Sample records for abramov juhendajad eero

  1. JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-10-12

    M. S. KOLOBKÖV, professor; B. M. KONYUKHOV, film director; I. A. KOTOMKIN, jurist; A. A. KUZNETSOV , writer; F. F. KUZNETSOV , corresponding member...of the USSR Academy of Sciences; Yu. P. KUZNETSOV , poet; S. Yu. KUNYAYEV poet;A. V. LARIONOV, writer; G. I. LITVINOVA, doctor of legal sciences...knocked out of his hand, and the group of detectives, which included Vladimir Abramov, Aleksandr Chichinev, Konstantin Demchenko and Oleg 12 SOCIAL

  2. Bibliography on Cold Regions Science and Technology, Volume 46, Part 2, 1992

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-01-01

    Modelling of heat capacity-temperature data for sucrose- conditions: trial study . Peck, L.. 1)992. 15p.. eng) Comparison of four cold hardiness tests on...authors are listed along with the title, date, pagination, and language of the document and the accession number. The subject index is composed of four ...eng1 46-1074 Radar backscatter measurements during the Winter Weddell Abramov Glacier and the runoff in its basin (1989. p.85- Aakjaer. P.D. Gyre Study

  3. Long-range transported dissolved organic matter, ions and black carbon deposited on Central Asian snow covered glaciers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schmale, Julia; Kang, Shichang; Peltier, Richard

    2014-05-01

    Ninety percent of the Central Asian population depend on water precipitated in the mountains stored in glaciers and snow cover. Accelerated melting of the snow and ice can be induced by the deposition of airborne impurities such as mineral dust, black carbon and co-emitted species leading to significant reductions of the surface albedo. However, Central Asia is a relatively understudied region and data on the source regions, chemical and microphysical characteristics as well as modelling studies of long-range transported air pollution and dust to the Tien Shan mountains is very scarce. We studied the atmospheric aerosol deposited most likely between summer 2012 and summer 2013on three different glaciers in the Kyrgyz Republic. Samples were taken from four snow pits on the glaciers Abramov (2 pits, 39.59 °N, 71.56 °E, 4390 m elevation, 240 cm deep, and 39.62°N, 71.52 °E, 4275 m elevation, 125 cm deep), Ak-Shiirak (41.80 °N, 78.18 °E, 4325 m elevation, 75 cm deep) and Suek (41.78 °N, 77.75 °E, 4341 m elevation, 200 cm deep). The latter two glaciers are located roughly within 6 and 38 km of an operating gold mine. The snow was analyzed for black carbon, ions, metals and organic carbon. We here focus on the results of inorganic ion measurements and organic carbon speciation based on analysis with an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and potential pollution sources that can be deduced from the chemical information as well as back trajectories. Average contributions of snow impurities measured by the HR-ToF-AMS were dominated by organic carbon. Relative concentrations of organic carbon, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in snow were 86 %, 3 %, 9 % and 2 % respectively for Abramov, 92 %, 1 %, 5 % and 1 % for Suek, and 95 %, 1 %, 3 % and 1 % for Ak-Shiirak. Generally, impurities on Suek and Ak-Shiirak were three and five times higher than on Abramov. Mass concentrations of organic carbon were on average 6 times higher in samples

  4. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems (Poster Session) (7th) held at Trondheim, Norway, on 15-18 June, 1993

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-06-18

    David Hislop (US Army Research Office), Eero Hyvonen (VTT, Finland), Marek Karpinski (Bonn, Germany), Yves Kodratoff (Paris VI, France), Jan...21] M. P. Marcus, A theory of Syntactic Recognition for Natural Language, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1980 [221 K.R. McKeown, The TEXT System...H. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, ( 1980 ). 3. M.D. Mesarovich, D. Macko, Y. Takahara Y., Theory of Hierarchical

  5. Solute-Gas Equilibria in Multi-Organic Aqueous Systems

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1981-11-30

    THIS PAGK(*7@nDae~ Kht.Eero*g) Block 20 (cont.) --z Henry’s constants for selected organic solvents were determined at ionic strengths up to 1.0 M (KC1...equili- brium, batch stripping reactor. Data were fit to a regression equation. Henry’s constants for selected organic solvents were determined at ionic...organic systems. The presence of additional or- ganics (some perhaps not even strippable ) likely to be found along with a particular volatile should be

  6. CCD Photometry of Six Asteroids from the Universidad de Monterry Observatory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sada, Pedro V.

