In mammalian skin, the stratum corneum exerts a barrier function that protects from transepidermal water loss and the penetration of exogenous molecules, such as allergens, from the environment. Recently, skin barrier defects have been shown to be of prime importance in the pathogenesis of human atopic dermatitis. ...

The epidermis is a dynamic system whose metabolic activity is regulated in large part by the integrity of the permeability barrier. This barrier resides in the stratum corneum and comprises a unique 2-compartment system of structural protein-enriched corneocytes embedded in a lipid-enriched intercellular matrix. Lipid extraction or metabolic imbalances, ...

Atopic dermatitis is one of the most prevalent chronic eczematous inflammatory skin diseases in westernized populations. It is caused by both skin barrier dysfunction and abnormal immunologic response. An imbalance of effector T cells and regulatory T cells is a crucial factor in the initiation of allergic ...

Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been shown to have beneficial effects for both skin disorders with barrier abnormality and as skin care ingredients. Yet, how CHM exerts their benefits is unclear. As most, if not all, inflammatory dermatoses are accompanied by abnormal permeability ...

Research about the skin barrier and its properties has increased significantly since the 60s, with studies that indicated its resistance when isolated, as well as its particularities in relation to skin permeability. At the same time, description of Odland bodies helped to understand how stratum corneum stability is maintained. The ...

... of skin inflammation Certain fungal infections (such as tinea versicolor) Pityriasis alba Vitiligo

In multicellular organisms, the surface barrier is essential for maintaining the internal environment. In mammals, the barrier is the stratum corneum. Fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) is a key factor involved in forming the stratum corneum barrier. Mice lacking Fatp4 display early neonatal lethality with features such as tight, ...

The subtle dryness of the skin surrounding the lesions of atopic dermatitis (AD) is called atopic dry skin or atopic xerosis (AX). AX is more susceptible to the development of AD skin lesions under various environmental stimuli than the clinically normal skin of the people who have or have had or will have AD, ...

Aged skin commonly is afflicted by inflammatory skin diseases or xerosis/eczema that can be triggered or exacerbated by impaired epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. It has been previously described a permeability barrier defect in humans of advanced age (> 75 years), which in a murine analog >18 mos, ...

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common allergic disease and constitutes a huge social and economic burden for the whole country. AD usually heralds other allergic diseases, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. The pathogenesis of AD remains to be studied but generally includes abnormal skin barrier and aberrant cutaneous immune responses. ...

Kindler Syndrome (KS), characterized by transient skin blistering followed by abnormal pigmentation, skin atrophy, and skin cancer, is caused by mutations in the FERMT1 gene. Although a few KS patients have been reported to also develop ulcerative colitis (UC), a causal link to the FERMT1 gene mutation is unknown. ...

... BARRIER COATINGS, *TEST AND EVALUATION, *EPIDERMIS, *ABSORPTION, *IRRITATION, *OINTMENTS, *SKIN(ANATOMY), *AVIATION ...

... develop within 24 to 48 hours. Impaired skin barrier (or defects in the protective outermost layer of ...

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing skin disorder which is strictly determined by the epidermal barrier function. In previous studies, there is conclusive evidence that normal-looking, nonlesional skin presents meaningful barrier function defect and a sub-clinical eczematous ...

Defects in the function of the skin barrier are associated with a wide variety of skin diseases, many of which are not well characterized at the molecular level. Using Lef1 (lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1) dominant-negative mutant mice, we demonstrate here that altered epidermal TCF (T cell factor)/Lef1 signaling results in severe ...

with fluorescein isothiocya- nate optics. For compositional analyses, lipids were extracted from newborn mouse removed from newborn mice, cut into small pieces, and incubated at 37 �C for 15 min in 5 ml of 2, and the incorporation of radiolabel into triglyceride and phospholipid was determined. Histological Analyses--Newborn

The epidermal barrier varies over the body surface to accommodate regional environmental stresses. Regional skin barrier variation is produced by site-dependent epidermal differentiation from common keratinocyte precursors and often manifests as site-specific skin disease or irritation. There is strong evidence for ...

