and monsoon onset possible. The other is the dramatic difference ... onset of monsoon could be interpreted as an abrupt transition between ...

Introduction Monsoonal precipitation in the Mid-Holocene South-America North-America North-5. Table 1 MONSOONS DURING THE MID-HOLOCENE Northern and Southern Hemisphere responses and the role also varies between models. This also holds for the other monsoonal areas studied. Figure 3a

The major deglacial intensification of the southwest monsoon occurred at 11,450 {+-} 150 calendar years before present, synchronous with a major climate transition as recorded in Greenland ice. An earlier event of monsoon intensification at 16,000 {+-} 150 calendar years before present occurred at the end of Heinrich layer 1 in the ...

Monsoon systems influence the livelihood of hundreds of millions of people. During the Holocene and last glacial period, rainfall in India and China has undergone strong and abrupt changes. Though details of monsoon circulations are complicated, observations reveal a defining moisture-advection feedback that dominates the seasonal heat ...

Monsoon systems influence the livelihood of hundreds of millions of people. During the Holocene and last glacial period, rainfall in India and China has undergone strong and abrupt changes. Though details of monsoon circulations are complicated, observations reveal a defining moisture-advection feedback that dominates the seasonal heat ...

Monsoon systems around the world are governed by the so-called moisture-advection feedback. Here we show that, in a minimal conceptual model, this feedback implies a critical threshold with respect to the atmospheric specific humidity qo over the ocean adjacent to the monsoon region. If qo falls short of this critical value qoc, ...

Major element chemistry and color data from sediment cores in the anoxic Cariaco Basin off Venezuela record with (sub)annual resolution large and abrupt shifts in the hydrologic cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the last 80 ka. These data suggest a direct connection between the position of the ITCZ over northern South America, the strength of trade winds, and the ...

Thorium-230 ages and oxygen isotope ratios of stalagmites from Dongge Cave, China, characterize the Asian Monsoon and low-latitude precipitation over the past 160,000 years. Numerous abrupt changes in 18O/16O values result from changes in tropical and subtropical precipitation driven by insolation and millennial-scale circulation shifts. The Last ...

The West African monsoon is a complex dynamical system that depends on feedbacks between land surface, including vegetation, and the ocean. Modeling and existing paleoclimatic data suggest that the coupling between these system components makes it particularly susceptible to abrupt change. Characterization of each of these components is therefore crucial ...

We study the role of sea surface temperature in monsoon onset and find that the abrupt shift of the warm axis of sea surface temperature could be a useful signal for monsoon onset. The result indicates that the abrupt northward jump of the warmest SST axis over Bay of Bengal (BOB) in April, which basically leads ...

The benefits of FGGE and Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) of 1979 for short and long range prediction of the Asian summer monsoon are reviewed. Analysis of the data reveals an abrupt rise in the kinetic energy of the lower troposphere over the Arabian sea just ...

A variety of proxy palaeoclimatic records from tropical Africa and the adjacent oceans suggest that a climatic event equivalent to the Younger Dryas (YD) also affected this region. To date however, little attention has been directed towards the end of the YD in Africa, even though it has been identified as a period of particularly rapid and profound climatic change in the circum-North Atlantic ...

Impact of monsoon transitions on the physical and optical properties of aerosols C. E. Corrigan,1 V the influence of the shifting monsoon seasons on aerosols and climate change. The presence of black carbon and other anthropogenic aerosols over the Indian Ocean varies with the cyclic nature of the Indian Monsoon

monsoon circulation transition, thus re-enforce the dry season rainfall pattern for ... the South American monsoon circulation as inferred from a regional climate ...

We exploit the unprecedented ability to synchronize two high-resolution sedimentary records from the Oman and Pakistan margins of the Arabian Sea to derive sea surface temperature (SST) gradient estimates over the last 65 Kyr. Millennial-scale cycles in monsoon dominance parallel Dansgaard-Oeschger events recorded in Greenland. Switches occurred during the last glacial period ...

Project Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC-Asia) has focused on measuring the anthropogenic influence of aerosols, including black carbon, to determine the extent of sunlight dimming and radiative forcing over the Asian region. As part of this project, an observatory was built in the Republic of Maldives for the long-term monitoring of climate. An inaugural campaign was conducted to investigate the ...