    2008-09-01

    CCD photometry of six asteroids was obtained at the Universidad de Monterrey Observatory during January and February 2008. The resulting synodic rotation periods and amplitudes are as follows: 1292 Luce, 6.9541 ± 0.0002 h, 0.20 ± 0.01 mag; 1303 Luthera, 5.878 ± 0.003 h, 0.08 ± 0.01 mag; 1900 Katyusha, 9.4999 ± 0.0001 h, 0.72 ± 0.02 mag, 2807 Karl Marx, 8.842 ± 0.001 h, 0.40 ± 0.05 mag; 3409 Abramov, 7.791 ± 0.002 h, 0.55 ± 0.02 mag; and 9117 Aude, 2.8156 ± 0.0001 h, 0.20 ± 0.01 mag.

  7. Cumulative Author Index for Soviet Laser Bibliographies Nos. 67-93, September 1983-February 1989

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-02-01

    91:62 ABRAHOV A YU 82:30 91:26 92:30 ABAKUOV V N 68:66 73:84 78:82 ABRAMOV 0 I 67:57 72:79 77:46 82:55 86: 15 88:70 ADALIYEV A E 75:9 ABRAHOV 0 V 90...75;68 93:77 ABRAMYAN ’T 0 70:52,72 ABDULLAYEV D A 74:36 ABRAHYAN YE A 70:99 ABDULIAYEV E A 91:25 ABRASIIIN V N 76:54 79:34 81:39 ABDULLAYEV F KH 86...LOYI,; V N S 67:71 91:53 ABSALYAHOVA E KI 87:84 ABDU[JHAIOV I G 90:108 ABSATAROVA N G 93:44 A8DUJL’tANIV R R 71:59 75:82 ABIJBAKIRUV A S 74:30 76:32 90

  8. Snow Impurities on Central Asian Glaciers: Mineral Dust, Organic & Elemental Carbon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schmale, J.; Kang, S.; Peltier, R.; Sprenger, M.; Guo, J.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Q.

    2014-12-01

    In Central Asia, 90 % of the population depend on water stored in glaciers and mountain snow cover. Accelerated melting can be induced by the deposition of e.g., mineral dust and black carbon that reduce the surface albedo. Data on source regions and chemical characteristics of snow impurities are however scarce in Central Asia. We studied aerosol deposited between summers of 2012 and 2013on three different glaciers in the Kyrgyz Republic. Samples were taken from two snow pits on the glacier Abramov in the northern Pamir and from one snow pit on Ak-Shiirak and Suek in the central Tien Shan. The snow was analyzed for elemental and total organic carbon, major ions and mineral dust. In addition, dissolved organic carbon was speciated by using the Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol spectrometer. Elevated mineral dust concentrations were found on all glaciers during summer and winter with lower annual average concentrations (20 mg l-1)in the northern Pamir (factor 5 to 6). Correlations between dust tracers varied, indicating different source regions. Average EC concentrations showed seasonal variation in the northern Pamir (> 100 μg l-1 in summer, < 30 μg l-1 in winter) while there was little variation throughout the year in the central Tien Shan (~ 200 μg l-1). Similarly, OC:EC ratios showed no seasonal cycle in that region averaging around 3. On Abramov, the ratio was significantly higher in winter (> 12) than in summer (< 4). The average O:C ratios across all glaciers ranged between 0.65 and 1.09, indicating a high degree of oxygenation which suggests long-range transport of the organic snow impurities. Marker substances such as potassium and mercury and their correlations suggest contribution from biomass burning emissions. Atmospheric measurements in August 2013 were conducted to obtain information on background aerosol characteristics in the remote high mountain areas. The average black carbon concentration was 0.26 μg/m³ (± 0.24 μg/m³).

  9. "I have seen the future": selling the unsustainable city.

    PubMed

    Hayden, Dolores

    2012-01-01

    Seventy years ago, General Motors’ Highways and Horizons exhibit at the World’s Fair, designed by Norman Bel Geddes and Eero Saarinen, promoted demand for cars and federal highways without any concern for environmental sustainability, the theme of our 2010 conference. The main exhibit included a sequence of four parts (entrance ramps, map lobby, Futurama ride, and “intersection of 1960”) where the viewer’s perception of spatial scale was manipulated. Setha M. Low’s theory of “embodied space” helps decode why movement through these diverse spaces influenced millions of Americans’ views of transportation and urban form, a promotional success yet to be equaled by advocates of environmental sustainability.

