A PBS/NOVA lesson (with optional accompanying video) for which students will build and calibrate a thermometer, demonstrate the concept of temperature, measure temperature, and learn the history of the invention of the thermometer and the idea of absolute zero.

Jan 6, 2010 ... An absolute temperature scale invented in the 1800's by William Thompson, Lord Kelvin. It places the zero point of the scale at absolute zero, ...

... CRYOGENICS - THE SCIENCE DEALING WITH THE BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS AT TEMPERATURES CLOSE TO ABSOLUTE ZERO - HAS ...

Sep 9, 2004 ... This page briefly introduces the (slightly bogus) concept of negative absolute temperatures (temperatures below absolute zero.) The page has ...

We present a simple computer-based laboratory experiment for evaluating absolute zero in degrees Celsius, which can be performed in college and undergraduate physical sciences laboratory courses. With a computer, absolute zero apparatus can help demonstrators or students to observe the relationship between ...

This guide provides recommendations for curricular modules on low temperature physics. Designed for teachers and informal educators of middle school students. this guide complements the Absolute Zero Community Education Outreach Guide. Suggestions on leading discussions, increasing student participation, and the use of inquiry are ...

... Although superconductivity was first discovered in 1911, temperatures near absolute zero were required for their operation, and so large-scale ...

density at absolute zero and at temperature T; AH is the activation .... The components of alloys ordinarily diffuse at unlike rates. ...

This investigation uses the relationship between volume and temperature to reinforce the ideal gas law. It also uses the data collected to find absolute zero.

Mar 1, 1998 ... Would the temperature be really cold or what? ... So, it it becomes so cold that the molecules stop all together, then this is the "absolute zero" ...

Keywords: ABSOLUTE ZERO; ASTROPHYSICS; CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE; NEUTRON STARS; STELLAR STRUCTURE; ASTROPHYSICS; CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE; NEUTRON STAR; ...

Jul 5, 2007 ... Keywords: ABSOLUTE ZERO; ASTROPHYSICS; CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE; NEUTRON STARS; STELLAR STRUCTURE; ASTROPHYSICS; CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE; NEUTRON ...

A previous quantum cell-model development is expanded to treat the solid-superfluid phase transition and the zero-momentum occupation at temperatures other than absolute zero. Application is made to liquid He II, which is studied at various pressures out ...

that are expected if the magnetic phase boundary extended smoothly to absolute zero temperature, i.e., to a magnetic temperature where the superconducting and magnetic phase boundaries meet. This first order or weakly first absolute zero temperature, ...

discovered to have superconducting transition temperatures eventually reaching above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 degrees Kelvin above absolute zero). Initially, these...

Low-temperature physicists are surpassing nature, using dilution refrigeration, Pomeranchuk cooling and nuclear demagnetization to investigate phenomena hitherto unknown in the universe.

In this cold region inside the telescope, electric motors and some motor controls must operate at temperatures near 40 K (40 degrees above absolute zero) . ...

The third type of emission is the familiar thermal or blackbody radiation, i.e., emission emitted by any body with a temperature above absolute zero. ...

Superconductors are materials which exhibit zero electrical resistance at temperatures near absolute zero, supporting current densities in the order of 100,000 amperes per sq cm in the filamentary wire form. When wound into magnets helium cooled supercond...

Laser cooling and ion trapping have progressed to such an extent that one can now speak of realizing a confined atom at absolute zero temperature. In this short publication, we analyze an experiment toward such realization using a single Ba⁺ ion in a miniature rf trap. The Ba⁺ ion is first ...

This guide provides curricular resources for study of the history and science of the quest for ever colder temperature. Designed for teachers and informal educators of middle school students. this guide offers hands-on demonstrations, questions to encourage student participation, suggestions for class activities, and ways to encourage students to continue studying the science. ...

The Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales, we tell our students, are related. We explain that a change in temperature of 1 degree C corresponds to a change of 1 Kelvin and that atoms and molecules have zero kinetic energy at zero Kelvin, -273 degrees C. In this paper, we will show how students can derive the ...

"Superconductivity is a phenomenon observed in several metals and ceramic materials. When these materials are cooled to temperatures ranging from near absolute zero (-459 degrees Fahrenheit, 0 degrees Kelvin, -273 degrees Celsius) to liquid nitrogen temperatures (-321 F, 77 K, -196 C), they have no electrical ...

Magnetic heat pumps have been successfully used for refrigeration applications at near absolute-zero-degree temperatures. In these applications, a temperature lift of a few degrees in a cryogenic environment is sufficient and can be easily achieved by a s...

The concept of an intrinsically irreversible heat engine is examined as a means of obtaining temperatures near absolute zero. These engines use the irreversible process of thermal conduction to achieve the necessary phasing between temperature changes and motion of a primary medium and therefore have only one ...

This paper presents a straightforward but interesting experimental method for p-n diode characterization. The method differs substantially from many approaches in diode characterization by offering much tighter control over the temperature and current variables. The method allows the determination of important diode constants such as temperature ...

