The sum-peak method is used at ENEA (Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Environment) for the standardization of several radionuclides. The experimental apparatus, based on a Nal(TI) well type detector, is described and the measurement procedu...

Approximately 1,000 stack and occupation air samples from plutonium and uranium facilities at LASL are analyzed daily. The concentrations of radio-nuclides in air are determined by measuring absolute alpha activities of particulates collected on air sampl...

This paper describes some techniques used in the design of high resolution gridded ionisation chambers for measurements of absolute activity of radionuclides. Details of the geometry of the system and its electrodes are presented; their shape and the spac...

A series of scoping calculations has been undertaken to evaluate the absolute and relative contributions of different radionuclides and exposure pathways to doses that may have been received by individuals living in the vicinity of the Hanford Site. This ...

A series of scoping calculations has been undertaken to evaluate the absolute and relative contributions of different radionuclides and exposure pathways to doses that may have been received by individuals living in the vicinity of the Hanford Site. This ...

In this paper we present a prototype of a new class of detectors, metallic magnetic calorimeters operating at cryogenic temperatures, which we are developing for absolute activity measurement of low-energy-emitting radionuclides. We explain the detection principle and give a detailed description of the realisation of the prototype, ...

This report describes the identification of radionuclides in the uranium, actinium, and thorium series by analysis of gamma spectra in the energy range of 40 to 1400 keV. Energies and absolute efficiencies for each gamma line were measured by means of a high-resolution germanium detector and compared with those in the literature. A gamma spectroscopy ...

This book contains 13 selections. Some of the titles are: Radionuclides and the Normal Bone Scan; The Radionuclide Bone Scan in Malignant Disease; Pediatric Applications of Radionuclide Bone Imaging; The Radionuclide Bone Scan in Arthritis and Metabolic and Miscellaneous Disorders; and Soft Tissue ...

There is a variety of different cosmogenic radionuclide-based reconstructions of solar activity variations for the past. Especially the longer-term changes and the absolute levels of past solar activity are uncertain as it is illustrated by the differences between these reconstructions. On the one hand there are ...

Radiostrontium is determined in sea water by precipitation from an aliquot in the presence of strontium carrier. Interfering radionuclides are removed by a series of precipitations and scavenges before the radiochemically pure strontium is precipitated as the oxalate. The absolute activity is determined by comparison with a ...

A series of scoping calculations has been undertaken to evaluate the absolute and relative contribution of different radionuclides and exposure pathways to doses that may have been received by individuals living in the vicinity of the Hanford site. This s...

Gamma spectral analysis of irradiated material can be used to determine absolute disintegration rates for specific radionuclides. These data, together with measured values for the thermal and epithermal neutron fluxes, and irradiation, cooling and counting time values, are all the experimental information required to do absolute ...

Large volume and small discrete sources of Tc-99m were used to study the spatial resolution, sensitivity, linearity and reproducibility of the radionuclide brain imager. The spatial resolution is constant both within and perpendicular to the section. For uniform distributions of activity the response is uniform over the field of view, and the mean pixel ...

A practical method has been developed to determine the absolute contents of elements in materials by charged-particle activation and gamma-ray spectroscopy. The n unknown weight fractions (fi) of the n elements in a sample are determined from the mathematical solution of a system of n equations obtained from their sum and from their ratios (ri): ri = fi/fj ...

The use of liquid scintillation counting as a fundamental radionuclide standardisation method requires a correct description of the physical phenomena induced by the interaction of the ionising radiation with the liquid scintillator. In particular the standardisation of radionuclides decaying by electron capture as 55Fe and other electron-capture nuclides, ...

The two-dimensional extrapolation technique and dead time extrapolation technique of 4pibeta-gamma-coincidence counting were used to standardize the activity of (67)Ga. The counting results of the two absolute counting techniques showed good agreement while the two-dimensional extrapolation technique could save about 50% of the total counting time in this ...