  10. Future glaciation and river flow in the Vakhsh and Panj drainage basins, Central Asia

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hoelzle, Martin; Hagg, Wilfried; Wagner, Stephan

    2010-05-01

    Central Asia is well known as an area of substantial water problems mainly caused by climate change and careless consumption of water resources. As in other parts of the globe where high mountains are surrounded by arid and semi-arid zones, snow and glacier melt are major contributors to runoff and important resources for agriculture in the lowlands. The FAO-UNESCO has started a "Climate Impact Study on Streamflow" to estimate future discharge in the catchments of the rivers Vakhsh (39,100 km2) and Panj(114,000 km2), the two tributaries of Amu Darya river. According to the World Glacier Inventory (WGI) prepared in the mid 20th century, the Panj and Vakhsh catchments have glacier covers of 3,913 km2 and 3,675 km2, respectively. A new inventory was conducted in 2003 within the frame of the GLIMS project. We used a simple parametrization scheme based on steady state conditions to infer the ice volumes for the two different time periods in the past and to extrapolate future changes. The resulting volumes for the WGI are 170-200 km3 for the Panj catchment and 200-240 km3 for the Vakhsh catchment. From the mid of the 20th century to 2003, an area (volume) decrease of 8.2% (10.5%) for the Panj and 7.5% (4.1%) for the Vakhsh catchment was determined. A comparison of two digital elevation models (SRTM of 2001 and Aster 2008) show for the glacier areas a mean mass change of -0.61 m a-1 for the Vakhsh and -0.81 m a-1 for the Panj. Regional climate simulations project a warming of 1.8°C-2.9°C until 2050, while it remains unclear if and in what direction precipitation will change. Assuming a temperature increase of 2°C until 2050 and no change in precipitation, the ice reserves in the two catchments will decline at an accelerated rate in comparison to the past with total volume reduction of 75.5% for the Panj basin and of 53% for the Vakhsh basin. To simulate present-day and future runoff, the HBV-ETH hydrological model was set up in the two sub-basins of Abramov (56 km

  11. A scaling relationship for impact-induced melt volume

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nakajima, M.; Rubie, D. C.; Melosh, H., IV; Jacobson, S. A.; Golabek, G.; Nimmo, F.; Morbidelli, A.

    2016-12-01

    During the late stages of planetary accretion, protoplanets experience a number of giant impacts and extensive mantle melting. The impactor's core sinks through the molten part of the target mantle (magma ocean) and experiences metal-silicate partitioning (e.g., Stevenson, 1990). For understanding the chemical evolution of the planetary mantle and core, we need to determine the impact-induced melt volume because the partitioning strongly depends on the ranges of the pressures and temperatures within the magma ocean. Previous studies have investigated the effects of small impacts (i.e. impact cratering) on melt volume, but those for giant impacts are not well understood yet. Here, we perform giant impact simulations to derive a scaling law for melt volume as a function of impact velocity, impact angle, and impactor-to-target mass ratio. We use two different numerical codes, namely smoothed particle hydrodynamics we developed (SPH, a particle method) and the code iSALE (a grid-based method) to compare their outcomes. Our simulations show that these two codes generally agree as long as the same equation of state is used. We also find that some of the previous studies developed for small impacts (e.g., Abramov et al., 2012) overestimate giant impact melt volume by orders of magnitudes partly because these models do not consider self-gravity of the impacting bodies. Therefore, these models may not be extrapolated to large impacts. Our simulations also show that melt volume can be scaled by the total mass of the system. In this presentation, we further discuss geochemical implications for giant impacts on planets, including Earth and Mars.

  12. Multi-decadal mass balance series of three Kyrgyz glaciers inferred from modelling constrained with repeated snow line observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Barandun, Martina; Huss, Matthias; Usubaliev, Ryskul; Azisov, Erlan; Berthier, Etienne; Kääb, Andreas; Bolch, Tobias; Hoelzle, Martin

    2018-06-01

    Glacier surface mass balance observations in the Tien Shan and Pamir are relatively sparse and often discontinuous. Nevertheless, glaciers are one of the most important components of the high-mountain cryosphere in the region as they strongly influence water availability in the arid, continental and intensely populated downstream areas. This study provides reliable and continuous surface mass balance series for selected glaciers located in the Tien Shan and Pamir-Alay. By cross-validating the results of three independent methods, we reconstructed the mass balance of the three benchmark glaciers, Abramov, Golubin and Glacier no. 354 for the past 2 decades. By applying different approaches, it was possible to compensate for the limitations and shortcomings of each individual method. This study proposes the use of transient snow line observations throughout the melt season obtained from satellite optical imagery and terrestrial automatic cameras. By combining modelling with remotely acquired information on summer snow depletion, it was possible to infer glacier mass changes for unmeasured years. The model is initialized with daily temperature and precipitation data collected at automatic weather stations in the vicinity of the glacier or with adjusted data from climate reanalysis products. Multi-annual mass changes based on high-resolution digital elevation models and in situ glaciological surveys were used to validate the results for the investigated glaciers. Substantial surface mass loss was confirmed for the three studied glaciers by all three methods, ranging from -0.30 ± 0.19 to -0.41 ± 0.33 m w.e. yr-1 over the 2004-2016 period. Our results indicate that integration of snow line observations into mass balance modelling significantly narrows the uncertainty ranges of the estimates. Hence, this highlights the potential of the methodology for application to unmonitored glaciers at larger scales for which no direct measurements are available.

