The pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine which includes a nonacylated protein D carrier from Haemophilus influenzae has been recently licensed for use in many countries. While this vaccine is protective against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI)-induced acute otitis media (OM), the mechanism underlying this protective efficacy is not yet ...
PubMed
Vaccine-induced immunity to Ebola virus infection in nonhuman primates (NHPs) is marked by potent antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses; however, the immune mechanism of protection remains unknown. Here we define the immune basis of protection conferred by a highly protective recombinant adenovirus ...
Although live attenuated vaccines can provide potent protection against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenges, the specific immune responses that confer this protection have not been determined. To test whether cellular immune responses mediated by CD8+ lymphocytes contribute to this vaccine-induced ...
Two fundamentally different approaches to vaccination of BALB/c mice with the hemagglutinin (HA) of A/Equine/Kentucky/1/81 (H3N8) (Eq/KY) were evaluated, that is, administration of HA protein vs administration of HA-encoding DNA. Each vaccine was tested for its immunogenicity and ability to provide protection from homologous virus challenge. HA protein was synthesized in vitro ...
A non-egg, non-culture based influenza vaccine that intervenes large influenza outbreaks and protects against heterosubtypic infections is needed. Candidates of such vaccine are likely to be conserved influenza virus proteins or their coding DNA. The vaccine must be conveniently produced at reasonable cost, safe, highly immunogenic and should be able to recall rapidly the ...
... signs and death. Both vaccines induced hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody responses against NDV and AIV. Antibodies against ... allowing differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals by HI an...
NBII National Biological Information Infrastructure
Experimental vaccines to protect against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been developed by using BALB/c mice infected with a large (10(7) to 10(8)) inoculum of parasites. Remarkably, prior literature has reported that the poor protection observed is mainly due to the high susceptibility of this strain. To determine factors inherent to mice that might ...
Measles virus (MV) vaccine effectively protects seronegative individuals against infection. However, inhibition of vaccine-induced seroconversion by maternal antibodies after vaccination remains a problem, as it leaves infants susceptible to MV infection. In cotton rats, passive transfer of MV-specific IgG mimics maternal antibodies and inhibits ...
PubMed Central
While dendritic cell (DC) vaccines can protect hosts from tumor challenge, their ability to effectively inhibit the growth of established tumors remains indeterminate. Previously, we have shown that human DCs transduced with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (VRPs) were potent stimulators of antigen-specific T cells in vitro. Therefore, we investigated ...
Adaptive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses have been associated with control of human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) replication. Here, we have designed a study with Indian rhesus macaques to more directly assess the role of CD8 SIV-specific responses in control of viral replication. Macaques were immunized with a DNA prime-modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-SIV ...
The current pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus remains transmissible among humans worldwide with cases of reverse zoonosis, providing opportunities to produce more pathogenic variants which could pose greater human health concerns. To investigate whether recent seasonal human or swine H1N1 vaccines could induce cross-reactive immune responses against infection with the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, mice, ...
... Overexpression of Muc4 has been shown to block cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, protect tumor cells from immune surveillance and promote ...
DTIC Science & Technology
... No bursal tissue damage due to rAAAV-VP2 vaccination was observed. Eight-out-of-ten rAAAV-VP2- ... expression of the VP2 protein after rAAAV-VP2 vaccination induced protective immunity against IBDV challen...
BackgroundVero cell culture-derived whole-virus H5N1 vaccines have been extensively tested in clinical trials and consistently demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic; however, clinical efficacy is difficult to evaluate in the absence of wide-spread human disease. A lethal mouse model has been utilized which allows investigation of the protective efficacy of active vaccination ...
... Accession Number : ADA300045. Title : Vaccine Induced Enhancement of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) Replication. ...
... eggs from turkeys following challenge with H3N2 avian influenza. Birds were vaccinated in the field twice with either an inactivated H3N4 vaccine, a bi-valent H3N2�H1N1 vaccine, or sham vaccinated (control...
... for the H3N2�H1N1-vaccinated group during the 4-wk pc observation period was 62%, which was significantly (P < ... vaccination and at the conclusion of the experiment (4 wk pc). The prechallenge geometric...
Avian influenza (AI) infection in turkey breeder hens can cause decreases in both egg production and quality which results in significant production losses. Recently, an H3N2 subtype of avian influenza triple reassortant containing human, swine, and avian gene segments was isolated from turkey bree...
Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)
Swine influenza viruses (SIV) naturally infect pigs and can be transmitted to humans. In the pig, genetic reassortment to create novel influenza subtypes by mixing avian, human and swine influenza viruses is possible. An SIV vaccine inducing cross-protective immunity between different subtypes and s...
Swine influenza virus (SIV), a member of the genus influenza A virus, can naturally infect pigs and be transmitted to humans. In the pig, genetic reassortment to create novel influenza subtypes by mixing avian, human and swine influenza viruses is possible. A vaccine inducing cross-protective immuni...
The target of the CD8(+) T cell-dependent immunity that protects mice immunized with irradiation-attenuated malaria sporozoites has not been established. Immune BALB/c mice were shown to develop malaria-specific, CD8 T cell-dependent inflammatory infiltra...
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The immune responses mediated by interactions between T-lymphocyte subsets and mycobacteria-infected macrophages (M-phi) are critical for control of tuberculosis (TB). Activation of M phi-mycobactericidal activity by IFN-gamma has been shown to play an important role in protection against mycobacter...
Emergency vaccination as part of the control strategies against Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) epidemics has the potential not only to limit the spread of the virus but also to reduce large-scale culling of affected herds. With the aim to reduce the time between vaccination and the onset of immunity, ...
Recent studies form our laboratory demonstrated that short oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG ODNs) exert a positive effect on weight loss and oocyst shedding associated with Eimeria infection when injected in vivo. The present work investigated the effects of CpG ODNs on ...
Chronic infection of cattle with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo reduces animal production through reproductive failure and presents a persistent health threat to workers in the animal industry. Cattle are maintenance hosts for serovar Hardjo and development of a protective vaccine has bee...
Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette�Gu�rin (BCG) is the most widely used live bacterial vaccine. However, limited information is available correlating route and dose of vaccination and induction of specific T cell responses with protection against tuberculosis. We compared efficacy of oral and systemic vaccination and correlated vaccine-induced T cell ...
The impact of the three historic plague pandemics will remain engraved forever in the collective memory. During the first half of the XXth century, the development of vaccines inducing protection against bubonic plague, the first production of antibiotics, insecticides and raticides, could have lead some people to think that ...