Proteases in the skin are essential to epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. In addition to their direct proteolytic effects, certain proteases signal to cells by activating protease-activated receptors (PARs), the G-protein-coupled receptors. The expression of functional PAR-2 on human skin and its role in inflammation, ...

Proteases in the skin are essential to epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. In addition to their direct proteolytic effects, certain proteases signal to cells by activating protease-activated receptors (PARs), the G-protein-coupled receptors. The expression of functional PAR-2 on human skin and its role in inflammation, ...

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing eczematous skin disorder that is frequently associated with elevated serum IgE levels and a personal or family history of AD, allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. Filaggrin is a major constituent of the stratum corneum (SC) and contributes to keratin filament aggregation. Its breakdown products form natural moisturizing factor, which ...

... mild skin abnormalities to cognitive delay or disability (mental retardation) ... caused by a spontaneous genetic mutation that affects the skin and the brain. ...

The tissue optical clearing technique based on immersion of tissues into optical clearing agents (OCAs) can enhance the penetration depth of light in tissues, thus improve the capabilities of noninvasive optical diagnosis and therapeutic treatment. However, the optical clearing efficiency of skin caused by topical application of OCAs usually suffers from the ...

Purpose of reviewMany recent studies have revealed the key roles played by Th1/Th2 cell dysregulation, IgE production, mast cell hyperactivity, and dendritic cell signaling in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Accordingly, current therapy has been largely directed towards ameliorating Th2-mediated inflammation and/or pruritus. We will review here emerging evidence that the inflammation in ...

The human epidermis serves 2 crucial barrier functions: it protects against water loss and prevents penetration of infectious agents and allergens. The physiology of the epidermis is maintained by a balance of protease and antiprotease activities, as illustrated by the rare genetic skin disease Netherton syndrome (NS), in which impaired inhibition of ...

In an effort to understand the role of Distal-less 3 (Dlx3) in cutaneous biology and pathophysiology, we generated and characterized a mouse model with epidermal ablation of Dlx3. K14cre;Dlx3(Kin/f) mice exhibited epidermal hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes. Results from subsequent analyses revealed cutaneous inflammation that featured ...

Hydrolysis of glucosylceramide by beta-glucocerebrosidase results in ceramide, a critical component of the intercellular lamellae that mediate the epidermal permeability barrier. A subset of type 2 Gaucher patients displays ichthyosiform skin abnormalities, as do transgenic Gaucher mice homozygous for a null allele. To investigate the ...

... VALUE, PLACEBOS, AMINOTRANSFERASES, ABNORMALITIES, ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY, SKIN DISEASES, ADVERSE CONDITIONS ...

... KTS) is a congenital circulatory disorder characterized by hemangiomas (abnormal benign growths on the skin consisting of ...

Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin, in the lining ...

The present invention relates to in vitro cultured skin substitutes, and in particular to in vitro cultured skin substitutes that have improved barrier function. In some embodiments, improved barrier function is a result of improved culture conditions, wh...

... the skin has what your dermatologist may call �barrier defects.� These barrier defects allow things to irritate the skin more ... may be applied to the skin periodically. A barrier repair cream also may be recommended. When these ...

Skin is at the interface between the complex physiology of the body and the external, often hostile, environment, and the semipermeable epidermal barrier prevents both the escape of moisture and the entry of infectious or toxic substances. Newborns with rare congenital barrier defects underscore the skin�s ...

Aged epidermis displays altered drug permeability, increased susceptibility to irritant contact dermatitis, and often severe xerosis, suggesting compromise of the aged epidermal barrier. To delineate the functional, structural, and lipid biochemical basis of epidermal aging, we compared barrier function in young (20-30 yr) vs aged (> 80 yr) human ...

