged as the most effective form of symptomatic treatment for abnormabilities in muscle movement (blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, torticollis) and has been ...

The term "alien hand syndrome (AHS)" comprises many clinical signs of which the common features are the involuntary motor movement of the affected limb and the denial of limb ownership. It can result from several diseases involving corpus callosum or medial frontal cortex. Two major types of AHS were previously classified, callosal and frontal types. ...

We compared acute effects of single intravenous administrations of metoclopramide (40 mg) and placebo in a double-blind crossover study involving 81 patients with tardive dyskinesia. Metoclopramide produced significantly greater reduction in mean total Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale score as well as in ratings for six of the seven ...

The receptor sensitivity modification theory proposed as a potential treatment for tardive dyskinesia states that dopamine sensitivity can be down-regulated by temporarily increasing dopamine levels. We present a preliminary report of a double-blind carbidopa/levodopa-placebo study based on this hypothesis. Fifteen patients completed this 20-week trial. Based on the total tardive dyskinesia scores ...

The selection of antipsychotics as medications used primarily for treating schizophrenia and disorders similar to schizophrenia is an important aspect of the treatment of forensicpatients. This study examines the effect of antipsychotics selection (typical or atipycal) on the level of aggressiveness, side effects and the hospitalisation length. The research is conducted on 98 psychiatric patients ...

Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a focal neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary sustained and often painful muscle contraction, usually producing repetitive movements or abnormal positions of the mouth, jaw and/or tongue. We report on a 30-year-old woman affected with OMD with a 12-year ...

The factors that determine symptom penetrance in inherited disease are poorly understood. Increasingly, magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and PET are used to separate alterations in brain structure and function that are linked to disease symptomatology from those linked to gene carrier status. One example is DYT1 dystonia, a dominantly inherited movement ...

Dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) is a well-known catecholamine neurotransmitter involved in multiple physiological functions including movement control. Here we report that the major extracellular metabolite of dopamine, 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), can induce behavioral effects in a dopamine-independent manner and these effects are partially mediated by the trace amine associated ...

A 75-year-old white female with schizoaffective disorder was admitted to an inpatient psychiatry unit for uncooperativeness in refusing to take scheduled medications. She complained of anticholinergic adverse effects and had abnormal involuntary movements in the oral/buccal region. The patient had been prescribed six psychotropic ...

Dyskinesias are hyperkinetic and involuntary movements that may result from any of a number of different genetic, infectious, and drug-induced causes. Some of the hereditary dyskinetic syndromes are characterized by paroxysmal onset of the abnormal movements. The classification of the familial paroxysmal ...

Dystonia is a disabling, involuntary disorder of movement that leads to writhing, twisting end-range movements or abnormal postures. Inadequate inhibition could account for excessive excitation and near synchronous co-contractions of agonists and antagonists. Dystonia may be generalized or specific, affecting only ...

We review the existing literature on the involuntary facial movement disorders-benign essential blepharospasm, apraxia of eyelid opening, hemifacial spasm, and aberrant facial nerve regeneration. The etiology of idiopathic blepharospasm, a disorder of the central nervous system, and hemifacial spasm, a condition involving the facial nerve of the peripheral ...

L-dopa induced dyskinesia is a complication of long-term L-dopa administration in patients with Parkinson's disease. This study uses the rodent model of dyskinesia to determine whether prior dopamine agonist treatment causes long-term changes that influence the development of L-dopa mediated behaviours. Rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions were injected with dopamine agonists (ropinirole, piribedil ...

Although l-DOPA represents the standard of care in Parkinson's disease, long-term treatment may be compromised by l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), with adverse fluctuations in motor responsiveness and progressive loss of control. Here we show that in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the median forebrain bundle, LID correlates with 5-HT levels. Rats were treated with l-DOPA (6 mg/kg) ...

Amantadine and dextromethorphan suppress levodopa (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease patients and abnormal involuntary movements (AIM) in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model. These medications have been hypothesized to exert their therapeutic effects by a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ...

Jaw-clenching and tooth-grinding associated with bruxism can contribute to abnormal tooth wear and pain in the masticatory system. Clench and tooth-grinding jaw-movement tasks were evaluated in a block-design fMRI study comparing a dental-control (DC) group with a tooth-grinding (TG) group. Group classification was made prior to imaging based upon ...

Five patients with a moderate to severe degree of Sydenham's chorea were treated with sodium valproate for their involuntary movements. Within a week of commencement of treatment, the choreic movements disappeared completely. Sodium valproate appears to be a promising drug in the management of Sydenham's chorea. PMID:3917559

Previous work by Foley-Fisher showed that a close relationship existed between the frequency of small involuntary eye-movements (saccades) and vernier acuity. The present research is an extension of this work, using randomly selected untrained subjects ra...