This site offers an interactive tutorial in which students students repeat Charles's historical experiments and use the experimental data to formulate the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas and to determine absolute zero. This tutorial is coupled to others to further guide the student to a better understanding of ...

Microwave radiometry is the spectral measurement technique of resolving electromagnetic radiation of all matters which temperature is above absolute zero. This technique utilized the electromagnetic noise field generated by a thermal volume similar to a m...

The free energy of a charged BOLTZMANN gas for low temperature is calculated using the method of collective coordinates. The results are exact at high density. The results are also applicable to a charged boson gas at absolute zero.

We have calculated the effect of impurity scattering in the Born (weak) and unitary (strong) limits on the absolute value of the zero-temperature penetration depth [lambda](0). The gap is taken to exhibit [ital d][sub [ital x

We consider a dilute hard-sphere Bose gas in random external potentials at low temperatures, in {ital D}=3, using the technique of pseudopotentials and the Bogoliubov transformation. At absolute zero, the random potentials can deplete the Bose condensate, though not completely. On the other hand, they generate an amount of normal fluid ...

We have performed longitudinal ultrasound (9.5 MHz) attenuation measurements in the B phase of superfluid {sup 3}He in 98% porosity aerogel down to the zero temperature limit for a wide range of pressures at zero magnetic field. The absolute attenuation was determined by direct transmission of sound pulses. ...

have no knowledge of what energy is." He probably was trying to make a point of diversity the molecules) as if a gas molecules are material points with real velocities and mass but zero space dimension scale as opposed to "visible" mechanical, bulk energy. Absolute Zero Temperature refers to a system

Efforts by the Colorado contingent to Fermilab experiment E516 are described which improve the reliability of the drift chamber absolute t-zeros. (GHT)

If the Sun stopped shining, how long would the Earth cool to Absolute Zero in a few days? The Earth cannot drop to Absolute Zero because the universe would ...

... Title : Wavelength and Temperature Dependence of the Absolute Reflectance of Metals at Visible and Infrared Wavelengths. ...

There is a teacher's guide thats extremely helpful to teachers. In a virtual lab, students will learn about the process of extremely cold temperatures. In the States of Matter activity,students will adjust temperature and pressure, and watch as gases become liquids, liquids harden into solids, and more. There is an activity that allows you to make your own ...

Absolute/Convective Instabilities. The concept of absolute and convective insta- ... absolute instability occurs when the zero lies on the real o axis. ...

The performance in finite time of a discrete heat engine with internal friction is analyzed. The working fluid of the engine is composed of an ensemble of noninteracting two level systems. External work is applied by changing the external field and thus the internal energy levels. The friction induces a minimal cycle time. The power output of the engine is optimized with respect to time allocation ...

Weekday NEWS ARCHIVE TOPICS FORUM PHOTOS LINKS Web www.universetoday. com Coldest Temperature Ever Created). At absolute zero (-273?Celsius or - 460?Fahrenheit), all motion stops, except for tiny atomic vibrations in precision measurements by allowing better atomic clocks and sensors for gravity and rotation," said Dr

From the standpoint of the Nernst heat theorem this article mathematically investigates the thermal expansion and outflow of helium 4 from one reservoir through a throttling orifice and into a second reservoir in the form of a cylinder containing a weightless piston and set at a lower pressure than the original reservoir. The thermodynamic behavior of helium 4 during this process at ...

We have measured the thermal conductivity ?, the resistivity, and the AC susceptibility of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox single crystals. The zero resistivity transition temperature varies from 93 to 95 K for different samples. Weak temperature dependence and absolute value of ? of our crystals in the ...

In the superconductive computer art, high-speed superconductive switching devices make use of extremely thin-film electrically conductive components capable of being switched between superconductive and resistive states at temperatures close to absolute zero. One of the most useful superconductive metals for such high-speed computer ...

A molybdenum single crystal prepared by electron-beam zone refining was examined using ultrasonic measurements. Longitudinal pulses of 239-Mc/sec were propagated along the STA100! crystallographic direction at temperatures from 1.1 to 0.5 deg K to obtain energy gap and critical field data. The critical field at absolute zero ...

The phase diagram of (Fe(1-x) Mn(x))(3)C has been investigated by means of density-functional theory (DFT) calculations at absolute zero temperature. The atomic distributions of the metal atoms are not random-like as previously proposed but we find three different, ordered regions within the phase range. The key role is played by the ...

We discuss the dependence of the normal-state electrical resistivity on temperature and magnetic field for granular aluminum near the metal-insulator transition. For specimens with sufficiently high room-temperature resistivities the temperature dependence is similar to that of hoping conduction, suggesting that at ...

The Gross-Pitaevskii-type equation is solved for the charge Bose liquid in an external magnetic field at zero temperature. There is a vortex lattice with locally broken charge neutrality. Remarkably, there is no upper critical field at zero temperature, so the density of single flux-quantum vortices monotonously ...

