Previous studies have suggested that alterations in the classical neuroendocrine system may not be responsible for the increased glucose metabolism observed during hypermetabolic sepsis. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway with indomethacin, which prevents the production of arachidonic acid metabolites by this ...
Energy Citations Database
1. The content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and basal and bradykinin-stimulated production of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) was measured in primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells under normoxic (14.4% O2) and hypoxic (2.8% O2) conditions, and following treatment with rotenone and 2-deoxy glucose, which inhibit oxidative and ...
PubMed Central
Infusions of adrenergic antagonists were used to investigate the role of catecholamines in infection-induced elevations of glucose kinetics. Infection was produced in conscious catheterized rats by repeated subcutaneous injections of live Escherichia coli over 24 h. Glucose kinetics were measured by the constant intravenous infusion of ...
The vagal afferent system is strategically positioned to mediate rapid changes in motility and satiety in response to systemic glucose levels. In the present study we aimed to identify glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons in nodose ganglia and characterize their glucose-sensing properties. Whole-cell ...
Glucose flow is elevated in burned patients during the peak of the hypermetabolic response to thermal injury. The elevated blood glucose and glucose flow are the result of increased glucose production, not impaired glucose disappearance, and are ...
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
OBJECTIVEVascular endothelial cells (VECs) downregulate their rate of glucose uptake in response to hyperglycemia by decreasing the expression of their typical glucose transporter GLUT-1. Hitherto, we discovered critical roles for the protein calreticulin and the arachidonic acid�metabolizing enzyme 12-lipoxygenase in this autoregulatory process. The ...
Somatostatin plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. It is normally secreted in response to glucose and ATP generation is believed to be the key transduction signal of glucose-stimulated somatostatin secretion (GSSS). However, in the present study, in cultured rat gastric primary D-cells, GSSS was accompanied by increases in ...
PubMed
This study was designed to examine potential in vivo mechanisms of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation inhibition and its downstream signaling consequences during the recovery period after a single bout of sprint exercise. Sprint exercise induces Thr(172)-AMPK phosphorylation and increased PGC-1alpha mRNA, by an unknown mechanism. Muscle biopsies were obtained in 15 young healthy ...
The intravenous infusion of 600 milligrams of glucose over 30 minutes caused a 17 percent fall in the concentration of free fatty acids in arterial blood of subjects who had fasted overnight. This response to glucose was abolished in subjects treated prev...
Prolonged exposure of pancreatic beta-cells to elevated levels of glucose and fatty acids adversely affects insulin secretion and gene expression.AimTo examine whether the GLP-1 agonist exenatide or the inhibitor of the GLP-1 degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) sitagliptin rescue insulin gene expression in rats infused for 72-h with ...
The effects of elevated D-glucose on adenosine transport were investigated in human cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells isolated from normal pregnancies.Elevated D-glucose resulted in a time- (8-12 h) and concentration-dependent (half-maximal at 10 � 2 mM) inhibition of adenosine transport, which was ...
1. The glucose and ATP dependence of exocytosis were investigated in single mouse pancreatic B-cells by monitoring changes in cell capacitance evoked by voltage-clamp depolarizations, infusion of high [Ca2+]i buffers or photorelease of caged Ca2+ or ATP. 2. In intact B-cells, using the perforated patch whole-cell technique, glucose (5 mM) increased ...
Resveratrol, a polyphenol compound, is known for its effects on energy homeostasis. With properties of energy sensors mediating effects of calorie restriction, sirtuins are targets of resveratrol. The mammalian sirtuin homolog SIRT1 is a protein deacetylase playing a role in glucose metabolism and islet function. Here, we investigated the effects of resveratrol and possible ...
Chlorella is a type of unicellular fresh water algae. In an attempt to develop new agents for handling insulin resistance, Chlorella was employed to screen the effect on insulin resistance in rats induced by fructose-rich chow. A single oral administration of Chlorella for 90?min decreased the plasma glucose in a dose-dependent manner in rats receiving 4-week fructose-rich ...