  13. Dust, Elemental Carbon and Other Impurities on Central Asian Glaciers: Origin and Radiative Forcing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schmale, J.; Flanner, M.; Kang, S.; Sprenger, M.; Zhang, Q.; Li, Y.; Guo, J.; Schwikowski, M.

    2015-12-01

    In Central Asia, more than 60 % of the population depends on water stored in glaciers and mountain snow. While temperature, precipitation and dynamic processes are key drivers of glacial change, deposition of light absorbing impurities such as mineral dust and black carbon can lead to accelerated melting through surface albedo reduction. Here, we discuss the origin of deposited mineral dust and black carbon and their impacts on albedo change and radiative forcing (RF). 218 snow samples were taken from 13 snow pits on 4 glaciers, Abramov (Pamir), Suek, Glacier No. 354 and Golubin (Tien Shan), representing deposition between summer 2012 and 2014. They were analyzed for elemental and organic carbon by a thermo-optical method, mineral dust by gravimetry, and iron by ICP-MS. Back trajectory ensembles were released every 6 hours with the Lagranto model for the covered period at all sites. Boundary layer "footprints" were calculated to estimate general source regions and combined with MODIS fire counts for potential fire contributions. Albedo reduction due to black carbon and mineral dust was calculated with the Snow-Ice-Aerosol-Radiative model (SNICAR), and surface spectral irradiances were derived from atmospheric radiative transfer calculations to determine the RF under clear-sky and all sky conditions using local radiation measurements. Dust contributions came from Central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Sahara and partly the Taklimakan. Fire contributions were higher in 2014 and generally came from the West and North. We find that EC exerts roughly 3 times more RF than mineral dust in fresh and relatively fresh snow (~5 W/m2) and up to 6 times more in snow that experienced melting (> 10 W/m2) even though EC concentrations (average per snow pit from 90 to 700 ng/g) were up to two orders of magnitude lower than mineral dust (10 to 140 μg/g).

  14. PREFACE: Algebra, Geometry, and Mathematical Physics 2010

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stolin, A.; Abramov, V.; Fuchs, J.; Paal, E.; Shestopalov, Y.; Silvestrov, S.

    2012-02-01

    This proceedings volume presents results obtained by the participants of the 6th Baltic-Nordic workshop 'Algebra, Geometry, and Mathematical Physics (AGMP-6)' held at the Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences in Tjärnö, Sweden on October 25-30, 2010. The Baltic-Nordic Network AGMP 'Algebra, Geometry, and Mathematical Physics' http://www.agmp.eu was created in 2005 on the initiative of two Estonian universities and two Swedish universities: Tallinn University of Technology represented by Eugen Paal (coordinator of the network), Tartu University represented by Viktor Abramov, Lund University represented by Sergei Silvestrov, and Chalmers University of Technology and the University of Gothenburg represented by Alexander Stolin. The goal was to promote international and interdisciplinary cooperation between scientists and research groups in the countries of the Baltic-Nordic region in mathematics and mathematical physics, with special emphasis on the important role played by algebra and geometry in modern physics, engineering and technologies. The main activities of the AGMP network consist of a series of regular annual international workshops, conferences and research schools. The AGMP network also constitutes an important educational forum for scientific exchange and dissimilation of research results for PhD students and Postdocs. The network has expanded since its creation, and nowadays its activities extend beyond countries in the Baltic-Nordic region to universities in other European countries and participants from elsewhere in the world. As one of the important research-dissimilation outcomes of its activities, the network has a tradition of producing high-quality research proceedings volumes after network events, publishing them with various international publishers. The PDF also contains the following: List of AGMP workshops and other AGMP activities Main topics discussed at AGMP-6 Review of AGMP-6 proceedings Acknowledgments List of Conference Participants

