... Title : A FORTRAN PROGRAM TO DETERMINE ABSORBED ORGAN DOSE DUE TO INHALATION OF RADIONUCLIDES,. ...

... Title : Computational Determination of Absorbed Dose Distributions From Multiple Volumetric Gamma Ray Sources,. Corporate Author : ...

... MINUTE INVESTIGATION OF ABSORBED DOSES IN COMPLEX ... DESCRIBED OF SUCH A DETERMINATION. ... CASE OF DOSE DISTRIBUTION AT ...

... Accession Number : ADD344981. Title : Computational Determination of Absorbed Dose Distribution From Gamma Ray Sources,. Corporate Author ...

The conversion of absorbed doses in graphite to absorbed doses in water was studied. A method employing a thin walled ionization chamber as a transfer device was developed. A commercial secondary standard therapy level exposure meter was used in one of th...

At present, absorbed dose calculations for radionuclides in the human circulatory system used relatively simple models and are restricted in their applications. To determine absorbed doses to the blood and to the surface of the blood vessel wall, EGS4 Mon...

... Additional work is required relating resistance change for these materials to absorbed ribbon dose, and determination of the maximum dose for ...

A new extrapolation chamber is described, which is used as absolute standard for the determination of the absorbed beta radiation dose. The construction simulates a semi-infinite phantom and the absorbed dose to tissue was determined in tissue equivalent ...

The methods determining the superficial absorbed dose distributions in a water phantom by experiments and available theories are reported. The distributions of beta dose were measured by an extrapolation ionization chamber at definite depths corresponding...

Apr 21, 2011 ... + Absorbed Dose Measurents Made Using Thermoluminescent Detectors ... + Equations Used for Determination of Dose Efficiency, Total Dose, ...

The present invention relates to a device for determining radiation dose and, more particularly, to a standard dose measuring device against which other types of dosimeters may be calibrated.

Absorbed dose from x rays in tissue is generally obtained by calculation from the measured exposure dose. A direct measurement of absorbed dose can be obtained by the use of a tissue-equivalent plastic chamber filled with tissueequivalent gas. A method for testing the suitability of ...

The effects of various factors that can affect the effective absorbed dose of the tissues in radiotherapy with radiocolloids are studied. Radiocolloids of Au/sup 198/, P/sup 32/, and Y/sup 90/ are used. A mathematical evaluation is made of the dose absorbed by the irradiated tissue in endocavity, ...

While in orbit, Astronauts are exposed to a much higher dose of ionizing radiation than when on the ground. It is important to model how shielding designs on spacecraft reduce radiation effective dose pre-flight, and determine whether or not a danger to h...

The IAEA Code of Practice TRS 277 gives recommendations for absorbed dose determination in high energy photon and electron beams based on the use of ionisation chambers calibrated in terms of exposure or air kerma. The scope of the present work was to tes...

A method for the determination of absorbed dose of ozone (03) in animals and humans using oxygen-18 (18)O as a physiological tracer is presented. The experimental aspects of the method are based on the instantaneous pyrolysis of tissue samples and subsequ...

This report describes the experimental work carried out for the determination of absorbed dose in water in the energy of X-rays generated at potentials of 100 kV to 250 kV. Two small cavity ionization chambers were used for this experiment. The results of...

The biological effect taking place in the medium as the result of irradiation is determined by the absorbed irradiated energy and its micro and macro distribution in the tissue under irradiation. The quantitative evaluation of irradiation is effected by the measured dose contained in the air and expressed in roentgen units. ...

... that are difficult or impossible to solve by other methods (measurement of absorbed dose in joules per kilogram, separate determination of the ...

... the error which develops during calculation of absorbed energy of ... and more accurate formulas are given for determination of dose and energy ...

... The average absorbed dose value was 5% higher than the NRDL determination based on flux and spectrum measurements. ...

... Orally administered guanidine hydrochloride was rapidly absorbed in mice as ... to be a sensitive and reliable system for lethal dose determination. ...

Proton absorbed doses determined using thermoluminescent, activation and ionization methods are compared. It is shown that dispersion of absorbed dose values determined does not exceed 9-11 percent for proton energies from 82 upto 120 MeV and 18-24 percen...

The aims of this work were to measure the entrance and exit dose for patient treated for head and neck tumors. The target absorbed dose was determined from the exit and entrance dose measurement. Twenty patients were evaluated. The results were compared to the calculated values and the midline ...

