SummaryThe mechanisms controlling the formation of synaptic connections between muscle spindle afferents and spinal motor neurons are believed to be regulated by factors originating from muscle spindles. Here, we find that the connections form with appropriate specificity in mice with abnormal ...

... Accession Number : ADA300380. Title : The Mechanical Spindle. A Replica of the Mammalian Muscle Spindle,. Corporate ...

Computer simulation showing how muscle spindle physiology varies depending on force, length, and activity changes

Histological examination of the jaw muscles of the Japanese ermine showed that 4 jaw-closing muscles have 13 muscle spindles on one side of the face. The temporal muscle has 99 muscle spindles, 68 being in the anterior vertical and 31 in the posterior ...

Based on the results of a sensitive dynamic analysis we noted no detectable difference in behavior to small amplitude stretches between the muscle spindles obtained from the cat tenuissimus muscle and muscle spindles from the human extensor indicis propri...

The aetiology of exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC), defined as 'painful, spasmodic, involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle during or immediately after physical exercise', has not been well investigated and is therefore not well understood. This review focuses on the physiological basis for skeletal muscle relaxation, a ...

... Title : Quantitative Estimation of Sensitivity to Muscle Stretches in the Tonic Muscle Spindle Discharges of Cats. Descriptive Note : Conference paper ...

PowerPoint presentation on Muscle Spindle Physiology with accompanying analogy that intrafusal fibers are referees and extrafusal fibers are players.

THEMECHANICAL SPINDLE: A REPLICA OF THE MAMMALIAN MUSCLE SPINDLE Pierre-Henry Marbot, and Blake thedevelopmentofadynamicallyaccurateRP lice arm. One key element is the mammalian " d e spindle R- sponsible for positionandvelocity feedback.Thispaper describes the important spindle featuresthat we ...

An allometric analysis of the number of muscle spindles in relation to muscle mass in mammalian (mouse, rat, guinea-pig, cat, human) skeletal muscles is presented. It is shown that the trend to increasing number as muscle mass increases follows an isometric (length) relationship between ...

An allometric analysis of the number of muscle spindles in relation to muscle mass in mammalian (mouse, rat, guinea-pig, cat, human) skeletal muscles is presented. It is shown that the trend to increasing number as muscle mass increases follows an isometric (length) relationship between ...

Studies of external eye muscle morphology and physiology are reviewed, with respect to both motor and sensory functions in concomitant strabismus. The eye muscles have a more complex fibre composition than other striated muscle, and they are among the fastest and most fatigue-resistant muscles in the body. However, ...

Histochemical tests on enzymes distribution in rhesus and squirrel monkeys intrafusal and extrafusal

For some time, dystonia has been seen as purely a motor disorder. Relatively novel concepts published approximately 10 years ago also presumed that in the development of dystonic dyskinesias, only motor behaviour was abnormal. Neurophysiological observations of various types of dystonic disorders, which were performed using sophisticated electromyography, polymyography, ...

Significant changes in extrafusal fiber type composition take place in the human masseter muscle from young age, 3-7 years, to adulthood, in parallel with jaw-face skeleton growth, changes of dentitions and improvement of jaw functions. As motor and sensory control systems of muscles are interlinked, also the intrafusal fiber population, that is, ...

The functional role of centrioles or basal bodies in mitotic spindle assembly and function is currently unclear. Although supernumerary centrioles have been associated with multipolar spindles in cancer cells, suggesting centriole number might dictate spindle polarity, bipolar spindles are able to assemble in the ...

The functional role of centrioles or basal bodies in mitotic spindle assembly and function is currently unclear. Although supernumerary centrioles have been associated with multipolar spindles in cancer cells, suggesting centriole number might dictate spindle polarity, bipolar spindles are able to assembly in the ...

studies of the FOXP2, asp (abnormal spindle) homolog, microcephaly-associated (ASPM) and microcephalin involvement in human-specific adaptation include the asp (abnormal spindle) homologue, microcephaly

from Spindles in Mono- and Multiarticular Muscles S. H. SCOW and G. E. Loeb MRC Group in Sensory that muscle spindles provide the majority of in- formation about limb position, but little is known about how in order to de- termine some of the fundamental properties associated with transforming noisy ...

Most studies concerning the structure and function of muscle spindles have utilized the hind limbs of experimental animals. However, little is known about muscle spindles of the back muscles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sensory innervation of muscle ...

The impulse response of the muscle spindle to an applied stretch consists of a dynamic discharge during the phase of increase in length, followed by a static discharge while stretch is maintained at a steady level. The underlying receptor potential shows ...

... LENGTH CHANGES WITHIN ISOLATED FROG MUSCLE SPINDLE DURING AND AFTER STRETCHING. Descriptive Note : Final scientific rept. ...

After-effects of preceding movement on the activity of primary spindle afferents of de-efferented cat hindlimb muscles were examined during the dynamic phases of slow linear test movements. These dynamic after-effects were compared with the static after-effects observed in the spindle activity during steady-state of the parent ...

... had already been reported [1] and had been recorded on a magnetic tape, were used for analyses of inter spike interval of cats muscle spindle ...

Recent developments have highlighted the important role centrosomal defects play in the cellular changes associated with tumorigenesis. This article reviews recent developments addressing the impact of numerical centrosomal amplification on chromosomal segregational defects in the cancer cell. Probably, the most significant is the change to the structure of the spindle that ...

Dynein is a critical mitotic motor whose inhibition causes defects in spindle pole organization and separation, chromosome congression or segregation, and anaphase spindle elongation, but results differ in different systems. We evaluated the functions of the dynein�dynactin complex by using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of distinct subunits ...

Abnormal chromosome number is a phenotype characteristic for most of the cancer cells. Thus, it may be a direct cause of human cancer including breast cancer. In this research project, we aim to test this hypothesis by abrogating the spindle checkpoint th...

Abnormal chromosome number is a phenotype characteristic for most of the cancer cells. Thus, it may be a direct cause of human cancer including breast cancer. In this research project, we aim to test this hypothesis by abrogating the spindle checkpoint th...