The deuterium excess of polar ice cores documents past changes in evaporation conditions and moisture origin. New data obtained from the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome�C East Antarctic ice core provide new insights on the sequence of events involved in Termination�II, the transition between the penultimate glacial and interglacial periods. This ...

The deuterium excess of polar ice cores documents past changes in evaporation conditions and moisture origin. New data obtained from the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C East Antarctic ice core provide new insights on the sequence of events involved in Termination II, the transition between the penultimate glacial and interglacial periods. This termination ...

In the sediments of lake Huguang Maar in coastal southeast China, the titanium content and redox-sensitive magnetic properties record the strength of winter monsoon winds at subdecadal to annual resolution over the last 16 thousand years. The record indicates a stronger winter monsoon prior to the B�lling-Aller�d warming, during the Younger Dryas, and ...

Impact of monsoon transitions on the physical and optical properties of aerosols C. E. Corrigan,1 V the influence of the shifting monsoon seasons on aerosols and climate change. The presence of black carbon and other anthropogenic aerosols over the Indian Ocean varies with the cyclic nature of the Indian Monsoon

We examine the yearly occurrence of a monsoon jump of approximately 20� latitude during the boreal spring and summer rainy seasons over the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA). This jump is in contrast with a simple model of a smoothly varying ITCZ over the region. The rainfall jump is observed annually during April and May in three precipitation data sets and in regional climate ...

The classical illustration of Holocene climate changes in tropical South America is the huge rising of Titicaca lake level from 4400 to 4000 cal BP. Because the Amazon basin is the source of Andean rainfalls we have explored Amazonian data of climate changes during the Holocene to better understand the cause of this abrupt transition. Amazonian data ...

The occurrence and propagation of abrupt climate change between the high and low-latitudes has become an important focus of paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic research. The causes of abrupt change have significant implications for understanding future manifestations of similar forcings under late Holocene (�Anthropocene�) boundary conditions. Of ...

In this contribution I will present a synthesis of mid- to late-Holocene fire activity from the Mediterranean basin and explore the linkages among fire, climate variability and seasonality, and people through several climatic and ecological transitions. Regional fire histories were created from 36 radiocarbon-dated sedimentary charcoal records, available from the Global ...

... are also known to undergo abrupt brittle-ductile transitions as a function of temperature, thus indicating that the pressure induced transition may be ...

... there are abrupt changes changes between phases. ... numbers of molecules do not show phase transitions. ... that of a phase transition in satisfiability ...

High-resolution oxygen isotope records of three stalagmites from Sanbao (central China), Wulu (southern China) and Dashibao (southern China) Caves, based on 876 oxygen isotope measurements and 25 precise 230Th dates, provide a detailed Asian monsoon (AM) history from 32.5 to 20.8 ka B.P., spanning the shift between Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 2. The calcite ?18O records, ...

During the last ice age, the Indian Ocean southwest monsoon exhibited abrupt changes that were closely correlated with millennial-scale climate events in the North Atlantic region, suggesting a mechanistic link. In the Holocene epoch, which had a more stable climate, the amplitude of abrupt changes in North Atlantic climate was much ...

The paper presents a preliminary reconstruction of the development of different palaeoenvironments between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; c. 22 - 18 ka) and the Holocene Altithermal (HA; c. 8 ka - 4 ka) in Namibia. The synopsis is based on 36 optical datations of dune sands and fine-grained, silty deposits (OSL and TL). Most of the data were published by different research groups during the last ...

Desiccation of the Sahara since the middle Holocene has eradicated all but a few natural archives recording its transition from a "green Sahara" to the present hyperarid desert. Our continuous 6000-year paleoenvironmental reconstruction from northern Chad shows progressive drying of the regional terrestrial ecosystem in response to weakening insolation forcing of the African ...

Using aerosol-radiation observations over the north Indian Ocean, we show how the monsoon transition from southwest to northeast flow gives rise to a similar transition in the direct aerosol radiative forcing from natural to anthropogenic forcing. These observations were taken at the newly built aerosol-radiation-climate observatory at ...