After a consideration of the strict theory of the arrangement known as the live-time integrator, it is shown how this may be applied to coincidence measurements in order to ascertain the various counting losses due to the dead times of the two channels, whatever the nature of the dead times. It is also shown for two particular cases that the proposed method also allows corrections to be ...

A new version of the tracer technique for measurements of EC radionuclides is presented. In the experiment, both the coincidence and anticoincidence methods were used simultaneously. This paper presents the results of 131Cs and 55Fe activity measurements when traced by 139Ce and by 54Mn. The results obtained by the tracer technique depend on the amount of ...

This book presents papers on isotope production. Topics considered include historical aspects of radioisotope production, nuclear physics fundamentals, activation techniques, the radiochemical processing of activated targets, reactor-produced radionuclides, short-lived positron emitting radionuclides, other ...

... Plasmodium falciparum: Role of Absolute Stereochemistry in the Antimalarial Activity of Synthetic Amino Alcohol Antimalarial Agents ...

... Title : Plasmodium Falciparum: Role of Absolute Stereochemistry in the Antimalarial Activity of Synthetic Amino Alcohol Antimalarial Agents. ...

In comparison to laboratory gamma-ray spectroscopy, in situ gamma-ray spectrometry characterizes a much larger volume of material, requires much less time to determine accurate radionuclide concentrations, and minimizes worker dose and the risk of radioactive contamination. However, the main limitation of in situ gamma-ray spectrometry lies in determining the depth ...

A series of scoping calculations has been undertaken to evaluate the absolute and relative contributions of different radionuclides and exposure pathways to doses that may have been received by individuals living in the vicinity of the Hanford Site. This scoping calculation (Calculation 004) examined the contributions of numerous ...

A shielded high purity germanium detector has been used to measure the abundance of U, Th and K in aggregate, sand and cement. The measurements were performed in order to demonstrate that the materials contained less than 10 ppm U and less than 20 ppm Th and were therefore suitable for the construction of a low background shielding enclosure. A particular feature of this work is the simplicity of ...

A method and apparatus for generating and maintaining an available supply of a radioactive eluate with at least a minimum level of activity is described. A relatively short-lived daughter radionuclide is produced by the radioactive decay of a relatively longer-lived radionuclide in a radionuclide ...

. Variations in radionuclides might arise if sediment transport processes are not spatially uniform of detector and analysed sediment samples on natural radionuclide activity concentra- tions and sediment grain- tive combination of the activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides 40K, ...

The determination of the radionuclide purity is more closely investigated by the example of the radionuclide generator. exp 99 Mo/sup(99m)Tc. A distinction is made between alpha -activities, gamma -activities and pure beta -emitters. The determination of ...

An artificial neural network (ANN) model for the prediction of measuring uncertainties in gamma-ray spectrometry was developed and optimized. A three-layer feed-forward ANN with back-propagation learning algorithm was used to model uncertainties of measurement of activity levels of eight radionuclides (226Ra, 238U, 235U, 40K, 232Th, 134Cs, 137Cs and 7Be) ...

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is currently developing multicoincidence systems to perform trace radionuclide analysis at or near the sample collection point, for applications that include emergency response, nuclear forensics, and environmental monitoring. Quantifying radionuclide concentrations with these systems requires a library of ...

Selection criteria for radionuclides to be used in radioimmunotherapy are reviewed. Among the topics covered are half-life, specific activity, type of emission, and ease of preparation. (AIP)

A monitoring program is described by which atomic radiation workers ar monitored for internal contamination with radionuclides in the workplace. The program involves analytical procedures for measuring alpha, beta and gamma activity in biological specimen...

The bulk of discharged radionuclides are adsorbed by the sediments in water courses. It follows from this that the volumetric activity of the water decreases with distance from the disposal point in an approximately exponential manner. However, the activi...

The potential of utilizing monoclonal antibodies as carriers of radionuclides for the selective destruction of tumors (radioimmunotherapy, RIT) has stimulated much research activity. From dosimetric and other considerations, the choice of radiolabel is an...