Abnormal chromosome number is a phenotype characteristic for most of the cancer cells. Thus, it may be a direct cause of human cancer including breast cancer. In this research project, we aim to test this hypothesis by abrogating the spindle checkpoint th...

... anomalies, characterized by spindle disruption and/or chromosomal misalignment, was significantly increased in arsenite-treated groups (25% ... abnormalities, characterized by spindle disruption and/or ch...

The histochemical study examined the effects of chronic methylmercury (MeHg) intoxication on the motor and sensory innervation of extensor digitorum longus muscles. Light microscopic examination of silver-stained axons in the intramuscular nerve bundles of MeHg-treated rats showed Wallerian-like degeneration and a reduction in the number of nerve fibers. Disrupted axons were ...

A biorobotic model of the mammalian muscle spindle Ia response was implemented in precision hardware. We derived engineering specifications from displacement, receptor potential and Ia data in the muscle spindle literature, allowing reproduction of muscle spindle behavior ...

The previous history of contraction and length changes of a muscle influences the size of the stretch reflex and H reflex. Here we ask, is this dependence due to changes in mechanical properties of extrafusal fibres, intrafusal fibres of spindles, or both?The soleus muscle of human subjects was conditioned using either a voluntary ...

Aging affects many motor functions, notably the spinal stretch reflexes and muscle spindle sensitivity. Spindle activation also depends on the elastic properties of the structures linked to the proprioceptive receptors. We have calculated a spindle efficacy index, SEI, for old rats. This index relates the ...

1. Functionally isolated single fibres were prepared from the cut central ends of the masseter nerve in cats. Of those firing in response to muscle stretch, most were alpha motor units but some had the properties of afferent fibres innervating muscle receptors. 2. These afferent units were remarkably sensitive to muscle stretch even ...

The linear range of behavior of the primary and secondary endings of in vitro tenuissimus spindles was studied. It was found that the responses of both endings to sinusoidal stimulation are similar since they each have phase advances at low frequencies of...

Effects of a new muscle relaxant E.M.P.P.(4'-ethyl-2-methyl-3-piperidino-propiophenone . hydrochloride) on afferent discharges of muscle spindle were studied in 10 healthy volunteer subjects. Single unit afferent discharges of muscle spindle were recorded microneurographically from the median ...

Malformations of cortical development are disorders of altered brain anatomy and architecture that arise from abnormalities in the usual processes of cerebral cortical development. Although they often lead to epilepsy, cognitive delay, and motor impairment, little is known about their effect on sleep. Since malformations may anatomically or functionally disrupt the cerebral ...

To examine the effects of maternal ageing on the meiotic apparatus, we obtained oocytes from naturally cycling women in two age groups, including younger (aged 20-25 years) and older (aged 40-45 years) women. Using high-resolution confocal microscopy we obtained a detailed picture of the meiotic spindle and chromosome placement during various phases of meiosis. Our data ...

The sensitivity to sinusoidal stretching and small-amplitude vibration, and the variability of the resting discharge rate of de-efferented muscle spindles in the neck extensor muscle biventer cervicis (b.c.) of the cat have been studied. The effects of intra-arterial infusion of succinylcholine (SCh) on the response of the receptors to ...

Ia afferents induce the formation of muscle spindles prenatally and maintain them postnatally. To address whether spindles, in turn, regulate the function of Ia afferents, we examined Egr3-null mutant mice (Egr3-/-), in which muscle spindles degenerate progressively after birth. Egr3-/- mice ...

1. To evaluate sympathetic effects on jaw muscles, the discharges of masseter muscle spindle afferents, jaw muscle electromyographic (EMG) activities and blood flow changes were compared in anaesthetized decerebrate rats before and during electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic trunk. 2. To eliminate the ...

in stamen hairs, pollen abortion, microspore death, disturbed spindle function, and total chromosome abnormalities. In the Neurospora crassa, ...

We investigated factors controlling the development of connections between muscle spindle afferents, spinal motor neurons, and inhibitory Renshaw cells. Several mutants were examined to establish the role of muscle spindles, muscle spindle-derived NT3, and excess NT3 in ...

We investigated factors controlling the development of connections between muscle spindle afferents, spinal motor neurons and inhibitory Renshaw cells. Several mutants were examined to establish the role of muscle spindles, muscle spindle-derived NT3 and excess NT3 in ...

Schwannoma is the most common neurogenic tumor that is derived from the peripheral nerve sheath. There are no specific serologic markers or characteristic imaging abnormalities associated with schwannoma. Tissue diagnosis and immunohistochemistry are required to diagnose this lesion. We describe a 65-year-old male with a finding of three mass lesions in the superior and middle ...

Inflammatory fibroid polyp is a rare benign polypoid lesion of the gastrointestinal tract. Histologically, inflammatory fibroid polyp is characterised by an admixture of numerous small vessels, fibroblasts and oedematous connective tissue, accompanied by marked inflammatory infiltration by eosinophils. A 40-year-old man visited our hospital for the purpose of colorectal screening due to a positive ...

The various parts of the masseter muscle complex (pars superficialis, pars profunda, zygomaticomandibularis, maxillomandibularis) in the rat, guinea-pig, rabbit, cat and macaque monkey were examined to discover whether they showed any relationship between the distribution of muscle spindles and extrafusal fibre types. Intrafusal ...

Spasticity, a classical clinical manifestation of an upper motor neuron lesion, has been traditionally and physiologically defined as a velocity dependent increase in muscle tone caused by the increased excitability of the muscle stretch reflex. Clinically spasticity manifests as an increased resistance offered by muscles to passive ...

... weakness of the heart muscle ( cardiomyopathy ) and abnormal transmission of signals that regulate the heartbeat ( conduction abnormalities ...

