Calorimeters used in absolute dosimetry of radioisotopes, for radium standards calibration, and in reactor dosimetry are briefly described. The method of using calorimeters and the results achieved in this field are reported. (auth)
Energy Citations Database
Photon and electron dosimetry equipment and procedures are described. Radiation sources; primary standards for photon radiation in air; ionization chamber standards for water phantoms; chemical dosimetry; absolute determination of absorbed dose; type test...
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Some typical calorimeters used in absolute dosimetry of natural and artificial radioisotopes, for radium standards calibration, and in reactor dosimetry are briefly described. The methods for using the calorimeters and the results obtained are reported. (auth)
... fluence of neutrons above ... RADIATION DAMAGE, *DOSIMETRY, *NEUTRON SPECTROMETERS ... SILICON, STANDARDS, NUCLEAR REACTORS ...
DTIC Science & Technology
The problem of absolute energy dosimetry with a calorimeter in the radiation field of a neutron generator is discussed. The following measurement methods were investigated: gamma and neutron dosimetry, and calorimetry. A calorimeter was developed, and a l...
This method describes the use of solid-state track recorders (SSTR) for neutron dosimetry in light-water reactor (LWR) applications. These applications include pressure-vessel surveillance as well as reactor test-region irradiations. An ASTM standard procedure has already been written for SSTR dosimetry. This method can be regarded as ...
... 35. Abstract : This report summarizes those techniques required to analyze standard neutron foil and gamma dosimetry. ...
To report a study of the use of GAFCHROMIC EBT radiochromic film (RCF) digitized with a commercially available flatbed document scanner for accurate and reliable all-purpose two-dimensional (2D) absolute dosimetry within a clinical environment. We used a simplified methodology that yields high-precision dosimetry measurements without ...
PubMed
The dosimetry of A-bomb survivors at Hiroshima and Nagasaki is discussed in light of the new dosimetry developed in 1980 by the author. The important changes resulting from the new dosimetry are the ratios of neutron to gamma doses, particularly at Hiroshima. The implications of these changes in terms of epidemiology and radiation ...
Data related to 11 y of high-energy photon radiotherapy beam dosimetry are presented and analysed. Dosimetric evaluations were carried out using water phantoms and thimble ionisation chambers and are part of the radiation protection regulatory licensing process for medicine facilities of Brazilian government. Measurements were done at reference conditions for a ...
... Abstract : A standard recommended practice for the use of thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) systems has been developed. ...
A secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory has been established in the Tun Ismail Research Centre, Malaysia as a national laboratory for reference and standardization purposes in the field of radiation dosimetry. This article gives brief accounts on the ge...
The following leaflets are contained in this folder concerning the National Physical Laboratory's measurement services available in relation to dosimetry standards: Primary standards of X-ray exposure and X-ray irradiation facilities, X-ray dosimetry at t...
Beams of protons have been used for radiation therapy applications for over 40 years. In the last decade the number of facilities treating patients and the total number of patients being treated has begun go grow rapidly. Due to the limited and experimental nature of the early programs, dosimetry protocols tended to be locally defined. With the publication of the AAPM Task ...
Absolute dosimetry with ionization chambers of the narrow photon fields used in stereotactic techniques and IMRT beamlets is constrained by lack of electron equilibrium in the radiation field. It is questionable that stopping-power ratio in dosimetry protocols, obtained for broad photon beams and quasi-electron equilibrium conditions, ...
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
This article reviews the involvement of the AAPM in various aspects of radiation dosimetry over its 50 year history, emphasizing the especially important role that external beam dosimetry played in the early formation of the organization. Topics covered include the AAPM's involvement with external beam and x-ray dosimetry ...
... Title : CRYOGENIC ABSOLUTE RADIOMETERS AS LABORATORY IRRADIANCE STANDARDS, REMOTE SENSING DETECTORS, AND ...
In September, 1977, the University of Michigan began a pilot study of the Health Physics Society Standards Committee (HPSSC) Standard titled, 'Criteria for Testing Personnel Dosimetry Performance.' Approximately 70 dosimetry processors volunteered to part...
The Austrian Dosimetry Laboratory Seibersdorf, established and operated by the Austrian Federal Office of Measures and the Research Center Seibersdorf contains the national primary standards for radiation dosimetry. For photon radiation in the energy rang...
New codes of practice for reference dosimetry in clinical high-energy photon and electron beams have been published recently, to replace the air kerma based codes of practice that have determined the dosimetry of these beams for the past twenty years. In the present work, we compared dosimetry based on the two most widespread absorbed ...