This brief survey summarizes the principles and practice of classical isothermal microcalorimetry for the primary standardization of the activity of radionuclides. Its advantages and some potential problems are highlighted through the discussion of several standardization examples.

Increased activity over the neck was observed on radionuclide angiograms of two patients with cervical lymphadenitis. This incidental finding should not be confused with other causes of locally increased perfusion. (auth)

...of transport. (4) Natural material and ores containing naturally occurring radionuclides which are not intended to be processed for use of these radionuclides, provided the activity concentration of the material does not exceed 10...

Absolute measurements of weak neutron fluxes were achieved by activated manganese. A scintillation gamma counter calibrated to 4- pi beta-gamma coincidences was used for measuring the absolute activity of Mn/sup 56/. (R.V.J.)

Radionuclides from FUSRAP wastes potentially may be taken up by plants during remedial action activities and permanent near-surface burial of contaminated materials. In order to better understand the propensity of radionuclides to accumulate in plant tiss...

This article describes a noninvasive method to derive quantitative radionuclide data from images of grafted dog mandibles including localization of the graft in sequential radionuclide images. The method permits comparison of bone repair activity between ...

The Daughter Inventory Generator (DIG) code accepts a tabulation of radionuclide initially present in a waste stream, specified as amounts present either by mass or by activity, and produces a tabulation of radionuclides present after a user-specified ela...

A case of Rhizopus osteromyelitis is described. The radionuclide and radiographic findings differ from those of osteomyelitis secondary to common pathogens: low-level radionuclide activity is observed, while soft-tissue swelling, periosteal reaction, and loss of fascial margins are absent.

In this thesis quantitative analyses of radionuclide concentrations in bioenergy fuels such as peat, wood chips and straw are presented. For comparison a brief description is included of radionuclide concentrations and radiation doses from other sources o...

Vertical profiles of environmental radionuclides (40K, 226Ra, 210Pb and 137Cs) were investigated in several temperate forest soils in Germany to estimate heterogeneity of the soil horizon of interest. Absolute values of the activity concentrations of these nuclides varied to a large extent depending on the properties of individual ...

(234)Th is a naturally occurring radionuclide being the daughter of (238)U. This paper presents the results obtained in a new evaluation of the nuclear data characterizing the (234)Th radioactive decay. The following decay characteristics have been evaluated: half-life, energies and probabilities of beta and gamma-ray transitions, internal conversion coefficients, energies and ...

The effect of multiple ?-ray interactions within a liquid scintillation detector caused by a single radionuclide decay event on ionisation quenching corrections has been determined. Ionisation quenching corrections to the energy deposition spectrum have been carried out over all electron-generating gamma interactions of the decay event. Comparison has been made with the ...

An electrostatic precipitation method is described for the individual alpha-particle activities associated with radionuclidic decays that trace their origin to sites in the surface layers of solid matter. The energy resolution is sufficient to resolve all of the detected, major alpha-particle groups of the identifying member(s) of the uranium, thorium, and ...

To see if the acute administration of verapamil improves diastolic filling in hypertension (HTN) and to evaluate the time course of this effect, the authors performed supine 40/sup 0/ equilibrium radionuclide angiography in 7 patients (pts.). Absolute LV volumes were measured using a correction for attenuation in each pt. Time activity ...

The detection efficiency of a scintillation counter can be deduced from the knowledge of the statistical distribution of the light emitted by the scintillator. When using traditional photomultiplier tubes (PMT), the resolution of the of photons' spectrum is limited by the multiplication factor of the first dynode. Even with a high-gain PMT, the resolution of the single electron peak is low and the ...

The radionuclide spectrum was determined for marine biological specimens and sea water from the Western Pacific Ocean folloving the Redwing shot series of 1956. Sampling in the Caroline lslands extended for a one year period to determine both the time-activity relationship for the transport of radionuclide by oceanic currents ...