  15. The cost-effectiveness of screening for hereditary hemochromatosis in Germany: a remodeling study.

    PubMed

    Rogowski, Wolf H

    2009-01-01

    Genetic tests for hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) are currently included in the German ambulatory care reimbursement scheme but only for symptomatic individuals and the offspring of HH patients. This study synthesizes the most current evidence to examine whether screening in the broader population is cost-effective and to identify the best choice of initial and follow-up screening tests. A probabilistic decision-analytic model was constructed to calculate cost per life year gained (LYG) for HH screening among male Caucasians aged 30. Three strategies were considered in both the general population and male offspring of HH patients: phenotypic (transferrin saturation, TS), genotypic (C282Y mutation), and sequential (genotype if TS is elevated) screening. The incremental cost-effectiveness of sequential screening among male offspring, sequential population-wide screening, and genotypic screening is 41000, 124000, and 161000 Eero/LYG, respectively. All other strategies were subject to simple or extended dominance. The results are subject to high uncertainty. The most influential parameters in the deterministic one-way sensitivity analysis are discounting of life years gained and the adherence of patients to preventive phlebotomy. The current German policy of only screening at-risk individuals is consistent with health economic decision making based on typically accepted thresholds. However, conducting the DNA test after the first elevated TS result is more cost-effective than waiting for a second TS result as recommended by the German guidelines. Further empirical work regarding adherence to long-term prevention recommendations and explicit and well-justified guidance for the choice of discount rates in German economic evaluation are needed.

  16. The possibility of life proliferation from Enceladus

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Czechowski, Leszek

    2016-07-01

    is possible that the Enceladus was a cradle of the life in the Solar System. References: [1] Russell, M. J., Hall, A. J., And Martin W. (2010). Geobiology (2010), 8, 355-371. [2] Izawa M.R.M. et al. (2010). Planet. Space Sci. 58, 583-591. [3] Abramov, O., Mojzsis, S.J., (2011) Icarus 213, 273-279. [4] Czechowski, L. (2014) Planet. Space Sci. 104, 185-199

  17. Evidence for Primordial Water in Earths Deep Mantle: D/h Ratios in Baffin Island and Icelandic Picrites

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hallis, L. J.; Huss, G. R.; Nagashima, K.; Taylor, J.; Hilton, D. R.; Mottl, M. J.; Meech, K. J.; Halldorsson, S. A.

    2016-12-01

    , 2008 Icarus 194, 42-52. [2] Abramov, and Mojzsis, (2009) Nature 459, 419-422. [3] Stuart et al. (2003) Nature 424, 57-59. [4] Starkey et al. (2009) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 277, 91-100. [5] Jackson et al. (2010) Nature 466, 853-856. [6] Robillard et al. (1992) Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 112, 230-241.

  18. Experimental study of IR-signature of water ices between 1 and 2.5 µm : a thermal probe for icy moons

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Taffin, C.; Grasset, O.; Le Menn, E.; Le Mouélic, S.

    2009-12-01

    -Abramov and Spencer, Icarus 2009. 8-Jaumann et al. Icarus, 2007. Figure 1: a) Position of the 1.55 µm band versus temperature for ice (black) and frost (red). For each temperature a dispersion of 10 - 20 cm-1 is observed due to the grain size variations from 200 to 800 µm. b) Position of the 1.50 µm band relative to the grain size at microscopic (black) and macroscopic (red) scales. The grain size of macroscopic samples is estimated using the Nolin and Dozier’s method (6).

  19. Estimation of the CO2 fluxes between the ocean and atmosphere for the hurricane wind forces using remote sensing data.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sergeev, Daniil; Soustova, Irina; Balandina, Galina

    2017-04-01

    CO2 transfer between the hydrosphere and atmosphere in the boundary layer is an important part of the global cycle of the main greenhouse gas. Gas flux is determined by the difference of the partial pressures of the gas between the atmosphere and hydrosphere, near the border, as well as to a large extent processes involving turbulent boundary layer. The last is usually characterized by power dependence on the equivalent wind speed (10-m height). Hurricane-force winds lead to intensive wave breaking, with formation of spray in the air, and bubbles in the water. Such multiphase turbulent processes at the interface strongly intensify gas transfer. Currently, data characterizing the dependence of the gas exchange of the wind speed for the hurricane conditions demonstrate a strong variation. On the other hand there is an obvious problem of obtaining reliable data on the wind speed. Widely used reanalysis data typically underestimate wind speed, due to the low spatial and temporal resolution One of the most promising ways to measure near water wind speed is the use of the data of remote sensing. The present study used technique to obtain near water wind speed based on the processing of remote sensing of the ocean surface data obtained with C-band scattermeter of RADARSAT using geophysical model function, developed in a laboratory conditions for a wide range of wind speeds, including hurricanes (see [1]). This function binds wind speed with effective radar cross-section in cross-polarized mode. We used two different parameterizations of gas transfer velocity of the wind speed. Widely used in [2], and obtained by processing results of recent experiment in modeling winds up to hurricane on wind-wave facility [3]. The new method of calculating was tested by the example of hurricane Earl image (09.2010). Estimates showed 13-18 times excess CO2 fluxes rates in comparison with monitoring data NOAA (see. [4]). 1. Troitskaya Yu., Abramov V., Ermoshkin A., Zuikova E., Kazakov V

  20. Excavation of buried hydrated minerals on Mars by impact cratering? (Invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Carter, J.; Poulet, F.; Loizeau, D.; Bibring, J.