Using the framework presented in part I of this study, three possible summer-to-winter monsoon and four possible winter-to-summer monsoon relationships are identified. A generalized relationship between summer and winter monsoons is virtually non-existent, and some of the possible relationships are in fact tied to the influence of the ...

Abrupt changes in the African monsoon can have pronounced socioeconomic impacts on many West African countries. Evidence for both prolonged humid periods and monsoon failures have been identified throughout the late Pleistocene and early Holocene epochs 1,2. In particular, drought conditions in West Africa have occurred during periods ...

A glimpse is provided of the research program in stability, transition, and turbulence based on numerical simulations. This program includes both the so-called abrupt and the restrained transition processes. Attention is confined to the prototype problems...

A glimpse is provided of the research program in stability, transition and turbulence based on numerical simulations. This program includes both the so-called abrupt and the restrained transition processes. Attention is confined to the prototype problems ...

Supported by numerical experiment results, the abrupt change of the location of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), from the equatorial trough flow regime to the monsoon trough flow regime is interpreted as a subcritical instability. The existence ...

... submarine volcanismwas abruptly and permanently diminished during the ArchaeanProterozoic transition by a shift from predominantly submarine volcanism ...

Winter Arctic Oscillation, Siberian High and East Asian Winter Monsoon Bingyi Wu Institute the impacts of the winter Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Siberian High (SH) on the East Asia winter monsoon (EAWM Arctic Oscillation, Siberian High and East Asian Winter Monsoon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(19), 1897, doi

Differing from the traditional focus on land-sea thermal contrasts, this paper examines the influence of the annual cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) on the monsoon onset. It is found that SST is a major driver of tropical circulations in the atmospheric boundary layer. In the trade wind regions, the annual cycle of SST involves a shift in the warmest SST axis (WSSTA) ...

Lake Bosumtwi is a 78 m deep, hydrologically isolated lake formed in a 1.07 Ma meteorite impact crater in southwestern Africa. Because of its location and hydrologic properties, it is extremely sensitive to changes in the precipitation/evaporation balance and the strength of the West African monsoon. In 2004, we recovered an extensive set of long (ca. 300 m) sediment cores ...

The anoxic Cariaco Basin on the northern shelf of Venezuela preserves detailed records of past tropical climate variability. The sediment formation in this basin is controlled by the migration of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the corresponding rain belt and trade winds. In the oxygen minimum zone off Pakistan in the northeastern Arabian Sea sediment archives of ...

... MSPA) on maps with contagion, with comparisons to phase transitions (abrupt changes) of patterns on simple random maps. ... in different pattern classes exhibited two types of phase transitions at thresho...

The characteristics of transition radiation are investigated by modeling it as that due to a charged particle in uniform rectilinear motion changing its velocity abruptly to another constant value at any point of its trajectory in an unbounded homogeneous...

Basic questions concerning how populations of zooplankton perceive and respond to their habitats can be studied using the contrasting monsoonal regimes of the Arabian Sea. The biological transition in the upwelling area within 600 kilometers of the Oman c...

The �internally� generated intraseasonal variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon is characterized by intermittent periods of enhanced (�active�) and deficient (�break�) precipitation, which produce a quasi east-west precipitation dipole over the Indian subcontinent. Here we present multicentennial-length and near annually-resolved reconstructions of ...

Stalagmite M1-5 from Socotra Island, Yemen in the northwest Indian Ocean provides a robust, high-resolution paleoclimate record from � 27.4 11.1 ka based on 717 stable isotope and 28 230Th measurements. Variations in M1-5 oxygen isotope ratios (?18O) are interpreted to be primarily driven by an amount effect related to changes in the mean position and/or intensity of convection of the ...

In recent years, black carbon has been recognized to significantly affect radiative forcing and global climate change. The Atmospheric Brown Cloud project (ABC-Asia) has focused on measuring the anthropogenic influence of aerosols, including black carbon, to determine the extent of sunlight dimming and radiative forcing over the Asian region. The first station in the ABC network is located in ...

This paper investigates the seasonal march of the summer monsoon through several different sub-divisions of the Asian monsoon region. Five data sets, the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP), the upper-tropospheric water vapour band Brightness Temperature (BT), the Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), the lower tropospheric ...