Mar 1, 2011 ... Integral dose distributions of the detected particles are also determined. The LET values which separate absorbed and equivalent doses into ...

SHIELDOSE is a computer code for space-shielding radiation dose calculations. It determines the absorbed dose as a function of depth in aluminum shielding ...

5 Sievert-Equivalent dose determined by multiplying the absorbed dose at each energy desposition value (Linear Energy Transfer (LET)) by the corresponding ...

An address by Harold O. Wyckoff before the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements dealing with an Historical Review of Dosimetric Quantity Development; Comparison of Exposure and Absorbed Dose Concepts; Dissemination of Units; Adequacy of Present Absorbed Dose Determinations ...

Laboratory measurements have demonstrated that it is possible to simultaneously measure absorbed dose and dose equivalent using a single tissue equivalent proportional counter. Small, pocket sized instruments are being developed to determine dose equivale...

The study was conducted to determine absorbed dose, dose-equivalent rates, and neutron spectra inside containment at nuclear power plants. The purpose of this study was: (1) measure dose-equivalent rates with various commercial types of rem meters, such a...

Absorbed dose to water in a cobalt-60 gamma-ray beam has been determined using a thick-walled graphite ionization chamber. The chamber was calibrated in a graphite phantom against a graphite calorimeter, and the graphite calibration factor was converted t...

The main characteristics of a variable cavity ionization chamber are described. Using the ionization current of the detector irradiated in homogeneous beta rays fields, the tissue absorbed dose is determined. The corrective factors required to compute thi...

In the past decade, a large amount of effort has gone into the development of hit size effectiveness functions (HSEFs), with the ultimate aim of replacing the present absorbed dose-RBE-Q system. However, the absorbed dose determined at the tissue level is...

The purpose of this study was to determine, by theoretical calculation and experimental measurement, the absorbed dose distributions in two heterogeneous phantoms representing one-year- and five-year-old children from typical radiographic examinations for...

A formula model for the determination of absorbed radiation dose of incorporated radioisotope was derived. The model corresponds better to physiological assumptions than the older Stewarts' model and was verified experimentally by means of P/sup 32/. (auth)

The determination of the degree at which ionizing radiations affect objects during radiobiological and radiation-chemical investigations, in medicine, etc., requires the knowledge of the absorbed dose. The calorimetric method is a direct method of determi...

The dosimetric studies at this laboratory were initiated with the primary goal of developing systems for the determination of absorbed dose in biological research and clinical applications. The primary method under study is the local absorbed dose calorim...

The goal was to develop systems for the determination of absorbed dose in biological research and clinical applications. The primary method under study is the local absorbed dose calorimeter. In addition, secondary dosimetric systems such as ionization ch...

We have determined, by calculation, the ratio of the absorbed dose produced in a water phantom to the one occurring in graphite, both for a depth of 5 g/cm exp 2 , with the reference point placed at 1 m from the BIPM sup 60 Co source. This result has then...

A standard practice is presented covering procedures for the use of thermoluminescent dosemeters to determine the absorbed dose in a material irradiated by ionizing radiation. The specific area of application is the radiation-hardness testing of electronic devices in which the material of interest is usually silicon. The method is ...

The effects of high absorbed dose on the reusability of CaF{sub 2}:Mn thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) are investigated to determine a recommended upper limit on absorbed dose for TLDs that are to be reused. This investigation examines degradation in the uniformity of response and changes ...

The method to measure absorbed dose to water in a field of carbon ions as applied for the heavy ion therapy project at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory in Darmstadt (GSI), Germany, is described in detail. Thimble ionization chambers with a water absorbed calibration factor are applied. The dose obtained with this ...

It is necessary during construction and subsequent operation of a commercial nuclear power reactor to evaluate the impact of the absorbed dose on the useful life of equipment and components. Routinely, the gamma contribution to this absorbed dose is evaluated, and major vendors provide information pertaining to ...

The average absorbed dose and the maximum and minimum absorbed dose received by biological specimens of varying size, irradiated laterally with a known exposure dose of Co/sup 60/ gamma radiation measured in air at the midline was investigated experimentally. Spheres and cylinders ...

A method to obtain the absorbed dose in Drosophila melanogaster irradiated in the thermal column facility of the Triga Mark III Reactor has been developed. The method is based on the measurements of neutron activation of gold foils produced by neutron capture to obtain the neutron fluxes. These fluxes, combined with the calculations of kinetic energy ...