The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis is still under discussion. Although it is widely accepted that environmental factors and a genetic predisposition are essential, the role of the innate and adaptive immune system and the functional cascade of the cells involved is still unclear. A concept that integrates all immune cells as equally essential has allure. In addition, ...

Atopic dermatitis is a common, complex disease that frequently follows a chronic, relapsing course and impacts the quality of life of patients and families in a significant manner. New insights into the pathophysiology of AD point to an important role of structural abnormalities in the epidermis combined with immune dysregulation. Patients with AD have a unique predisposition ...

Techniques are available for quantitatively studying factors governing absorption through normal skin (in vivo and in vitro) but relatively little is known about the permeability of abnormal skin. We have designed and evaluated an in vivo model for quantifying absorption through abnormal skin. ...

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel is a physiological sensor for hypo-osmolarity, mechanical deformation, and warm temperature. The channel activation leads to various cellular effects involving Ca²⁺ dynamics. We found that TRPV4 interacts with ?-catenin, a crucial component linking adherens junctions and the actin cytoskeleton, thereby enhancing ...

Two critical defensive functions of the outer epidermis, the permeability barrier and antimicrobial defense, share certain structural and biochemical features. Moreover, three antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), i.e., mouse ?-defensin 3 (mBD3), mouse cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (mCAMP), and the neuroendocrine peptide, catestatin (Cst), all localize to the outer epidermis, ...

Epidermal cornified cells are attached to each other with modified desmosomes, namely corneodesmosomes. Changes in the corneodesmosome degradation process influence the total thickness of the stratum corneum and surface appearance of the skin. The major extracellular constituents of corneodesmosomes are desmoglein 1, desmocollin 1 and corneodesmosin. The intracellular part of ...

potential for underdeveloped skin of preterm infants, barrier-deficient or diseased skin. However, its of skin lipids in the diseased state. Supplying barrier lipids may also facilitate skin maturation of emollients in the management of diseases with chronic dry ...

that causes abnormal growth of connective tissue, the proteins that support your skin and organs. There are two main types. Localized scleroderma affects only your skin. Systemic...

skin (cyanosis) Clubbing of the fingers Exams and Tests Abscesses or infections of the heart valves Abnormal blood vessels (telangiectasias) may be seen on the skin or mucus...

problem (an abnormal connection between the skin and tissue underneath) When to Contact a Medical Professional A health care provider will usually find the skin tag during the...

The stratum corneum (SC) plays a very critical physiological role as skin barrier in regulating water loss through the skin and protects the body from a wide range of physical and chemical exogenous insults. Surfactant-containing formulations can induce skin damage and irritation owing to surfactant absorption and ...

Fatty acid transport protein (FATP) 4 is one of a family of six FATPs that facilitate long- and very long-chain fatty acid uptake. Mice lacking FATP4 are born with tight, thick skin and a defective epidermal barrier; they die neonatally due to dehydration and restricted movements. Both the skin phenotype and the lethality are rescued ...

A 14-year-old male fanatic basketball player with a good skill of dunking presented with skin abnormalities on the right side of his back due to sports-related striae, stretch marks. PMID:18389882

The barrier function of the skin protects the mammalian body against infection, dehydration, UV irradiation and temperature fluctuation. Barrier function is reduced with the skin's intrinsic aging process, however the molecular mechanisms involved are unknown. We previously demonstrated that Claudin ...

Birthmarks are abnormalities of the skin that are present when a baby is born. There are two types of birthmarks. Vascular birthmarks are made up of blood vessels ...

Abstract In this study, we utilize in vivo human skin and a viable ex-vivo human skin model to investigate the effect of a commercial depilatory agent on barrier function. Tape stripping was used as a positive control. The magnitude of skin barrier was quantified by measuring transepidermal ...