... Title : Diagnosis and Dosimetry of Exposure to Sulfur Mustard: Development of Standard Operating Procedures; Further ... 1 Jan 1997-31 Dec 1999. ...
... 6. The scoring procedure for unstable chromosome aberrations used for biological dosimetry; ... 25 7. Scoring Unstable Chromosome Aberrations ...
... of 5.9 Mev and a residual range of 540 ... Standard detectors for the purpose are nuclear ... Personal radiation dosimetry in space certainly should be ...
The high dose standards and dissemination system of electron beams are being established at NIM. The graphite and/ or water calorimeters and liquid chemical dosimeter are to be accepted as standards. The transfer dosimeter selected are alanine/ESR dosimeter and radiochromic film (FWT - 60). Several kinds of radiochromic films, undyed cellulose triacetate, ...
The Hungarian National Standard defines the most frequently used terms in thermoluminescent dosimetry. The terms are listed in alphabetical order. The basic terms of the field as well as the instruments and methods used in radiation protection application...
The Austrian Dosimetry Laboratory, established and operated in cooperation between the Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf and the Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying (Bundesamt and Eich- und Vermessungswesen) maintains the national primary standar...
The Light Water Reactor Pressure Vessel (LWR-PV) Surveillance Dosimetry Improvement Program was established by NRC to improve, maintain, and standardize neutron dosimetry, damage correlation, and the associated reactor analysis data and procedures that pr...
This is a brief review of surveys on the dosimetry of radiation-therapy beams by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). Covered are the NBS ferrous-sulfate (Fricke) dosimetry service, a recently completed survey carried out with thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD) on the dosimetry in cobalt-60 teletherapy beams, ...
In order to sophisticate the radiotherapy high accuracy knowledge of the absorbed dose delivered to the patient is essential The main methods of absolute dosimetry are indicated as follows a Dosimetry by ion chamber b Fricke dosimetry and c Calorimetry The calorimetry is most direct method of ...
... permitted by the ANSI standard, the RF ... FIELDS, EXPOSURE(PHYSIOLOGY), RATES, FREQUENCY, SAFETY, STANDARDS, DOSIMETRY. ...
A numerical particulate matter (PM) measurement model is developed to characterize and evaluate PM sampling methods. Simulations are conducted using the model to evaluate currently widely used PM samplers, including Federal Reference Method (FRM) samplers. The simulations show that current PM samplers are very vulnerable to both changes in measurement target (i.e., natural variability of particle ...
The absolute dose rate around beta sources for intravascular brachytherapy was measured with thin thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters and radiochromic film. The calibration of these dosimeters was performed at the dose maximum in a 6 MeV electron beam of a linear accelerator. Compared to the values given by the manufacturers, higher dose rates of about 20% for 90Sr/90Y source ...
A one-year study of the EPR signal of ?-irradiated (60Co) l-?-alanine with simultaneous monitoring of the cavity Q-factor was undertaken. The widespread opinion that the EPR signal remains absolutely stable under normal laboratory storage conditions is inaccurate. At 0% humidity, the signal can be regarded as stable within +/-1% of its initial value for 6 months for 1 and 10 ...
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's pilot study of the Health Physics Society Standards Committee Standard, 'Criteria for Testing Personnel Dosimetry Performance', was begun in 1977. A third test of this Standard was conducted from November, 1981 thr...
An absolute radiation standard is constructed for use between 200 and 2000 microns. It is demonstrated that the output is that of a blackbody over this wavelength range. The absolute standard is used to calibrate a secondary standard mercury-arc lamp whic...
Purpose: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) represents an important method for improving RT. The IMRT relative dosimetry checks are well established; however, open questions remain in reference dosimetry with ionization chambers (ICs). The main problem is the departure of the measurement conditions from the reference ones; thus, additional uncertainty ...
Gas phase radiation dosimetry based on nitrogen yield (G(N/sub 2/)) from nitrous oxide was studied. Comparison of yields obtained on an absolute basis (ionization current dosimetry) by various workers using optimum experimental conditions (N/sub 2/O pressure 500 to 760 mm Hg, total doses < 1.2 x 10/sup 20/ eVg/sup -1/; ...
The paper describes the development of an absolute calibration standard for irradiance measurements.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Light source having absolute spectral energy distribution for standardizing star tracker calibration
Several codes of practice for photon dosimetry are currently used around the world, supported by different organizations. A comparison of IPSM 1990 with both IAEA TRS-398 and AAPM TG-51 has been performed. All three protocols are based on the calibration of ionization chambers in terms of standards of absorbed dose to water, as it is the case with other ...