Lithium-based ceramics have been proposed as tritium breeders for fusion reactors. The lithium aluminate (gamma phase) seems to be thermally and structurally stable, the damages produced by neutron irradiation depend on the absorbed dose. A method based on the measurement of neutron activation of foils through neutron capture has been developed to obtain ...

A method for studying the distribution of Rn, RaA, RaB, and RaC in major organs and tissues of the animals is described, as well as a technique used for determinirg absorbed radiation doses durirg the administration of radon into the organism. Experimental curves of accomulation and excretion (decay) of these isotopes, as well as the ...

A FORTRAN computer program system has been developed to determine the maximum internal dose received by a given body organ as a result of inhalation of specific radionuclides. The program, based upon equations reported in the literature, determines the ef...

The dose and absorbed energy during normal diagnostic X-ray of various sections of the vertebral column were determined with LiF-dosemeters in a phantom. The paper describes a method to be used to determine integral doses from the dose measurements. The e...

... Accession Number : AD0672563. Title : A CALORIMETER WITH INTERCHANGEABLE ABSORBERS FOR ABSORBED DOSE ...

Absorbed doses of incorporated iodine and caesium radionuclides were evaluated in cattle animals which were within the Chernobyl accident spilling-out zone during the first year after the accident. The absorbed doses in animal thyroids were determined to range from 25 to 320 Gy. Some endemic ...

Fundamental information about x-ray dosimetry is presented. Definitions are given and expanded on for dose, absorbed dose including microdosimetry, radiation physics (properties of the radiation that are important to dosimetry), and dosimetry (how the properties are dealt with in determining ...

... Title : MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE ABSORBED DOSE FROM ASSIMILATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN BODY ORGANS OF HUMANS,. ...

The dose of radiation is a central issue in radiotherapy. Hence dosimetry must be well understood for anyone working in this field. In this chapter theoretical aspects as well as practical aspects of the dosimetry of high energy photons and electrons are addressed. The practical aspects are exclusively dedicated to the determination of ...

A method for counting the doses absorbed from betaapplicators of P, Y, Pn, and Tl is described. The method is based on Levinger's formula. Tables and nomograms, which determine the value of doses absorbed at diverse depths of tissue by the specific activity and thickness of the ...

The methods to determine the absorbed dose to water for low and medium energy photons were studied. Large differences between the results of these methods exists. So, a research proposition has been made to explain these differences. The goal of this rese...

The absorbed dose to water is the reference physical quantity for the energy absorbed in tissue when exposed to beams of ionizing radiation in radiotherapy. The SI unit of absorbed dose to water is the gray (Gy = 1 J/kg). Ionization chambers are used as the dosimeters of choice in the clinical ...

The physical quantities so far used in radioprotection dosimetry are mainly exposure, absorbed dose, particle fluence etc. All these quantities should allow a determination of the effective dose equivalent, Hsub(E). Such determination however is not alway...

The determination of dose distribution during radiation processing of complex materials is important. It can be easily determined, either at the surface of the materials or in depth by using the CTA film dosemeter. Two examples are described of such a det...

The primary objective of mixed-field neutron/gamma radiation dosimetry in canine irradiation experiments conducted at the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI) is to determine the absorbed midline tissue dose (MLT) at the region of interest...

The recommended practice presents a technique for calculating the dose of energy absorbed in a material from knowledge of the gamma radiation field and the composition of the material. The procedure is also applicable for x-radiation and electrons provided the effective energy of the beam is known and falls within the range from 0.10 to 3.0 MeV. From the ...

...relevant to safety and effectiveness. FDA's determination of the safety and effectiveness of a diagnostic...radiopharmaceutical), and (c) The estimated absorbed radiation dose of the diagnostic...

No accepted official protocol exists for the dosimetry of the Leksell Gamma Knife (GK) stereotactic radiosurgery device. Establishment of a dosimetry protocol has been complicated by the unique partial-hemisphere arrangement of 201 individual 60Co beams simultaneously focused on the treatment volume and by the rigid geometry of the GK unit itself. This article proposes an air kerma based dosimetry ...

The basis for the current thyroid absorbed dose estimates for radioiodines has been examined. The values for the newborn thyroid dose were found to underestimate the dose by a factor of 3. This underestimation of the dose was caused by the assumption that the biokinetic distribution of iodine ...