Concentrations of fertilizer industry-derived P (up to 3.4%), Ca (up to 6.1%), (226)Ra (up to 744 Bq kg(-1)) and (210)Pb (up to 1317 Bq kg(-1)) at least one order of magnitude above natural levels were recorded in a sediment core from Morr�o River estuary (SE Brazil). Unsupported (210)Pb (= total (210)Pb-(226)Ra) activities unexplained by atmospheric fallout and deviations ...

A high count rate 4 pi beta - gamma coincidence counting system for the determination of absolute disintegration rates of short half-life radionuclides is described. With this system the dead time per pulse is minimized by not stretching any pulses beyond...

This report describes the identification of radionuclides in the uranium, actinium, and thorium series by analysis of gamma spectra in the energy range of 40 to 1400 keV. Energies and absolute efficiencies for each gamma line were measured by means of a h...

An original spectrometer was built to improve the measurement of the absolute emission intensities of radionuclides with converted low energy gamma transitions. In this spectrometer, the same Si(Li) detector simultaneously measures electrons and photons e...

... Title : INFLUENCE OF CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE PROPERTIES ON THE DETERMINATION OF CELLULASE ACTIVITY IN ABSOLUTE ...

... Descriptors : *TEST METHODS, *RADIO ALTIMETERS, ACTIVATION, OPERATIONAL READINESS, PERFORMANCE(ENGINEERING ...

Compare the graph of a linear function, the graph of an absolute-value function, and the graphs of their translations. Vary the coefficients and constants in the functions and investigate how the graphs change in response.

The Radiation Advisory Committee of the Science Advisory Board has completed its review of the Office of Drinking Water's evaluation of radionuclides in drinking water and four draft criteria documents that support the evaluation, including Man-Made Radionuclide Occurrence, Radium, Radon and Uranium. The Committee addressed four issues: the ...

A pressurised 4 pi gamma ionisation chamber is used by the AAEC as a working standard of measurement for the activity of radionuclides. The instrument has a high degree of stability and the uncertainty in its activity measurements is only marginally great...

The application of the 4?PC-? extrapolation-coincidence method for the absolute standardization of 22Na, 58Co, 65Zn, 192Ir is presented. All of these radionuclides decay by beta plus/minus-electron capture processes. Special techniques were applied to assure linearity conditions and to measure the annihilation quanta summation effect.

Cellulase activity has been determined in absolute terms for four different cellulases with eighteen different CM-celluloses as substrates. The investigated CM-celluloses rank the enzymic activity in the same order. Conversion factors of enzymic activity ...

A helium gas-jet system for the transport of fission products from the research reactor TRIGA Mainz has been developed, characterized and tested within the TRIGA-SPEC experiment. For the first time at TRIGA Mainz carbon aerosol particles have been used for the transport of radionuclides from a target chamber with high efficiency. The radionuclides have ...

OBJECTIVE: This review provides an update on the management of painful bone metastases, with an emphasis on radionuclide therapy, and introduces oligometastases and quantitative imaging evaluations for clinical trials. METHODS: The current use of radionuclides, alone and in combination with chemotherapy and radiation therapy for painful bone metastases, is ...

Base level fission product activity levels for Core 1, Seed 4 operations were below or equal to base levels observed for Seed 2 and Seed 3 operations. Assuming conservatively that the blanket andd seed contributed equally to fission product levels at start of Seed 4 life, the U-nat contamination level in the new seed was on the order of 4 ppm or less. ...

Operating experience with sodium-cooled fast reactors has shown that very major complications are caused by the deposition of the radionuclide /sup 54/Mn on the surfaces of the piping and equipment of the primary circuit. The experiments were performed on a convection loop with sodium and with a source of radioactive manganese. Flat specimens of austenitic chromium-nickel ...