Plasma membrane electron transport (PMET), a cytosolic/plasma membrane analog of mitochondrial electron transport, is a ubiquitous system of cytosolic and plasma membrane oxidoreductases that oxidizes cytosolic NADH and NADPH and passes electrons to extracellular targets. While PMET has been shown to play an important role in a variety of cell types, no studies exist to evaluate its function in ...
The Snf1 protein kinase family has been conserved in eukaryotes. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Snf1 is essential for transcription of glucose-repressed genes in response to glucose starvation. The direct interaction between Snf1 and its activating subunit, Snf4, within the kinase complex is regulated by the glucose signal. ...
... manifestations of: (1) elevated heart rate, (2) peripheral vasoconstriction and (3) elevated blood FFA and glucose levels. ...
DTIC Science & Technology
Context: Glucose intake is associated with a variable increase in adrenal glucocorticoid secretion. Hypothesis: Glucose ingestion elevates cortisol secretion by 1) augmenting pulsatile ACTH release; and/or 2) enhancing ACTH-cortisol synchrony or dose-responsiveness. Subjects: Fifty-eight healthy men ages 19-78 yr with computed ...
Previously established consequences of abolishing pyruvate kinase (Pyk) activity in Escherichia coli during aerobic growth on glucose include reduced acetate production, elevated hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway flux, elevated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (Ppc) flux, and an increased ratio of ...
1. Short loops of Henle were artificially perfused with saline solutions containing 5 or 0 mM-glucose in the presence and absence of phlorizin. 2. Net fluid reabsorption was greater when glucose but no phlorizin was present than in all other series. 3. Glucose was reabsorbed from glucose-containing perfusate and ...
Brain glucose exposure may complicate diabetes and obesity. We used positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in Zucker obese, diabetic, and control rats to determine the contributions of blood glucose mass action versus local mechanisms in regulating central glucose disposal in fasted and acutely ...
Insulin secretion from beta-cells is regulated by a complex signaling network. Our earlier study has reported that Rac1 participates in glucose- and cAMP-induced insulin secretion probably via maintaining a functional actin structure for recruitment of insulin granules. Type Ialpha phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K-Ialpha) is a downstream effector of Rac1 and a ...
BackgroundInsulin secretion is a complex and highly regulated process. It is well established that cytoplasmic calcium is a key regulator of insulin secretion, but how elevated intracellular calcium triggers insulin granule exocytosis remains unclear, and we have only begun to define the identities of proteins that are responsible for sensing calcium changes and for ...
Bile acids (BAs) are powerful regulators of metabolism, and mice treated orally with cholic acid are protected from diet-induced obesity, hepatic lipid accumulation, and increased plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) and glucose levels. Here, we show that plasma BA concentration in rats was elevated by exchanging the dietary protein source from casein to salmon ...
Endothelium-dependent relaxations (EDR) are impaired in isolated normal arteries exposed to elevated glucose in vitro and in arteries of diabetic animals. The role of oxygen-derived free radicals in the impairment of EDR by glucose was studied with antioxidant enzymes, deferoxamine, probucol, and by determining and sensitivity to free ...
Both hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and serotonergic systems are commonly dysregulated in stress-related psychiatric disorders. We describe here a non-invasive rat model for hypercortisolism, as observed in major depression, and its effects on physiology, behavior, and the expression of tph2, the gene encoding tryptophan hydroxylase 2, the rate-limiting enzyme for brain ...
1. The kinetics of glucose metabolism were evaluated in rats deprived of food 15-21 h after the administration of hypoglycaemic doses of hypoglycin (100 mg/kg body wt.) by following changes in the specific radioactivities of 14C and 3H in blood glucose after an intravenous dose of [U-14C,2-3H]glucose [Katz, Rostami & Dunn (1974) ...
The dysregulation of the metabolism of glycosaminoglycan and protein components of extracellular matrix (ECM) is a typical feature of diabetic complications. High glucose-induced enrichment of ECM with hyaluronan (HA) not only affects tissue structural integrity, but influences cell metabolic response due to the variety of effects depending on the HA polymer molecular weight. ...
Uptake of glucose-(3)H into cultured HLM cells was measured. Equilibration of intracellular and extracellular pools occurred after 25 min. Glucose influx was determined subsequently by measuring the glucose-(3)H entering in precisely 1 min. Although saturation kinetics were demonstrated these were not of the simple Michaelis-Menten ...
Uptake of glucose-3H into cultured HLM cells was measured. Equilibration of intracellular and extracellular pools occurred after 25 min. Glucose influx was determined subsequently by measuring the glucose-3H entering in precisely 1 min. Although saturation kinetics were demonstrated these ...
Microcosm experiments were conducted with soils contaminated with heavy metals (Pb and Cr) and aromatic hydrocarbons to determine the effects of each upon microbial community structure and function. Organic substrates were added as a driving force for change in the microbial community. Glucose represented an energy source used by a broad variety of bacteria, whereas fewer soil ...
BackgroundDiabetes has been regarded as an inflammatory condition which is associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD). The purpose of this study was to examine the expression levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) in patients with early diabetic cardiomyopathy, and to investigate the mechanisms involved in MIF ...
The protective effect of Amomi semen extract (ASE) on alloxan-induced pancreatic beta-cell damage was investigated in HIT T-15 cells, a Syrian hamster pancreatic beta-cell line. Alloxan caused pancreatic beta-cell damage through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the elevation of cytosolic free Ca2+, DNA fragmentation and the decrease of cellular NAD+ and ATP ...
Cell coupling is important for the normal function of the ?-cells of the pancreatic islet of Langerhans, which secrete insulin in response to elevated plasma glucose. In the islets, electrical and metabolic communications are mediated by gap junctions. Although electrical coupling is believed to account for synchronization of the islets, the role and ...
ABSTRACT Cell coupling is important for the normal function of the b-cells of the pancreatic islet of Langerhans, which secrete insulin in response to elevated plasma glucose. In the islets, electrical and metabolic communications are mediated by gap junctions. Although electrical coupling is believed to account for synchronization of the islets, the role ...
E-print Network
Uranyl nitrate abolishes the uptake of oxygen associated with glucose utilization by conidia of Neurospora sitophila approximate ED/sub 50/ is 1.0 f UO/sub 2/ g per 10/sup 5/ spores. Endogenous oxygen uptake is not, however, affected by the presence of uranium the respiratory quotient with glucose drops to the endogenous ...
OBJECTIVEThe activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been reported to improve endothelial function. However, the targets of AMPK in endothelial cells remain poorly defined. The aim of this study was to test whether AMPK suppresses the degradation of GTP-cyclohydrolase (GTPCH I), a key event in vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSBoth human ...
Infusion of oxytocin into normal dogs increases plasma levels of insulin and glucagon and glucose production and uptake. To determine whether infused oxytocin also increases glucagon secretion from extrapancreatic sites, pancreatectomized dogs, off insulin of 18 hr, were infused with oxytocin and plasma glucagon, and glucose production and uptake were ...
The study was performed to explore the suppressive effect of Jew's mellow leaves (JML) on postprandial blood glucose levels in rats and humans. A soluble dietary fiber (SDF) was extracted from the freeze-dried JML powder. An elevation of the postprandial blood glucose level in rats given 1% or 2% JML-SDF solution orally together with ...
In this report, we show that hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of superoxide by the mitochondrial electron transport chain activates the three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage found in aortic endothelial cells by inhibiting GAPDH activity. In bovine aortic endothelial cells, GAPDH antisense oligonucleotides activated each of the pathways of hyperglycemic vascular damage in cells cultured ...
1. Administration of lithium to rats causes a rise in plasma glucose and suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These effects are blocked by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine. 2. Pretreatment of rats with Bordetella pertussis toxin resulted in a reversal of the usual plasma glucose and insulin responses to ...
Although caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to increase lifespan in various animal models, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not yet been revealed. We developed an in vitro system to mimic CR by reducing glucose concentration in cell growth medium which excludes metabolic factors and allows assessment of the effects of CR at the cellular and molecular level. ...