The question of orbital-scale periodicity and phasing of tropical monsoon variations has developed as a long- standing problem, due to inconsistencies between modeling results and paleo-monsoon records. In contrast to modeling studies, which point to an in-phase relation of the Monsoon system with Northern Hemisphere peak summer ...

To unravel the interplay between Tibetan uplift and global climate, proxy records of Asian paleoenvironments constrained by accurate age models are needed for the Paleogene period. Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas since the onset of the Indo-Asia collision is held responsible for Asian aridification and monsoon intensification, but may also have gradually cooled ...

advection of angular momentum: In the equinox regime, consistent with small values of Ro, the meridional. In the southern cell in the Asian monsoon sector around equinox (Fig. 3a), midlatitude eddy momentum fluxes extend itself at monsoon onset from an equinox pattern with two cells almost symmetric about the equa- tor (Fig

Delta 18O in precipitation in the Asian monsoon region has long been an interesting or even controversial issue. Strongly influenced by the Asian monsoon, particularly by the Indian monsoon, delta 18O in precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau is crucial in the whole Asian monsoon region. Our study from a ...

... the minimum Sunrise-to-NE time interval ... Tower data) and quasi-Lagrangian (Rawinsonde data). ... the atypical Monsoon weather conditions observed ...

Jul 29, 2010 ... On Earth, this rare kind of wind reversal happens over the Indian Ocean in transitional seasons between monsoons. The episodic reverse ...

New wind data reveal typhoon transitions to mid-latitude storms and ocean monsoon ... of La Ni�a by studying the growth of phytoplankton (tiny marine plants). ...

North Africa has long been recognised as an area of an exceptionally strong vegetation-atmosphere feedback with a dry state associated with low vegetation cover and corresponding high albedo. This mechanism appears to have enhanced the or- bitally induced reduction in the African Monsoon strength since the middle Holocene, causing a rather abrupt ...

Continental aridification and the intensification of the monsoons in Asia are generally attributed to uplift of the Tibetan plateau and to the land-sea redistributions associated with the continental collision of India and Asia, whereas some studies suggest that past changes in Asian environments are mainly governed by global climate. The most dramatic climate event since the ...

High-resolution studies of variations in the elemental and stable carbon- and nitrogen-isotope composition of organic matter in cores from Lakes Malawi, Tanganyika, and Bosumtwi (tropical Africa) indicate an abrupt change in the wind-driven circulation of these lakes that, within the limits of available chronologies, was contemporaneous with the end of the Younger Dryas in the ...

the index fingertip abruptly transitions from motion to static force production. Nine subjects produced of force production on contact. The need for such a neurally demanding and time-critical strategy musculature switches when the index finger abruptly transitions from motion to isometric force production (i

... is where ductility abruptly increases over a narrow pressure region in what might be called a pressure-induced brittle-ductile transition as is ...

May 17, 2006 ... Seismic energy reflected by this phase transition revealed an abrupt ... but only recently have we been able to exploit them for the deep ...

... applicable to other types. Waveguide transitions can be modeled as being either gentle or ... abrupt ones cause strong coupling. ...

... flow speeds, then matching mouth pressure by imposing an elastic jump (an abrupt transition from supercritical to subcritical flow speeds) at the ...

abrupt transitions from a rougher water surface to a snow surface. [9] Four examples of echo waveforms ..... Since the transmitted pulse energy level for ON ...

The electrical volume resistivity of naphthalene, phenanthrene and glucose was determined in the region of the melting point and, in the case of glucose, in the glass transition region. Both naphthalene and phenanthrene exhibit abrupt increases in the mag...

The climate record preserved in polar glaciers, mountain glaciers, and widespread cave deposits shows repeated occurrence of abrupt global transitions between cold/dry stadial and warm/wet interstadial states during glacial periods. These abrupt transitions occur on millennial time scale and in the absence of any ...

On August 1, Jim Gooding announced that he had accepted a challenging job managing research at Enron. This abrupt transition has left the Curator's Office ...

... a more or less abrupt field induced phase transition to a state with a ... materials described in almost 300 papers and it reproduces over 200 figures of ...