Dopamine (DA) replacement therapy with l-DOPA remains the most effective treatment for Parkinson�s disease, but causes dyskinesia (abnormal involuntary movements) in the vast majority of the patients. The basic mechanisms of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) have become the object of intense research focusing on neurochemical and ...

Rotenone is a widely used pesticide and a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I (NADH-quinone reductase) that elicits the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and thereby the appearance of a parkinsonian syndrome. Here we have addressed the alterations induced by rotenone at the functional, morphological and molecular levels in the retina, including those involving both dopaminergic and ...

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with involuntary abnormal movements (chorea), cognitive deficits and psychiatric disturbances. The disease is caused by an abnormal expansion of a CAG repeat located in exon 1 of the gene encoding the huntingtin protein ...

In 1954, when he was five years old, a patient suffered from encephalitis with a prolonged lethargic state. Following this episode, he presented a severe parkinsonian syndrome which was associated, after a few years, with an axial dystonia and stereotyped involuntary movements of the upper limbs. These abnormal ...

Clozapine is a second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic agent, which has been proven efficient against the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, with a low propensity to induce tardive dyskinesia (TD). Compared with typical antipsychotics, it has a greater affinity for dopamine D4 than D2 receptors and additional action on serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors. Due to its weak D(2) blocking ...

In Parkinson's disease, degeneration of specific neurons in the midbrain can cause severe motor deficits, including tremors and the inability to initiate movement. The standard treatment is administration of pharmacological agents that transiently increase concentrations of brain dopamine and thereby discontinuously modulate neuronal activity in the striatum, the primary ...

Chorea is a basal-ganglia (BG) related hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by irregular continuous involuntary movements. Chorea and related hyperbehavioral disorders may be induced in behaving primates by local microinjections of the GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline to the globus pallidus externus (GPe). We performed ...

... covering of the eye (the cornea) may be cone-shaped and abnormally thin, a condition known as ... amaurosis? autosomal ; autosomal dominant ; autosomal recessive ; cell ; cilium ; cones ; congenital ; cornea ; dysgenesis ; dysplasia ; epithelial ; gene ; inheritance ; involuntary ; ...

... with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome also have problems with blood clotting (coagulation) that lead to easy bruising and abnormal bleeding. ... understanding Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome? albinism ; autosomal ; autosomal recessive ; ... fibrosis ; gene ; inflammation ; intestine ; involuntary ; kidney ; lysosome ; ...

Dystonia is defined as a syndrome of sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements, or abnormal postures. Its diagnosis is based on clinical characteristics. In dystonia, the pattern of abnormal posture or movement tends to be constant during the short term even if its severity ...

Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal hereditary neurodegenerative disease causing degeneration of striatal spiny neurons, whereas cholinergic interneurons are spared. This cell-type specific pathology produces an array of abnormalities including involuntary movements, cognitive impairments, and psychiatric disorders. Although the ...

The purpose of the CEMAS workshop and the resulting document is to provide a foundation of systematic classification of primary eye movement abnormalities and strabismus conditions that can be utilized for clinical research. The delineation of inclusion a...

A study was undertaken to determine whether involuntary user movement provides a basis for relaxing the measurement conditions for evaluating the potential optical radiation hazards to the eye from slit lamps and indirect ophthalmoscopes. This was accomplished by assessment of the extent to which light from these devices can be maintained in focus on a ...

BackgroundDyskinesias associated with involuntary movements and painful muscle contractions are a common and severe complication of standard levodopa (L-DOPA, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) therapy for Parkinson's disease. Pathologic neuroplasticity leading to hyper-responsive dopamine receptor signaling in the sensorimotor striatum is thought to underlie ...

-Verlag 2004 Abstract Vivid motion illusions created by some Op art paintings are at the centre of a lively evidence from a new approach that combines perceptual judgements of the illusion and observations of eye movements with simu- lations of the induced optic flow. This work suggests that the small involuntary

Involuntary mouthing movements indistinguishable from neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia followed stroke in a woman whose computed tomographic (CT) scan showed bilateral thalamo-capsular infarction.Images

... Risperidone has been associated with several serious side effects, including diabetes, involuntary and repetitive movements and a rare but life-threatening nervous system disorder. The study authors reported that the side effects in the study, although low and not in ...

Idiopathic torsion dystonia (ITD) is characterized by sustained, involuntary muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Most familial forms of ITD display autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance. Linkage analysis has been previously used to localize a dystonia gene to ...