The 6Li(n,t) and 10B(n,?) cross sections are important neutron cross section standards. Precise knowledge of these cross sections is essential because they are often used as reference standards for obtaining the neutron fluence in investigations of the properties of neutron-induced reactions and for accurate determinations of neutron cross sections. They ...
Dose error sources in radiotherapy applications are analyzed and classified as source parameter errors, patient dose distribution evaluation errors and practical execution errors. The organization of the Italian dosimetry services is described, including regulations and standard procedures. An accuracy level of 3% is deemed compatible with present ...
A standard recommended practice for the use of thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) systems has been developed. It is intended for the use of facilities that are engaged in the radiation-hardness testing of electronic components and systems. The practice ha...
Representatives of facilities that routinely deliver protons for radiation effect testing are collaborating to establish a set of standard best practices for proton dosimetry. These best practices will be submitted to the ASTM International for adoption.
The University of Michigan conducted a two-year pilot study of the Health Physics Society Standards Committee (HPSSC) Standard, 'Criteria for Testing Personnel Dosimetry Performance.' Pilot study objectives were: (1) To give processors an opportunity to c...
Studies on dosimetry included: comparative dosimetry of iodocholesterol compounds; exp 59 Fe and exp 111 In dosimetry in abnormal human subjects; dosimetry of intraperitoneally administered exp 32 P colloid; evaluation of the standard man model for dosime...
Two basic methods of dosimetry applicable to high energy radiation areas are briefly reviewed, and the problem of mu -meson dosimetry is examined theoretically. Experimental results indicate that standard methods of film badge interpretation may be used for rem dose determinations in mu -meson areas. Preliminary ...
Advances in radiation treatment with beamlet-based intensity modulation, image-guided radiation therapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery (including specialized equipments like CyberKnife, Gamma Knife, tomotherapy, and high-resolution multileaf collimating systems) have resulted in the use of reduced treatment fields to a subcentimeter scale. Compared to the traditional radiotherapy with fields > ...
Advances in radiation treatment with beamlet-based intensity modulation, image-guided radiation therapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery (including specialized equipments like CyberKnife, Gamma Knife, tomotherapy, and high-resolution multileaf collimating systems) have resulted in the use of reduced treatment fields to a subcentimeter scale. Compared to the traditional radiotherapy with fields ...
The neutron spectrometry program described in this report was carried out in support of a set of draft ASTM standards prescribing a standard method of measuring neutron spectra and characterizing the spectra in terms of their effectiveness in producing ra...
The primary mission of the Neutron Interactions and Dosimetry Group at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) is the measurement of the standard neutron cross sections. The group has had a long-term program for the measurement of one of the most important of these cross sections---the neutron-induced fission cross section of /sup ...
The principles of the adiabatic and compensated calorimeter methods and the Fricke ferrous sulfate dosimeter are discussed as standands for dosimetry. (C.J.G.)
... of test samples to the laboratory; 5. Preparation of samples for analysis; 6. The scoring procedure for unstable chromosome aberrations used for ...
The authors have evaluated the accuracy, in absolute and relative dose measurements, of the Gafchromic EBT film in pulsed high-energy electron beams. Typically, the electron beams used in radiotherapy have a dose-per-pulse value of less than 0.1 mGy/pulse. However, very high dose-per-pulse electron beams are employed in certain linear accelerators dedicated to intraoperatory ...
Page 1. AFRL-VS-HA-TR-2004-1109 Absolute Infrared Calibration of Standard Stars by the Midcourse Space Experiment SD Price C. Paxson ...
Standardized Physics-Dosimetry procedures and data are being developed and tested for monitoring the neutron doses accumulated by reactor pressure vessels (PV) and their support structures. These procedures and data are governed by a set of 21 ASTM standard practices, guides, and methods for the prediction of neutron-induced changes in ...
Dosimetry beyond the core is an essential part of reactor technology. In the materials test program, it is the link relating changes in the micro- and macroscopic material properties to neutron fluence and spectra. For pressure vessel surveillance programs, dosimetry is needed for the interpretation of actual or projected damage effects throughout reactor ...
This article summarizes the status of the relevant standards and current regulatory issues for use of physical dosimetry devices for the occupational worker in the United States. Included is a summary of relevant standards from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International ...
The neutron spectrum was measured using a combination of foil detectors. The absolute thermal flux was measured with gold foils using a beta-gamma coincidence counting technique; the epithermal spectrum was measured by taking cadmium ratios with three dif...