With 4 figures SUMMARY: We investigated the frequencies of cytoskeletal anomalies in metaphase-II (M-II) and incompetent [arrested at an immature metaphase (IM) stage] porcine and bovine oocytes during in vitro maturation (IVM) in relation with ageing by immunostaining and confocal microscopy. In porcine oocytes, meiotic arrest at the IM stage was associated with abnormalities ...

1. The two types of fusimotor neurones, dynamic and static, can be differentiated by their effects on muscle spindle afferents. We have recorded the activity of muscle spindle primary afferents from the intercostal nerves of anaesthetized or decerebrate cats. A 4 Hz sinusoidal stretch was applied to the ...

Proprioception comes from muscles and tendons. Tendon compliance, muscle stiffness, and fluctuating activity complicate transduction of joint rotation to a proprioceptive signal. These problems are acute in postural regulation because of tiny joint rotations and substantial short-range muscle stiffness. When studying locomotion or ...

Although tandem muscle spindle complexes are found in small but significant numbers in most muscles, experimental investigation of their properties has been problematic because of the difficulty of distinguishing their afferents from those of "normal" single spindles. Of particular interest are the afferents from ...

Comparison of electrophysiological and morphological parameters of shin muscles of experimental animals during shin elongation by Ilizarov's method indicates involvement of muscle spindles into reconstruction of the skeletal muscular tissue in response to its dosed distraction, which results in temporary deficit of specific ...

... Abstract- As a component of upper motor neuron syndrome, assessment of abnormality in muscle tone, including spasticity and rigidity, is a routine ...

... Abstract : As a component of upper motor neuron syndrome, assessment of abnormality, in muscle tone, including spasticity and rigidity, is a routine ...

... abnormalities, as well as smooth muscle dysmotility (similar process ... GLAND, SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS, MUSCLES, PAIN, RESPONSE(BIOLOGY ...

The three-dimensional organization of mitotic microtubules in a mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied by computer-assisted serial reconstruction. At the nonpermissive temperature, cdc20 cells arrested with a spindle length of approximately 2.5 microns. These spindles contained a mean of 81 microtubules (range, 56-100) compared with 23 ...

... an ocular cause. Can a longstanding head turn lead to any permanent problems? Yes, a significant abnormal ... cause permanent tightening of neck muscles that can lead to chronic neck ache or headache. An abnormal ...

Stathmin is a major cytosolic phosphoprotein that plays an important role in the regulation of microtubule dynamics during cell cycle progression. It has recently been proposed that the major function of stathmin is to promote depolymerization of the microtubules that make up the mitotic spindle. In this report, we tested the prediction that a deficiency in stathmin expression ...

models can describe the basic behavior of these two elements in ... the role ofthe muscle spindle both as an equalization element ... frequency domain and exists only under essentially stationary conditions. ...

You might find this additional information useful... This article cites 56 articles, 21 of which you can access free at:

... locomotion include the Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles at the hip, knee, ... Increased body weight support (BWS) during locomotion results in an ...

Neurotoxic effects of oxaliplatin chemotherapy, including proprioceptive impairments, are debilitating and dose limiting. Here, we sought to determine whether oxaliplatin interrupts normal proprioceptive feedback by impairing sensory transduction of muscle length and force by neurons that are not damaged by dying-back neuropathy. Oxaliplatin was administered over 4 wk to rats ...

The main purpose of this study was to collate population data on the firing characteristics of muscle afferents recorded chronically during normal stepping in cats.Ensemble firing profiles of forty-seven muscle spindle and tendon organ afferents were compiled from stored data. The relationships between the firing profiles and the ...

Background ContextIn neutral spinal postures with low loading moments the lumbar spine is not inherently stable. Small compromises in paraspinal muscle activity may affect lumbar spinal biomechanics. Proprioceptive feedback from muscle spindles is considered important for control of muscle activity. Because ...

Afferent muscle spindle activity in response to passive muscle stretch was recorded in vivo using thin-film longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes. A neural spike detection and classification scheme was developed for the purpose of separating activity of primary and secondary muscle spindle ...

Transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 3 (TACC3) has been implicated in mitotic spindle assembly, although the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Here we identify that clathrin heavy chain (CHC) binds specifically to phosphorylated TACC3 and recruits it to spindle poles for proper spindle assembly and chromosome ...

receptor ENSTGUG00000004249 ASPM Abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated protein ENSTGUG00000004747 (ASPM and LHX2). In partic- ular, ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associ- ated) has been mutations in ASPM are a cause of primary microcephaly [77] and the gene shows evidence of positive selection

Single unit activity was recorded with the microneurography technique from sixteen spindle afferents and one Golgi tendon organ afferent originating from the forearm extensor muscles. Impulse rates were studied while subjects performed unobstructed aiming movements at the wrist in eight different directions 45 deg apart. In addition, similar imposed ...

P38?MAPK (p38?) is usually activated in response to various stresses and plays a role in the inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor progression, but little is known about its roles in meiotic spindle assembly. In this study, we characterized the dynamic localization of p38? and explored its function in mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. P38? specifically colocalized with ...

Meiotic spindles tether the chromosomes of oocytes and have been found to be structurally abnormal in older women. Conventional methods to image the meiotic spindle, such as immunostaining or transmission electron microscopy, require prior fixation, so they cannot be used clinically, and their utility in developmental studies is ...

... This is particularly relevant when dealing with the abnormal muscle tone associated with spasticity and related clinical syndromes. ...

The effect of experimental muscle pain on the amplitude and velocity sensitivity of muscle spindle primary afferent neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vmes) was examined. Extracellular recordings were made from 45 neurons designated as spindle primary- or secondary-like on the basis of their response ...

Muscle spindles are skeletal muscle sensory organs that provide axial and limb position information (proprioception) to the central nervous system. Spindles consist of encapsulated muscle fibers (intrafusal fibers) that are innervated by specialized motor and sensory axons. Although the ...

Three tandem spindles and their nerve supplies, reconstructed by light microscopy of serial transverse sections of the cat tenuissimus muscle, were compared to single spindle units. Each tandem spindle consisted of one large unit containing a dynamic bag1, a static bag2, and several static chain fibers (b1b2c unit) ...