Stem thermocouple hygrometers were subjected to transient and stable thermal gradients while in contact with reference solutions of NaCl. Both dew point and psychrometric voltages were directly related to zero offset voltages, the latter reflecting the size of the thermal gradient. Although slopes were affected by absolute temperature, ...

Because of the mathematical difficulties encountered in the solution of the rigorous nonlinear problem of oscillations in plasma, only three particular cases were considered. Oscillations occurring upon interaction of an electron beam with the plasma at absolute zero were studied. The excitation of plasma by an infinite charged plane was ...

The acoustoelectric effect in the YZ-LiNbO3-YBa2Cu3O(7-x) film structure is investigated. At 300 K, the sign of the acousto-emf is positive, i.e., it corresponds to the hole conductivity. At temperatures less than or approximately equal to Tc = 98 K, the acousto-emf sharply drops to zero (95 K), changes its sign, and increases in ...

The Newtonian (zero shear rate) viscosities of four different softwood kraft black liquors from a four variable-two level factorially designed experiment for pulping slash pine were determined for solids concentrations up to 84% and temperatures up to 140 C (413.2 K). Methods of measurement and estimation of zero shear rate viscosities ...

Measurements are presented of the pressure and magnetic temperature coordinates of the phase diagram of liquid /sup 3/He using a powdered Ce/sub 0.05/La/sub 0.95/ magnesium nitrate thermometer in the shape of a right circular cylinder with diameter equal to height. The lowest magnetic temperature observed with the thermometer is 0.41 mK. The magnetic ...

The thermal properties of cold dense nuclear matter are investigated with chiral perturbation theory. The evolution curves for the baryon number density, baryon number susceptibility, pressure and the equation of state are obtained. The chiral condensate is calculated and our result shows that when the baryon chemical potential goes beyond $1150 \\mathrm{MeV}$, the absolute ...

We measured the slippage of nonsuperfluid 4He films adsorbed on two kinds of substrates, grafoil and hectorite, and found that a large part of these films undergo slipping at low temperatures. Furthermore, it was found that the 4He areal density dependence of the slippage is rather different between these substrates. In hectorite, the slippage is inhibited as the fluid state ...

Hydrostatic pressure coupled with temperatures near absolute zero has proven to be an extremely important environment in the study of the Fermi surface and electronic structure of metals. This environment allows critical testing of theoretical models for the electronic structure and allows access to regions of the phase diagram of the ...

are ubiquitous, chances are pretty good that life is too. Planets, like dandeli- ons, crop up in the darnedest they be so gra- cious as to host life? A planet would have to snuggle up awfully close to be in the cozy of the mission's life, it has been a frosty 1.5 kelvins--nearly absolute zero, or the temperature at which all

This page showcases research conducted at Massachusetts Institute of Technology on the laser-cooling of macroscopic materials, in order to observe quantum effects. The material--a dime-sized mirror--was suspended with laser beams and cooled to temperatures near 0.8 degrees Kelvin. The site also provides images of the experimental apparatus and the researchers.

at high frequencies and in strong magnetic fields. The interaction between ultrasounds and conduction frequencies and in strong magnetic fields. The interaction of conduc- tion electrons with ultrasounds is via. The interesting temperature is very near absolute zero. 3 Since we are interested in the high-frequency region

expensive. Today's conceptual designs of future commercial MFE (magnetic fusion energy) power plants provide for cryogenic refrigeration plants needed to maintain the magnets' temperature near absolute zero, direct costs, individually manufactured, transported, and assembled at the plant site. Demountable magnets for fusion

of light, acceleration of gravity at the Earth's surface, density of water, temperature of absolute zero compared to water? d) The density of typical rocks at the Earth's surface is about 2.5 g/cm3 . What can you dropped an empty and a full coke bottle from a height of 2.5 m. Assume that the full coke bottle has

Absolute thermodynamic properties can be extracted for complex molecules which are described algebraically. By exploiting some group theoretical properties of the Hamiltonians, which often include large anharmonicities, the partition function, and properly normalized density of states can be found. When the first few energies of the system are known, one can extend the results ...

In a letter to one of the authors, Sir Nevill Mott, then in his tenth decade, highlighted the fact that the statement '... a metal conducts, and a non-metal doesn't' can be true only at the absolute zero of temperature, T=0 K. But, of course, experimental studies of metals, non-metals and, indeed, the electronic and thermodynamic ...

... 1, . . ., s sub p. Using Kuranishi's infinite analytic mappings, the last non-zero integer among s sub o, s sub 1, . . . s sub p is an absolute invariant. ...

The temperature variations of first-, second- and third-sound velocity and attenuation coefficients in one-dimensional superfluid helium are evaluated explicitly for very low temperatures and frequencies (omega s tau << 1, where omega s is the sound frequency and tau the characteristic time), by using the collisionless kinetic equation and superfluid ...

The temperature variations of first-, second-, and third-sound velocity and attenuation coefficients in one-dimensional superfluid helium are evaluated explicitly for very low temperatures and frequencies (..omega../sub s/tau<<1, where ..omega../sub s/ is the sound frequency and tau the characteristic time), by using the collisionless kinetic ...