Development of a protective subunit vaccine against Leishmania spp. depends on antigens and adjuvants that induce appropriate immune responses. We evaluated a second generation polyprotein antigen (Leish-110f) in different adjuvant formulations for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against Leishmania spp. challenges. ...
Highly repressive, authoritarian military regimes have ruled the country since 1962. Constitutional protection of religious freedom has not existed since 1988, after the armed forces brutally suppressed massive pro-democracy demonstrations and abrogated t...
The sequence diversity of HIV-1 presents a challenge for the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine, because such a vaccine must confer protection against diverse forms of the virus. The present studies were initiated to explore how vaccine-induced clonal populations of CD8(+) T lymphocytes of rhesus monkeys recognize variants of an HIV-1 envelope ...
... A_____ MIPR NO: 93MM3578 TITLE: VACCINE-INDUCED ENHANCEMENT OF EIAV REPLICATION AND DISEASE ... and Disease 93MM3578 ...
... Accession Number : ADA326454. Title : Vaccine Induced Enhancement of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) Replication and Disease. ...
... Accession Number : ADA467585. Title : Intra-Prostate Cancer Vaccine Inducer. Descriptive Note : Final rept. 26 Jan 2004-25 Jan 2007. ...
The immune reaction of turkeys and chickens to inactivated preparations of a virulent strain of avian influenza A virus has been examined. In both species any level of antibody detectable by the hemagglutination inhibition or serum neutralization tests was protective against the challenge exposure. However, some vaccinated birds were protected in the ...
A human papillomavirus type 16 E7 DNA vaccine with the open reading frame encoding mutations in two zinc-binding motifs expressed a rapidly degraded E7 protein. This vaccine induced a significantly stronger E7-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response and better tumor protection in mice than did a wild-type E7 DNA vaccine expressing a ...
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains expressing K88 or F18 fimbriae and heat-labile (LT) and/or heat-stable (ST) toxins are the major cause of diarrhea in young pigs. Effective vaccines inducing anti-adhesin (anti-K88 & anti-F18) and antitoxin (anti-LT & anti-ST) 5 immunity would provide ...
Up to now clinical experiences focusing EGF receptor, an attractive target for cancer therapy, have been limited to passive therapies, suggesting that therapeutic cancer vaccines inducing anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies could also work. Here, the humoral immune response induced in mice with a vaccine formulation containing the human ...
In this study, we investigated the potential of a tuberculosis subunit vaccine based on fusion proteins of the immunodominant antigens ESAT-6 and antigen 85B. When the fusion proteins were administered to mice in the adjuvant combination dimethyl dioctadecylammonium bromide-monophosphoryl lipid A, a strong dose-dependent immune response was induced to both single components as well as to the ...
The development of an effective AIDS vaccine remains one of the highest priorities in HIV research. The live, attenuated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) Oka vaccine, safe and effective for prevention of chickenpox and zoster, also has potential as a recombinant vaccine against other pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The simian varicella model, utilizing simian varicella virus ...
Using a human papillomavirus (HPV) cervicovaginal murine challenge model, we microscopically examined the in�vivo mechanisms of L1 virus-like particle (VLP) and L2 vaccine-induced inhibition of infection. In�vivo HPV infection requires an initial association with the acellular basement membrane (BM) to induce conformational changes in the virion that permit its association ...
SummaryUsing a human papillomavirus (HPV) cervicovaginal murine challenge model, we microscopically examined the in vivo mechanisms of L1 virus-like particle (VLP) and L2 vaccine-induced inhibition of infection. In vivo HPV infection requires an initial association with the acellular basement membrane (BM) to induce conformational changes in the virion that permit its ...
Hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody levels induced by aqueous and emulsified influenza virus vaccines (PR8 strain) were compared in mice continuously exposed to gamma -rays. Irradiation was begun either 1 day or 8 months before vaccination and was continued until the animals were sacrificed. In mice first exposed to gamma -rays 1 day before vaccination, emulsified ...
Energy Citations Database
Cross-protection between Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western equine encephalomyelitis (VEE, EEE, WEE) viruses was studied in the hamster by using challenge responses and neutralizing antibody titers as indexes of protection. Formalin-inactivated vaccines induced only homologous protection ...
Development of an influenza vaccine that provides broadly cross-protective immunity has been a scientific challenge for more than half a century. This study presents an approach to overcome strain-specific protection by supplementing conventional vaccines with virus-like particles (VLPs) containing the conserved M2 protein (M2 VLPs) in the absence of ...
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are proposed to be critical for protection from intracellular pathogens such as Ebola virus. However, there have been no demonstrations that protection against Ebola virus is mediated by Ebola virus-specific CTLs. Here, we report that C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons encoding the ...
Despite effective antimicrobial chemotherapy, control of Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infection will likely require a vaccine. We have assessed the protective effect of an outer membrane protein-based vaccine by using a murine model of chlamydial genital infection. Female mice were first vaccinated with Chlamydia muridarum major outer membrane protein (MOMP) plus the ...
The recent emergence and rapid spread of a novel swine-derived H1N1 influenza virus has resulted in the first influenza pandemic of this century. Monovalent vaccines have undergone preclinical and clinical development prior to initiation of mass immunization campaigns. We have carried out a series of immunogenicity and protection studies following active immunization of mice, ...
Influenza A virus is a negative-strand segmented RNA virus in which antigenically distinct viral subtypes are defined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) major viral surface proteins. An ideal inactivated vaccine for influenza A virus would induce not only highly robust strain-specific humoral and T-cell immune responses but also cross-protective immunity in which ...
The loss of CD4(+) T cells and the impairment of CD8(+) T cell function in HIV infection suggest that pharmacological treatment with IL-7 and IL-15, cytokines that increase the homeostatic proliferation of T cells and improve effector function, may be beneficial. However, these cytokines could also have a detrimental effect in HIV-1-infected individuals, because both cytokines increase HIV ...
The potential for smallpox to be disseminated in a bioterror attack has prompted development of new, safer smallpox vaccination strategies. We designed and evaluated immunogenicity and efficacy of a T-cell epitope vaccine based on conserved and antigenic vaccinia/variola sequences, identified using bioinformatics and immunological methods. Vaccination in HLA transgenic mice using a ...
Critical to the development of an effective HIV vaccine is the identification of adaptive immune responses that prevent infection or disease. In this study we demonstrate in a relevant nonhuman primate model of AIDS that the magnitude of vaccine-induced virus-specific CD8(+) central memory T cells (T(CM)), but not that of CD8(+) effector memory T cells, inversely correlates with the level of ...