1. Discharge patterns have been recorded from five types of stretch receptor; frog muscle spindles, lizard tendon organs, cat soleus tendon organs and primary and secondary endings of cat soleus muscle spindles. 2. The fully adapted discharge of each type of receptor is irregular, especially for frog ...

The perivascular epithelioid cell (PEC) is a unique cell type coexpressing contractile proteins (mainly ?-smooth muscle actin), melanocytic markers, including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and estrogen and progesterone receptors. It is constantly present in a group of tumors called PEComas. Renal PEComas include the common angiomyolipoma as well as ...

1. The site of termination of static and dynamic fusimotor fibres has been mapped by finding which intrafusal muscle fibres have been depleted of glycogen as a result of tetanic stimulation of single ? fibres. Long periods of stimulation coupled with occlusion of the blood supply were necessary to cause glycogen depletion. 2. In cat tenuissimus muscle, ...

1. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of lasting alterations in discharge rate of muscle spindle afferents innervating human ankle and toe dorsiflexor muscles following isometric contractions. 2. The subjects performed controlled isometric ankle dorsiflexions maintained for approximately 5 s. During the contraction the ...

Length changes within the isolated frog muscle spindle during stretch were studied by stroboscopic photomicroscopy. It was found that the extension of the central zone closely followed the imposed stretch. No indication was found of differential length ch...

(data not shown), supporting the idea(Figure 2M; Tourtellotte and Milbrandt, 1998) and by that both of muscle spindles (Tourtellotte and Mil- muscle spindle development occur only after the normal brandt

1. The aim of this study has been to investigate the receptor origin of postsynaptic actions evoked by group II muscle afferents in mid-lumbar segments of the cat spinal cord. The experiments tested the hypothesis that the afferents involved were the secondary endings of muscle spindles. 2. Spindle afferents were ...

Acute adaptations to use have been shown to occur in both the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ pathways. This short term activation adaptation increases the excitability of the motoneuron pool, thereby potentially providing a nonvoluntary increase in the excitation of subsequent contractions. It is thought that the intrafusal ...

BackgroundGamma motor neurons (?-MNs) selectively innervate muscle spindle intrafusal fibers and regulate their sensitivity to stretch. They constitute a distinct subpopulation that differs in morphology, physiology and connectivity from ?-MNs, which innervate extrafusal muscle fibers and exert force. The mechanisms that control the ...

The paper describes the phenomenon of disorganization of completely formed subcellular structures: division spindle, phragmoplast and chromosome telophase groups. These structures disintegrate into their elements (cytoskeletal fibers, chromosomes) that transform into chaotic system. Chaotization of cytoskeleton structures such as prophase spindle in ...

It is proposed that at high radiation doses some aberrations of chromosomes occur as a consequence of damage to single fibers of the spindle. Such an injury may be tempotary or permanent. If permanent, micronuclei may develop from the aberrant chromosomes. Multipolar mitoses occur most probably from damage to centrioles, though an important role is played by injury ...

The Egr family of zinc-finger transcription factors, consisting of Egr1, Egr2, Egr3, and Egr4, are involved in cellular growth and differentiation. Adult Egr3-deficient mice are ataxic and lack muscle spindle proprioceptors that normally develop at the sites of Ia afferent-myotube contacts during embryogenesis. To resolve whether ...

The aim of this work was to compare the ability of several mathematical models to predict the firing characteristics of muscle spindle primary afferents recorded chronically during normal stepping in cats.Ensemble firing profiles of nine hamstring spindle primary (presumed group Ia) afferents were compiled from stored data from 132 ...

Twenty-one cases of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, composed mainly of elongated spindle cells arranged in a fasciculated or storiform pattern, were retrieved from the files of the German-Italian Cooperative Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study. The term spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma is proposed to designate this histotype. Spindle cell ...

The goal of the present study was to investigate the firing behavior of populations of muscle spindle afferents in all the muscles acting on the ankle while this joint was being subjected to "writing-like" movements. First it was proposed to determine whether the ensemble of muscle spindles ...

Most manual tasks demand a delicate control of the wrist. Sensory information for this control, e.g. about the position and movement velocity of the hand, is assumed to be primarily provided by muscle spindle afferents. It is known that human muscle spindles in relaxed muscles behave as stretch ...

Most manual tasks demand a delicate control of the wrist. Sensory information for this control, e.g. about the position and movement velocity of the hand, is assumed to be primarily provided by muscle spindle afferents. It is known that human muscle spindles in relaxed muscles behave as stretch ...

1. There are discrepancies in the literature about the reproducibility of forces at which human muscle spindle afferents accelerate their discharge during isometric voluntary contractions. The aim of this study was to determine for single muscle spindle afferents both the reproducibility of the 'acceleration ...

Large or giant lipoleiomyoma of the uterine corpus is a rare condition. A 70-year-old Japanese woman consulted our hospital because of a pelvic mass and abnormal uterine bleeding. Physical examination showed a mass in the pelvis. Blood laboratory test showed anemia and leukocytosis. Cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and hemoglobin A1c were normal. Tumor markers (CEA, CA19-9, ...

Alignment of the mitotic spindle with the axis of cell division is an essential process in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is mediated by interactions between cytoplasmic microtubules and the cell cortex. We found that a cortical protein, the yeast formin Bni1p, was required for spindle orientation. Two striking abnormalities were ...

1. The skeleto-fusimotor or beta innervation was compared in cat peroneus brevis and peroneus tertius muscles, which differ in their composition of fatigue-resistant motor units; the slow (S) units predominate in brevis and the fast units (FR) in tertius. 2. In four brevis muscles, of thirty-four beta-axons (from a total of 114 axons supplying extrafusal ...

Sensorimotor functions are restored by peripheral nerve regeneration with greater success following injuries that crush rather than sever the nerve. Better recovery following nerve crush is commonly attributed to superior reconnection of regenerating axons with their original peripheral targets. The present study was designed to estimate the fraction of stretch reflex recovery attributable to ...