OBJECTIVE: Glucose sensing is essential for the adaptive counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. We investigated the mechanisms underlying carotid body (CB) glomus cells activation by low glucose. RESEARCH DESIGN/METHODS AND RESULTS: Removal of extracellular glucose elicited a cell secretory response, ...
H+ extrusion is important for sustained NADPH oxidase activation following �respiratory� burst in macrophage/microglia activation. In this study, we investigated the role of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE-1) in activation of microglia following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or oxygen and glucose deprivation ...
Plasma insulin is pulsatile and reflects oscillatory insulin secretion from pancreatic islets. Although both islet Ca(2+) and metabolism oscillate, there is disagreement over their interrelationship, and whether they can be dissociated. In some models of islet oscillations, Ca(2+) must oscillate for metabolic oscillations to occur, whereas in others metabolic oscillations can occur without Ca(2+) ...
H(+) extrusion is important for sustained NADPH oxidase activation after "respiratory" burst in macrophage/microglia activation. In this study, we investigated the role of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 1 (NHE-1) in activation of microglia after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or oxygen and glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/REOX) exposure. NHE-1 functioned in maintaining basal ...
AbstractPlasma insulin is pulsatile and reflects oscillatory insulin secretion from pancreatic islets. Although both islet Ca2+ and metabolism oscillate, there is disagreement over their interrelationship, and whether they can be dissociated. In some models of islet oscillations, Ca2+ must oscillate for metabolic oscillations to occur, whereas in ...
1. Investigation of the ionic requirements of the in vitro insulin release system, which consists of cod islet plasma membrane and rabbit islet granules incubated at pH 6.5, showed that the presence of Ca2+ was obligatory for the system to operate. 2. Glucose-initiated insulin release was as effective in the presence of ?-?-methylene ATP, as it was in ...
Rates of glucose turnover and oxidation were isotopically determined in normal volunteers (n = 16) and in severely septic patients (n = 10). Glucose turnover was determined using primed constant infusions of either 6-3H- or 6,6-d-glucose and glucose oxidation with either U-14C-glucose or ...
Endothelial cell permeability is impaired in diabetes mellitus and may be increased by high extracellular glucose concentrations. High glucose activates protein kinase C (PKC), a family of kinases vital to intracellular signaling. We tested the hypothesis that high glucose concentration activates PKC in endothelial cells and leads to ...
The hydrolysis of cellulose over sulfonated carbons was promoted greatly by elevating the sulfonation temperature. With 250 degrees C-sulfonated CMK-3 as a catalyst, the cellulose was selectively hydrolyzed into glucose with the glucose yield as high as 74.5%, which is the highest level reported so far on solid acid catalysts. ...
Circulating ghrelin elevates abdominal adiposity by a mechanism independent of its central orexigenic activity. In this study we tested the hypothesis that peripheral ghrelin induces a depot-specific increase in white adipose tissue (WAT) mass in vivo by GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a)-mediated lipolysis. Chronic iv infusion of acylated ghrelin ...
Vascular endothelial cell (VEC) dysfunction in diabetes has been associated with hyperglycaemia-induced intra- and extracellular glycation of proteins and to overproduction of glucose-derived free radicals. VEC protect their intracellular environment against an increased influx of glucose in face of hyperglycaemia by reducing the expression and plasma ...
Because cholinergic innervation of the pancreas is of importance in control of oral glucose tolerance, it seems important to determine whether transplanted pancreatic tissue becomes reinnervated with cholinergic fibers. Oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests (ivGTT) were performed with and without atropine treatment on streptozotocin-diabetic rats ...
In pancreatic ? cells, elevated glucose concentrations stimulate mitochondrial oxidative metabolism to raise intracellular ATP/ADP levels, prompting insulin secretion. Unusually low levels of expression of genes encoding the plasma membrane monocarboxylate transporter, MCT1 (SLC16A1), as well as lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) ensure that ...
The development of a glucagon radioimmunoassay with a relatively high degree of specificity for pancreatic glucagon made possible studies of alpha cell function in healthy nondiabetic subjects and in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the former group mean fasting plasma glucagon averaged 108 ??g/ml (SEM �10). In 12 juvenile-type diabetics fasting glucagon averaged 110 (�9) and in 33 ...