    2010-12-01

    buried, pre-existing phyllosilicates is thought to be the driving process. Other hydrated mineral formation pathways linked with impact cratering include impact-induced hydrothermal alteration [10-12], shock-induced and post-impact changes to mineral composition. [1]Poulet et al., Nature 438, 623 (2005). [2]Murchie et al., J. Geophys. Res. 114, E00D06 (2009). [3]Bibring et al., Science 312, 5772 (2006). [4]Baratoux et al., J. Geophys. Res. 112, E08S05 (2007). [5]Tanaka et al., J. Geophys. Res. 108, (E4), 8043 (2003). [6]Carter et al., Science 328, 1682 (2010). [7]Bibring et al., Eur. Space Agency Spec. Pub. 1240, 37 (2004). [8]Murchie et al., J. Geophys. Res. 114, E00D07 (2009). [9]Carter et al., Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 40, abstr. 2028 (2009). [10]Abramov and Kring, J. Geophys. Res. 110, (E12), E12S09 (2005). [11]Schwenzer and Kring, Geology 37, 1091 (2009). [12]Marzo et al., Icarus 208, 667-683 (2010).

  1. Radiolytic Cryovolcanism Revisited

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cooper, J. F.; Cooper, P. D.; Sittler, E. C.; Wesenberg, R. P.

    2013-12-01

    Active geysers of water vapor and ice grains from the south pole of Enceladus are not yet definitively explained in terms of energy sources and processes. Other instances of hot (Io) and cold (Mars, Triton) volcanism beyond Earth are known if not fully understood. We revisit, in comparison to other models, the 'Old Faithful' theory of radiolytic gas-driven cryovolcanism first proposed by Cooper et al. [Plan. Sp. Sci. 2009]. In the energetic electron irradiation environment of Enceladus within Saturn's magnetosphere, a 10-percent duty cycle could be maintained for current geyser activity driven by gases from oxidation of ammonia to N2 and methane to CO2 in the thermal margins of a south polar sea. Much shorter duty cycles down to 0.01 percent would be required to account for thermal power output up to 16 GW, Steady accumulation of oxidant energy over four billion years could have powered all Enceladus emissions over the past four hundred thousand to four hundred million years. There could be separate energy sources driving mass flow and thermal emission over vastly different time scales. Since episodic tidal dissipation on 10 Myr time scales at 0.1 - 1 Gyr intervals [O'Neill and Nimmo, Nature 2010], and thus duty cycles 1 - 10 percent, could heat the polar sea to the current level, the radiolytic energy source could easily power and modulate the geyser mass flow on million-year time scales. Maximum thermal emission temperature 223 K [Abramov and Spencer, Icarus 2009] hints at thermal buffering in the basal and vent wall layers by a 1:1 H2O:H2O2 radiolytic eutectic, assuming deep ice crust saturation with H2O2 from long cumulative surface irradiation and downward ice convection. Due to density stratification the peroxide eutectic and salt water layers could separate, so that the denser peroxide layer (1.2 g/cc) descends to the polar sea while the lighter salt water (1.05 g/cc) rises along separate channels. Methane reservoirs could be found dissolved into the polar

  2. Enceladus: a cradle of life of the Solar System?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Czechowski, Leszek

    2014-05-01

    the Enceladus interior for the first a few hundreds Myr is given in [4] It is possible that for hundreds of Myr the conditions in the interior of Enceladus were more favorable for origin of life than on the Earth. Proliferation of life: We do not know the probability of life origin. The life could be a common phenomenon originating in relatively short time if conditions are favorable. However, it is possible also that the life had originated only one time in the Universe. If this option is true then the transport of primitive organism is critical. The low gravity of the Enceladus and its volcanic activity make this transport possible. Note that the low temperature of plumes does not kill the organism. The primitive bacteria could leave the Enceladus with volcanic jets in the same way as particles of the E ring. Therefore it is possible that the Enceladus was a cradle of the life in the Solar System. Acknowledgments This work was partially supported by the National Science Centre (grant 2011/01/B/ST10/06653). References: [1] Russell, M. J., Hall, A. J., And Martin W. (2010). Geobiology (2010), 8, 355-371. [2] Izawa M.R.M. et al. (2010). Planet. Space Sci. 58, 583-591. [3] Abramov, O., Mojzsis, S.J., (2011) Icarus 213, 273-279. [4] Czechowski, L. (2013) Submitted

  3. Climate change impacts on glaciers and runoff in Tien Shan (Central Asia)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sorg, A. F.; Bolch, T.; Stoffel, M.; Solomina, O.; Beniston, M.

