... Title : MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE ABSORBED DOSE FROM ASSIMILATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN BODY ORGANS OF HUMANS,. ...

Medical Internal Radiation Dose(MIRD) schema was developed for calculating the absorbed dose from the administrated radiopharmaceuticals. With the biological distribution data and physical properties of the radionuclide, we can estimated the absorbed dose...

... necessary for absorbed radiation dose estimates, as ... SUBSTANCES, *RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES, *RADIATION DOSAGE, *DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS ...

The objective of this paper is to critically evaluate the interrelationship of the radiopharmaceuticals, radionuclides and organ visualization instrumentation on the resultant absorbed dose to a patient having a bone scan versus the clinical information o...

The estimate of absorbed radiation dose from internal emitters provides the information required to assess the radiation risk associated with the administration of radiopharmaceuticals for medical applications. The MIRD (Medical Internal Radiation Dose) s...

The estimate of absorbed radiation dose from internal emitters provides the information required to assess the radiation risk associated with the administration of radiopharmaceuticals for medical applications. The MIRD (Medical Internal Radiation Dose) system of dose calculation provides a ...

Administration of x-ray contrast agents during heart catheterization examination increases the absorbed radiation dose in tissue. To estimate the dose absorbed by the blood of children undergoing diagnostic heart catheterization and angiocardiography, a number of measurements and calculations ...

The absorbed dose is defined as the quantity which has passed through the barriers (skin, GI tract, The absorbed dose of a pesticide can be estimated from its established urinary biomarker. ungs). For an exposure study, there are several options for biomarker collection, each w...

Guidelines are presented for the collection in humans of quantitative in vivo biokinetic data suitable for the estimation of radiation absorbed doses. Technique and instrumentation are discussed. Internal checks built into the procedures are described whi...

This meeting was held to exchange information on how to get better estimates of the radiation absorbed dose. There seems to be a high interest of late in patient dosimetry; discussions were held in the light of revised risk estimates for radiation. Topics included: Strategies of Dose ...

Sep 9, 2011 ... The 3D Silicon Detector Telescope (TriTel) characterizes the radiation environment of the ISS and estimates the absorbed dose and dose ...

Mar 1, 2011 ... Using the measured quality factor, absorbed crew doses, and estimates of neutron dose equivalent, leads to crew stay times as short as 9 ...

The frequency of chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes taken from the peripheral blood provides a useful measure of absorbed dose. The estimation of dose is affected by time in culture of the lymphocytes, by sampling error and sampling time, and by size, ...

Figs. and Tables are given for estimating radiation doses in case of contamination in connection with a reactor accident. The contribution from the isotopes of Krypton, Xenon and Iodine are studied in detail and the corresponding doses are given as a func...

The estimate of absorbed dose to individual organs of a space crewmember is affected by the geometry

The problem of estimating the absorbed dose to organs and tissues of the human body due to the presence of a radiopharmaceutical in one or more organs is discussed. Complications are introduced by the fact that the body is not homogeneous and in many cases the organ shapes are not regular. Publications of the MIRD Committee have ...

The method recommended by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) for absorbed dose calculation of a radionuclide distributed in a body is presented. The distance of a source point is estimated by the concept of specific is...

Several popular radiopharmaceutical products contain low levels of radioactive contaminants. These contaminants increase the radiation absorbed dose to the patient without any increased benefit and, in some cases, with a decrease in image quality. The imp...

The problem of estimating the absorbed dose to organs and tissues of the human body due to the presence of a radiopharmaceutical in one or more organs is discussed. Complications are introduced by the fact that the body is not homogeneous and in many case...

For the application of radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear diagnostics, it is necessary to know the absorbed dose the patient is subjected to. An accurate estimation is very important if one wants to weigh the risks against the profits of the examination. In ...

The principal task of dosimetry in clinical radiology is the elucidation of distribution of absorbed doses in individual organs within the irradiated organism and in the body as a whole. For this purpose use is made either of estimation methods, or measurement of doses in the air with recalculation in ...

Equations for estimating the absorbed dose from assimilation of radionuclides in the body organs of humans are presented for several assumed conditions of ingestion rates that are considered applicable to the consumption of human foods following contamination by fallout in a nuclear war. The absorbed ...