Neutralization of stratum corneum (SC) adversely impacts key epidermal functions, including permeability barrier homeostasis and SC integrity. Conversely, acidification of SC improves these functions in developmentally impaired (neonatal or aged) skin, and enhances function in normal skin. Hence, we hypothesized that acidification ...

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an essential and multifunctional element for immune defense of the skin during infection and injury. In this issue, Ahrens et al. characterize the response of ?-defensins, a class of AMPs, following acute and chronic challenges to the permeability barrier of the skin. Their findings suggest that the ...

The barrier abnormality, a loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG), which is linked to the incidence of atopic dermatitis (AD), is a recently discovered but important factor in the pathogenesis of AD. Flaky tail (Flg(ft)) mice, essentially deficient in filaggrin, have been used to investigate the role of filaggrin on AD. However, the ...

Treatment of skin diseases implies application of a drug to skin with an impaired epidermal barrier, which is likely to affect the penetration profile of the drug substance as well as the carrier into the skin. To elucidate this, the effect of skin barrier damage on the ...

Skin Care Investigations offers students the chance to learn more about skin and skin cancer before entering the virtual world of Glowell Clinic, where they will spend time at the helpdesk answering callers' questions about skin protection and in the laboratory assessing whether skin ...

Mutations in Elongation of very long-chain fatty acid-4 (ELOVL4) are associated with autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular degeneration (STGD3), with a five base-pair (5-bp) deletion mutation resulting in the loss of 51 carboxy-terminal amino acids and truncation of the protein. In addition to the retina, Elovl4 is expressed in a limited number of mammalian tissues, including ...

Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the keratinocyte lipid transporter ABCA12. The patients often die in the first 1 or 2 weeks of life, although HI survivors' phenotypes improve within several weeks after birth. In order to clarify the mechanisms of phenotypic recovery, we studied grafted skin and keratinocytes from Abca12-disrupted ...

Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the keratinocyte lipid transporter ABCA12. The patients often die in the first 1 or 2 weeks of life, although HI survivors� phenotypes improve within several weeks after birth. In order to clarify the mechanisms of phenotypic recovery, we studied grafted skin and keratinocytes from Abca12-disrupted ...

It has been recognized for approximately 50 years that the stratum corneum exhibits biological properties that contribute directly to maintaining and sustaining healthy skin. Continued basic science and clinical research coupled with keen clinical observation has led to more recent recognition and general acceptance that the stratum corneum completes many vital ...

It has been recognized for approximately 50 years that the stratum corneum exhibits biological properties that contribute directly to maintaining and sustaining healthy skin. Continued basic science and clinical research coupled with keen clinical observation has led to more recent recognition and general acceptance that the stratum corneum completes many vital ...

Many dermal diseases like psoriasis are characterized by major changes in skin barrier function, which challenge the reproducible delivery of drugs into specific layers of diseased skin. The purpose of this study was to elucidate how liposomal bilayer fluidity and barrier integrity affected the delivery of ...

... Material permeation and penetration tests involve exposing the ... used in testing both barriers and fabrics. ... skin beneath the protective barrier or fabric ...

Most treatments in dermatology and cosmetology are based on the penetration of topically applied drugs into the skin or through the skin barrier to the target structure in the living tissue. In the case of healthy skin, scarcely 1% of the applied drugs pass the skin ...

Although many skin disorders, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, are adversely affected by psychologic stress (PS), the pathophysiologic link between PS and disease expression remains unclear. Recent studies demonstrated PS-induced alterations in permeability barrier homeostasis, mediated by increased endogenous glucocorticoids. Here, we assessed ...

Stratum corneum, the nonliving layer of skin, is refractory as a substrate for chemical reactions, but it has a strong physical affinity for water. The chemical stability of stratum corneum is evident in its mechanical barriers which include insoluble cel...

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the extremely complicated syndrome that various abnormalities develop in a heap. There are various factors in patients for the onset and exacerbation of AD, including genetic cofactors of individuals, environmental factors, the failure of the skin barrier function, unfavorable regulation of the immune system, ...