    2012-12-01

    (mass balance measurements) and on indirect data (aerial and satellite imagery, topographic maps). Latter can be plagued with high uncertainties and considerable errors. For instance, glaciated area has been partly overestimated in the Soviet Glacier catalogue (published in 1973, with data from the 1940s and 1950s), probably as a result of misinterpreted seasonal snowcover on aerial photographs. Studies using the Soviet Glacier catalogue as a reference are thus prone to over-emphasize glacier shrinkage. A valuable alternative is the use of continued in situ mass balance and ice thickness measurements, but they are currently conducted for only a few glaciers in the Tien Shan mountains. Efforts should therefore be encouraged to ensure the continuation and re-establishment of mass balance measurements on reference glaciers, as is currently the case at Karabatkak, Abramov and Golubin glaciers. Only on the basis of sound data, past glacier changes can be assessed with high precision and future glacier shrinkage can be estimated according to different climate scenarios. Moreover, the impact of snowcover changes, black carbon and debris cover on glacier degradation needs to be studied in more detail. Only with such model approaches, reflecting transient changes in climate, snowcover, glaciation and runoff, can appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies be developed within a realistic time horizon.

  4. Does canopy mean N concentration explain differences in light use efficiency in 14 eddy-covariance sites?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Peltoniemi, Mikko; Pulkkinen, Minna; Kolari, Pasi; Mäkelä, Annikki

    2010-05-01

    . Mean growing season VPD was the only climatic variable which correlated significantly with the largest actual LUE; none of them correlated with potential LUE. Inclusion of nitrogen in the Prelued-model structure did not improve the goodness of fit of the model. According to our results LUE correlates with mean canopy N concentration. The correlation of mean VPD with the largest actual LUE can also be explained with the model accounting for daily variation in climate, as was made with Prelued-model for the potential LUE. Further studies utilising seasonal values of canopy N are called upon. *Acknowledgements: Eero Nikinmaa, Pertti Hari, Timo Vesala, Tuomas Laurila, Fredrik Lagergren, Meelis Mölder, Anders Lindroth, Thomas Grünwald, Christian Bernhofer, Denis Loustau, Paul Berbigier, Beverly Law, Alison Dunn, Steve Wofsy, Torbjörn Johansson, Torben Christensen, Terry Callaghan, Hans Verbeeck, Remko Duursma, Leonardo Montagnani, Dario Papale, Andreas Ibrom, Ebba Dellwik, Kim Pilegaard, Kentaro Takagi, Eva van Gorsel, Heather Keith, Sonia Wharton, Matthias Falk, Kya Tha Paw U, Matt Schroeder, Jon Lloyd

  5. Enceladus' Interior: A Liquid Circulation Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Matson, Dennis L.; Johnson, Torrence; Lunine, Jonathan; Castillo-Rogez, Julie

    transferred to the near-surface ice. The water is now relatively cold and dense. It absorbs the remaining bubbles and descends via fractures or defects in the ice, and percolates down to the "ocean". The water is in intimate contact with the ice and chemical interactions and heat exchange are possible. While the formation of the briny "ocean" was envisioned as due to the exclusion of non-water chemical species from the ice as it froze [8], a number of mechanisms permit a variety of organic and inorganic species to be present in the ice. The downward percolation of briny water facilitates these by making a large volume of the ice accessible along the crack surfaces. References: [1] J. H. Waite Jr et al., Nature, 460, 487-490 (2009). [2] F. Postberg et al., Nature, 459, 1098-1101 (2009). [3] S. W. Kieffer et al., Science, 314, 1764-1766 (2006). [4] C. Howett, J. R. Spencer, J. Pearl, M. Segura, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc., 41, 1122 (2009). [5] O. Abramov, J. R. Spencer, Icarus, 199, 189-196 (2009). [6] G. D. Crawford, D. J. Stevenson, Icarus, 73, 66-79 (1988). [7] S. L. Murchie, J. W. Head, LPS XVII, 583-584 (1986). [8] M. Y. Zolotov, Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L23203 (2007). This work has been conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and for JIL under the program "Incentivazione alla mobilita' di studiosi straineri italiani residenti all'estero" of Italy.