Initial results are presented of a systematic investigation of mechanical properties of solids, primarily metals and alloys, at temperatures close to absolute zero. At temperatures of 300, 78, 4.2, and 1.6 deg F, tensile stressstrain curves were obtained and mechanical strength was measured of Al, Pb, Cu, ...

The method of long waves is used to show that the anharmonic contribution to the Helmholtz free energy of crystals has a lowest order temperature dependence of T/sup 4/ at low temperatures. The anharmonic correction to the low-temperature Debye temperature is obtained in terms of the ratio of the ...

The dielectric formulation of the many-body problem is applied to the study of the static correlations in electron liquids at non-zero temperatures. The intermediate-coupling effects arising form the exchange and Coulomb correlations are taken into account through a local-field correction factor obtained from quantal extensions of classical fluid integral ...

A bibliography is presented on electrode potential of zero charge. The 49 references are arranged alphabetically by the author. (M.C.G.)

The Baonza and mGLJ equations of state (EOS) modified previously to consider the thermal effect are applied to study the thermodynamic properties of Zirconium (Zr). It is proposed that the zero-point vibration term should be deleted in a thermal EOS, and the parameters cannot be directly taken as experimental data at a reference temperature, VR, BR, B'R ...

The present least-squares fit calculation of the equation of state for ammonia-water liquid has yielded results for the zero-100 wt pct NH3, 170-300 K temperature, and zero-10 kb pressure parameter ranges. In conjunction with solid density and thermodynamic measurements, the present calculated and measured liquid densities are used to ...

charge carried by both Confinement: Colored objects unobservable Confinement: Theory � Zero temperature: Orthogonal In general various tensor structures Lorentz Color Confinement � Zero temperature: Vertices structures Lorentz Color Practical calculations limited to a selection Confinement � ...

Mar 9, 2001 ... The paper describes the cooling of a mixture of the two isotopes of ... By cooling the mixture to within a microdegree of absolute zero, ...

Nov 17, 1997 ... is the penetration depth in the superconducting film. The subscripts g and s refer to ... refers to the penetration depth at absolute zero. ...

semiconductors are insulators at absolute zero with conductivities less than ... semiconductor's device properties. In fact, it is the ability to precisely ...

... permits continuous and independent variation in any direction of the velocity of two stimulus patterns from zero (below the absolute threshold) to a ...

Magnetic refrigeration has been used for cryogenic cooling at temperatures near absolute zero for many years. In these cases, a single-step adiabatic demagnetization method that does not provide continuous refrigeration is commonly used. The possibilities of providing continuous cooling through magnetic refrigeration cycles and of ...

Magnetic refrigeration has been used for cryogenic cooling at temperatures near absolute zero for many years. In these cases, a single-step adiabatic demagnetization method that does not provide continuous refrigeration is commonly used. The possibilities of providing continuous cooling through magnetic refrigeration cycles and of ...

The change of the Curie temperature due to hydrostatic pressure was measured for two iron-nickel alloys with a nickel concentration of 30 and 32 atomic percent respectively. Hydrostatic pressure was produced with an apparatus of Bridgman�s type and the measurements of magnetization were performed by the ballistic method. The change of the Curie ...

... Title : WALL TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE ZERO-LIFT VISCOUS DRAG OF BLUNTED CONES IN RAREFIED SUPERSONIC FLOW. ...

Explore the basics of combustion in this NOVA-created interactive resource appropriate for grades 8-12. It contains a set of simulations that promote understanding of how fire ignites and how chemical reactions rearrange the molecules of burning material. In the first simulation, users drag atoms to initiate hydrogen gas combustion. In the second simulation, students "break apart" a methane ...

It is shown that the existence of two superconducting phases in the compound YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-{epsilon}} is a consequence of alternating (as {epsilon} varies) dominant contributions to the BCS pairing from two branches of the effective vibrational frequencies of the apical O(4) atoms, which form a bistable sublattice. The concentration ranges for the existence of these phases are ...

Superfluidity of liquid H4e confined in one-dimensional (1D) nanometer-size channels has been studied by means of a torsional oscillator. When the channel is larger than 2.8 nm in diameter, liquid H4e becomes superfluid at low temperatures and a dissipation due to quantized vortex is observed. The superfluid onset temperature is 1.8 K at 0.14 MPa for ...

Equation of State (Ideal Gas) Answers. To convert a Fahrenheit temperature to an absolute temperature, add 459.69 degrees. (The absolute temperature scale ...

... Title : Absolute Absorption Cross Section Measurements of Ozone and the Temperature Dependence at Four Reference Wavelengths Leading to ...

This radio broadcast contains a discussion with the author of a book about history, heat, and the quest for absolute zero. Absolute zero, (-273.15 degrees Celsius), the temperature at which all molecules stop moving entirely, is ultimately cold. Research into what ...

... A discussion is given of the theory of measuring the temperature of plasmas in combustion chambers and MHD ducts by recording the absolute ...

