The absorbed dose primary standard of the BEV is a graphite calorimeter. Two methods are employed for the conversion of absorbed dose to graphite into absorbed dose to water: calculation on the one hand and the use of an ionization chamber in ...

... dosimeters for X rays in the 1�50 MeV range be calibrated in terms of absorbed dose to ... ...

The conversion of absorbed doses in graphite to absorbed doses in water was studied. A method employing a thin walled ionization chamber as a transfer device was developed. A commercial secondary standard therapy level exposure meter was used in one of th...

This report documents the absorbed dose standard for photon beams in the range from 1 to 25 MeV. Measurements of absorbed dose in graphite irradiated by a beam of cobalt-60 gamma rays from an Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) E1 Dorado 6 teletherapy ...

A technique is presented for calculating the dose or energy absorbed in a material from a knowledge of the ..gamma.. radiation field and the composition of the material. The absorbed dose per unit exposure for various elements and the absorbed dose as a function of material ...

The present invention relates to a device for determining radiation dose and, more particularly, to a standard dose measuring device against which other types of dosimeters may be calibrated.

As an agent for the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation is responsible for maintenance of the Australian Commonwealth standard of absorbed dose. This standard of measurem...

A new extrapolation chamber is described, which is used as absolute standard for the determination of the absorbed beta radiation dose. The construction simulates a semi-infinite phantom and the absorbed dose to tissue was determined in tissue equivalent ...

A description is given of the mechanical and electrical design, construction and operation of the UK primary standard graphite calorimeter system. The calorimeter was developed for the measurement of absorbed dose to graphite for high energy photon radiat...

The design of a calorimetric working standard of ionising radiation absorbed dose is discussed. A brief history of the appropriate quantities and units of measurement is given. Detailed design considerations follow a summary of the relevant literature. Th...

The biological effect taking place in the medium as the result of irradiation is determined by the absorbed irradiated energy and its micro and macro distribution in the tissue under irradiation. The quantitative evaluation of irradiation is effected by the measured dose contained in the air and expressed in roentgen units. The necessity to ...

Absorbed dose from x rays in tissue is generally obtained by calculation from the measured exposure dose. A direct measurement of absorbed dose can be obtained by the use of a tissue-equivalent plastic chamber filled with tissueequivalent gas. A method for testing the suitability of ...

With the development of the water calorimeter direct measurement of absorbed dose in water becomes possible. This could lead to the establishment of an absorbed dose rather than an exposure related standard for ionization chambers for high energy electrons and photons. In changing to an ...

Absorbed dose to water in a cobalt-60 gamma-ray beam has been determined using a thick-walled graphite ionization chamber. The chamber was calibrated in a graphite phantom against a graphite calorimeter, and the graphite calibration factor was converted t...

Contents: A sealed water calorimeter for measuring absorbed doses; Water calorimetry: Model and experiment; The development of a standard based on water calorimetry for absorbed dose to water; Comparison of water calorimeter with reference ionization cham...

The measuring assembly described here, forms together with a calorimeter, a stable and accurate means to measure local absorbed dose in high energy photon or electron beams. The assembly contains AC bridges with phase sensitive detectors which provide goo...

The problem of estimating the absorbed dose to organs and tissues of the human body due to the presence of a radiopharmaceutical in one or more organs is discussed. Complications are introduced by the fact that the body is not homogeneous and in many case...

The document describes calibration services available at the National Bureau of Standards for the standardization of high absorbed dose measurements of ionizing radiation. The areas of application of such measurements include medical product sterilization...

A standard practice is presented covering procedures for the use of thermoluminescent dosemeters to determine the absorbed dose in a material irradiated by ionizing radiation. The specific area of application is the radiation-hardness testing of electronic devices in which the material of interest is usually silicon. The method is ...

Preparation and use of ferrous sulfate-cupric sulfate dosimeters for measuring absorbed ..gamma.. and electron radiation are described. The dosimeter is suitable for accurate measurement of the absorbed dose in water irradiated with x or ..gamma.. rays or high-energy electrons. The change in absorbance at 3050A of ...

To derive the absorbed dose to water from a standard of absorbed dose to graphite, the metrology laboratories which apply such a method usually make use of cavity ionization chambers as transfer instruments. In addition, the BNM-LPRI has tested, as such instruments, two types of Fricke ...