... nigeriae, and rectum is relatively short. Transition from small intestine to rectum is abrupt, with pronounced villi of intestinal epithelium replaced by smaller villus-like projections containing ... ...

Feb 17, 2010 ... Acquired November 13, 2009, this false-color image shows an abrupt transition between rugged hills and flat floodplains in northeastern ...

Particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) concentrations were measured at two locations in Northern India during 2006-2010. The first measurement station is a background site in Mukteshwar, about 350 km northeast of New Delhi, in the foothills of the Indian Himalayas. The second measurement site was located in Gual Pahari, about 25 km south of New Delhi. Here we focused on resolving the ...

Particulate matter (PM) and equivalent black carbon (BCe) concentrations were measured at two locations in northern India during 2006-2010. The first measurement station was a background site in Mukteshwar, about 350 km northeast of New Delhi, in the foothills of the Indian Himalayas. The second measurement site was located in Gual Pahari, about 25 km south of New Delhi. Here we focused on ...

The processes for the coupled tropospheric biennial oscillation involving the Indian monsoon and El Ni�o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are studied through composites of sequential wet monsoon/La Ni�a year followed by dry monsoon/El Ni�o year using observations and outputs from the Center for Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies (COLA) ...

Speleothems from Indian and Chinese caves have been broadly used to infer past monsoon strength, since the oxygen isotopic composition of the spelothems is primarily controlled by the oxygen composition of the precipitation. However, the d18O changes recorded by the speleothems could be due not only to a change in the strength of the monsoon but also to ...

Excited states in the transitional N=45 nucleus 4287Mo were identified for the first time using the 58Ni(32S,2pn)87Mo reaction Low-lying states were found to be non-collective, but above 2 MeV an abrupt change in structure was observed. Two regularly spaced bands of states were found and the measurement of transitional quadrupole ...

We study bifurcations in a spatially extended nonlinear system representing population dynamics with the help of analytic calculations. The result we obtain helps in the understanding of the onset of abrupt transitions leading to the extinction of biological populations. The result is expressed in terms of Airy functions and sheds light on the behavior of ...

From a continuous collection of this data, an acoustic climatology of the general area can be constructed. Routine data were collected over the Savannah River Plant site during certain periods at nights after a frontal passage and while the general area was under the influence of high atmospheric pressure. These data showed an abrupt transition from a ...

Acoustic sounder measurements of a vertical profile of the abrupt transition from a laminar to a turbulent atmospheric boundary layer were compared with meteorological measurements made at 10 m and 137 m on an instrumented tower. Sounder data show that co...

A modal expansion technique is applied to a system of uniform waveguides interconnected by abrupt junctions. Computer codes developed for the asymmetrical modes on-axis transition and all modes off-axis transition have been tested and verified through two...

In the context of the Asian-Australian monsoon, the tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO) is defined as the tendency for a relatively strong monsoon to be followed by a relatively weak one, and vice versa. Therefore the TBO is not so much an oscillation, but a tendency for the system to flip-flop back and forth from year to year. The more of these ...

A significant variation in physicochemical properties of the Kalpakkam coastal waters, eastern part of India, was observed during the event of southwest to northeast monsoon transition. Increase in nitrate, total nitrogen, and silicate concentrations were noticed during post-transition period. Ammonia concentration was at peak during ...

A high-resolution mesoscale numerical model (MM5) has been used to study the coastal atmospheric circulation of the central west coast of India, and Goa in particular. The model is employed with three nested domains. The innermost domain of 3 km mesh covers Goa and the surrounding region. Simulations have been carried out for three different seasons�northeast (NE) monsoon, ...

The stable isotope composition and the tritium content of precipitation analysed within the framework of the IAEA/WMO Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) have been evaluated for the Indian stations Bombay and New Delhi representing two different regions of the Indian Monsoon. The rainfall at New Delhi is controlled by north-west moving depressions with diverse ...

The Australian-Indonesian monsoon is an important component of the climate system in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. However, its past variability, relation with northern and southern high-latitude climate and connection to the other Asian monsoon systems are poorly understood. Here we present high-resolution records of ...