The neutralising antibody response after the yellow fever vaccine (YF-17D) skin test was measured in 7 egg allergic persons in whom further vaccination was abandoned because of a strong local urticarial reaction to the YF-17D vaccine test dose. We found that this test dose of 0.1mL of YF-17D vaccine was sufficient to induce a protective antibody response in all 7 subjects. ...
Bicomponent, tricomponent and pertactin DTPa vaccines were tested in sublethal aerosol, and lethal and sublethal intranasal murine Bordetella pertussis respiratory challenge models. Pertactin and bicomponent vaccines induced protective immunity against lethality but with little or no bacterial clearance. Intranasal challenge ...
Clostridium difficile is a pathogen with increasing severity for which host antibody responses provide protection from disease. DNA vaccination has several advantages compared to traditional vaccine methods, however no study has examined this platform against C. difficile toxins. A synthetic gene was created encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of C. difficile toxin A, ...
The development of improved vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been hindered by a limited understanding of the immune correlates of anti-tuberculosis protective immunity. In this study, we examined the relationship between long-term anti-tuberculosis protection and the mycobacterial-specific CD4 multifunctional T (MFT) cell responses induced ...
The inhalation of Francisella tularensis biovar A causes pneumonic tularemia associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in humans. Exposure to F. tularensis usually occurs by accident, but there is increasing awareness that F. tularensis may be deliberately released in an act of bioterrorism or war. The development of a vaccine against pneumonic tularemia has been limited by a lack of ...
The rapid evolution, genetic diversity, broad host range, and increasing human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses highlight the need for an efficacious cross-clade vaccine. Using the ferret model, we compared induction of cross-reactive immunity and protective efficacy of three single-clade H5N1 vaccines and a novel multiple-clade H5N1 vaccine, with and without ...
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Protective immunization limits Helicobacter infection of mice by undetermined mechanisms. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) signaling is believed to regulate immune and inflammatory responses. We investigated the role of PAR2 in vaccine-induced immunity against Helicobacter infection. METHODS: Immune responses against Helicobacter infection were ...
Worldwide rates of systemic fungal infections, including three of the major pathogens responsible for such infections in North America (Coccidioides posadasii, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Blastomyces dermatitidis), have soared recently, spurring interest in developing vaccines. The development of Th1 cells is believed to be crucial for protective immunity against pathogenic ...
Influenza A infection induces a massive inflammatory response in the lungs that leads to significant illness and increases the susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia. The most efficient way to prevent influenza infection is through vaccination. While inactivated vaccines induce protective levels of serum antibodies to ...
We sought to define protective mechanisms of immunity to Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans bloodstream infections in mice immunized with the recombinant N-terminus of Als3p (rAls3p-N) vaccine plus aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH3) adjuvant, or adjuvant controls. Deficiency of IFN-? but not IL-17A enhanced susceptibility of control mice to both ...
The timely development of safe and effective vaccines against avian influenza virus of the H5N1 subtype will be of the utmost importance in the event of a pandemic. Our aim was first to develop a safe live vaccine which induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against human H5N1 influenza viruses and second, since the supply of embryonated eggs for traditional influenza vaccine ...
Background.?Two doses of either trivalent live attenuated or inactivated influenza vaccines (LAIV and TIV, respectively) are approved for young children (?24 months old for LAIV and ?6 months old for TIV) and induce protective antibody responses. However, whether combinations of LAIV and TIV are safe and equally immunogenic is unknown. Furthermore, LAIV is more ...
The poultry populations of Egypt are endemically infected by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1. Vaccination was chosen as an auxiliary tool to control HPAIV in poultry. Potency of commercial vaccines regarding emerging variants is under discussion. In the current study efficacy of four different inactivated whole H5 virus vaccines representing different sublineages ...
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes swine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious and often fatal disease that occurs worldwide. Our previous study showed that DNA vaccines encoding Apx exotoxin structural proteins ApxIA and/or ApxIIA, are a promising novel approach for immunization against the lethal challenge of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. ...
We have previously shown that a recombinant baculovirus that displays Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein (PbCSP), a homolog of the leading human malaria vaccine candidate, on the viral envelope protected 60% of mice against P. berghei infection. Here, we describe a second-generation baculovirus vaccine based on the �baculovirus dual expression system,� which ...
Changes in influenza viruses require regular reformulation of strain-specific influenza vaccines. Vaccines based on conserved antigens provide broader protection. Influenza matrix protein 2 (M2) is highly conserved across influenza A subtypes. To evaluate its efficacy as a vaccine candidate, we vaccinated mice with M2 peptide of a widely shared consensus sequence. This ...
New vaccine strategies are needed for the prevention of leptospirosis, a widespread human and animal disease caused by pathogenic leptospires. Our previous work determined that a protein leptospiral extract conferred cross-protection in a gerbil model of leptospirosis. The 31- to 34-kDa protein fraction of Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis was shown sufficient for this ...
Currently licensed influenza vaccines in Japan are split-virus vaccine for seasonal influenza and alum-adjuvanted whole-virion vaccine for higly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza, respectively. There are many challenges to improve the efficacy, safety and productivity of influenza vaccine. Prompt supply of vaccine is required for pandemic use and cell culture-based vaccine provides a useful ...
Antigenic variability of immunodominant antigens is a common mechanism used by pathogens to escape the immune response. Frequently, the proposed solution is a universal vaccine based on conserved antigens present on all strains of the pathogen. Indeed, a lot of progress has been made in the development of vaccines that induce broad immune responses. However, truly universal vaccines are not easy ...
Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute infectious gastroenteritis in children and is associated with substantial morbidity in the United States and morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Two orally administered vaccines, a live bovine reassortant vaccine (RV5; licensed in 2006) and a live attenuated human vaccine (RV1; licensed in 2008), are now being used in a universal infant ...
On-farm vaccination of chickens against Campylobacter jejuni is considered a potentially effective countermeasure to decrease campylobacteriosis via consumption of contaminated chicken meat, but is not yet available. In this study, two groups of Jidori chicks were immunized subcutaneously with a formalin-killed C. jejuni with 2 different adjuvants. Another chicks served as the unvaccinated control ...
The global disease burden associated with hepatitis A virus (HAV) is expected to increase in the coming years due to a shift in the epidemiological pattern of the disease. A decrease in the prevalence of natural immunity is leading to an increased number of adolescents and adults susceptible to a disease that is associated with greater morbidity, mortality and treatment costs in older-age groups. ...
DNA immunization induces B and T cell responses to various pathogens and tumors. However, these responses are known to be relatively weak and often transient. Thus, novel strategies are necessary for enhancing immune responses induced by DNA immunization. Here, we demonstrated that co-immunization of influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) gene significantly enhances humoral and cell-mediated responses ...