The conditions for stability of the spin system at positive and negative absolute temperatures are discussed. It is concluded that a thermodynamical system may exist in an equilibrium state at negative absolute temperatures and the condition for stability of this system is connected with the positive (at ...

Difficulties in ensuring and maintaining the purity of zero gases are discussed. A zero gas is a gas which, when introduced into a pollution monitoring instrument, produces no detectable change in response relative to absolute zero on the instrument scale selected for measurements. Zero gases, ...

The thermodynamic properties of the alkaline earth metals in the condensed state have been critically reassessed, and recommended values for all of the relevant thermodynamic properties are given. These values are compared with those published in recent reviews by the staff at the Institute for High Temperatures (Moscow) and the National Bureau of Standards (Washington, DC), ...

Changes with temperature of x-ray intensities of the 001 reflections in ice and heavy ice are investigated. From these the amplitudes of thermal motion of oxygen and hydrogen atoms are determined separately. This can be accomplished since only hydrogen atoms contribute to the 004 reflection. The thermal amplitudes of the oxygen atoms, which represent molecular ...

The martensitic transformation in the A-15-structure compounds causes a drastic change of the electronic structure in the vicinity of the Fermi level, and as a result the mixed state of the compounds becomes highly anisotropic. In a previous paper, it was shown that the domains elongated along an applied field in V/sub 3/Si become unstable when the field strength exceeds a critical value and this ...

The work presented herein is a study of the effect of temperature on the absolute permeability to distilled water of unconsolidated sandstones at one confining pressure. The absolute permeability to distilled water of Ottawa silica sand was not dependent on the temperature level.

The purpose of development work on the Johnson noise power thermometer (JNPT) was to apply the work of Nyquist, who showed that the mean-squared noise voltage spectrum appearing across an unloaded resistor of the value R is given by anti e sub n (2) = 4hfR (exp(hf/kT) - 1)) where anti e sub n (2) has the units volts squared per unit frequency, and h and k are the Planck and Boltzmann constants, ...

The purpose of development work on the Johnson noise power thermometer (JNPT) was to apply the work of Nyquist, who showed that the mean-squared noise voltage spectrum appearing across an unloaded resistor of value R is given by anti e sub n (2) = 4hfR (exp(hf/kT) - 1)) where anti e sub n (2) has the units volts squared per unit frequency, and h and k are the Planck and Boltzmann constants, ...

Properties of solutions to superfluid hydrodynamic equations as applied to the degenerate Bose gas are considered. The equations are split into two independent pairs of equations. One pair is written for the normal component implies the instability of solutions, which manifests itself in the majorant catastrophe with respect to the total density. The case when the thermodynamic functions depend on ...

A quantum-lattice-gas model of He3-He4 mixtures is proposed which includes the effects of the Bose and Fermi statistics. The effect of the hard-core interaction between all particles is included by altering the commutation relations of the field operators. The phase diagram of the model is obtained within mean-field theory under conditions of constant normal density and constant pressure. The ...

S>A calculation scheme suitable for studying the ground state of many- body Bose quantum systems with strong forces is developed. The calculation scheme is basel on the nodeless property of ihe ground-state wave function and is capable of yielding in some cases upper and lower bounds on the ground-state energy and corresponding wave functions. From a treatment of liquid helium in the ...

The nonspherically symmetric solutions to the BardeenCooper-Sehrieffer theory are given a physical interpretation in terms of an anisotropic fluid model. An investigation of the flow properties of such systems is made that involves the calculation of the effective mass for flow in a straight charnel and the moment of inertia of a cylindrical container of the liquid. The angular dependent ...

The interrelation of the elastic modulus, thermal-expansion coefficient, and specific heat of a transformed phase relative to the untransformed phase is calculated assuming a particular but useful form of the thermodynamic potential. For second-order phase transitions where this potential applies, measurements of modulus, expansion, and specific heat can yield the general (longitudinal as ...

Two metheds for measurement of dynamical compressibillty of substances are described which are based on determination of the kinematical parameters of shock waves, their velocity of propagation and the mass velocity of the substance behind the front. The adiabates of shock compressibility of iron possessing various initial densities were determined by these methods in the pressure range ...

We derive a general quantum formula giving the mean-square displacement of a diffusing particle as a function of time. Near 0 K we find a universal logarithmic behavior (valid for times longer than the relaxation time), and deviations from classical behavior can also be significant at larger values of time and temperature. Our derivation depends neither on the specific ...

Cosmic Mechanics is the first complete cosmology derived specifically for an expanding universe. It provides insights into the origin, composition, expansion, geometry, and structure of the universe. It is based on the premise that the laws of nature are universal, non-varying, and mechanically obeyed. CMB analyses indicate that time, motion, and energy are absolute. Cosmic ...

Center, we have measured the absolute refractive index of five specimens ... temperature-dependent Sellmeier fits of measured refractive index are also ...