The absorbed dose in the liver, spleen and bone marrow of Thorotrast patients was estimated for 71 autopsy cases. 232Th amounts in tissues were determined from measurements of 228Ac gamma-rays and the activity ratio of 228Ac to 232Th. In calculating the absorbed dose, Kaul's data were used as ...

Models for estimating the absorbed dose due to an atmospheric release of radionuclides are required for the siting of, operations of, and emergency planning for nuclear facilities. In the early days of nuclear power reactors, emphasis was on the long-term dose from routine release. Currently there is interest in ...

The aim of this work was to estimate absorbed doses received by a victim of the radiation accident with a 60Co source in Henan province, China. With a Monte Carlo stochastic simulation method, an estimation method for doses to the radiation accident victim was made. It utilised a mathematical ...

An individual absorbed dose for atomic bomb (A-bomb) survivors and radiologic technologists has been estimated using a new personal dosimetry. This dosimetry is based on the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy of the CO33- radicals, which are produced in their teeth by radiation. Measurements were carried out to study the ...

The method to measure absorbed dose to water in a field of carbon ions as applied for the heavy ion therapy project at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory in Darmstadt (GSI), Germany, is described in detail. Thimble ionization chambers with a water absorbed calibration factor are applied. The dose obtained with this ...

The handbook contains data from which absorbed dose to selected tissues can be estimated for upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract fluoroscopy conducted with BaSO4 contrast media. The handbook permits the user to evaluate tissue doses for the range of technic...

This Handbook contains data from which absorbed dose to glandular tissue in the breast (glandular tissue dose) can be estimated for mammographic procedures. The breast (excluding the skin) is a composite of adipose (i.e., fatty) and glandular (i.e., other...

The problem of validating estimates of absorbed dose due to photon energy deposition is examined. The computational approaches used for the estimation of the photon energy deposition is examined. The limited data for validation of these approaches is discussed and suggestions made as to how better validation ...

The problem of validating estimates of absorbed dose due to photon energy deposition is examined. The computational approaches used for the estimation of the photon energy deposition is examined. The limited data for validation of these approaches is disc...

Herein described is a Monte Carlo computer program which is utilized to calculate estimates of absorbed dose in several body organs of an adult human phantom. The source of radiation is a simulated external beam of x-rays. (auth)

Six persons were accidentally exposed to gamma rays from an /sup 192/Ir source. Since they were non-occupational persons, a means to estimate the absorbed dose was needed to be established. As three of them wore wrist watches when they were exposed to gamma rays from the /sup 192/Ir source, cumulative ...

...relevant to safety and effectiveness. FDA's determination of the safety and effectiveness of a diagnostic...radiopharmaceutical), and (c) The estimated absorbed radiation dose of the diagnostic...

The question of estimating an integral dose of secondary radiation in the body, originating as the result of interaction between the primary x rays and gamma rays with the ground substance is discussed. The proposed method of computation enables it to approximately estimate both the total integral dose in ...

Estimation of dose absorbed in the human body is important from the point of view of health physics as well as because of the increased utilization of nuclear radiation in clinical and diagnostic medicine or therapy. An idealized mathematical model of the human body was developed and Monte Carlo calculation was applied to evaluate the ...

Radiation absorbed dose estimates were made for /sup 38/K, /sup 81/Rb, /sup 82/Rb, and /sup 130/Cs, potential radionuclides for myocardial and brain studies with positron emission tomography (PET). Biodistribution data for /sup 42/K, /sup 86/Rb, and /sup 137/Cs in rats were used, together with the most recent radiation ...

The basis for the current thyroid absorbed dose estimates for radioiodines has been examined. The values for the newborn thyroid dose were found to underestimate the dose by a factor of 3. This underestimation of the dose was caused by the assumption that the biokinetic ...

Particle intensity, dose equivalent and absorbed dose have been measured on board the space shuttle Endeavour during STS-108 in December 2001 by Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS). The dose estimates are based on very accurate measurements of recoils produced in CR-39 by cosmic ray ...

... Accession Number : AD0672563. Title : A CALORIMETER WITH INTERCHANGEABLE ABSORBERS FOR ABSORBED DOSE ...

The absorbed radiation dose to human organs has been estimated, following intravenous administration of (67)Ga-labelled adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) using distribution data from injected normal rats. Four rats were sacrificed at exact time intervals and the percentage of injected dose per gram of each organ ...

For ionizing radiation, absorbed dose is defined as the energy imparted per unit mass of an infinitesimal volume. While straightforward to define, absorbed dose is somewhat more difficult to measure or infer. There is growing attention to the uncertainty in values of absorbed ...