The encapsulated sensory endings of mammalian skeletal muscles are all mechanoreceptors. At the most basic functional level they serve as length sensors (muscle spindle primary and secondary endings), tension sensors (tendon organs), and pressure or vibration sensors (lamellated corpuscles). At a higher functional level, the differing ...

1. To address whether the muscle spindle support to alpha-motoneurones is maintained during prolonged isometric voluntary contractions, the discharge of eighteen muscle spindle afferents, originating in the dorsiflexors of the ankle or toes, was recorded from the common peroneal nerve in eight subjects. Isometric ...

Bipolar spindle formation is essential for faithful chromosome segregation at mitosis. Because centrosomes define spindle poles, abnormal number and structural organization of centrosomes can lead to loss of spindle bipolarity and genetic integrity. ASAP (aster-associated protein or MAP9) is a centrosome- and ...

Mitosis is a fundamental process in the development of all organisms. The mitotic spindle guides the cell through mitosis as it mediates the segregation of chromosomes, the orientation of the cleavage furrow, and the progression of cell division. Birth defects and tissue-specific cancers often result from abnormalities in mitotic events. Here, we report a ...

Aurora A kinase plays an essential role in the proper assembly and function of the mitotic spindle, as its perturbation causes defects in centrosome separation, spindle pole organization, and chromosome congression. Moreover, Aurora A disruption leads to cell death via a mechanism that involves aneuploidy generation. However, the link between the immediate ...

Coordinated cell polarization and mitotic spindle orientation are thought to be important for epithelial morphogenesis. Whether spindle orientation is indeed linked to epithelial morphogenesis and how it is controlled at the molecular level is still unknown. Here, we show that the NuMA- and Galpha-binding protein LGN is required for directing ...

Coordinated cell polarization and mitotic spindle orientation are thought to be important for epithelial morphogenesis. Whether spindle orientation is indeed linked to epithelial morphogenesis and how it is controlled at the molecular level is still unknown. Here, we show that the NuMA- and G?-binding protein LGN is required for directing ...

Motor proteins have been implicated in various aspects of mitosis, including spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. Here, we show that acentrosomal Arabidopsis cells that are mutant for the kinesin, ATK1, lack microtubule accumulation at the predicted spindle poles during prophase and have reduced spindle bipolarity during ...

Germline deletion of the myostatin gene results in hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the tension-generating (extrafusal) fibres in skeletal muscle. As this gene is expressed predominantly in myogenic tissues it offers an excellent model with which to investigate the quantitative relationship between muscle and axonal development. Here we show that skeletal ...

1. The distribution of static fusimotor fibres to intrafusal muscle fibres of cat peroneus longus muscle spindles was investigated using the glycogen-depletion technique of Edstr�m & Kugelberg (1968). Single static gamma fibres were stimulation intermittently at high rates for 3 hr with the blood supply occluded for some of this ...

Patterns of innervation were examined in tandem muscle spindles teased from silver-stained muscles of the cat neck. Each tandem spindle was composed of two or more encapsulated receptors linked in series by a shared bag2 fiber. In most tandem spindles, two different types of encapsulation were ...

Spindle cell lipoma is a benign lipomatous tumor, which usually arises on the back of the neck, shoulder or upper back of males in the third to seventh decade of life. We report herein an unusual infiltrating intramuscular spindle cell lipoma arising in the nose of a 53-year-old man. The patient presented with a 0.5-cm 'cyst' of the nose, just above the ...

Muscle spindles contribute to sensorimotor control by supplying feedback regarding muscle length and consequently information about joint position. While substantial study has been devoted to determining the position sensitivity of spindles in limb muscles, there appears to be no data on their ...

The dorsal muscle of five South Australian bottle-nose dolphins has been studied. The ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the red, white and intermediate fibres were essentially similar to those of other mammalian skeletal muscles. Two features of special interest were: (a) the large number of lipid droplets in the red muscle fibres, ...

human genes involved in brain growth and development: - ASPM (Abnormal SPindle-like, Microcephaly primary microcephaly Exact function(s): unknown: - ASPM: involved in cell cycle regulation; mitotic

Genomic instability is a common feature of human cancer, and is associated with aberrant mitosis, aneuploidy, and other chromosomal irregularities 1). Genomic instability likely arises from centrosome abnormalities that induce spindle defects, leading to ...

growth and development: - ASPM (Abnormal SPindle-like, Microcephaly-associated/MCPH5, OMIM 605481, 1q31)) - Microcephalin (MCPH1, OMIM 607117, 8p23)) Homozygous deleterious mutations primary microcephaly Exact function

of non-D chromosomes #12;The two genes: details ASPM (Abnormal SPindle-like, Microcephaly-associated/MCPH5 and development; deleterious mutations (not these!) are associated with high functioning Microcephaly

. (Reports, 9 September 2005, p. 1720) suggested that ASPM, a gene associated with microcephaly, underwent-Bobrov et al. (1) presented evi- dence that the ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated) gene

Centrosomes are involved in mitotic spindle function and are abnormal in prostate tumors. This proposal investigated the role of centrosomes, centrosome proteins and other mitotic structures and processes in prostate cancer. Our results show that the cent...

Experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that, in the absence of vision, position sense at the human forearm is generated by the combined input from muscle spindles in elbow flexor muscles and signals of central origin giving rise to a sense of effort. In a forearm position-matching task, to remove a possible contribution ...

The muscle or neuromuscular spindle is a proprioceptive microanatomic structure, which together with the Golgi tendon organ, is responsible for the reflex are that determines the tonic state of muscle. The Pacinian corpuscle (or corpuscle of Vater-Pacini) is a pure mechanoreceptor, sensitive to pressure, typically found in the skin, ...