  6. Enceladus: a Cradle of Life of the Solar System?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Czechowski, Leszek

    for liquids and gases. This could lead to formation of extensive hydrothermal convective systems. Note that in Enceladus most of silicate could be serpetenized (contrary to the Earth). It indicates that total mass of serpententinized silicate in Enceladus could be larger than on the Earth. T-p conditions in Enceladus: The pressure in the center of Enceladus is ~2.3 107 Pa that correspond to pressure on the depth 2300 m in the terrestrial ocean. The evolution of temperature in the Enceladus inte-rior for the first a few hundreds Myr is given in Fig. 1 (no tidal heating is included). Note that for tini = 2.4 or 3.0 My, the temperature allows for existing the life even in the center of the satellite. It is possible that for hun-dreds of Myr the conditions in the interior of Enceladus were more favorable for origin of life than on the Earth. Proliferation of life: We do not know the prob-ability of life origin. The life could be a common phe-nomenon originating in relatively short time if condi-tions are favorable. However, it is possible also that the life had originated only one time in the Universe. If this option is true then the transport of primitive organism is critical. The low gravity of the Enceladus and its volcanic activity make this transport possible. Note that the low temperature of plumes does not kill the organ-ism. The primitive bacteria could leave the Enceladus with volcanic jets in the same way as particles of the E ring. Therefore it is possible that the Enceladus was a cradle of the life in the Solar System. Acknowledgments This work was partially supported by the National Science Centre (grant 2011/01/B/ST10/06653). References: [1] Russell, M. J., Hall, A. J., And Martin W. (2010). Geobiology (2010), 8, 355-371. [2] Izawa M.R.M. et al. (2010). Planet. Space Sci. 58, 583-591. [3] Abramov, O., Mojzsis, S.J., (2011) Icarus 213, 273-279. [4] Czechowski, L. (2013) Submitted.

  7. The possibility of life proliferation from Enceladus

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Czechowski, Leszek

    2016-04-01

    with the radius 9.5 AU to an orbit with the radius 1 AU for the grains of density 1000 kg m-3 and radius of 10 μm is ˜650 000 yr. For large grains (e.g. ˜1 m) other processes, like Yarkovsky effect, could be more effective than the Poynting-Robertson effect. The larger grains give better protection against the radiation. Decelaration in the upper atmosphere. Small ratio of mass of the considered particles to their cross section makes possible to decelerate them in upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets without substantial increase of temperature - e.g. [7]. During deceleration of larger bodies the dissipation of heat could be high, but cooling effect of ablation would reduce the temperature. The proposed mission to Enceladus (Enceladus Life Finder [8]) could solve the considered here problem. Note, that if the life in the Solar System has the common origin then Enceladus is "a better cradle" than the Earth, because high gravity and dense atmosphere makes the proliferation of terrestrial life rather difficult. References: [1] Russell, M. J., Hall, A. J., And Martin W. (2010). Geobiology (2010), 8, 355-371. [2] Izawa M.R.M. et al. (2010). Planet. Space Sci. 58, 583-591. [3] Abramov, O., Mojzsis, S.J., (2011) Icarus 213, 273-279. [4] Czechowski, L. (2014) Planet. Sp. Sc. 104, 185-199. [5] Czechowski, L. (2014). Enceladus, a cradle of life of the Solar System. Presented in EGU 2014, Vienna. [6] Czechowski, L. (2014) Enceladus as a place of origin of the life in the Solar System. - submitted. [7] Pater (de), I, and Lissauer J.J., (2001). Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 528. [8] Wainwright, M., Wickramasinghe N. Ch., Rose, Ch. E., Baker, A. J., (2014). Astrobiology & Outreach, [8] Lunine, J.I.; Waite, J.H.; Postberg, F.; Spilker, L. (2015). 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.

  8. Enceladus: a craddle of the life?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Czechowski, Leszek

    2015-04-01

    section makes possible to decelerate them in upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets without substantial increase of temperature - e.g. [7]. During deceleration of larger bodies the dissipation of heat could be high, but cooling effect of ablation would reduce the temperature. Acknowledgments: This work was partially supported by the National Science Centre (grant 2011/01/B/ST10/06653). References: [1] Russell, M. J., Hall, A. J., And Martin W. (2010). Geobiology (2010), 8, 355-371. [2] Izawa M.R.M. et al. (2010). Planet. Space Sci. 58, 583-591. [3] Abramov, O., Mojzsis, S.J., (2011) Icarus 213, 273-279. [4] Czechowski, L. (2014) Planet. Sp. Sc. 104, 185-199. [5] Czechowski, L. (2014). Enceladus, a cradle of life of the Solar System. Presented in EGU 2014, Vienna. [6] Czechowski, L. (2014) Enceladus as a place of origin of the life in the Solar System. - submitted. [7] Pater (de), I, and Lissauer J.J., (2001). Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 528. [8] Wainwright, M., Wickramasinghe N. Ch., Rose, Ch. E., Baker, A. J., (2014). Astrobiology & Outreach, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4172/2332-2519.1000110.