Distemper vaccination failures are uncommon. A number of factors which could cause such failure are discussed. The blocking effect of maternal antibody can be expected in 50% of pups at six weeks but is not important after 12 weeks. Among intercurrent infections, the immunosuppressive effect of parvovirus has the potential to precipitate vaccine-induced distemper. ...
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as immune adjuvants, accelerating and boosting antigen-specific antibody responses by up to 500-fold. CpG motifs promote the production of T-helper 1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce the maturation/activation of professional antigen-presenting cells (including macrophages and dendritic cells). These effects are ...
An abscess in a gum pocket, resulting from bacterial infection, is a common source of chronic halitosis. Although antibiotics are generally prescribed for abscesses, they require multiple treatments with risks of creating resistant bacterial strains. Here we develop a novel vaccine using ultraviolet-inactivated Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), a representative oral bacterium for halitosis. ...
Strategies to optimize formulations of multisubunit malaria vaccines require a basic knowledge of underlying protective immune mechanisms induced by each vaccine component. In the present study, we evaluated the contribution of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune mechanisms to the protection induced by immunization with two blood-stage malaria ...
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease endemic in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula caused by the highly infectious Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) that can be lethal to humans and animals and results in major losses in the livestock industry. RVF is exotic to the United States; however, mosquito species native to this region can serve as biological vectors for the virus. Thus, accidental or ...
BackgroundCurrently existing yellow fever (YF) vaccines are based on the live attenuated yellow fever virus 17D strain (YFV-17D). Although, a good safety profile was historically attributed to the 17D vaccine, serious adverse events have been reported, making the development of a safer, more modern vaccine desirable.Methodology/Principal FindingsA gene encoding the precursor of the membrane and ...
The development of effective anti-Tuberculosis (TB) vaccines is an important step towards improved control of TB in high burden countries. Subunit vaccines are advantageous in terms of safety, particularly in the context of high rates of HIV co-infection, but they must contain sufficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens to stimulate immunity in genetically diverse human populations. We have ...
Blood-stage malaria parasites ablate memory B cells generated by vaccination in mice, resulting in diminishing natural boosting of vaccine-induced antibody responses to infection. Here we show the development of a new vaccine comprising a baculovirus-based Plasmodium yoelii 19-kDa carboxyl terminus of merozoite surface protein 1 (PyMSP119) capable of circumventing the ...
Vaccination is the most cost-effective way to reduce the considerable disease burden of seasonal influenza. Although seasonal influenza vaccines are effective, their performance in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals would benefit from improvement. Major problems related to the development and production of pandemic influenza vaccines are response time and production capacity as well as ...
Vaccination with Dryvax elicits a broad humoral response against many viral proteins. Human vaccinia immune globulin was used to screen the secreted proteins from cells infected with Dryvax or the candidate smallpox vaccine LC16m8 to determine whether the protective humoral response included antibodies against secreted viral proteins. Many proteins were detected, with the ...
In the context of an A/H1N1 influenza pandemic situation, this study demonstrates that heterologous vaccination with an AS03-adjuvanted 2008/2009 seasonal trivalent and pandemic H5N1 monovalent split vaccine conferred partial protection in influenza-na�ve ferrets after challenge with the influenza pandemic H1N1 A/The Netherlands/602/09 virus. Further, unlike saline control ...
Emergency vaccination as part of the control strategies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has the potential to limit virus spread and reduce large-scale culling. To reduce the time between vaccination and the onset of immunity, immunostimulatory CpG was tested for its capacity to promote early protection against FMDV challenge in pigs. To this end, CpG 2142, an ...
Commercial seasonal flu vaccines induce production of antibodies directed mostly towards hemaglutinin (HA). Because HA changes rapidly in the circulating virus, the protection remains partial. Several conserved viral proteins, e.g., nucleocapsid (NP) and matrix proteins (M1), are present in the vaccine, but are not immunogenic. To ...
Although long-term protection is a key-point in evaluating HPV-vaccine over time, there is currently inadequate information on the duration of HPV vaccine-induced immunity and on the mechanisms related to the activation of immune-memory. Longer-term surveillance in a vaccinated population is needed to identify waning immunity, evaluating any requirements ...
Sterile protection against infection with Plasmodium sporozoites requires high numbers of memory CD8 T cells. However, infections with unrelated pathogens, as may occur in areas endemic to malaria, can dramatically decrease pre-existing memory CD8 T cells. It remains unknown whether unrelated infections will compromise numbers of Plasmodium-specific memory CD8 T cells and thus ...
Influenza is a vaccine preventable disease that causes severe illness and excess mortality in humans. Licensed influenza vaccines induce humoral immunity and protect against strains that antigenically match the major antigenic components of the vaccine, but much less against antigenically diverse influenza strains. A vaccine that ...
Yersinia pestis causes pneumonic plague, an exceptionally virulent disease for which we lack a safe and effective vaccine. Antibodies specific for the Y. pestis F1 and LcrV proteins can protect mice against pulmonary Y. pestis infection. We demonstrate that neutralizing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF?) and gamma-interferon (IFN?) abrogates this ...
... HUMANS, PROTEINS, FACILITIES, EXPANSION, HUMAN IMMUNODEFI CIENCY VIRUSES, EQUINES, HORSES, IMMUNIZATION, HOUSINGS, IN ...
... killed cultures. The pyrogens and toxins contained in this type of vaccine induces reactions in 10% of patients. In recent ...
... Palliation of patients with dysphagia due to advanced esophageal cancer by endoscopic injection of cisplatin/epinephrine injectable gel. ...
... In addition to naturally occurring pathogens, agents used by bioterrorists may be genetically engineered to resist current therapies and evade vaccine-induced ...
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
... Preclinical studies with passively administered monoclonal antibodies or vaccine induced antibodies against glycolipid and mucin antigens have ...
Results are reported from an investigation of the effects of normal whole blood on the rejection or acceptance of foreign bone marrow transplants in x-irradiated mice. Results provide further evidence for the presence of immunologically reactive cells in peripheral blood. (C.H.)
BackgroundThe rapid spread of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus (pH1N1) highlighted problems associated with relying on strain-matched vaccines. A lengthy process of strain identification, manufacture, and testing is required for current strain-matched vaccines and delays vaccine availability. Vaccines inducing immunity to conserved viral proteins ...
BackgroundThe development of novel influenza vaccines inducing a broad immune response is an important objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate live vaccines which induce both strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against the novel human pandemic H1N1 influenza virus, and to show protection in a lethal animal ...