The comparison of the NPL and PTB primary Standards was carried out by each laboratory using its standard to measure the absorbed dose rates from a number of NPL secondary standard sources of the radionuclides strontium + yttrium-90 (Sr + Y - 90), thallium-204 (T1-204) and promethium-147 ...

... Accession Number : AD0672563. Title : A CALORIMETER WITH INTERCHANGEABLE ABSORBERS FOR ABSORBED DOSE ...

The problem of estimating the absorbed dose to organs and tissues of the human body due to the presence of a radiopharmaceutical in one or more organs is discussed. Complications are introduced by the fact that the body is not homogeneous and in many cases the organ shapes are not regular. Publications of the MIRD Committee have provided a direct means of ...

... Title : MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE ABSORBED DOSE FROM ASSIMILATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN BODY ORGANS OF HUMANS,. ...

The absorbed dose to water is the reference physical quantity for the energy absorbed in tissue when exposed to beams of ionizing radiation in radiotherapy. The SI unit of absorbed dose to water is the gray (Gy = 1 J/kg). Ionization chambers are used as the dosimeters of choice in the clinical ...

The standard method outlines a procedure for calculating the absorbed dose in a material given the material composition, the neutron fluence, and threshold-foil data related to the neutron spectrum. The method is applicable to fast-pulsed reactors of the Godiva or TRIGA type, where a substantial fraction of the neutron fluence exceeds ...

Dose calculations for neutron therapy irradiations should be based on the dosimetrically best accessible parameters "total absorbed Dose Dt" and "gamma ray absorbed dose Dgamma". By adequate standardization it should be possible, that only one single reference parameter ...

May 7, 2008 ... ALARA As low as reasonably achievable. AMU Atomic Mass Unit ... D Absorbed dose. DACT Disposable absorbent containment trunk. dB Decibels ... TTS2 Temporary threshold shift measured 2 minutes after exposure ...

The development of primary standards of absorbed dose for electron beams has lagged somewhat the development of photon beam standards. However, this has not limited the diversity of designs, or the range of applications. This review describes the state-of-the-art in electron beam standards as ...

The dose of radiation is a central issue in radiotherapy. Hence dosimetry must be well understood for anyone working in this field. In this chapter theoretical aspects as well as practical aspects of the dosimetry of high energy photons and electrons are addressed. The practical aspects are exclusively dedicated to the determination of absorbed ...

An Elekta Synergy clinical linac facility is now in routine use at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). For the purpose of therapy-level dosimetry, this has replaced the NPL research linac, which is over 40 years old, and in which the NPL absorbed dose primary standard for high-energy photons was established. This ...

Absorbed dose to specific regions of the head and neck during dental orthopantomography with various commercial units was assessed using a Rando ''standard man'' phantom and TLD-100 LiF dosimeters. Relevance to patient protection is discussed.

In April, 1956, the International Conimittee on Radiological Protection adopted the maximum permissible integrated absorbed dose as 50 rem to age 30 or 50 rem per decade thereafter. The National Committee on Radiation Protection set the maximum absorbed dose that could be accumulated from occupational ...

A new standard, expressed in terms of absorbed dose at a depth of 5g/cm/sup 2/ in a water phantom irradiated by cobalt 60 gamma photons, is determined. The procedure developed is based on a transfer method using two dosimetric techniques: Fricke dosimetry...

According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), industrial radiography accounts for approximately half of all reported accidents for the nuclear related industry. Detailed information about these accidents have been published by the IAEA in its Safety Report Series, one of which describes the radiological accident which happened in 1999 in Yanango/Peru. Under unsettled circumstances an ...

The preparation and use of a ceric sulfate dosimeter for accurate measurement of the absorbed dose in water irradiated with x or ..gamma.. rays or high-energy electrons are described. The ionizing radiation reduces the ceric to cerous ions, and the ceric ion concentration is measured spectrophotometrically. The method is accurate for ...

The Fricke dosimetry is used for accurate measurement of the absorbed dose in water irradiated with x- or gamma rays or high-energy electrons. The method is based on the process of oxidation of ferrous to ferric ions by ionizing radiation and can be used accurately for absorbed dose determination in the range from ...

Accurate estimate of absorbed dose to target tumors and normal tissues in the body is an important requirement for establishing fundamental dose-response relationships for radioimmunotherapy. Two major obstacles have been the difficulty in obtaining an accurate patient-specific 3-D activity map in-vivo and calculating the resulting ...