This paper reviews in some detail personnel exposure rates which will be encountered when the time comes for the decommissioning of the Superconducting Super Collider beam dump absorbers. Discussed are estimates for the total radioactivity content of the graphite core and for residual absorbed dose rates at the ...

A method for estimating mean absorbed dose to different organs and tissues was developed for paediatric patients undergoing X-ray investigations. The absorbed dose distribution in water was measured for the specific X-ray beam used. Clinical images were s...

Patient irradiation in diagnostic radiology was estimated from measurements of absorbed doses in different organs, assessment of the energy imparted and retrospective calculations based on literature data. Possible late biological effects, with special as...

In estimating the radiation dose to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) it has been assumed generally that the measured activity in the tract, i.e., in the walls, is present in the contents. This assumption has been necessary because absorbed fractions for p...

The existence of a phantom based on anatomical data for the average fifteen-year-old provides for a proficient means of obtaining estimates of absorbed dose for children of that age. Dimensions representative of an average fifteen-year-old human, obtained...

Absorbed beta-radiation dose expected from fallout particles deposited on the skin was estimated by use of the Beta Transmission, Degradation and Dissipation (TDD) model and a Condensed-State Diffusion-Controlled model that describes the mechanism of fiss...

A dosimetric study of Thorotrast is described. Steady state activity ratios and self-absorptions of ..cap alpha..-particles in the /sup 232/ThO/sub 2/ aggregates were determined by ..cap alpha..- and ..gamma..-ray spectrometry. By using these results, the absorbed doses in 39 autopsy cases were estimated and compared with German data. ...

In estimating the radiation dose to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) it has been assumed generally that the measured activity in the tract, i.e., in the walls, is present in the contents. This assumption has been necessary because absorbed fractions for photons were available only for the source in the contents. During the past year ...

Calculation of absorbed dose to active marrow from photon radiation is a complex problem because electronic equilibrium may not exist in the vicinity of soft tissue-bone mineral interfaces. Snyder et al. recognized the intractable geometry of trabecular bone in their studies of photon transport in the body and formulated marrow dose ...

Detailed estimates of radiation absorbed dose based on solubility data and the distribution of body water and fat are presented for 19Ne and 77Kr, useful PET rCBF imaging agents. The steady-state inhalation of 75 mCi of 19Ne and the bolus inhalation of 18 mCi of 77Kr should result in comparable imaging statistics for typical protocols ...

The absorbed radiation dose from internal emitters has been and will remain a pivotal factor in assessing risk and therapeutic utility in selecting radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and treatment. Although direct measurements of absorbed dose and dose distributions in vivo have been and will ...

Accurate estimate of absorbed dose to target tumors and normal tissues in the body is an important requirement for establishing fundamental dose-response relationships for radioimmunotherapy. Two major obstacles have been the difficulty in obtaining an accurate patient-specific 3-D activity map in-vivo and ...

A technique for the estimation of kidney depth is described. It is based on a comparison between the measurements obtained in a radioisotopic renogram carried out for two specific energies and the same measurements made with a phanto-kidney at different d...

Males of Drosophila melanogaster were fed sucrose solutions containing various concentrations of EMS (from 0.25 to 10mM) for 24 hr. To measure the intake of an EMS solution, /sup 3/H-labeled sucrose was added to the feeding solution, and the /sup 3/H activity inside the flies was used as a measure for the intake volume of EMS solution. The relationship between the estimated ...

To estimate fetal absorbed dose from radiographic examinations, the depth from the anterior maternal surface to the midline of the fetal skull and abdomen was measured by ultrasound in 97 pregnant women. The relationships between fetal depth, fetal presentation, and maternal parameters of height, weight, anteroposterior (AP) thickness, ...

The use of 131I is widely used in diagnostic and treatment of patients. If the patient is pregnant the 131I presence in the thyroid it becomes a source of constant exposition to other organs and the fetus. In this study the absorbed dose in the uterus of a 3 months pregnant woman with 131I in her thyroid gland has been calculated. The ...

Epidemiological studies on uranium miners are being carried out to quantify the risk of cancer based on organ dose calculations. Mathematical models have been applied to calculate the annual absorbed doses to regions of the lung, red bone marrow, liver, kidney and stomach for each individual miner arising from exposure to radon gas, ...