Radionuclides from FUSRAP wastes potentially may be taken up by plants during remedial action activities and permanent near-surface burial of contaminated materials. In order to better understand the propensity of radionuclides to accumulate in plant tissue, soil and plant factors influencing the uptake and accumulation of ...

This work outlines the quality assurance program for the activity measurements of the most used radionuclides at Brazilian Nuclear Medicine Services (NMS). The program aims to guarantee that the patient is given the correct prescribed amount of activity in diagnostic or therapeutic applications. This accurate administration depends ...

In the absence of historic geochemical baseline data for the Grants uranium region, environmental changes resulting from uranium mine-mill activities can be determined only by indirect methods. A methodology for determining the age of recent sediments in streams draining the region has been established based on combined geomorphic, stratigraphic, and radiometric dating ...

In this work, the activities of radionuclides in a marine sediment sample have been determined. The gamma spectrometer comprises an N type coaxial HPGe detector with active shielding to reduce cosmic background. The mass activities of radionuclides have been derived and found to be around a few ...

for the transport of the two radionuclides in ques tion, neptunium-237 and plutonium-242. Such an effort should and transport any radionuclide released from the 8 #12;Board Activities waste packages. Radionuclides could holds that fluid flow and advective radionuclide transport in the ...

The NRC has a broad responsibility to regulate the civilian use of nuclear materials and facilities to ensure public health and safety, national security, and environmental quality. To develop a data base necessary to the effective handling of this responsibility, the NRC has sponsored studies to examine the economic activity associated with the nuclear power industry and the ...

In 1986-1987, a set of experimental sites for studies of vertical migration of radionuclides released from the ChNPP was established in the ChNPP Exclusion Zone for various fallout plumes. The sites were selected considering local terrain and geo-chemical conditions, as well as physical and chemical characteristics of the fallout. The experimental sites included grasslands, ...

Strontium-89 is an important radiotherapy nuclide in bone palliation. The standardization of 59Sr has been performed at the National Office of Measures (OMH) within the frame of the BIPM CCRI(II)-K2.Sr-89 key comparison. The activity concentration of the 89Sr solution was measured by two different methods. The conventional 4pi beta counting technique was used with two ...

The theoretical principles of neutron density measurements by the activation method are briefly shown. The experimental method consisting in phosphorus activation followed by absolute measurement of its activity in liquid scintillator is described. Some results of measurements in the reactor are included. ...

The semiempirical approach to the construction of adequate models of the activity distribution in the AST-1 primary coolant circuit is considered. sup 38 Cl and sup 59 Fe radionuclides are analyzed for an example of effect of the model parameters on calcu...

This report investigates potential liability from activities at Hanford. The following topics are discussed: Contained inventory of radionuclides; Released inventory of radionuclides; Meteorological dispersion and deposition; Exposure criteria; Contamination areas; Economic factors; and Apportionment of damage costs in Canada.

RADC calculates the activity in the fuel elements, circulating activity in the primary coolant, and plateout on surfaces exposed to the primary coolant using data defining radionuclide birth, decay, release, plateout (deposition) and removal.

Predicting the potential migration of metals and radionuclides from waste pits and trenches will require understanding the effects of carbon and electron flow through these environments. Important aspects of this flow include the physiological activity of...

In this paper, a process for a rapid measurement in the field of the radionuclides gamma activities in soil, with the right calibration factors, is showed. This method is useful for simple and quickly gamma-analysis in environmental study or during nuclea...

Biogeochemical activity is an ongoing and dynamic process due to bacterial activity in the subsurface. Bacteria contribute significantly to biotransformation of metals and radionuclides. As basic science reveals more information about specific mechanisms ...

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory maintains an in vivo measurement program designed to identify and evaluate the activity of radionuclides deposited in the body. Two types of systems are primarily used for the routine monitoring of radiation workers,...

...containing naturally occurring radionuclides that are not intended to be processed for use of these radionuclides, provided the activity concentration of the material does not...for which the activity concentration is not greater than...