BackgroundInfectivity of retroviruses such as HIV-1 and MuLV can be abrogated by compounds targeting zinc finger motif in viral nucleocapsid protein (NC), involved in controlling the processivity of reverse transcription and virus infectivity. Although a member of a different viral family (Pneumoviridae), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) contains a zinc finger protein M2-1 ...
Distemper virus causes a disease affecting minks with respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological and skin symptoms and showing high morbidity and mortality, mainly among puppies. It is controlled through immunization, using vaccines that are supplied for mink use. The aim of this work was to determine the seroneutralization titer against the distemper virus at a mink farm in Argentina. The ...
Vaccination against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is hampered by the lack of vaccines inducing reliable cross-serotype protection. In contrast, pigs surviving natural infection are at least partially protected from clinical symptoms upon reinfection with any serotype. Thus, we set out to construct an attenuated ...
The current inactivated influenza virus vaccines induce antibodies that protect against closely related virus strains. They do not, however, protect against antibody-escape variants of seasonal influenza A viruses or new pandemic influenza A viruses emerging from non-human reservoirs. Might boosting influenza A ...
Killing of Neisseria meningitidis can result from complement-mediated serum bactericidal activity (SBA) or opsonophagocytosis (OPA), or a combination of the two mechanisms. While SBA titers > or =1:4 confer protection, recent evidence suggests that this threshold titer may not be required. For example, the incidence of meningococcal disease declines between ages 1 and 4 ...
Killing of Neisseria meningitidis can result from complement-mediated bactericidal activity (SBA) or opsonophagocytosis (OPA), or a combination of the two mechanisms. While SBA titers ?1:4 confer protection, recent evidence suggests that this threshold titer may not be required. For example, the incidence of meningococcal disease declines between ages 1 and 4 years without ...
Vaccines against emerging pathogens such as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus can benefit from current technologies such as rapid genomic sequencing to construct the most biologically relevant vaccine. A novel platform (Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]) has been utilized to induce immune responses to various antigenic targets. We employed this vector platform to express hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes ...
There are legitimate concerns that the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus could adapt for human-to-human transmission and cause a pandemic similar to the 1918 "Spanish flu" that killed 50 million people worldwide. We have developed pandemic influenza vaccines by incorporating multiple antigens from both avian and Spanish influenza viruses into complex recombinant adenovirus vectors. In ...
Live oral rotavirus vaccines that are effective in middle and high income countries have been much less immunogenic and effective among infants in resource-limited settings. Several hypotheses might explain this difference, including neutralization of the vaccine by high levels of maternal antibody in serum and breast milk, severe malnutrition, and interference by other flora and viruses in the ...
Low pH treatment of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) exposes its relatively conserved stalk domain, suggesting a potential immunogen with capability to induce broader immune responses. Here, we describe characterization, immunogenicity, antigenicity, and protective immunity induced by low pH treated inactivated whole viral vaccine in comparison with the untreated vaccine. ...
The intentional release of anthrax spores in 2001 confirmed this pathogen's ability to cause widespread panic, morbidity and mortality. While individuals exposed to anthrax can be successfully treated with antibiotics, pre-exposure vaccination can reduce susceptibility to infection-induced illness. Concern over the safety and immunogenicity of the licensed US vaccine (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed ...
Rabies vaccines based on live attenuated rabies viruses or recombinant pox viruses expressing the rabies virus (RV) glycoprotein (G) hold the greatest promise of safety and efficacy, particularly for oral immunization of wildlife. However, while these vaccines induce protective immunity in foxes, they are less effective in other ...
The lpxM mutant of the live vaccine Yersinia pestis EV NIIEG strain synthesising a less toxic penta-acylated lipopolysaccharide was found to be avirulent in mice and guinea pigs, notably showing no measurable virulence in Balb/c mice which do retain some susceptibility to the parental strain itself. Twenty-one days after a single injection of the lpxM-mutant, 85-100% ...
Human fibrosarcoma cells derived from a patient with multiple metastases extensively degrade artificial basement membranes (BM) and secrete interstitial type of collagenase, a proteolytic enzyme responsible for degradation of type I collagen. Exposure of invasive cell line to TGF beta abrogates destruction of BM.TGF beta reduces collagenase activity and stimulates specific ...
Plasmid DNA vaccines serve in a wide array of applications ranging from prophylactic vaccines to potential therapeutic tools against infectious diseases and cancer. In this study, we have analyzed the mechanisms underlying the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and their potential role in adaptive immunity during DNA-based immunization against hepatitis B virus surface antigen in mice. We ...
... Title : Should the United States Abrogate Sovereignty Rights in the Panama Canal Zone. Descriptive Note : Student essay,. ...
... Title : Immune Dysfunctions and Abrogation of the Inflammatory Response by ... studies with UDMH in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay ...
The fucose-mannose ligand (FML) complex of Leishmania donovani is a promising vaccine candidate against murine and canine visceral leishmaniasis, and its main component is a 36-kDa nucleoside hydrolase (NH36). In this study, we tested the immune response and protection induced by the purified FML, the recombinant NH36 (rNH36), and NH36 DNA vaccines against the agents of ...
ERA rabies vaccine virus grown in BHK-21 13S cells (ERA/BHK-21) and street rabies virus were titrated in mice by intracerebral, intranasal and intramuscular inoculation. Mice were also given undiluted ERA/BHK-21 in baits. Skunks were given undiluted ERA/BHK-21 in baits and by intramuscular, intranasal and intestinal inoculation. Virus neutralizing antibody titers against rabies virus were measured ...
J.J.M. Moran, W.E. Rose, A.J. Darga, K.A. Rohde, M.S. Hayney. Persistence of influenza vaccine-induced antibodies in lung transplant patients between seasons. Transpl Infect Dis 2011: xx: 000-000. All rights reserved Background. Immunization policy-making bodies advised against immunizing too early before the influenza season because vaccine-specific antibody may wane before ...
Background.?Pregnant women are a high-risk group for influenza-associated complications and hospitalizations.Methods.?To examine the immunogenicity of a monovalent 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccine among pregnant women, a prospective cohort study was performed at 2 medical institutes of obstetrics in Japan. One hundred fifty subjects received 2 subcutaneous doses of vaccine 3 weeks apart. The ...
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant health burden world-wide, although vaccines help decrease this problem. We previously identified associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms in several candidate genes with vaccine-induced peak antibody level (anti-HBs), which is predictive of long-term vaccine efficacy and protection against infection and persistent ...
The antibody response of cattle to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) immunization was investigated using 4 different commercially available mixed vaccines. Forty, 5-6 month old, beef calves, randomly assigned to groups of 10, were vaccinated on day 0 and 21 with 1 of 3 inactivated vaccines, (3 groups), or a modified live virus (MLV) vaccine. BRSV-specific antibody responses were measured ...