No accepted official protocol exists for the dosimetry of the Leksell Gamma Knife (GK) stereotactic radiosurgery device. Establishment of a dosimetry protocol has been complicated by the unique partial-hemisphere arrangement of 201 individual 60Co beams simultaneously focused on the treatment volume and by the rigid geometry of the GK unit itself. This article proposes an air kerma based dosimetry ...

Photon and electron dosimetry equipment and procedures are described. Radiation sources; primary standards for photon radiation in air; ionization chamber standards for water phantoms; chemical dosimetry; absolute determination of absorbed dose; type test...

The national primary standard of the PTB with its extrapolation chambers and associated equipment is described. The evaluation procedure including all the corrections of the measured values is discussed in detail. Measurement uncertainties are stated for ...

The absolute measurements of main dosimetric parameters in the /sup 60/Co field of ROKUS irradiation device are performed in order to create a standard irradiation field for calibration of medical dosemeters. The measurements were made by means of tissue-...

The method used at the National Bureau of Standards for the calibration of strontium-90 + yttrium-90 beta-particle ophthalmic applicators in terms of absorbed dose to water, is described. The method involves measurement of ionization density at the applic...

Ceric sulfate dosimetry is used for accurate measurement of the absorbed dose in water irradiated with x- or gamma-rays or high-energy electrons. It is based on the process of reduction of ceric to cerous ions by ionizing radiation. The method is most accurate for absorbed doses in the range from 1 x 10/sup 6/ to 8 ...

Whole body retention measurements were performed in volunteers after i.v. injection of 99mTc-HM-PAO (Ceretec). The organ accumulation was measured in mice and data were transferred to standard man according to ICRP. Absorbed dose calculations were made with these data by using the concept of absorbed fractions ...

The standard fluence-to-dose conversion factors in ANSI/ANS-6.1.1-1977 are based on a so-called dose equivalent (DE) formula, where the absorbed dose is modified by a quality factor, Q, which is equal to 1 for gamma rays and varies from 1 to 20 for neutro...

In the measurements performed by Kubo and Cheng (ref. 1) of absorbed dose in phantoms using several commercially available ionization chambers, the 0.5 cc airequivalent Exradin chamber is reported as having a sub/minus/ standard performance. It is contended that the Exradin performedas well as others. (AIP)

The threshold values of total absorbed dose for causing changes in tensile properties of a polyetherimide film and the limitations of the absorbed dose rate for accelerated-exposure evaluation of the effects of electron radiation in geosynchronous orbit w...

Absorbed dose and dose equivalent from negatively and positively charged pions in energy range 10 to

... Title : A FORTRAN PROGRAM TO DETERMINE ABSORBED ORGAN DOSE DUE TO INHALATION OF RADIONUCLIDES,. ...

... of absorbed dose; rem relates the absorbed dose in human tissue to the ... effort to increase the nation's preparedness for potential attacks against ...

... Title : Computational Determination of Absorbed Dose Distributions From Multiple Volumetric Gamma Ray Sources,. Corporate Author : ...

In internal emitter therapy, an accurate description of the absorbed dose distribution is necessary to establish an administered dose-response relationship, as well as to avoid critical organ toxicity. This work describes the implementation of a dosimetry method that accounts for the radionuclide decay spectrum, and patient-specific ...

Tumour control probability (TCP) is the probability of destroying every clonogen in a tumour as a result of a Radiation Therapy treatment. Assuming absorbed dose homogeneity throughout the tumour volume, TCP can be easily derived from a cell survival model. If absorbed dose is non homogeneous, its distribution has ...

Current methods for calculating the absorbed dose in a target region from a source region rely on a standard {open_quotes}reference man{close_quotes} geometry and assume an uniform distribution of radiolabel. While this approach is acceptable at the low levels of radioisotope administered for most diagnostic purposes, the generality of ...

In the dosimetry related to sterilization of goods by ionizing photons and electrons, and in other industrial radiation applications, i.e., modification of plastic and other materials, food preservation, and treatment of waste products, it is important to have traceability to standard absorbed dose measurements. The preferred primary ...

The use of Ionizing Radiation in Medicine emphasizes the importance of Metrology for the study of biological phenomena and the development of high standard examination or treatment techniques. In particular, Radiotherapy, an important tool for cancer cure, requires the highest level of accuracy to optimize the absorbed doses delivered ...