According to classical thinking about Parkinson's disease, loss of dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra pars compacta leads to overactivity and underactivity of the indirect and direct output pathways, respectively, in the basal ganglia. Administration of the dopamine precursor L-DOPA (l-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) is proposed to induce changes in the opposite directions. L-DOPA is the ...

Pseudoakathisia (PsA) is characterised by the typical motor features of akathisia but there is a lack of subjective awareness. A total of 153 in-patients on neuroleptic medication hospitalized in two representative wards of the Psychiatric Hospital of Attica in Athens were rated on the census date using the Rating Scale for Drug-Induced Akathisia [Barnes, Br. J. Psychiatry, 154 (1989) 672-676], ...

Medication nonadherence, especially in psychiatric disorders, has been associated with treatment failure and other negative outcomes. Orally disintegrating formulations have been developed as an alternative to improve medication adherence. This report reviews the properties, efficacy, and safety profile of olanzapine as an orally disintegrating tablet, and explores their association with ...

ObjectiveTyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. Because the TH Val81Met polymorphism is located in the amino-terminal regulatory domain of the tetrameric enzyme, it is a candidate marker for susceptibility to dopamine-related traits. We investigated the hypothesis that TH Val81Met polymorphism can influence susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia (TD) in ...

Moyamoya disease is an uncommon cerebrovascular disease characterized by progressive steno-occlusive changes in the terminal internal carotid arteries (ICA) and their main branches, associated with the development of moyamoya vessels. The incidence of the disease is high in east Asia, especially in Japan and Korea. The familial form accounts for 10-15%. Moyamoya disease has two age distribution ...

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a rare neurologic disorder of childhood and adolescence. We describe a 16-year-old boy who manifested the disease despite proper vaccinations. He was hospitalized because of bedwetting, involuntary limb movements, abnormal speech, and balance disturbances. Immunoglobulin G antibodies against ...

Parkinson�s disease is caused primarily by degeneration of brain dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the consequent deficit of dopamine in the striatum. Dopamine replacement therapy with the dopamine precursor L-dopa is the mainstay of current treatment. After several years, however, the patients develop L-dopa�induced dyskinesia, or abnormal ...

The last 10 years have seen great activity in the investigation of cerebral catecholamines, particular attention having been paid to dopamine. The low dopamine content in the basal ganglia and in the urine of patients with Parkinson's disease led to the logical use of the precursor DOPA in the treatment of this disorder. Between 1961 and 1966, both the oral and the intravenous routes were utilized ...

Tardive tongue dyskinesia is often under-diagnosed or misdiagnosed. Instrument measurement of lingual force variability may be a valid and reliable method for assessing tardive tongue dyskinesia. Instrument measurement of lingual force variability was compared to the clinical level of tardive tongue dyskinesia and total body dyskinesia as measured by the Abnormal ...

l-dopa�induced dyskinesia (LID) is a common debilitating complication of dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease. Recent evidence suggests that LID may be linked causally to a hyperactivation of the Ras�ERK signaling cascade in the basal ganglia. We set out to determine whether specific targeting of Ras-guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 1 (Ras-GRF1), a brain-specific activator of ...

Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome is characterized by unilateral convulsions during fever, transient hemiplegia, and subsequent partial epilepsy with atrophy in the cerebrum. A 9-year-old boy with a history of West syndrome and hypoglycemic attacks had three episodes of epileptic status and clusters mimicking HHE syndrome over a 2-year period. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed the ...

One hundred patients with Parkinson's disease, who started taking levodopa before the end of 1968, have been assessed after 5 years. Forty-seven patients are still being followed on levodopa, and half of them are at least 25% better than at their pretreatment evaluation. However, the average functional rating is returning toward baseline from its remarkable improvement at 1/2 to 2 years. ...

Blocking dopamine (DA) receptors in the basal ganglia can cause parkinsonian symptoms, acute dystonia, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia (TD), and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. TD is characterized by abnormal, involuntary, irregular motor movements involving muscles of the head, limbs, or trunk. Many drug therapies have been tried for ...

The pathogenesis of tardive dyskinesia (TD) may involve neurodegeneration and associated dysfunction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for the survival and maintenance of function in neurons. We therefore compared serum BDNF levels in schizophrenic patients with (n=129) and without TD (n=235), and normal controls (n=323). Assessments included the abnormal ...

Huntington`s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary movements, and cognitive and affective changes. HD has a prevalence of 1 in 10,000 individuals in most populations of European origin. The IT15 gene is responsible for HD as it contains a highly polymorphic, unstable (CAG) repeated sequence that is ...