... BARRIERS, FLAPS(CONTROL SURFACES), MARKERS, ABSORPTION, JET ENGINE FUELS, SKIN(ANATOMY), ORGANOPHOSPHATES ...

... INSULATION, INTERNAL, RESPONSE, SKIN(STRUCTURAL), SURFACES, THERMAL PROPERTIES, THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, ADHESIVE ...

... IN VITRO PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF BENZOIC ACID, P- AMINOBENZOIC ACID (PABA) AND BENZOCAINE IN THE ...

Desmosomes are intercellular adhesive junctions of epithelial cells that contain two major transmembrane components, the desmogleins (Dsg) and desmocollins (Dsc), which are cadherin-type cell-cell adhesion molecules and are anchored to intermediate filaments of keratin through interactions with plakoglobin and desmoplakin. Desmosomes play an important role in maintaining the proper structure and ...

Desmosomes are intercellular adhesive junctions of epithelial cells that contain two major transmembrane components, the desmogleins (Dsg) and desmocollins (Dsc), which are cadherin-type cell�cell adhesion molecules and are anchored to intermediate filaments of keratin through interactions with plakoglobin and desmoplakin. Desmosomes play an important role in maintaining the proper structure and ...

Mechanical features of and damages to the outer skin, such as pliability, stretchability, stickiness while wet, and chapping seem to depend, at least partly, on the water content of the stratum corneum, or, rather, the barrier layers. Statements on the be...

The studies presented in this report have been directed toward devising techniques to (1) enhance the barrier properties of the skin, and (2) to evaluate means of increasing the permeability of skin. Lipid-protein complexes formed by the reaction of oxidi...

The stratum corneum of the skin serves as an effective barrier for maintenance of the internal milieu against the external environment. At the cell periphery of the stratum corneum is the cell envelope, a highly insoluble membranous structure composed of precursor proteins cross-linked by ?-(?-glutamyl)lysine bonds. Transglutaminase 1 (TGase 1; ...

Silica fibres derived from plants are common contaminants of human diet in certain regions of the world where oesophageal cancer reaches extremely high incidences. We show here that one of these types of fibre (derived from Phalaris canariensis L) promotes the occurrence of tumours in the skin of mice initiated with a polycyclic carcinogen. Three experiments are described. In ...

Skin, as the outermost organ in the human body, continuously confronts the external environment and serves as a primary defense system. The protective functions of skin include UV-protection, anti-oxidant and antimicrobial functions. In addition to these protections, skin also acts as a sensory organ and the primary regulator of body ...

... with a lint-free cloth. Creating a moisture barrier. A moisture barrier cream that contains ingredients such as dimethicone�a type of silicone�can help form a barrier between skin and stool. The anal area should ...

We previously demonstrated that the electrical state of the skin surface influences epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. At the interface between different materials, electrons are localized heterogeneously and induce electrical potential. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of metals on the barrier recovery. When we ...

Caspase 14 is a unique member of the cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase family. Its expression is confined primarily to cornified epithelium such as the skin. Caspase 14 has been associated with the processing of filaggrin monomers and the development of natural moisturising factors of the skin, and thus, it could be speculated that caspase 14 ...

Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is the most severe and frequently lethal form of recessive congenital ichthyosis. Although defects in lipid transport, protein phosphatase activity, and differentiation have been described, the genetic basis underlying the clinical and cellular phenotypes of HI has yet to be determined. By use of single-nucleotide�polymorphism chip technology and homozygosity mapping, a ...

1042 ... www.nlm.nih.gov ... Xerosis - close-up: Xerosis refers to abnormally dry skin or membranes, such as those found in the mouth or the conjunctiva ...

... rash and rashes clinical tools newsletter | contact Share | Mole, Atypical (Atypical Nevus) Information for adults A A A This image ... pigmented skin that happens to be an abnormal mole, but a lesion that has this variation in ...