The development of a calorimetric technique for the determination of the intensity of radiation has been previously reported. This method has been further developed and applied to the measurement of locally absorbed dose. Its use for the determination of the absorbed dose produced in tissue-equivalent ...

The concepts of radiation exposure dose, absorbed dose, and biological dose resulting from ionizing particles are reviewed. The units used in radiation measurements are defined, and the concept of electronic equilibrium is discussed. The Bragg-Gray cavity relation ls used to calculate the ...

An automated charge monitoring system for a linear accelerator electron beam was assembled for use at radiation intensities associated with industrial applications. The system is based on the fast integration of current signals from a toroidal pulse transforming coil wound around the accelerator flight tube. Efforts devoted to minimizing electromagnetic pickup in the signals, to impedance ...

Ferrous-cupric sulfate dosimetry is used for accurate measurement of the absorbed dose in water irradiated with x- or gamma-rays or high-energy electrons. It is based on the process of oxidation of ferrous to ferric ions by ionizing radiation. The method is most accurate for absorbed doses in the range from 2 x ...

Between September 1974 and December 1977 the National Bureau of Standards, in cooperation with the Bureau of Radiological Health, performed a study of the accuracy with which a prescribed absorbed dose of cobalt-60 gamma radiation is delivered to a specif...

... MINUTE INVESTIGATION OF ABSORBED DOSES IN COMPLEX ... DESCRIBED OF SUCH A DETERMINATION. ... CASE OF DOSE DISTRIBUTION AT ...

The effective conversion factor for photons from 0.03 to 10 MeV were calculated to convert the absorbed dose in air to the 1 cm, 3 mm, and 70 (mu)m depth dose equivalents behind iron, lead, concrete, and water shields up to 30 mfp thickness. The effective...

The primary measurand in the dosimetry for radiation therapy is the absorbed dose to water, D(W). An alanine/EPR based secondary standard for D(W) for high-energy photon and electron radiation is presently under construction at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. A technique of transfer dosimetry that makes it possible to reduce ...

During the last two decades, absorbed dose to water in clinical photon and electron beams was determined using dosimetry protocols and codes of practice based on radiation metrology standards of air kerma. It is now recommended that clinical reference dosimetry be based on standards of absorbed ...

Medical Internal Radiation Dose(MIRD) schema was developed for calculating the absorbed dose from the administrated radiopharmaceuticals. With the biological distribution data and physical properties of the radionuclide, we can estimated the absorbed dose...

... Abstract : The effects of electron radiation on Ultem, a ... were studied for total absorbed doses from 1.0 kGy to 100 MGy at absorbed dose rates from ...

The authors discuss methods of checking thermoluminescent and radiophotoluminescent dosimeters which are used often in monitoring radiation safety in various areas including nuclear power stations. When the dosimeters are checked in the fields of standard beta-ray sources, it is recommended that the standard absorbed-dose or ...

A computerized approach to the average absorbed dose calculations in the standard human body is reported. For each selected radionuclide, a matrix S of the order n X n is constructed and stored in the computer. The matrix elements consist of the absorbed dose coefficients per unit cumulated ...

While there has been an abundance of literature dealing with the absorbed radiation dose from administered radiopharmaceuticals in the standard 70-kg man, a deficiency exists in the availability of this information in the newborn and pediatric population. Direct absorbed dose extrapolation from ...

A comparison of the standards for absorbed dose to water of the Bureau National de M�trologie - Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (BNM-LNHB), Saclay, France and of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) has been made in 60Co radiation under the auspices of the key comparison BIPM.RI(I)-K4. The comparison result ...

As part of a collaborative project between the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and the Swiss Federal Office of Metrology and Accreditation (METAS), a sealed water calorimeter was built at NRC and transferred to METAS. The calorimeter is operated at 4 degrees C and uses two thermistor probes in a sealed glass vessel containing high-purity water to measure the radiation-induced temperature ...

... Abstract : ;Contents: Interaction between radiation and tissue; Radiation quantities and units; Radiation quality and dose equivalent; History of dose ...

... EQUIVALENTS OF GALACTIC RADIATION EXPOSURE IN SPACE,. ... In assessing the astronaut's exposure from galactic ... of absorbed doses to dose ...

... AS INDICATORS OF ABSORBED RADIATION DOSE IN RATS. ... of doses of mixed gamma-neutron radiations or 14 ... was a function of dose over the ...