In 2004 a new work item proposal (NWIP) was accepted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 85 (TC85 -- Nuclear Energy), Subcommittee 2 (Radiation Protection) for the development of a standard for the clinical dosimetry of beta radiation sources used for brachytherapy. To develop this ...
Comparisons of reaction-rate calculations with absolute dosimetry measurements in the EBR-II blanket are made for /sup 235/U/sub f/, /sup 239/Pu/sub f/, /sup 238/U/sub f/, and /sup 238/U/sub c/ reactions.
DOE Information Bridge
The application of Bayesian methods to calibration for external dosimetry and to compartmental analysis for internal radiation dosimetry is discussed. The calibrative density for chromosome aberration data with imprecise radiation doses was derived to describe the uncertainty of the neutron dose received by an individual with observed dicentric chromosome ...
... TRS) 398 code of practice as the standard proton dosimetry protocol is also recommended. The report provides very ... motion to address the consequences of the resultant proton range and dosimetry plan pe...
NBII National Biological Information Infrastructure
This standard specifies performance criteria for thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) systems used for the measurement of environmental exposure levels of X- and gamma radiation. Specifications are given for obtaining acceptable overall measurement uncertainties. (auth)
This document was developed with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) subcommittee E10.01 on Dosimetry for Radiation Processing. The version that is published as an ASTM standard is designed as E1400 with the latest version to appear in 1...
Abstracts are given of the total of 137 papers presented at the symposium. The papers discussed radiation dosimetry methods, dosemeters and detectors, the metrology and calibration of radiation sources, calibration standards, and radioactivity monitoring....
As part of the NATO Dosimetry Intercomparison Project, a series of experiments were conducted at Aberdeen Proving Ground in September 1986 in order to determine neutron and gamma-ray doses delivered to various internal and external locations on an anthrop...
The dosimetry of 106Ru/106Rh beta-emitting eye applicators is still inadequate. Manufacturer's specifications of absolute dose rates are loaded with a +/- 30% error, and the relative distribution of activity on the surface is measured on a few points only, using a 3-mm plastic scintillation probe. While reducing the absolute error of ...
In recent years, the increased use of proton beams for clinical purposes has enhanced the demand for accurate absolute dosimetry for protons. As calorimetry is the most direct way to establish the absorbed dose and because water has recently been accepted as standard material for this type of beam, the importance of water calorimetry ...
The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of using polycrystalline lithium formate for EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) dosimetry of clinical electron beams, with the main focus on the dose-to-water energy response. Lithium formate dosimeters were irradiated using (60)Co gamma-rays and 6-20 MeV electrons in a PMMA phantom to doses in the range of 3-9 ...
Misconceptions regarding the fission track dating method prompt the description of five handling procedures and the derivation of commonly used system calibrations. Problems of registration geometry, inhomogeneous uranium distribution, accumulated radiation damage and anisotropic etching largely invalidate all but the population and external detector methods, and impose strict limitations upon ...
Current knowledge on the dosimrietry of fast electrons is reviewed. Definitions of absorbed dose, energy dose, and specific dose are presented. Some methods for absolute and relative dose measurements are discussed. Some calculations for detemination of the absolute dose according to the Bragg-Gray principle are presented. (M.C.G.)
Studies on dosimetry included: comparative dosimetry of iodocholesterol compounds; /sup 59/Fe and /sup 111/In dosimetry in abnormal human subjects; dosimetry of intraperitoneally administered /sup 32/P colloid; evaluation of the standard man model for dosimetry ...
... by time averaging the syndrome detection from ... a Hamming (15,11) single error detecting and ... only the absolute delay, since correct absolute delays ...
It is proposed to use radiation from a femtosecond laser for absolute length measurements. The possibility of creation of a unified frequency and length standard is shown. (laser applications and other topics in quantum electronics)
... Accession Number : ADA293930. Title : Optical Frequency Standards: Hertz-Level Working Standards and their Absolute Frequency Measurement. ...
Twenty standards on essentially all aspects of dosimetry for radiation processing were published as new ISO standards in December 1998. The standards are based on 20 standard practices and guides developed over the past 14 years by Subcommittee E10.01 of the American Society for Testing and ...
Passive, solid-state detectors still dominate the field of neutron personal dosimetry, mainly thanks to their low cost, high reliability and elevated throughput. However, the recent appearance in the market of several electronic personal dosemeters for neutrons presents a challenge to the exclusive use of passive systems for primary or official dosimetry. ...
The report describes details of the design, construction and properties of a transfer instrument for neutron dosimetry, following the recommendations of the IAEA panel on ''Fast Neutron Dosimetry: Characterization, Standardization and Intercomparison'' (1...