...if different than recipient's address); (D) Radionuclides and activity level in TBq, both for single and aggregate...location, and address (if different than above); (D) Radionuclides and activity level in TBq, both for single and...

The Daughter Inventory Generator (DIG) code accepts a tabulation of radionuclide initially present in a waste stream, specified as amounts present either by mass or by activity, and produces a tabulation of radionuclides present after a user-specified elapsed time. This resultant radionuclide inventory ...

anticoincidence shielding to reduce background ... with each other and in anticoincidence with an active veto shield. For radionuclides ...

The aim of this work is quantifying the radionuclidic impurities of the irradiated [(18)O]water originated by the [(18)F]FDG synthesis process, and characterizing, from a radioprotection point of view, the waste streams produced. Two samples of 2.4ml [(18)O]H(2)O, contained in two different target cells, have been irradiated with a proton current of 37?A in a PETtrace ...

Radionuclide Imaging (MIBG Scintigraphy); Exercise Test; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Sympathetic Nerve Activity; Catecholamines

This handbook is a reference source of radionuclide and radiation protection information. Its purpose is to provide users of radionuclides in medicine, research and industry with consolidated and appropriate information and data to handle and transport radioactive substances safely. It is mainly intended for users in low and intermediate ...

Targeted radionuclide therapy is being actively investigated as a potential cancer therapy modality. The relationship between absorbed dose and tumor response or normal organ toxicity is important in optimizing radionuclide therapy. Current understanding of this relationship is almost completely derived from external beam rather than ...

In order to understand the distribution of radionuclides in the newly discovered high background area in Ullal near Mangalore, soil and sand samples collected from different depths were analyzed for the concentration of primordial radionuclides by gamma spectrometry. The activity of 232Th and 238U in soil and sand was observed to be ...

In Nuclear Medicine, radionuclides are used in the detection and the treatment for cancers and others diseases. We must obtain, for therapeutic purposes, solutions of radionuclides in the required chemical form, with an high specific activity (AS). To reach our goal we must, first, obtain no-carrier-added (NCA) solutions. In this work ...

SRM can be used to quickly compare relative values relating to risk for many environmental management activities or alternatives at US DOE sites. Purpose of this guide is to provide the user with the essential values and decision points for each model variable. The numerical results are useful for ranking and screening purposes and should not be compared directly against ...

This report presents an overview of experimental and theoretical work on radionuclide release from spent fuel and uranium dioxide (UO/sub 2/) under geologic disposal conditions. The purpose of the report is to provide a source book of information that can be used to develop models that describe radionuclide release from spent fuel waste packages. Modeling ...

The determination of absolute neutron fluxes by white beam activation of thick gold foils in conjunction with spectral analysis by time-of-flight monitors is described. A numerical integration procedure is presented and the method applied to determining t...

A review of the usefulness and accuracy of methods for absolute measurements of the activity of isotopes is given. The solid angle and BETA -- gamma coincidence methods are described and results compared with the results of measurement of standards from The National Physical Laboratory, England. (auth)

Samples of high purity beryllium, aluminum, and iron were analyzed for trace amounts of 62 possible elemental impurities by measuring the gamma activities of radionuclides produced by neutron activation. Ten elements were determined by nondestructive techniques after bombarding a portion of the sample for 10 seconds and making ...

Use a number line to compare numbers. Change values by dragging points on the number line. Compare the opposites and absolute values of the numbers.

density at absolute zero and at temperature T; AH is the activation .... The components of alloys ordinarily diffuse at unlike rates. ...

... source in water and in two aluminum and water mixtures. ... By use of experimentally determined counting efficiencies, absolute saturation activities ...

... activities are permitted in specified areas. However, tour business operation by the reserve administration is absolutely prohibited. The ... ...

This activity uses the CHRONOS website to determine the absolute age of a portion of the geological time scale through the construction and use of a calibration curve

... Valley Caldera, Mono County, California, 1985, USGS Water Resources Investiga ... and A. Ryall, Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath ...