Herbivory, competition and soil fertility interactively shape plant communities and exhibit an important role in modifying conditions for host-dependent fungal symbionts. However, field studies on the combined impacts of natural herbivory, competition and soil fertility on root fungal symbionts are rare. We asked how mammalian ...
PubMed
... 1991) developed predictions associated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) infection, plant growth, and plant resistance to herbivory. Under low nutrient ... the aboveground portions of colonized plants, thereby e...
NBII National Biological Information Infrastructure
Author: Zhang, Yan-Zhuo; Hanula, James; Jiang-Hua, Sun ... Plants exposed to high densities of adults were severely damaged and the aboveground portions ...
Treesearch
This experiment is identical to E008 except the ground was disked thoroughly before the plots were laid out. For a description of fertil...
The purpose of this experiment is to look at the effect of NH4NO3 addition in an unfenced area. The experiment is located in field E. There are 4 different ... ...
... little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium [Michx.] Nash), sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii Hack.), and sand lovegrass (Eragrostis trichodes [Nutt.] Alph. ... ...
Plant biomass and plant abundance can be controlled by aboveground and belowground natural enemies. However, little is known about how the aboveground and belowground enemy effects may add up. We exposed 15 plant species to aboveground polyphagous insect herbivores and feedback effects from the soil community alone, as well as in ...
Responses of aquatic macrophytes to leaf herbivory may differ from those documented for terrestrial plants, in part, because the potential to maximize growth following herbivory may be limited by the stress of being rooted in flooded, anaerobic sediments. Herbivory on aquatic macrophytes may have ecosystem consequences by altering the ...
Competition and herbivory are two of the main forces shaping plant communities. Although several studies have investigated their impact on plant populations separately, few investigations have examined how they might interact. With the purpose of clarifying the combined roles of competition and herbivory on herb biomass in a grassland, ...
Forty 2m x 2m plots were set up in field D adjacent to the mammal exclosure for E001 . Each plot contained individual plants of some or a...
... selected by the following criteria: (1) attractiveness to cucumber beetles in field studies (Andersen and Metcalf 1987, Pair 1997, McGrath 2000, ... and was the primary aboveground herbivore in our study....
The degree to which vertebrate herbivores exploitatively compete for the same food plant may depend on the level of compensatory plant growth. Such compensation is higher when there is reduced density-dependent competition in plants after herbivore damage. Whether there is relief from competition may largely be determined by the life-history stage of plants under herbivory. ...
(Cervus elaphus) herbivory on above-ground and below-ground production and soil fertility on the elk. JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 68(4):835�847 Key words: Cervus elaphus, Colorado, elk herbivory (Calamagrostis canadensis), sedges (Carex spp.), and cow parsnip (Heracleum sphondylium) predom- inated
E-print Network
The direct effects of nitrogen deposition on nutrient availability in ecosystems have been well studied, however, little is known about the indirect effects of nitrogen deposition on insect herbivory and subsequent changes to ecosystem processes. Numerous empirical studies have demonstrated that host plant nitrogen concentration can strongly affect individual insect ...
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
BackgroundLiving soil invertebrates provide a universal currency for quality that integrates physical and chemical variables with biogeography as the invertebrates reflect their habitat and most ecological changes occurring therein. The specific goal was the identification of �reference� states for soil sustainability and ecosystem functioning in grazed vs. ungrazed sites.Methodology/Principal ...
PubMed Central
Plants activate local and systemic defence mechanisms upon exposure to stress. This innate immune response is partially regulated by plant hormones, and involves the accumulation of defensive metabolites. Although local defence reactions to herbivores are well studied, less is known about the impact of root herbivory on shoot defence. Here, we examined the effects of ...
At least two distinct trade-offs are thought to facilitate higher diversity in productive plant communities under herbivory. Higher investment in defence and enhanced colonization potential may both correlate with decreased competitive ability in plants. Herbivory may thus promote coexistence of plant species exhibiting divergent life history strategies. ...
... CSARausher, M. D. 1978.. Search image for leaf shape in a butterfly. Science 20:1071�1073.. CrossRefSAS Institute Inc.1989.. ... ...
BackgroundThere is conclusive evidence that there are fitness costs of plant defense and that herbivores can drive selection for defense. However, most work has focused on above-ground interactions, even though belowground herbivory may have greater impacts on individual plants than above-ground herbivory. Given ...