Huntington disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by behavioral abnormalities, cognitive decline, and involuntary movements that lead to a progressive decline in functional capacity, independence, and ultimately death. The pathophysiology of Huntington disease is linked to an expanded trinucleotide ...

Startle refers to a sudden involuntary movement of the body in response to a surprising and unexpected stimulus. It is a fast twitch of facial and body muscles evoked by a sudden and intense tactile, visual, or acoustic stimulus. While startle can be considered to be a protective function against injury, startle syndromes are abnormal ...

Tiapride, a substituted benzamide derivative closely related to metoclopramide, reduced levodopa-induced peak dose involuntary movements in 16 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. However, an unacceptable increase in disability from Parkinsonism with aggravation of end-of-dose akinesia led to its cessation in 14 patients. Tiapride had no effect on ...

Metoclopramide is an antiemetic drug which occasionally produced acute dystonic reactions. Although known to interfere with central dopamine mechanisms, it is frequently used in Parkinson's disease to prevent levodopa-induced nausea and vomiting. In this study metoclopramide did not increase Parkinsonism or reduce levodopa-induced involuntary movements in ...

RationaleLevodopa (L-DOPA), the gold standard treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), eventually causes L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in up to 80% of patients. In the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD, L-DOPA induces a similar phenomenon, which has been termed abnormal involuntary movement (AIM). We previously demonstrated ...

We present a 46-year-old man who developed repetitive focal tonic-clonic seizure-like involuntary movement in the left lower extremity after a left basal ganglia (BG) hemorrhage. His symptoms were induced only by voluntary movement of the left lower extremity and were followed by transient paralysis. Electroencephalography during an ...

Movement disorders have been increasingly recognized in patients with HIV infection and may be due to distinct causes, as opportunistic infections or medication side effects for example. Parkinsonism, tremor and hemichorea have been more frequently noted in association with HIV and opportunistic infections. However, a variety of involuntary ...

This study was designed to explore the placebo-controlled effects of risperidone on cognitive-motor processes, dyskinetic movements, and behavior in children receiving maintenance risperidone therapy. Sixteen children aged 4-14 years with disruptive behavior were randomly assigned to drug order in a crossover study of risperidone and placebo for 2 weeks each. Dependent ...

A 39-year-old man acutely developed diplopia, vertigo, unsteady gait, and disturbance of consciousness following an upper respiratory infection. Neurological examination showed ophthalmoplegia, facial paralysis, tetraplegia and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Babinski reflex was positive on the left and there were bilateral flexor withdrawal reflexes. He also developed ballism-like ...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway in corticostriatal long-term depression induction in a model of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in experimental parkinsonism. Moreover, we have also analysed the possibility of targeting striatal phosphodiesterases to reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesia. To study synaptic plasticity in ...

Ischemia of the areas supplied by the anterior cerebral artery is relatively uncommon. In addition, combined hemiballismus and masturbation have rarely been reported in patients with cerebrovascular disease. We describe herein a 62-year-old right-handed man simultaneously exhibiting right side hemiballismus and involuntary masturbation with the left hand after bilateral ...

Finland TRACT Involuntary movements of hands in a moving van on a public road were studied to clarify the possible role of frequency modulated radio waves on driving. The signals were measured in a direct 2 km test segment of an international road during repeated drives to both directions. Test subjects (n=4) had an ability to sense radio frequency field ...

Bobble-head doll syndrome is a rare and unique movement disorder encountered in children. It is characterized by continuous or episodic involuntary forward and backward and side to side movement of the head at the frequency of 2-3 Hz. Neuroimaging in most of the cases reveals third ventricular tumors, suprasellar arachnoid cysts, ...

In this paper we examined the influence of repetition of weight-related sentences on the involuntary pressure forces of the forearms, when in a relaxed state. These forces were involuntary oscillations, exerted by muscle movements of the breathing-cycle and muscle movements of the arm on force sensors. We ...

Recent advance in non-invasive techniques including electrophysiology and functional neuroimaging has enabled investigation of control mechanism of voluntary movements and pathophysiology of involuntary movements in human. Epicortical recording with subdural electrodes in epilepsy patients complemented the findings obtained by the ...

Morvan disease is an autoimmune paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by cognitive impairment, social disinhibition, and involuntary spasms. It is caused by an antibody directed against neuronal calcium channels. F-18 FDG PET imaging was performed in a 71-year-old man with involuntary movements, social disinhibtion, and cognitive ...

The alien hand syndrome, as originally defined, was used to describe cases involving anterior corpus callosal lesions producing involuntary movement and a concomitant inability to distinguish the affected hand from an examiner's hand when these were placed in the patient's unaffected hand. In recent years, acceptable usage of the term has broadened ...