It is shown on purely phenomenological grounds that for systems in equilibrium at negative absolute temperatures all the usual thermodynamic potentials, in particular the energy, attain a maximum value instead of a minimum value. (auth)

for Congo (Zaire) for July to December 1911. Tables contain the following data: monthly absolute temperature; monthly absolute total maximum and minimum ...

The effective neutron temperature in cold hydrogenous solid moderators is analyzed in phonon approximation with use made of two simple models representing the frequency distribution of lattice vibrations; and simple relations are derived between the variation of the effective neutron temperature and the moderator temperature, ...

... ANCILLARY ZERO TREND LEVELS AS A MEANS TO ELUCIDATE MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT DERIVED TROPOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE ...

... of the contour at 25 ... Piezoelectric resonators, Contoured resonators, Zero ... ELECTRODES, PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS, CUTTING, CONTOURS. ...

The research on the cooling law began with an article by Newton published in 1701. Later, many studies were performed by other scientists confirming or confuting Newton's law. This paper presents a description and an interpretation of Newton's article, provides a short overview of the research conducted on the topic during the 18th century, and discusses the relationships between the research on ...

The research on the cooling law began with an article by Newton published in 1701. Later, many studies were performed by other scientists confirming or confuting Newton's law. This paper presents a description and an interpretation of Newton's article, provides a short overview of the research conducted on the topic during the 18th century, and discusses the relationships between the research on ...

Phase separation in liquid mixtures of He3 and He4 at temperatures close to 0�K is discussed on the basis of the isotopic impurity models of Pomeranchuk and Zharkov and Silin. It is predicted that for He3-rich mixtures the phase separation line is asymptotic to the temperature axis as T-->0, so that phase separation should occur in extremely dilute ...

We report linear thermal expansion and magnetostriction measurements for CeRu2Si2 in magnetic fields up to 52.6 mT and at temperatures down to 1 mK. At high temperatures, this compound showed Landau-Fermi-liquid behavior: The linear thermal expansion coefficient and the magnetostriction coefficient were proportional to the temperature ...

Hydrogen arranges at dislocations in palladium to form nanoscale hydrides, changing the vibrational spectra. An ab initio hydrogen potential energy model versus Pd neighbor distances allows us to predict the vibrational excitations for H from absolute zero up to room temperature adjacent to a partial dislocation and with strain. Using ...

We present the results of measurements of modal birefringence and temperature sensitivity of birefringent holey fibers fabricated by Fiber Optic Group, University of Marie Curie-Sklodowska (UMCS) in Lublin, Poland. The birefringence measurements were carried out in a wide spectral range of 0.63 - 1.57 ?m in two fibers with different hole diameters and pitch distances. Our ...

The original proposal by Professor A.S. Davydov of a soliton mechanism for localization and transport of energy along linear chain molecules provided the impetus for several research efforts which have explored the properties of these nonlinear entities in differing degrees of realism. The general conclusion from all of this work is that the nonlinear equations of motion which have been used to ...

A quantum critical point (QCP) develops in a material at absolute zero when a new form of order smoothly emerges in its ground state. QCPs are of great current interest because of their singular ability to influence the finite temperature properties of materials. Recently, heavy-fermion metals have played a key role in the study of ...

We have calibrated four major ground-based photometric systems with respect to the Hubble Space Telescope absolute flux scale, which is defined by Vega and four fundamental DA white dwarfs. These photometric systems include the Johnson-Kron-Cousins UBVRI, the Stromgren uvby filters, the 2MASS JHKs and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey ugriz filters. Synthetic magnitudes are ...

We have calibrated four major ground-based photometric systems with respect to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) absolute flux scale, which is defined by Vega and four fundamental DA white dwarfs. These photometric systems include the Johnson-Kron-Cousins UBVRI, the Str�mgren uvby filters, the Two Micron All Sky Survey JHKs, and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey ugriz filters. ...

The Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) measured water skin temperatures at four of the Multi-spectral Thermal Imager (MTI) core sites. The depression of the skin temperature relative to the bulk water temperature ((Delta) T) a few centimeters below the surface is a complex function of the weather conditions, turbulent mixing in ...

... data and absolute bird counts. This will entail learning R (programming language) and using methods such as zero-inflated poisson ... ...

... Abstract : The absolutely calibrated infrared (IR) stellar spectra of standard ... traditional role as the primary visible or near-infrared standard star ...

The Podcast: Why do Scientists Want to Cool a Gas to such Extremes? is a segment of the Web Seminar: Absolute Zero - The Cold, Hard Facts About the Coolest Stuff in

Because infrared is primarily heat radiation, the telescope must be cooled to near absolute zero (-459 degrees Fahrenheit or -273 degrees Celsius) so that ...

Sep 11, 2003 ... At absolute zero (-273? Celsius or -460? Fahrenheit), all motion stops, except for tiny atomic vibrations, since the cooling process has ...

Aug 25, 2003 ... Because infrared is primarily heat radiation, the telescope was cooled to near absolute zero (-459 degrees Fahrenheit or -273 degrees ...

Uncertainties in the gain and zero-level of the existing radio and microwave frequency sky surveys often dominate the error budget in studies of anisotropies and spectral distortions of the Cosmic Background Radiation.