¹³¹I radionuclide therapy studies have not shown a strong relationship between tumor absorbed dose and response, possibly due to inaccuracies in activity quantification and dose estimation. The goal of this work was to establish the accuracy of ¹³¹I activity ...

Estimated risks of thyroid tumor development following radiation during infancy and childhood are presented from seven followup studies. In most of the studies the thyroid absorbed doses are high but in two of them the doses associated with thyroid cancer and adenoma are of diagnostic interest. ...

With the increased growth of nuclear energy generating facilities, estimates of absorbed radiation dose to human population groups (e.g., children) are required. In addition, children are being exposed to many nuclear medicine procedures and accurate dose estimates are needed. The main purpose ...

interest is the total dose equivalent, it determines the thickness of the shielding wall. Other important quantities of interest (dose equivalent and absorbed dose in tissue, particle currents emerging from a shield shields of different thicknesses and for different beam energies, comparison with other ...

Experimental technique for the measurement of linear energy transfer (LET) distribution and absorbed dose from the secondary particles of space radiation is considered. High sensitive nuclear emulsion detector is used for identification of nuclear fragments produced in nuclear interactions and recoil protons from elastic (n,p) scattering. The contribution ...

The objective of this paper is to critically evaluate the interrelationship of the radiopharmaceuticals, radionuclides and organ visualization instrumentation on the resultant absorbed dose to a patient having a bone scan versus the clinical information obtained from the study. The radionuclides to be considered in this evaluation are fluorine-18, ...

The purposes of systemic targeted radionuclide therapy dosimetry include compiling a database of normal organ radiation-absorbed doses that are carrier- and radionuclide-specific, and assuring that the normal organ radiation doses are within a safe range before therapy. Also of importance is quantitation of radiation delivery to tumors ...

These phantom studies and computer calculations provide a direct means of estimating the radiation dose to the embryo resulting from the administration of a radiopharmaceutical to the mother during organogenesis. The specific absorbed fractions to the embryo from 19 source organs were computed for 12 monoenergetic photon energies. ...

In Health Physics Division annual progress report for period ending July 31, 1973. Estimates were made of the radiation dose rate and dose absorbed by various human organs and tissues as a function of age from six radionuclide photon sources ranging from 20 keV to 2 Mev distributed uniformly in the body. ...

Dosimetric models have been developed to estimate the exposure doses of woody plants growing in the area contaminated by long-lived radionuclides. The models are parameterized based on the data obtained from the experimental plots in the south-west districts of the Bryansk region affected by radioactive fallout of the Chernobyl NPP accident. ...

Enamel from 34 molars from 22 individuals in the general population are used to evaluate the background radiation in six cities in India. The estimation of the background dose for each tooth is evaluated using two EPR methods: the calibration-curve method and the additive-dose method. The variation of the estimated ...

Fluorodeoxyglucose is the most commonly used radiopharmaceutical in Positron Emission Tomography, with applications in neurology, cardiology, and oncology. Despite its routine use worldwide, the radiation absorbed dose estimates from FDG have been based primarily on data obtained from two dogs studied in 1977 and 11 adults (most likely ...

Technetium-99m sulfur colloid and technetium-99m hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (HEDP) are two radiopharmaceuticals that have been widely used in nuclear medicine. Radiation dose estimates for both materials have been published in the literature and are found in the package inserts of the commercial kits. However, these estimates were ...

The dual dosimeter technique for determining both the absorbed dose of neutrons and photons in a mixed field has been applied to multiple dosimeter use. The data were analyzed by a linear regression method which yields the neutron dose from the slope and the photon dose from the intercept and an ...

The primary objective of mixed-field neutron/gamma radiation dosimetry in canine irradiation experiments conducted at the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI) is to determine the absorbed midline tissue dose (MLT) at the region of interest in the canine. A dose conversion factor (DCF) can be applied to free-in-air (FIA) ...

The results of chromosome aberration analyses in 68 Thorotrast patients are discussed. In all patients dicentric chromosome aberrations were found but the chromosome aberration rate neither corresponds with the calculated whole body activity or the estimated absorbed dose in the organs of the RHS nor with the radium-224-equivalent ...

The threshold values of total absorbed dose for causing changes in tensile properties of a polyetherimide film and the limitations of the absorbed dose rate for accelerated-exposure evaluation of the effects of electron radiation in geosynchronous orbit w...