Laboratory measurements have demonstrated that it is possible to simultaneously measure absorbed dose and dose equivalent using a single tissue equivalent proportional counter. Small, pocket sized instruments are being developed to determine dose equivalent as the worker is exposed to mixed ...

The absorbed dose in the liver, spleen and bone marrow of Thorotrast patients was estimated for 71 autopsy cases. 232Th amounts in tissues were determined from measurements of 228Ac gamma-rays and the activity ratio of 228Ac to 232Th. In calculating the absorbed dose, Kaul's data were used as ...

LiF dose meters were used to determine radiation doses in conventional X-ray diagnostic pictures of the forearm. The paper describes a method for determining integral doses by using these dose meters. It describes in detail how a phantom forearm apt for t...

A comparison has been made of central axis percent depth dose and absorbed dose in electron beams of 7.8 and 10.2 MeV, measured with devices of differing geometry and construction. Flat and cylindrical ionization chambers have been used as well as thin thermoluminescent dosimeters. The ionization chambers had walls of air equivalent or ...

A comparison has been made of central axis percent depth dose and absorbed dose in electron beams of 7.8 and 10.2 MeV, measured with devices of differing geometry and construction. Flat and cylindrical ionization chambers have been used as well as thin thermoluminescent dosimeters. The ionization chambers had walls of air equivalent or ...

doses due to external radiation have been extensively applied after exposures due to the production values of the absorbed dose rate in the quartz crystallites due to the radionuclides inside the brick�148146 #12;measure the absorbed dose in the bricks agreed within 15%. To ...

Particle intensity, dose equivalent and absorbed dose have been measured on board the space shuttle Endeavour during STS-108 in December 2001 by Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS). The dose estimates are based on very accurate measurements of recoils produced in CR-39 by cosmic ray primary and secondary ...

If a large radioactive cloud is produced, sampling may require that an airplane traverse the cloud. A method to predict the absorbed dose to the aircrew from penetrating the radioactive cloud is needed. Dose rates throughout spherically symmetric Gaussian clouds of various sizes, and the absorbed ...

The purpose of this study was to determine, by theoretical calculation and experimental measurement, the absorbed dose distributions in two heterogeneous phantoms representing one-year- and five-year-old children from typical radiographic examinations for those ages. Theoretical work included the modification of an existing internal ...

Gamma sources are usually prepared by arranging the radioactive preparation alongside the generatrix of a hollow cylinder; determination of the distribution of the dose absorbed by a cylindrical body from such source is of great interest. Solution of this problem was carried out on the basis of assumptions published by the ...

The development of a calorimetric technique for the determination of the intensity of radiation has been previously reported. This method has been further developed and applied to the measurement of locally absorbed dose. Its use for the determination of the absorbed ...

30V, 0.6-? P-Channel MOSFET ... Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed Dose in .... For total dose dosimetry, three ribbons were placed in a ...

... to the adult stage when irradiated at 200 Gy in ambient atmosphere, 5.3% of those irradiated ... determined that a minimum absorbed dose of 92 Gy (the maximum recorded dose when 80 Gy was ... ...

A spherical proportional detector was developed and used in a study of the pulse-height spectra and resultant dose distributions for monoenergetic neutrons as a function of neutron energy and sample size. Results of the measurements are presented graphically and discussed. (C.H.)

To predict the critical cells that are subject to injury from inhaled radon and other alpha particle sources it is necessary to calculate the dose absorbed by the different cells in the lungs. n order to provide information necessary to make these dose determinations, the airway ...

Dose calculations for neutron therapy irradiations should be based on the dosimetrically best accessible parameters "total absorbed Dose Dt" and "gamma ray absorbed dose Dgamma". By adequate standardization it should be possible, that only one single reference parameter contains all deviations ...

An individual absorbed dose for atomic bomb (A-bomb) survivors and radiologic technologists has been estimated using a new personal dosimetry. This dosimetry is based on the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy of the CO33- radicals, which are produced in their teeth by radiation. Measurements were carried out to study the characteristics of the ...

A dosimetric method was used to determine absorbed doses in the organs located at different depth in the area of direct irradiation in roentgenodiagnostic procedures. The author gives a total of l500 dosimetric parameters characterizing absorbed doses in the tissues of the critical ...

Ceric sulfate dosimetry is used for accurate measurement of the absorbed dose in water irradiated with x- or gamma-rays or high-energy electrons. It is based on the process of reduction of ceric to cerous ions by ionizing radiation. The method is most accurate for absorbed doses in the range from 1 x 10/sup 6/ to 8 ...