Dec 7, 2006 ... Cosmology :: The Present. Today, the CMB radiation is very cold, only 2.725� above absolute zero, thus this radiation shines primarily in ...

Cell model of attractive interactions between helium atoms and effect on solid-superfluid transition

... BASED ON THE CHANGE IN ABSOLUTE INTENSITY OF ... A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE TEMPERATURE STABILITY OF TRANSPARENT ...

... Title : A PULSED LIGHT SOURCE WITH RADIATION SIMILAR TO THE RADIATION OF AN ABSOLUTELY BLACK BODY AT A TEMPERATURE OF ...

( + ) where is Boltzman's constant and T is the absolute temperature and derive an equation for the viscosity

Electricity - it is one of our modern scientific miracles, and today we could not imagine living without it. But what if we could make it better? Superconductivity has the potential to do just that, by improving the capacity, quality, and reliability of products that use electricity. There has been a great deal of discussion about superconductivity in the last 10 years, but what exactly is it? In ...

In the non-parametric comparison of two treatments using paired data, one frequently obtains zeros when computing the absolute difference for each of the N pairs. While Wilcoxon recommends omitting the zeros, Pratt argues that all N differences should be ...

It is shown that the paths of real separable Gaussian process on an interval have a number of interesting properties with probability zero on one. These properties include boundedness, bounded variation, continuity, uniform continuity, absolute continuity...

to the ACIM as the length of the small neighbourhood shrinks to zero. We then quantify how the escape dynamics to the ACIM as the perturbation goes to zero. This perturbation and associated eigenvalue scalings of an absolutely continuous invariant measure (ACIM), and a second real eigenvalue 2 (0, 1) with corresponding

The use of thermal conductivity measurements for the detection of lattice imperfections is assessed. The phenomena to be expected when no lattice defects are present were examined. The case of the dielectric crystal was considered first. It is shown that the thermal conductivity of an ideally pure dielectric crystal rises with falling temperature and, after passing ...

Commercial laser Doppler perfusion monitors are calibrated using the perfusion value, i.e. the first order moment of the Doppler power spectrum, from a measurement in a standardized microsphere colloidal suspension under Brownian motion. The calibration perfusion value depends on several parameters of the suspension that are difficult to keep constant with adequate accuracy, such as the ...

We have studied both the temperature and energy dependence of the cross section for dissociative attachment to methyl- and ethyl chloride. The experimental apparatus consists of a magnetically-collimated electron beam crossed with an effusive molecular beam. The theoretical model is based on the resonant R-matrix theory with parameters extracted from electron transmission ...

... Title : Zero-Bias Offsets in the Low-Temperature Dark Current of Quantum- Well Infrared Photodetectors. Descriptive Note : Journal article. ...

... Accession Number : AD0632740. Title : ICE (FORMATION) AT ABOVE-ZERO AIR TEMPERATURE,. Corporate Author : DIRECTORATE ...

I discuss quarkonium physics at zero and finite temperature in the framework of nonrel-ativistic effective field theories.

... Title : Battery Actuation of NITINOL at Sub-Zero Temperatures. ... Keywords: NITINOL; Fuze; Safing and arming; Shape memory alloys; NiTi. ...

The velocity of ordinary sound in liquid helium was measured at a frequency of 1 Mc/sec between 0.1 deg K and 1.7 deg K. The observed change in velocity between the lowest temperatures and 1.6 deg K is 3.86 plus or minus 0.1 m/sec, and the value for the velocity extrapolated to absolute zero is 238.27 plus or minus 0.1 m/sec. ...

The quantum Markovian master equation of the reduced dynamics of a harmonic oscillator coupled to a thermal reservoir is shown to possess thermal symmetry. This symmetry is revealed by a Bogoliubov transformation that can be represented by a hyperbolic rotation acting on the Liouville space of the reduced dynamics. The Liouville space is obtained as an extension of the Hilbert space through the ...

Below a certain temperature T(c) (typically cryogenic), some materials lose their electric resistance R entering a superconducting state. Following the general trend toward a large scale integration of a greater number of electronic components, it is desirable to use superconducting elements in order to minimize heat dissipation. It is expected that the basic property of a ...

It appears that temperature instabilities are a major obstacle hindering the use of semiconductor strain gauge pressure transducers in speech research, especially when absolute pressure data are mandatory. In this paper a simple and reliable method for an in vivo calibration of this kind of transducer is described. The most important error source, the ...

Recently Verlinde has suggested a new approach to gravity which interprets gravitational interaction as a kind of entropic force. The new approach uses the holographic principle by stating that the information is kept on the holographic screens which coincide with equipotential surfaces. Motivated by this new interpretation of gravity (but not being limited by it) we study equipotential surfaces, ...

... Title : LOW-TEMPERATURE COMPRESSIBILITIES AND ABSOLUTE DE HAAS-VAN ALPHEN FREQUENCIES IN POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, AND ...