Resveratrol may protect against metabolic disease through activating SIRT1 deacetylase. Because we have recently defined AMPK activation as a key mechanism for the beneficial effects of polyphenols on hepatic lipid accumulation, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetic mice, we hypothesize that polyphenol-activated SIRT1 acts upstream of AMPK signaling and hepatocellular lipid ...
OBJECTIVE: Recent studies indicate that pravastatin improves whereas other statins impair glucose homeostasis in humans, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. We examined the effect of pravastatin and atorvastatin on insulin sensitivity in a rat model. METHODS: Pravastatin (40mg/kg/day) or atorvastatin (20mg/kg/day) were administered for 3 weeks and insulin sensitivity ...
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important phytohormone that plays a critical role in seed development, dormancy, and stress tolerance. 9-cis-Epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase is the key enzyme controlling ABA biosynthesis and stress tolerance. In this study, we investigated the effect of ectopic expression of another ABA biosynthesis gene, ABA2 (or GLUCOSE INSENSITIVE 1 [GIN1]) encoding a ...
We have reported that compared with glucose-sweetened beverages, consuming fructose-sweetened beverages with meals results in lower 24-h circulating glucose, insulin and leptin concentrations, and elevated triacylglycerol (TG). However, pure fructose and glucose are not commonly used as sweeteners. ...
Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)
Type 2 diabetes is a complex and heterogeneous metabolic disorder with a continuously growing prevalence worldwide. Thus, the need to prevent diabetic complications by maintaining better metabolic control has become a common goal for health practitioners. Elevated fasting plasma glucose concentrations, frequently observed in Type 2 diabetic patients, are a ...
... 8 ewes per group). Maternal concentrations of GH, insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), glucose, and non- ... fetal kidney and liver weights and elevated fetal insulin, glucose, and lactate concentr...
NBII National Biological Information Infrastructure
In 48-hour fasted rats, hydrazine (Hy) depressed blood glucose, elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFA), and caused fat accumulation in the liver. The present study showed that feeding carbohydrate prevented hypoglycemia and reduced the effect of Hy on pla...
... that elevations in hemolymph levels of glucose, L-lactate, crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, ammonia, ionic calcium, and a ... samples were analyzed in duplicate for glucose, L-lactate (Hammen 1980), ammo...
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by cardiac dysfunction. This study was designed to examine the effect of benfotiamine, a lipophilic derivative of thiamine, on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction in mouse cardiomyocytes. Adult male FVB mice were made diabetic with a single injection of STZ (200 mg/kg ip). Fourteen days later, control and diabetic (fasting plasma ...
Corynebacterium glutamicum uses the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) to uptake and phosphorylate glucose; no other route has yet been identified. Disruption of the ptsH gene in wild-type C. glutamicum resulted, as expected, in a phenotype exhibiting little growth on any of the PTS sugars: glucose, fructose, and sucrose. ...
Increased glucose production is associated with fasting hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes but whether or not it causes glucose intolerance is unclear. This study sought to determine whether a primary defect in gluconeogenesis (GNG) resulting in elevated glucose production is sufficient to induce ...
It is considered that hypothalamus is important in the regulation of the blood glucose, but how chronic stress leads to hyperglycemia is not known. In this experiment, we used chronic immobilization stress rat as a model, and observed that only rats with increased expression of GAD65 in the amygdala had an elevated level of blood ...
Hydrolase-related transport was re-investigated in hamster small intestine by the tissue accumulation method. The Na+-dependent, phlorizin-sensitive monosaccharide transport system saturates with 30 mM-D-glucose. According to the hydrolase-related transport hypothesis, additional glucose units will be taken up if they are given in the form of a ...
The effect of hot water extract of fruits of Helicteres isora on glucose uptake was studied in rodent skeletal muscle cells (L-6 cells) involved in glucose utilization. H. isora is an antidiabetic medicinal plant being used in Indian traditional medicine. Hot water extracts were analysed for glucose uptake activity and found to be ...