The Light Water Reactor Pressure Vessel Surveillance Dosimetry Improvement Program (LWR-PV-SDIP) has been established by NRC to improve, test, verify, and standardize the physics-dosimetry-metallurgy, damage correlation, and the associated reactor analysi...
The Light Water Reactor Pressure Vessel Surveillance Dosimetry Improvement Program (LWR-PV-SDIP) has been established by NRC to improve, test, verify, and standardize the physics-dosimetry-metallurgy, damage correlation, and associated reactor analysis me...
This report describes progress made in the Light Water Reactor Pressure Vessel Surveillance Dosimetry Improvement Program (LWR-PV-SDIP) during FY84. The primary concern of this program is to improve, test, verify, and standardize the physics-dosimetry-met...
This report describes progress made in the Light Water Reactor Pressure Vessel Surveillance Dosimetry Improvement Program (LWR-PV-SDIP) during FY 1984. The primary concern of this program is to improve, test, verify, and standardize the physics-dosimetry-...
One of the objectives of the Dosimetry and Damage Analysis Center is to provide standardized dosimetry technology for materials-study programs within the ERDA Division of Magnetic Fusion Energy. Current efforts have included characterization of neutron en...
This report discusses two aspects of the neutron dosimetry program at the United States National Bureau of Standards (NBS), namely the plans and progress towards establishing dosimetry standards for neutron radiation therapy, and an investigation of the neutron and gamma-ray tissue kerma rates from a /sup 252/Cf ...
The aim of this work is to develop and evaluate a primary standard for HDR 192Ir brachytherapy sources as well as for active spot scanning proton radiotherapy beams based on stagnant 4 �C water calorimetry. The measurements were performed using an in-house built water calorimeter and a parallel-plate calorimeter vessel. The dose measurement results of the McGill calorimeter ...
The subject of this work concerns with the measurement of absolute calibration factors for the use of CR-39 as an absolute detector in indoor daughters monitoring. Up to now the usefulness of calibration factors was restricted to environmental conditions ...
The Radiation Interactions and Dosimetry Group of the Ionizing Radiation Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) maintains the U.S. national standards for photon and electron ionizing radiation measurements. These standards and their associated reference radiation fields are discussed ...
Small fields are more commonly used for radiation therapy because of the development of IMRT, stereotactic radiosurgery, and other special equipments such as Cyberknife and Tomotherapy. The dosimetry in the sub-centimeter field can result in substantial uncertainties because of the presence of electron disequilibrium due to the large dose gradients in the field. It is further ...
The dose of radiation is a central issue in radiotherapy. Hence dosimetry must be well understood for anyone working in this field. In this chapter theoretical aspects as well as practical aspects of the dosimetry of high energy photons and electrons are addressed. The practical aspects are exclusively dedicated to the determination of absorbed dose to ...
Contents: Absolute spectrofluorometry; Absolute quantum efficiencies; Phosphorimetry; Measurements of absolute values in biochemical fluorescence spectroscopy; Newer fluorometric methods for the analysis of biologically important compounds; Inorganic ions...
Contents: The reduction of uncertainties for absolute piston gage pressure measurements in the atmospheric pressure range; Absolute isotopic abundance ratios and atomic weight of a reference sample of nickel; The absolute isotopic composition and atomic w...
...pressure of approximately one atmosphere, absolute. This determination...pressure of approximately one atmosphere, absolute, in Btu/lb...pressure of approximately, one atmosphere, absolute, in °F. (b...tank must be insulated with a layer of glass fiber...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010
The ASTM standards provide guidance and instruction on how to field and interpret reactor dosimetry. They provide a roadmap towards understanding the current ''state-of-the-art'' in reactor dosimetry, as reflected by the technical community. The consensus basis to the ASTM ...
A high-precision absolute radiometer with a thermally stabilized cavity as the receiving element was designed in 1984 at the All-Union Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements (VNIIOFI) and used to derive the USSR National Special Standard of the solar irradiance unit. Since that time, the radiometer has been developed further. The ...
The suitability of radiochromic EBT film was studied for high-precision clinical quality assurance (QA) by identifying the dose response for a wide range of irradiation parameters typically modified in highly-conformal treatment techniques. In addition, uncertainties associated with varying irradiation conditions were determined. EBT can be used for dose assessment of absorbed dose levels as well ...
For more than 60 years, natural radiation has offered broad opportunities for basic research as evidenced by many fundamental discoveries. Within the last decade, however, dramatic changes have occurred in the motivation and direction of this research. The urgent need for economical energy sources entailing acceptably low levels of environmental impact has compelled the applied aspects of our ...