A balanced or Th-1 type immune response is required for effective clearance of many pathogens such as Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. Since current acellular pertussis vaccines induce limited Th-1 type immune responses, novel vaccine formulations are needed to induce protective immunity in the infant in the ...
BackgroundWest Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquitoborne flavivirus that can cause severe meningitis and encephalitis in infected individuals. We report the safety and immunogenicity of a WNV DNA vaccine in its first phase 1 human study.MethodsA single-plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the premembrane and the envelope glycoproteins of the NY99 strain of WNV was evaluated in an open-label study in 15 healthy ...
BackgroundHuman populations that are naturally subjected to Plasmodium infection do not acquire complete protection against the liver stage of this parasite despite prolonged and frequent exposure. However, sterile immunity against Plasmodium liver stage can be achieved after repeated exposure to radiation attenuated sporozoites. The reasons for this different response remain ...
Abstract In this article we define vaccinomics as the integration of immunogenetics and immunogenomics with systems biology and immune profiling. Vaccinomics is based on the use of cutting edge, high-dimensional (so called "omics") assays and novel bioinformatics approaches to the development of next-generation vaccines and the expansion of our capabilities in individualized medicine. Vaccinomics ...
A question of interest in many vaccine clinical development programmes is whether vaccine-induced serum antibody level can be used as a correlate of vaccine efficacy; that is, whether serum antibody levels induced by a candidate vaccine can reliably predict the risk of breakthrough disease. Traditionally, analyses to answer this question have been based on modelling the ...
Immune protection from infectious diseases and cancer is mediated by individual T cells of different clonal origin. Their functions are tightly regulated but not yet fully characterized. Understanding the contribution of each T cell will improve the prediction of immune protection based on laboratory assessment of T-cell responses. Here we developed ...
Changes in the composition of glycans added to glycoproteins and glycolipids are characteristic of the change to malignancy. Sialyl-Tn (STn) is expressed by 25�30% of breast carcinomas but its expression on normal tissue is highly restricted. Sialyl-Tn is an O-linked disaccharide that can be carried on various glycoproteins. One such glycoprotein MUC1 is expressed by the vast majority of breast ...
Classical brucellosis vaccines induce antibodies to the O-polysaccharide section of the lipopolysaccharide that interfere in serodiagnosis. Brucella rough (R) mutants lack the O-polysaccharide but their usefulness as vaccines is controversial. Here, Brucella melitensis R mutants in all main lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic pathways were evaluated in sheep ...
The ultimate goal for vaccination is to stimulate protective immunological memory. Protection against infectious diseases not only relies on the magnitude of the humoral immune response, but more importantly on the quality and longevity of it. Adjuvants are critical components of most non-living vaccines. Although little attention has been given to ...
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are important candidates for the development of vaccines because they are usually able to promote both humoral and cellular immune responses in mammals. We identified and characterized the hsp60-hsp10 bicistronic operon of the animal pathogen Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, a Gram-positive bacterium of the class Actinobacteria, which causes ...
BackgroundHeat shock proteins (HSPs) are important candidates for the development of vaccines because they are usually able to promote both humoral and cellular immune responses in mammals. We identified and characterized the hsp60-hsp10 bicistronic operon of the animal pathogen Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, a Gram-positive bacterium of the class Actinobacteria, which causes caseous ...
Evaluation of: Gaucher D, Therrien R, Kettaf N et al. Yellow fever vaccine induces integrated multilineage and polyfunctional immune responses. J. Exp. Med. 205(13), 3119-3131 (2008). Despite the successful development of vaccines that are able to elicit potent and protective immune responses, the majority of vaccines were developed ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the excipients used to facilitate the encapsulation of high hydrophobic antigenic complex extracted from Brucella ovis (HS) on the physico-chemical properties of the resulting microparticles. Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PEC) microparticles containing HS were prepared by the solvent extraction/evaporation method using total recirculation ...
Current influenza A virus vaccines do not generate significant immunity against serologically distinct influenza A virus subtypes and would thus be ineffective in the face of a pandemic caused by a novel variant emerging from, say, a wildlife reservoir. One possible solution would be to modify these vaccines so that they prime cross-reactive CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes ...
The rapid spread and the transmission to humans of avian influenza virus (H5N1) has induced world-wide fears of a new pandemic and raised concerns over the ability of standard influenza vaccine production methods to rapidly supply sufficient amounts of an effective vaccine. We report here on a robust and flexible strategy which uses wild-type virus grown in a continuous cell culture (Vero) system ...
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) causes herpes stromal keratitis (HSK), a sight-threatening disease of the cornea for which no vaccine exists. A replication-defective, HSV-1 prototype vaccine bearing deletions in the genes encoding ICP8 and the virion host shutoff (vhs) protein reduces HSV-1 replication and disease in a mouse model of HSK. Here we demonstrate that combining deletion of ICP8 and vhs ...
As a possible strategy to protect whooping cranes (Grus americana) from fatal eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viral infection, studies were conducted to determine the immune response of this species and sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) to a formalin-inactivated EEE viral vaccine. Viral-specific neutralizing antibody was elicited in both species after intramuscular (IM) ...
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An effective intranasal (i.n.) vaccine against pneumonic plague was developed. The formulation employed two synthetic lipid A mimetics as adjuvant combined with Yersinia pestis-derived V- and F1- protective antigens. The two nontoxic lipid A mimetics, classed as amino-alkyl glucosaminide 4-phosphates (AGPs) are potent ligands for the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. Using a murine ...
Equine influenza virus infection remains one of the most important infectious diseases of the horse, yet current vaccines offer only limited protection. The equine immune response to natural influenza virus infection results in long-term protective immunity, and is characterized by mucosal IgA and serum IgGa and IgGb antibody responses. DNA vaccination ...
The immunogenicity of a novel particulate oral influenza vaccine was examined in terms of antibody response and protection in mice. Oral immunization with chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) adsorbed with gamma-irradiated influenza A virus induced high levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies and protection in the lung compared with gamma-irradiated virus ...
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with anti-viral drugs is currently in clinical trials for the prevention of HIV infection. Induction of adaptive immune responses to virus exposures during anti-viral drug administration, i.e., a "chemo-vaccination" effect, could contribute to PrEP efficacy. To study possible chemo-vaccination, we monitored humoral and cellular immune responses in nine rhesus ...
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with anti-viral drugs is currently in clinical trials for the prevention of HIV infection. Induction of adaptive immune responses to virus exposures during anti-viral drug administration, i.e., a �chemo-vaccination� effect, could contribute to PrEP efficacy. To study possible chemo-vaccination, we monitored humoral and cellular immune responses in nine rhesus ...