Motor overflow refers to involuntary movement or muscle activity that may coincide with voluntary movement. This study examined factors influencing motor overflow in 17 children (8-11 years), and 17 adults (18-35 years). Participants performed a finger pressing task by exerting either 33% or 66% of their maximal force output using ...

... opening in the roof of the mouth (a cleft palate), abnormal eye movements, hearing loss, and abnormalities of ... sense of smell. Additional features, such as a cleft palate, seem to occur only in types 1 and ...

Characteristically arising in response to overwhelmingly terrifying events, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder of memory: sufferers seemingly relive their trauma in the form of involuntary recollection. Prominent cognitive abnormalities, especially in memory functioning, have motivated research designed to elucidate the mediating ...

A case of unilateral asterixis in a man with a focal ischaemic lesion of the contralateral ventral thalamus is presented. Atypically, the movements were present at rest and had a pattern of activation that resulted in an initial misdiagnosis of epilepsia partialis continua. This case emphasises the importance of electromyographic analysis in establishing the correct diagnosis ...

A case of unilateral asterixis in a man with a focal ischaemic lesion of the contralateral ventral thalamus is presented. Atypically, the movements were present at rest and had a pattern of activation that resulted in an initial misdiagnosis of epilepsia partialis continua. This case emphasises the importance of electromyographic analysis in establishing the correct diagnosis ...

Some of the more frequently observed reflex patterns in cerebral palsy are examined, and descriptions are given of how they affect movement. A chart outlines: (1) desirable movement patterns; (2) typical abnormal movement of the cerebral palsied child; (3) possible physical cause of abnormal ...

Clinical trials of neural grafting for Parkinson's disease (PD) have produced variable, but overall, disappointing results. One particular disappointment has been the development of aberrant motor complications following dopamine (DA) neuron grafting. Despite a lack of consistent benefit, the utility of dopamine neuron replacement remains supported by clinical and basic data. In a continued effort ...

Neuroleptic induced tardive dyskinesia and L-dopa-induced dyskinesia are the two most common types of drug-induced abnormal involuntary movements. These two drug-induced dyskinesias are clearly different with respect to the offending drugs and the underlying disease, but they both share a number of intriguing similarities in terms of ...

Dystonia is an involuntary movement disorder characterized by repetitive patterned or sustained muscle contractions causing twisting or abnormal postures. Several lines of evidence suggest that abnormalities of dopaminergic pathways contribute to the pathophysiology of dystonia. In particular, dysfunction of ...

Tardive dyskinesia (TD), a syndrome of potentially irreversible, involuntary hyperkinetic disorder occurring in 20�40% of the patient population undergoing chronic neuroleptic treatment is a major limitation of neuroleptic therapy.Oxidative stress and products of lipid peroxidation are implicated in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders including tardive ...

SummaryConvergent evidence suggests that serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor (5-HT_1AR) agonists reduce L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia by auto-regulating aberrant release of L-DOPA-derived dopamine (DA) from raphestriatal neurons. However, recent findings indicate that 5-HT_1AR stimulation also modifies D1 receptor (D1R)-mediated dyskinesia and ...

Interactions between smoking and movement disorders include the contrasting associations of more cigarette smoking with reductions in Parkinson's disease and increases in tardive dyskinesia (TD) symptoms. Here we examine the relationship between smoking and TD in a large sample of inpatients with schizophrenia. We used cross-sectional naturalistic methods to analyze the ...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms including tremor and bradykinesia (slowness of movement). Drug treatment, although capable of controlling these symptoms over a number of years, becomes less effective as the disease progresses and leads to motor complications such as drug-induced dyskinesia ...

Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder associated with the clinical administration of antipsychotics. It is believed that TD is due, among other factors, to an increase in the oxidative damage produced by free radicals. Antioxidants, like vitamin E, have been used in the treatment of TD but there is no evidence of their effectiveness. Melatonin (MEL) is 6 to 10 times ...

Purpose: The adaptive strategies adopted by individuals with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) during reading are not clearly understood. Using eye movement recordings we have identified ocular motor strategies used by patients with INS during reading. Methods: Eye movements were recorded at 500Hz in 25 volunteers with INS and 7 controls when reading ...

Involuntary post-contraction muscle activity may occur after performing a strong long-lasting (about 30 s) isometric muscle contraction (Kohnstamm phenomenon). Here we examined how this putative excitatory state may interact with a locomotor movement. The subjects stood upright and were asked to oppose a rotational force applied to the pelvis for about 30 ...

... Method Involuntary Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Involuntary ... personnel who have retired for length of service and receive military retired pay. ...