More and more evidence indicates that the onset of the East Asian (EA) monsoon can be traced back to the Oligocene-Miocene boundary (at about 23 Ma). However, the process of its evolution is still less well known until now. Here we investigate its late Neogene evolution by analyzing a terrestrial mollusk sequence, from the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), covering the period ...

2002. [1] Sequences of Kelvin and Rossby waves are found to rapidly carry sea surface height anomalies exchange. Four times per year, we observe an equatorial Kelvin wave to hit Indonesia, forced by monsoon) that force strong semi-annual downwelling equatorial Kelvin waves during the transitions between the monsoons

Statistical methods have been used to show quantitatively that the transition in mean and variance observed in delta O-18 records during the middle of the Pleistocene was abrupt. By applying these methods to all of the available records spanning the entire Pleistocene, it appears that this jump was global and primarily represents an increase in ice mass. ...

The influence of aerosols on cloud properties over North India which includes the Indo-Gangetic Plain has been investigated for the years 2000 to 2010. During the years 2004, 2009 and 2010 there has been an abrupt increase in fine mode aerosol optical depth (AOD) inducing a sharp decline in cloud effective radius (CER) in the month of January. The following ...

The impacts of ENSO on the evolution of the East Asian monsoon have been studied using output from a general circulation model experiment. Observed monthly variations of the sea surface temperature (SST) field have been prescribed in the tropical eastern and central Pacific, whereas the atmosphere has been coupled to an oceanic mixed layer model beyond this forcing region. ...

The moisture balance across northern and central Australia is dominated by changes in the strength of the Australian Summer Monsoon. Lake-level records that record changes in monsoon strength on orbital timescales are most consistent with a Northern Hemisphere insolation control on monsoon strength, a result consistent with recent ...

A microscopic analysis, based on nuclear energy density functionals, is presented for shape phase transitions in Nd isotopes. Low-lying excitation spectra and transition probabilities are calculated starting from a five-dimensional Hamiltonian, with parameters determined by constrained relativistic mean-field calculations for triaxial shapes. The results ...

High-performance superconducting solenoids are susceptible to premature quenches, or superconducting to normal state transitions, due to abrupt conductor movements within the winding. Abrupt motions involving 5(approximately)10(mu)m conductor displacement...

Recent studies have shown that stellate cells (SCs) of the medial entorhinal cortex become hyper-excitable in animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy. These studies have also demonstrated the existence of recurrent connections among SCs, reduced levels of recurrent inhibition in epileptic networks as compared to control ones, and comparable levels of recurrent excitation among SCs in both network ...

Results of nearly 2 years of weekly current and temperature profiles to 300 m in the central equatorial Indian Ocean are discussed. The principal current detected is the eastward jet which appears at both the spring and fall monsoon transitions, driven by...

of model disagreement. Participating scientists brought a diverse range of expertise: mesoscale and paleo in the North Atlantic, as sug- gested by model studies, and also by the Indian monsoon analog. Thanks to all

The interplay between the Indo-Asia collision, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and climate belongs to the most significant and fascinating issues of tectonics and paleoclimate. According to prevailing hypotheses supported by various tectonic and climate models the impact of the continental collision on climate is twofold: (1) Globally, the orogenesis increases rock weathering and organic carbon ...

The socioeconomic vulnerability of the agricultural societies in the Sahel region of West Africa to the vagary of summer rainfall has received world recognizance. The recently initiated international endeavor of the African Monsoon Multidicispline Analysis underscores the fundamental gaps in our knowledge of the coupled atmosphere-ocean-land system in this region and the ...

Today Central and Eastern Asia are characterized by strong contrast in the amount and the annual distribution of rainfall as well as the seasonality in temperature, which is attributed to the uplifted Tibetian Plateau generating monsoonal circulation. Whereas Central Asia is characterized by strong continentality with cold winters and little rainfall concentrated in a short ...

Sediment cores from two mountain lakes (Lake Grusha at 2413 m a.s.l. and Ak-Khol at 2204 m a.s.l.) situated in the Tuva Republic (southern Siberia, Russia), just north of Mongolia, were studied for chironomid fossils in order to infer post-glacial climatic changes and to investigate responses of the lake ecosystems to these changes. The results show that chironomids are responding both to ...