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs in certain contexts are known to be immunostimulatory in vertebrate systems. CpG ODNs with immune effects have been identified for many fish species but, to our knowledge, not for turbot. In this study, a turbot-effective CpG ODN, ODN 205, was identified and a plasmid, pCN5, was constructed which contains the CpG motif of ODN 205. ...
The present study was undertaken to determine whether subacute treatment with resveratrol (RVT) protects mice against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress and mortality as well as the mechanism involved in such protection. Mice were divided into three groups: control, LPS and LPS+RVT. Animals were pre-treated with RVT during 7 days. The ...
Many animal studies investigating adaptive immune effectors important for protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa have implicated opsonic antibody to the antigenically variable lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigens as a primary effector. However, active and passive vaccination of humans against these antigens has not shown clinical efficacy. We hypothesized that optimal ...
The family of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) includes more than 130 genotypes, many of which infect the genital tract, and these can be classified as low risk or high risk for induction of genital neoplasia. Two prophylactic vaccines are currently available for the prevention of genital HPV infection: a quadrivalent (Gardasil); Merck & Co. Inc) and a bivalent (Cervarix; GlaxoSmithKline) ...
Vaccines currently licensed for the prevention of seasonal influenza induce antibodies against the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) contained in the vaccine preparation but require at least two weeks after immunization for the development of protective immunity. These vaccines do not induce protective responses quickly enough to blunt ...
Influenza A viruses belong to the best studied viruses, however no effective prevention against influenza infection has been developed. The emerging of still new escape variants of influenza A viruses causing epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics represents a threat for human population. Therefore, current, hot task of influenza virus research is to look for a way how to get us closer to a ...
It is known that protection against tuberculosis is mediated primarily by T helper type 1 (Th1) cells but the influence of the Th1/Th2 balance of a vaccination response on the subsequent protection and pathology during infection has not been studied in detail. We designed a panel of Ag85B-ESAT-6 subunit vaccines based on adjuvants with different ...
A union perspective of major issues in higher education labor law in the 1990s includes the 11th Circuit Court cases on whether Congress abrogated states' 11th Amendment immunity for suits under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Analyzes contract issues of protection around age ...
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BACKGROUND: =0.003 versus mice breathing air). The protective effects of inhaled NO on the outcome after CA/CPR were associated with reduced water diffusion abnormality, caspase-3 activation, and cytokine induction in the brain and increased serum nitrate/nitrite levels. Deficiency of the ?1 subunit of soluble guanylate cyclase, a primary target of NO, ...
BackgroundHigh levels of death and morbidity worldwide caused by tuberculosis has stimulated efforts to develop a new vaccine to replace BCG. A number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific antigens have been synthesised as recombinant subunit vaccines for clinical evaluation. Recently a fusion protein of TB antigen Ag85B combined with a second immunodominant TB antigen TB10.4 was emulsified ...
In this study we present the first systematic analysis of the immunity induced by normal Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites in mice. Immunization with sporozoites, which was conducted under chloroquine treatment to minimize the influence of blood stage parasites, induced a strong protection against a subsequent sporozoite and, to a lesser extent, against infected RBC challenges. ...
Immunization of rodents and humans with irradiation-attenuated malaria sporozoites confers preerythrocytic stage-specific protective immunity to challenge infection. This immunity is directed against intrahepatic parasites and involves T cells and interferon gamma, which prevent development of exoerythrocytic stages and subsequent blood infection. The present study was ...
Typhoid fever is a systemic, persistent infection caused by host-specific strains of Salmonella. Although the use of antibiotics has reduced the complications associated with primary infection, recurrent infection remains an important cause of ongoing human morbidity and mortality. Herein, we investigated the impacts of antibiotic eradication of primary infection on protection ...
Correlates of immune-mediated protection to most viral and cancer vaccines are still unknown. This impedes the development of novel vaccines to incurable diseases such as HIV and cancer. In this study, we have used functional genomics and polychromatic flow cytometry to define the signature of the immune response to the yellow fever (YF) vaccine 17D (YF17D) in a cohort of 40 ...
The RNA N-glycosidase ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) constitute a ubiquitous family of plant- and bacterium-derived toxins that includes the category B select agents ricin, abrin and shiga toxin. While these toxins are potent inducers of intestinal epithelial cell death and inflammation, very little is known about the mechanisms underlying mucosal immunity to these toxins. In the present ...
We detected cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (NtAb) against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in chimpanzees vaccinated with HCV-1 (genotype 1a) recombinant E1/E2 envelope glycoproteins. Five vaccinated chimpanzees, protected following HCV-1 challenge, were initially studied using the heterologous H77 (genotype 1a) HCVpp assay. All animals had developed NtAb after the second ...
The most realistic way to control RSV infection would be the development of an effective and safe vaccine. A formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine was evaluated in infants and children in the 1960's which disappointingly was linked with aggravation of RSV disease following the natural infection. Two candidate vaccines with purified protein F, have been tested, in humans and have been considered safe ...
In animals, oral administration of the cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit conjugated to the autoantigen insulin enhances the specific immune-unresponsive state. This is called oral tolerance and is capable of suppressing autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the process by which the CTB-insulin (CTB-INS) protein works as a therapy for T1D in vivo remains unclear. Here, we successfully expressed a ...
This study explores the effect of priming rhesus monkeys with an Ad5/35 vector expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gag and gp120, and then boosting the animals with an modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector encoding the same antigens after a 2-month interval. The animals were intravenously challenged with 100 TCID50 of highly pathogenic SIVmac239 virus 2 months after the booster ...
Here we engineered transgenic Leishmania infantum that express luciferase, the objectives being to more easily monitor in real time their establishment either in BALB/c mice-the liver and spleen being mainly studied-or in vitro. Whatever stationary phase L. infantum promastigotes population-wild type or engineered to express luciferase-the parasite burden was similar in the liver and the spleen at ...
Here we engineered transgenic Leishmania infantum that express luciferase, the objectives being to more easily monitor in real time their establishment either in BALB/c mice�the liver and spleen being mainly studied�or in vitro. Whatever stationary phase L. infantum promastigotes population�wild type or engineered to express luciferase�the parasite burden was similar in the liver and the ...
Whooping cough, caused by B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, has increased in incidence throughout much of the developed world since the 1980s despite high vaccine coverage, causing an increased risk of infection in infants who have substantial disease-induced mortality. Duration of immunity and epidemically significant routes of transmission across age groups remain unclear and deserve further ...