... Since this is a noise that exists in all detectors at a finite temperature, it sets the absolute limit of detectivity that no detector of whatever type or ...

... temperature aerospace power electronics applications renders it absolutely necessary to design a new generation of dielectric materials for the ...

A proposed S-band radiometer for determining the ocean surface temperature with an absolute accuracy

It is shown that for supersymmetry to be manifest at nonzero temperatures, the thermal averages of all the auxiliary fields must vanish. It therefore follows that broken supersymmetry at zero temperature is never restored. But supersymmetry that is manifest at zero temperature may or may not be ...

We have recently applied the second law to an isolated system, consisting of a system {\\Sigma} such as a glass surrounded by an extremely large medium {\\Sigma}, to show that the instantaneous temperature T(t), thermodynamic entropy S(T_0,t) and enthalpy H(T_0,t) of {\\Sigma} decrease in any isothermal relaxation towards their respective equilibrium values under isobaric ...

InSe thin films are obtained by evaporating InSe crystal onto ultrasonically cleaned glass substrates under pressure of �10-5 Torr. The structural and compositional analysis revealed that these films are of amorphous nature and are atomically composed of �51% In and �49% Se. The reflectance and transmittance of the films are measured at various temperatures (300 450 K) ...

The absolute rate constants for the reaction between the NH2 free radical and acetylene and ethylene

... It is demonstrated that the radiation of an absolutely heat conductive cone is (sq. rt. ... 3)/3 of the radiation of an absolutely non heat conductive plate. ...

measured the absolute refractive index of prisms of these three materials ... For N-BK7, we report absolute refractive index and therrno-optic coefficient ...

... Di,, Parasite drag, absolute coefficient -�--- ac, Angle of attack, absolute ... The saone percentage change in temperature difference Whitney Wasp, Jr. ...

Spectroscopic observations of the low-mass eclipsing binary NSVS 11868841 have been obtained and the radial velocities were derived for both components. The masses and radii determined for the components are M_1 = 0.870�0.074 M_&sun;, M_2 = 0.607�0.053 M_&sun;, and R_1 = 0.983�0.030 R_&sun;, R_2 = 0.901�0.026 R_&sun;. Both the primary and secondary stars' radii are 10% and ...

The laws of Gall (http://sites.google.com/site/purefieldphysics) and Planck are generally defined with zero intensity at 0 K. However actual measurements involve detectors above absolute zero. These detectors must also be treated as approximate black body radiators. The zero intensity reference point is thus ...

The robust prediction of accurate physical properties for molecular solids from first-principles calculations continues to present a significant challenge across a wide variety of scientific disciplines. Comparison between computed and experimental values for physical properties derived from differences between states is often promising (such as bulk modulus), however the result is disappointing ...

Pyrolytic carbon that exhibits negative magnetoresistance is irradiated with 2 MeV electrons at temperatures below 35 K, and the changes in electronic transport properties such as zero-magnetic field resistivity, Hall coefficient, and magnetoresistance are measured as a function of electron fluence. With increasing electron fluence, the ...

The mixed-crystal spinel series MnCr2-tAltO4 has been synthesized and found to form a single cubic phase with a cell edge that is a linear function of the aluminum content. An x-ray study indicates that the series is an almost-normal spinel series with the A sites occupied by divalent manganese ions and about 5% of the trivalent aluminum ions. The magnetization-temperature ...

A method for the production of t-butoxy radicals by the photolysis of t-butyl hypochlorite was employed to determine the absolute rate of combination of t-butoxy radicals at room temperature and to determine the absolute rate of hydrogen atom abstraction ...

Grain growth behavior at absolute zero during nanocrystalline metal indentation F. Sansoza and V that stress-driven grain growth can be obtained in the athermal limit during nanocrystalline aluminum indentation. They find that the grain growth results from rotation of nanograins and propagation of shear

Relative mechanics with no absolute space is shown to be equivalent to Newtonian mechanics applied in a universe of zero net angular momentum. Closed spaces in general relativity have no angular momentum and shrivel to one point as the mass-energy contained tends to zero, thereby obeying Mach's principle on the origin of inertia.

The intersolubility of He/sup 3/--He/sup 4/ solutions was measured in the temperature interval from 1.2 to 0.35 deg K. The very low temperatures were reached by method of adiabatic demagnitization of paramagmetic salts. At temperatures below 0.7 to 0.6% the investigated solutions of He/sup 3/--He/sup 4/ with 40 to 60% He/sup ...

When the moderator is hydrogen with isotropic harmonic oscillator binding, the neutron balance condition and its adjoint, which determine the neutron flux and importance spectra, respectively, take the form of difference equations because of the discreteness and uniform spacing of the harmonic oscillator energy levels. These equations can be reduced to first order difference ...

The effects of heat release were studied in a planar, gaseous reacting mixing layer formed between free streams containing hydrogen and fluorine in inert diluents. Sufficiently high concentrations of reactants were employed to produce adiabatic flame temperature rises up to 940 K (1240 K absolute). The Reynolds number at the measuring station, based on ...