... manometry measures the pressures and the pattern of muscle contractions in your esophagus. Abnormalities in the contractions and ... medications can affect esophageal pressure and the natural muscle contractions required for swallowing, be sure to discuss with ...

care provider may also find the following during an exam: Abnormal reflexes Increased muscle tone Loss of pain and temperature sensation Muscle weakness Tenderness in the spine...

The receptors in the cervical spine have important connections to the vestibular and visual apparatus as well as several areas of the central nervous system. Dysfunction of the cervical receptors in neck disorders can alter afferent input subsequently changing the integration, timing and tuning of sensorimotor control. Measurable changes in cervical joint position sense, eye movement control and ...

The morphological phenotype of meimutation acd (abnormal cytoskeleton dynamics) in Beta vulgaris was analysed using a classic method of achromatic figure visualization (Navashin fixative). The mutation demonstrates two different phenotypes under different growth conditions. The first variant is characterized by formation of chaotic network of microtubule bundles instead of two ...

Intrafusal fibers within muscle spindles retain features characteristic of immaturity, unlike the larger and more numerous extrafusal fibers constituting the bulk of skeletal muscle. Satellite cells (SCs), myogenic progenitors, are detected on the surfaces of both intrafusal and extrafusal fibers, but little is known of ...

Many organisms divide chromosomes within the confines of the nuclear envelope (NE) in a process known as closed mitosis. Thus, they must ensure coordination between segregation of the genetic material and division of the NE itself. Although many years of work have led to a reasonably clear understanding of mitotic spindle function in chromosome segregation, the NE division ...

BackgroundMutations in the Abnormal Spindle Microcephaly related gene (ASPM) are the commonest cause of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) a disorder characterised by a small brain and associated mental retardation. ASPM encodes a mitotic spindle pole associated protein. It is suggested that the MCPH phenotype arises from ...

1. Physiological tests were used to identify skeletofusimotor or beta axons to the cat peroneus tertius muscle in order to assess the proportion of beta axons in the motor supply to this muscle. 2. Static beta axons (beta S) were identified by: (a) observation of a delay between the complete block of extrafusal contraction and the failure of ...

The orientation of the mitotic spindle plays a central role in specifying stem cell-renewal by enabling interaction of the daughter cells with external cues: the daughter cell closest to the hub region is instructed to self-renew, whereas the distal one starts to differentiate. Here, we have analyzed male gametogenesis in DSas-4 Drosophila mutants and we have reported that ...

A particular muscle spindle was encountered which consisted of intrafusal muscle fibers taking a complex three-dimensional architecture and innervation pattern along the equatorial to the juxtaequatorial region in the tenuissimus muscle of the adult Chinese hamster. These intrafusal fibers formed pairings not only ...

Abnormalities; Inborn Errors of Metabolism; Mental Retardation; Muscle Hypotonia; Smith Lemli Opitz Syndrome

Irradiation of dividing newt cells in culture with 200kv x rays or with ultravioret light produces few or many abnormalities depending on thc amount of radiation applied. Localized irradiation of chromosomcs with a few tens of protons makes them sticky. But no abnormalities in the mitotic proccss result when a small area of cytoplasm is ...

Ran GTPase is involved in several aspects of nuclear structure and function, including nucleocytoplasmic transport and nuclear envelope formation. Experiments using Xenopus egg extracts have shown that generation of Ran-GTP by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 also plays roles in mitotic spindle assembly. Here, we have examined the localization and function of RCC1 ...

The spindle assembly checkpoint monitors the state of spindle-kinetochore interaction to prevent premature onset of anaphase. Although checkpoint proteins, such as Mad2, are localized on kinetochores that do not interact properly with the spindle, it remains unknown how the checkpoint proteins recognize ...

Abnormal cardiovascular responses to exercise in heart failure contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality in the patient population. These abnormal responses may be the result of peripheral impairment in the skeletal muscle and the neurons that innervate the muscle. We present the current literature on ...

We have used a yeast two-hybrid interaction assay to identify Chromator, a novel chromodomain containing protein that interacts directly with the putative spindle matrix protein Skeletor. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that Chromator and Skeletor show extensive co-localization throughout the cell cycle. During interphase Chromator is localized on chromosomes to interband ...

Data suggest that the interpretation of the role of the gamma system in motor function is likely to be more complex than previously suggested. The type of stretch applied and the rate of gamma activation must both be considered to play a role. From the re...

GM130, a cis-Golgi protein, plays key roles in various mitotic events, but its function in mammalian oocyte meiosis remains unknown. In this study, we found that GM130 was localized to the spindle poles at both metaphase I and metaphase II stages and associated with the midbody at telophase I stage. The association of GM130 with spindle poles was further ...

It has been documented that concurrently active motor units fire under the control of a common drive. That is, the firing rates show high correlation with near-zero time lag. This degree of correlation has been found to vary among muscles and among contractions performed at different force levels in the same muscle. This study provides an explanation ...

Recordings have been made from 127 single muscle spindle afferents from the longissimus lumborum muscles of anaesthetized cats. They have been characterized by their responses to passive muscle stretch and the effects of succinylcholine (SCh) and by their sensitivity to vibration. The use of SCh permitted the ...

1. The behaviour of nuclear bag and nuclear chain intrafusal fibres in isolated cat muscle spindles was studied by direct observation during repetitive stimulation of the muscle nerve at different stimulus strengths. Contraction of intrafusal fibres and stretch of sensory endings was recorded on film. 2. Tenuissimus ...

Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma (IPM) is a benign mesenchymal neoplasm originating from smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts. It is characterized by spindle cells, amianthoid fibers, and by the proliferation of hemosiderin-containing histiocytes in the lymph node. A nodular lesion was excised from the inguinal region of an 80-year-old male patient. ...

To date, the medium and long-term space flight is urgent in need and has become a major task of our manned space flight program. There is no doubt that medium and long-term space flight has serious damaging impact upon human physiological systems. For instance, atrophy of the lower limb anti-gravity muscle can be induced during the space flight. Muscle ...