Human brucellosis, a zoonotic disease of major public health concern in several developing countries, is primarily caused by Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, and Brucella suis. No brucellosis vaccine is available for human use. The aim of this study was to determine if Brucella neotomae, a bacterium not known to cause disease in any host, can be used for developing brucellosis vaccines. B. ...
When mice are immunized with irradiated Schistosoma mansoni cercariae a proportion of the subsequent cercarial challenge always escapes killing and matures to egg-laying adults. This report investigates the possibility that incomplete immunity in this system is governed by a genetically-determined insusceptibility of a particular schistosome subpopulation. To do this the authors tested whether ...
Depending on the method of immunization, a single administration of CFA may result in the development of a local inflammatory process or chronic polyadjuvant-induced arthritis (AA). We administered naked DNA vaccines encoding MIP-1?, MCP-1, MIP-1?, and RANTES to Lewis rats and confirmed that each of these vaccines induced immunological memory to the ...
This open-label, randomised, controlled study examined antibody persistence following infant vaccination at 2, 3 and 4 months of age with either an acellular pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, inactivated poliovirus, Haemophilus influenzae type b (DT(5)aP-IPV-Hib; Pediacel) or a whole-cell pertussis (DTwP//Hib+oral poliomyelitis vaccine [OPV]) combination vaccine, given concomitantly with ...
To protect against dengue viral infection, a novel lipidated dengue subunit vaccine was rationally designed to contain the consensus amino acid sequences derived from four serotypes of dengue viruses. We found that the lipidated consensus dengue virus envelope protein domain III (LcED III) is capable of activating antigen-presenting cells and enhancing cellular and humoral ...
... transmembrance domains. A single dose of MCMV-neu vaccination induced complete rejection of Tubo breast cancer cells in mice. ...
... were performed following University of Massachusetts Medical School animal care ... that radiation of established tumors fol- lowed, a day later, by ...
... Cancer cells are transformed into antigen presenting cells by inducing of the ... The resulting anticancer immune response is profound, curing up to 80 ...
... Abstract : A large amount of effort has been focused on the optimization of human Ii-RNAi constructs during the past year. ...
Background.?A major goal in influenza vaccine development is induction of serological memory and cellular responses to confer long-term protection and limit virus spread after infection. Here, we investigate induction of long-lived immunity against the 2009 H1N1 virus after skin vaccination. Methods.?BALB/c mice received a single dose of 5 ?g inactivated A/California/04/09 ...
Vaccination of cattle with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gu�rin (BCG) can provide significant protection against bovine tuberculosis (TB). However, BCG vaccination sensitises animals to respond to the tuberculin skin-test. This provides a potential operational impediment to the use of BCG as a cattle vaccine since the tuberculin skin-test is the primary surveillance ...
Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax. We have developed a novel whole-bacterial-cell anthrax vaccine utilizing B. anthracis that is killed but metabolically active (KBMA). Vaccine strains that are asporogenic and nucleotide excision repair deficient were engineered by deleting the spoIIE and uvrAB genes, rendering B. anthracis extremely sensitive to photochemical inactivation with ...
AbstractTrichuris muris is a laboratory model for the human whipworm Trichuris trichiura which infects approximately 1 billion people in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The development of a vaccine would control trichuriasis by promoting the acquisition of immunity during childhood, thereby reducing faecal egg output by the community into their environment. Resistance to T. muris, defined as ...
Haemophilus influenzae outer membrane protein D (PD) is a glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) activity-possessing virulence factor and a promising vaccine antigen, providing 35.3% efficacy against acute otitis media caused by nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHI) when it was used as a carrier protein in a novel pneumococcal PD conjugate (Pnc-PD) vaccine. To study if PD-induced ...
In this study, recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) were evaluated as a candidate vaccine against emerging influenza viruses with pandemic potential. The VLPs are composed of the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix 1 (M1) proteins of the H5N1 A/Indonesia/05/2005 (clade 2.1; [Indo/05]) virus, which were expressed using baculovirus in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells. Ferrets ...
BackgroundThe immunological mechanisms responsible for protection against malaria infection vary among Plasmodium species, host species and the developmental stage of parasite, and are poorly understood. A challenge with live parasites is the most relevant approach to testing the efficacy of experimental malaria vaccines. Nevertheless, in the mouse models of Plasmodium berghei ...
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) induced by ?-tocopherol succinate (TS) in protecting mice from total-body irradiation. CD2F1 mice were injected with a radioprotective dose of TS and the levels of cytokine in serum induced by TS were determined by multiplex Luminex. Neutralization of G-CSF was accomplished by ...
Increased remissions in multiple sclerosis (MS) during pregnancy suggest that elevated levels of sex steroids exert immunoregulatory activity. Estrogen (E2=17?-estradiol) protects against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), but the cellular basis for E2-induced protection remains unclear. Studies demonstrate that depletion of B cells prior to ...
BackgroundLeishmania (Viannia) parasites present particular challenges, as human and murine immune responses to infection are distinct from other Leishmania species, indicating a unique interaction with the host. Further, vaccination studies utilizing small animal models indicate that modalities and antigens that prevent infection by other Leishmania species are generally not ...
T cell epitopes have been found to be shared by circulating, seasonal influenza virus strains and the novel pandemic H1N1 influenza infection, but the ability of these common epitopes to provide cross-protection is unknown. We have now directly tested this by examining the ability of live seasonal influenza vaccine (FluMist) to mediate protection against ...
Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) is the causative pathogen of plague, a highly fatal disease for which an effective vaccine, especially against mucosal transmission, is still not available. Like many bacterial infections, antigen-specific antibody responses have been traditionally considered critical, if not solely responsible, for vaccine-induced protection against Y. pestis. ...
Leptospira binds to host extracellular matrix (ECM) through surface exposed outer membrane proteins called adhesin in order to initiate infection. Of various adhesins present on the surface of the spirochete, Leptospira-immunoglobulin like proteins (Lig proteins) and LipL32 are most abundant, widely distributed among pathogenic serovars and well characterized. Various fragments of Lig proteins ...
The development of an effective norovirus vaccine likely requires the capacity to protect against infection with multiple norovirus strains. Advanced recombinant genetic systems and the recent discovery of a mouse-tropic norovirus strain (MNV) provide robust model systems for vaccine efficacy studies. We coadministered multivalent norovirus-like particle (VLP) vaccines with ...
The attenuated Chinese equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine has successfully protected millions of equine animals from EIA disease in China. In this pilot study, to determine whether this attenuated vaccine can induce broadly neutralizing antibodies, we immunized four horses with the attenuated Chinese vaccine strain EIAVFDDV and then observed the evolution of ...