The primary objective of mixed-field neutron/gamma radiation dosimetry in canine irradiation experiments conducted at the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI) is to determine the absorbed midline tissue dose (MLT) at the region of interest in the canine. A dose conversion factor (DCF) can be applied ...

The feasibility of determining integral absorbed doses from known depth- dose distributions in media exposed to various types of emissions ( nu , n, d, etc.) was investigated. Curves are plotted for depth-dose percentage for 200-kv x ray, 16-Mev electrons, aud 190-Mev deuterons. (R.V.J.)

According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), industrial radiography accounts for approximately half of all reported accidents for the nuclear related industry. Detailed information about these accidents have been published by the IAEA in its Safety Report Series, one of which describes the radiological accident which happened in 1999 in Yanango/Peru. Under unsettled circumstances an ...

A method for the determination of absorbed dose of ozone (03) in animals and humans using oxygen-18 (18)O as a physiological tracer is presented. The experimental aspects of the method are based on the instantaneous pyrolysis of tissue samples and subsequent conversion of the sam...

A new standard, expressed in terms of absorbed dose at a depth of 5g/cm/sup 2/ in a water phantom irradiated by cobalt 60 gamma photons, is determined. The procedure developed is based on a transfer method using two dosimetric techniques: Fricke dosimetry...

A method is suggested for measuring the doses from absorbed radon, short- life ore resistant t emitters RaB and RaC, and longlife radon daughters. Measurements were also made for thoron and actinon and new maximum permissible concentrations of thoron and radon in air are quoted. The suggested method of dose ...

The Fricke dosimetry is used for accurate measurement of the absorbed dose in water irradiated with x- or gamma rays or high-energy electrons. The method is based on the process of oxidation of ferrous to ferric ions by ionizing radiation and can be used accurately for absorbed dose ...

A method for calibrating an ion chamber in terms of absorbed dose is given which avoids the need for corrections for attenuation. The absorbed dose is measured using a carbon calorimeter, a carbon chamber, and a BaldwinFarmer chamber. The method was used with x-ray beams at 4 to 20 Mv and Co/sup 60/ ...

Radiation dose rates from three thulium-170 oxide sources (20.7, 10.0 and 5.0 thermal watts) were measured through three thicknesses (1/4, 1/2 and 1 inch) of absorber by thermoluminescent dosimetry techniques. Absorber materials used were aluminium, stainless steel, lead, tungsten and depleted uranium. Resultant radiation ...

A monoenergetic neutron beam simulation study is carried out to determine the optimal neutron energy range for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using radiation synovectomy. The goal of the treatment is the ablation of diseased synovial membranes in joints, such as knees and fingers. This study focuses on human knee joints. Two figures-of-merit are used to measure the neutron ...

A monoenergetic neutron beam simulation study was carried out to determine the optimal neutron energy range for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using radiation synovectomy. The goal of the treatment is the ablation of diseased synovial membranes in joints such as knees and fingers. This study focuses on human knee joints. Two figures of merit are used to measure the neutron ...

The absorbed radiation dose to human organs has been estimated, following intravenous administration of (67)Ga-labelled adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) using distribution data from injected normal rats. Four rats were sacrificed at exact time intervals and the percentage of injected dose per gram of each organ was measured by ...

The use of 131I is widely used in diagnostic and treatment of patients. If the patient is pregnant the 131I presence in the thyroid it becomes a source of constant exposition to other organs and the fetus. In this study the absorbed dose in the uterus of a 3 months pregnant woman with 131I in her thyroid gland has been calculated. The ...

Absorbed dose and dose equivalent conversion coefficients are routinely used in personnel dosimetry programs. These conversion coefficients can be applied to particle fluences or to measured air kerma values to determine appropriate operational monitoring quantities such as the ambient dose ...

Tandem systems usually comprise two detectors with different radiation energy responses and are utilized to determine the effective energy of unknown radiation beams. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the influence of absorbed dose on tandem curves obtained for different TL materials. In the studied dose ...

The absorbed dose primary standard of the BEV is a graphite calorimeter. Two methods are employed for the conversion of absorbed dose to graphite into absorbed dose to water: calculation on the one hand and the use of an ionization chamber in combination ...

The threshold values of total absorbed dose for causing changes in tensile properties of a polyetherimide film and the limitations of the absorbed dose rate for accelerated-exposure evaluation of the effects of electron radiation in geosynchronous orbit w...