... Invasive Tree Melaleuca quinquenervia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 104:3, 488-497Online publication date: 1-May-2011.Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (232 KB) Robin M. Chri...
Patterns of skull shape in Carnivora provide examples of parallel and convergent evolution for similar ecomorphological adaptations. However, although most researchers report on skull homoplasies among hypercarnivorous taxa, evolutionary trends towards herbivory remain largely unexplored. In this study, we analyse the skull of the living herbivorous ...
Plants are important mediators between above- and belowground herbivores. Consequently, interactions between root and shoot defenses can have far-reaching impacts on entire food webs. We recently reported that infestation of maize roots by larvae of the beetle Diabrotica virgifera virgifera induced shoot resistance against herbivores and pathogens. Root herbivory also enhanced ...
BackgroundMany studies investigating the ecosystem effects of global climate change have focused on arctic ecosystems because the Arctic is expected to undergo the earliest and most pronounced changes in response to increasing global temperatures, and arctic ecosystems are considerably limited by low temperatures and permafrost. In these nutrient limited systems, a warmer climate is expected to ...
Herbivores induce systemic changes in plant traits, and the strength of these induced responses is often associated with the degree of vascular connectivity that links damaged and undamaged plant tissues. Although this phenomenon is known to occur aboveground in leaves, it is unknown whether or not leaf-root induction similarly follows the vascular architecture of plants. To ...
in sunny environments42. Experimental removal of shade causes plants to experience more herbivory and also or if the environment di- rectly constrains the defensive phenotype. For example, plants growing in the shade might in the shade than in the sun48. If environmental constraints shape the plant's phenotype in such a system
Plants attacked by herbivorous insects emit volatile organic compounds that are used by natural enemies to locate their host or prey. The composition of the blend is often complex and specific. It may vary qualitatively and quantitatively according to plant and herbivore species, thus providing specific information for carnivorous arthropods. Most studies have focused on simple interactions that ...
Herbivory can induce changes in plant traits that may involve both tolerance mechanisms that compensate for biomass loss and resistance traits that reduce herbivore preference. Seagrasses are marine vascular plants that possess many attributes that may favour tolerance and compensatory growth, and they are also defended with mechanisms of resistance such as toughness and ...
The primary objective of this investigation was to determine the adequacy of current simplified techniques for predicting airblast loadings on exposed above-ground structures subjected to high incident overpressures. The experimental program consisted of ...
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
� Herbivore-induced systemic resistance occurs in many plants and is commonly assumed to be adaptive. The mechanisms triggered by leaf-herbivores that lead to systemic resistance are largely understood, but it remains unknown how and why root herbivory also increases resistance in leaves. � To resolve this, we investigated the mechanism by which the root herbivore ...
Separate and combined effects of root and leaf herbivores on plant growth, flower visitation and seed set were tested in a factorial experiment using potted mustard, Sinapis arvensis, at an old fallow field. A 50% leaf removal by cabbageworms (Pieris rapae) when the seedlings had their first four leaves reduced plant height and shoot mass, and delayed the onset of flowering. Root ...
Background and AimsThe herbivore defence system of true grasses (Poaceae) is predominantly based on silicon that is taken up from the soil and deposited in the leaves in the form of abrasive phytoliths. Silicon uptake mechanisms can be both passive and active, with the latter suggesting that there is an energetic cost to silicon uptake. This study assessed the effects of plant-available soil ...
Centaurea maculosa, an invasive North American plant species, shows a high degree of tolerance to the root-boring biocontrol herbivore, Agapeta zoegana. For example, infested individuals of C. maculosa often exhibit more rigorous growth and reproduction compared with their non-infested counterparts. Compensatory responses to aboveground herbivores often involve increases in ...
Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) is found in over 3 million ha of rangeland and forests across North America, and evidence supporting the use of biological control as a regional method to reduce infestations and their associated impacts remains inconclusive. Several species of insects have been reported to reduce plant densities in some areas; however, rigorous studies that test combinations of ...
Although induced plant responses to herbivory are well studied as mechanisms of resistance, how induction shapes community interactions and ultimately plant fitness is still relatively unknown. Using a wild tomato, Solanum peruvianum, native to the Peruvian Andes, we evaluated the disruption of pollination as a potential ecological cost of induced ...