Abnormal chromosome segregation at mitosis is one way by which neoplastic cells accumulate the many genetic abnormalities required for tumour development. In this paper, a straightforward morphology-based classification of chromosome segregation errors in cancer is suggested. This classification distinguishes between abnormalities in ...

1. Experiments were carried out to test the effect of changes in spindle resting discharge on the size of monosynaptic reflexes in the cat and on the H reflex in humans. Resting discharge was altered by contracting the triceps surae muscle at longer (hold-long) or shorter (hold-short) lengths than that at which the reflex was tested. 2. The reflex in the ...

The purpose of this study was to examine the pectineus muscles of German shepherd and mongrel dogs to determine if abnormalities of this muscle exist. This report serves to describe a developmental myopathy with type II fiber hypotrophy in the pectineus m...

The presence of abnormalities in fibromyalgia muscle using current methodological approaches is well established. The more serious abnormalities are demonstrated by histologic studies particularly on electron microscopy: disorganisation of Z bands and abnormalities in the number and shape of mitochondria. ...

Previous reports have indicated that failure in cloning monkey is attributed to the removal of nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) during enucleation and subsequent abnormal organization of mitotic apparatus. This study investigated the transformation and assembly of tubulin and NuMA protein during the first cell cycle of cloned monkey embryos reconstructed by using enucleated ...

The role of central respiratory drive, muscle spindles and tendon organs in producing respiratory movements has been studied in the cat by recording from motoneurones supplying a set of small axial muscles inserted between each rib and the vertebra immediately rostral, the levatores costae. The levator costae ...

Jaw muscle motor behaviour, however complicated, has important implications for the every day dental practice. In recent years the understanding of jaw and other skeletal muscle function has increased considerably. Direct recording of primary afferent discharge in conscious human beings and animals during normal function has caused radical changes of the ...

In eukaryotic cells, the faithful segregation of daughter chromosomes during cell division depends on formation of a microtubule (MT)-based bipolar spindle apparatus. The Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus protein (NuMA) is recruited from interphase nuclei to spindle MTs during mitosis. The carboxy terminal domain of NuMA binds MTs, allowing a NuMA dimer to ...

During mitosis, chromosome segregation is regulated by a spindle checkpoint mechanism. This checkpoint delays anaphase until all kinetochores are captured by microtubules from both spindle poles, chromosomes congress to the metaphase plate, and the tension between kinetochores and their attached microtubules is properly sensed. Although the ...

Proprioceptive information from paraspinal tissues including muscle contributes to neuromuscular control of the vertebral column. We investigated whether the history of a vertebra's position can affect signalling from paraspinal muscle spindles. Single unit recordings were obtained from muscle ...

1. The length of muscle fibres in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle of the anaesthetized cat was measured using ultrasound techniques. During the course of 'isometric' contractions, the muscle fibres shortened by stretching the compliant tendons, until the muscle fibres could no longer produce enough force to ...

1. The length of muscle fibres in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle of the anaesthetized cat was measured using ultrasound techniques. During the course of 'isometric' contractions, the muscle fibres shortened by stretching the compliant tendons, until the muscle fibres could no longer produce enough force to ...

During meiosis II in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cytoplasmic face of the spindle pole body changes from a site of microtubule initiation to a site of de novo membrane formation. These membranes are required to package the haploid meiotic products into spores. This functional change in the spindle pole body involves the expansion and ...

Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein (RKIP) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that functions as a modulator of signaling by the MAP kinase cascade. Implicated as a metastasis suppressor, Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein depletion correlates with poor prognosis for breast, prostate and melanoma tumors but the mechanism is unknown. Recent evidence indicates that Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein regulates ...

Regulation of stem cell self-renewal versus differentiation is critical for embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Drosophila larval neuroblasts divide asymmetrically to self-renew, and are a model system for studying stem cell self-renewal. Here we identify three mutations showing increased brain neuroblast numbers that map to the aurora-A gene, which encodes a conserved kinase ...

It is an old observation that non-volitional arm abduction movements accompanied by a sensation of arm lightness often occur as an after-effect following forceful voluntary arm abductor contractions against a restraint. In the present study we have tested the hypothesis that such non-volitional, so-called �postural after-contractions� are tonic reflex responses to an enhanced resting discharge ...

1. The activity patterns of muscle spindle afferents in jaw-closer muscles were studied during reflex swallowing movements in anaesthetized cats. Simultaneous records were made of the electromyogram (EMG) in masseter and anterior digastric muscles and of the unloaded jaw movements. The underlying patterns of ...

1. The activity patterns of muscle spindle afferents in jaw-closer muscles were studied during reflex swallowing movements in anaesthetized cats. Simultaneous records were made of the electromyogram (EMG) in masseter and anterior digastric muscles and of the unloaded jaw movements. The underlying patterns of ...

In this case report, we describe a case of isolated oculomotor nerve palsy associated with antibodies to mitotic spindle apparatus (anti-MSA). A 28-year-old female patient had acute, painful vertical diplopia. She had limited depression and adduction in the right eye. There was no relative afferent pupillary defect. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed no ...

The accurate segmentation of pectoral muscle in mammograms is necessary to detect breast abnormalities in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of breast cancer. Based on morphological characteristics of pectoral muscle, a corner detector and the Maximum Intensity Change (MIC) algorithm were proposed in this research to detect the edge of ...

The pharmacological properties of NK433 ((-)-(R)-2-methyl-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-4'-trifluoromethylpropiophenone+ ++ monohydrochloride), a novel muscle relaxant, were investigated. NK433 inhibited intercollicular decerebrate rigidity (gamma-rigidity) and anemic decerebrate rigidity (alpha-rigidity) dose dependently. NK433 was stronger in inhibiting gamma-rigidity than ...

Stathmin is an abundant cytosolic phosphoprotein that plays an important role in the regulation of cellular proliferation. Its major function is to promote depolymerization of the microtubules that make up the mitotic spindle. Taxol is an effective chemotherapeutic agent whose activity is mediated through stabilization of the microtubules of the mitotic ...

Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcomas are uncommon deep-seated soft tissue neoplasms that exhibit a deceptively benign appearance microscopically. The finding of a linear or whorled array of spindled cells with few or no mitoses in a characteristic myxoid stroma can pose diagnostic dilemmas. Recurrences are common, and late metastases have been recorded. A closely related tumor, the ...

The amplification of AURORA-A is frequently observed in specific epithelial cell malignancies. The overexpression of aurora-A, a Ser-Thr kinase known to localize to centrosomes during mitosis, appears to imbue cancerous cells with resistance to spindle-checkpoint-targeting drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol). Indeed, a recent publication by Anand et al. indicates that ...

According to our data, the arrest of univalents in bouquet arrangement is a widespread meiotic feature in cereal haploids and allohaploids (wide hybrids F(1)). We have analyzed 83 different genotypes of cereal haploids and allohaploids with visualization of the cytoskeleton and found a bouquet arrest in 45 of them (in 30% to 100% pollen mother cells (PMCs)). The meiotic plant cell division in 26 ...

A case of unilateral congenital absence of the inferior rectus muscle is presented. Absences of extraocular muscles, either singly or in combination, are rare, but isolated reports have been published. The abnormalities have been reported as occurring with increased frequency in craniofacial dysostoses, notably Crouzon's disease. In ...

Partial Contents: Effects of Tail Suspension on Electrophysiological Characteristics of Muscle Spindles in Isolated Rat Soleus Muscles (In English); Preliminary Studies on the Structure-activity and Time-effect Relations of the Central Stimulating Effects...

Contents: A Novel Method of Normal Estimation for Visualization of Medical Images (in English); Influence of Simulated Weightlessness on the Morphology of Nerve Endings of Muscle Spindle in Rat Soleus Muscle; Stimulative Effects of LDR Induced Proteins on...

Drawing from the rich source of proven and often novel mechanisms in the biological realm, biomimetic sensors are being successfully developed for many different transduction tasks. This paper presents such a sensor for transducing displacements. Our sensor is a robotic analog of the biological muscle spindle, an actuated position sensor which transduces ...

We report the case of young boy with Williams-Beuren syndrome with abnormal extraocular muscle insertions that were discovered during routine strabismus surgery. All 4 horizontal rectus muscles were thin, and 3 inserted much further back from the limbus than normal. PMID:19393520

The mammalian genome contains three ancient sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MYH) genes, MYH14/7b, MYH15 and MYH16, in addition to the two well characterized clusters of skeletal and cardiac MYHs. MYH16 is expressed in jaw muscles of carnivores; however the expression pattern of MYH14 and MYH15 is not known. MYH14 and MYH15 orthologues are present in frogs and birds, coding for ...

A 34 year old man presented with an 8 year history of mild muscle pain and stiffness on exertion especially in the cold. Clinical examination was normal. Apart from a mild persistent leucocytosis, his routine investigations were normal including creatine kinase activity, electromyography and nerve conduction studies. An ischaemic exercise test produced a slow and incomplete ...

It is well known that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) plays pivotal roles in various mitotic events, but its function in mammalian oocyte meiosis remains unknown. In this study, we found that no specific JNK2 signal was detected in germinal vesicle stage. JNK2 was associated with the spindles especially the spindle poles and cytoplasmic microtubule ...

The Dis1/TOG family plays a pivotal role in microtubule organization. In fission yeast, Alp14 and Dis1 share an essential function in bipolar spindle formation. Here, we characterize Alp7, a novel coiled-coil protein that is required for organization of bipolar spindles. Both Alp7 and Alp14 colocalize to the spindle pole body (SPB) and ...

Whole-body vibration training is a method for muscle strengthening that is increasingly used in a variety of clinical situations. Key descriptors of vibration devices include the frequency, the amplitude, and the direction of the vibration movement. In a typical vibration session, the user stands on the device in a static position or performs dynamic movements. Most authors ...

The dorsal muscle of five South Australian bottle-nose dolphins has been studied. The ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the red, white and intermediate fibres were essentially similar to those of other mammalian skeletal muscles. Two features of special interest were: (a) the large number of lipid droplets in the red muscle fibres, ...

Chronic heart failure (CHF), the new epidemic in cardiology, is characterized by energetic failure of both cardiac and skeletal muscles. The failing heart wastes energy due to anatomical changes that include cavity enlargement, altered geometry, tachycardia, mitral insufficiency and abnormal loading, while skeletal muscle undergoes ...

Ideas about the functions of static ?-motoneurones are based on the responses of primary and secondary endings to electrical stimulation of single static ?-axons, usually at high frequencies. We compared these effects with the actions of spontaneously active ?-motoneurones. In anaesthetised cats, afferents and efferents were recorded in intramuscular nerve branches to single ...

1. Much current thinking about voluntary movement assumes that the segmental ? loops can function as a servomechanism operated by the brain. However, the ? motoneurones of the baboon's hand receive a powerful monosynaptic (CM) projection from the precentral gyrus. If servo-driving from the same cortical area is to be possible, it must project independently to the fusimotor neurones and have ...

This paper is about a primary extracranial meningioma case of a 40-year-old male patient who presented with a complaint of a rapidly growing painless stiff mass located in his left thigh. The magnetic resonance imaging examination revealed that the lesion was well-circumscribed and with isosignal intensity to muscle on T1-weighted images and with a relatively hiperintense on ...

A case of asymmetrical gallium uptake in the musculature of a young woman with anticardiolipin syndrome is reported. The patient was asymptomatic in the areas of involvement, muscle biopsy was normal, and the abnormal gallium accumulation was unchanged on repeat evaluation 7 months later. Possible causes for the abnormal gallium uptake ...

incobotulinumtoxinA injection have been used to treat other conditions in which abnormal muscle tightening causes pain, abnormal or restricted movements, or other symptoms. These...

abobotulinumtoxinA injection have been used to treat other conditions in which abnormal muscle tightening causes pain, abnormal or restricted movements, or other symptoms. These...