The energy absorbed by aluminum, carbon, or tissueequivalent (TE) material when exposed to gamma rays, fast neutrons, or 900-Mev alpha particles was measured with a microcalorimeter. The instrument was patterned after the one described by Reid and Johns, Rad. Res. 14: Spaced mylar sheets about 6-1/2 in. in diameter were mounted on one side of the ...

Eight national standards for absorbed dose to water in 60Co gamma radiation at the dose levels used in radiation processing have been compared over the range from 1 kGy to 30 kGy using the alanine dosimeters of the NIST and the NPL as the transfer dosimeters. The comparison was organized by the Bureau International ...

Results are reported from a study performed to check how well the calculated absorbed radiation dose fraction data (S-factors) given in MIRD Pamphlet No. 5 and related reports apply to living patients administered radionuclides. An external target region ...

A water calorimeter was designed and constructed for use in high energy electron beams to obtain absorbed dose to water directly eliminating the need to use stopping powers. The construction and testing of the calorimeter are described and the results of a comparison with the primary standard graphite calorimeter are given. The ...

A large air-filled parallel-plate extrapolation chamber in a phantom of water-equivalent material is used as a primary standard measuring device for low-energy interstitial brachytherapy sources from which the unit of absorbed dose to water can be derived. The chamber is suitable for low-energy photons with energies up to 50keV. The ...

The application of more and more low-energy photon radiation in brachytherapy-either in the form of low-dose-rate radioactive seeds such as Pd-103 or I-125 or in the form of miniature x-ray tubes-has induced greater interest in determining the absorbed dose to water in water in this energy range. As it seems to be hardly feasible to ...

The application of more and more low-energy photon radiation in brachytherapy�either in the form of low-dose-rate radioactive seeds such as Pd-103 or I-125 or in the form of miniature x-ray tubes�has induced greater interest in determining the absorbed dose to water in water in this energy range. As it seems to be hardly feasible ...

The objective of the present study is to establish radiation standards for absorbed doses, for clinical high energy linear accelerator beams. In the nonavailability of a cobalt-60 beam for arriving at Nd, water values for thimble chambers, we investigated the efficacy of perspex mounted extrapolation chamber (EC) used earlier for low ...

The objective of the present study is to establish radiation standards for absorbed doses, for clinical high energy linear accelerator beams. In the nonavailability of a cobalt-60 beam for arriving at Nd, water values for thimble chambers, we investigated the efficacy of perspex mounted extrapolation chamber (EC) used earlier for low ...

The National Bureau of Standards is performing a study of the ability of radiation-therapy departments to deliver prescribed absorbed doses of /sup 60/Co gamma radiation to a water phantom. Batches of thermoluminescence dosimeters are mailed to participating therapy departments for irradiation under prescribed conditions. Upon return ...

The construction and operation details of a local absorbed dose microcalorimeter are presented. This calorimeter measures the absorbed dose rate at any desired point within an irradiated medium. The measurement is specific to a sufficiently limited region (2.0 cm in dia, 0.3 cm deep) that the measurement ...

A Monte Carlo based computer model has been developed for electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) to calculate organ and effective doses in a humanoid hermaphrodite phantom. The program has been validated by comparison with experimental measurements of the CT dose index in standard head and body CT dose phantoms; ...

Digital radiographs obtained with a CT scanner were evaluated as an alternative to conventional pelvimetry. Dosimetry studies demonstrated an absorbed radiation dose of 22 mrad for each digital radiograph, approximately 3% of the dose for comparable standard radiographs. Distance measurements were accurately made ...

Digital radiographs obtained with a CT scanner were evaluated as an alternative to conventional pelvimetry. Dosimetry studies demonstrated an absorbed radiation dose of 22 mrad for each digital radiograph, approximately 3% of the dose for comparable standard radiographs. Distance measurements were accurately made ...

Determination of the radiation dose delivered to electronic devices and components exposed to radiation environments is basic to the assessment of system's vulnerability and hardening. In the region of the interface between materials of different composition, the radiation dose can be more than ten times that obtained by applying ...

In polymer gel dosimetry using magnetic resonance imaging, the uncertainty in absorbed dose is dependent on the experimental determination of T2. The concept of dose resolution (D?p) of polymer gel dosimeters is developed and applied to the uncertainty in dose related to the uncertainty in T2 from a range of T2 ...

Internal radiotherapy is currently focusing on beta emitters such as 90Y or 131I because of their high-energy emissions. However, conventional dosimetric methods (MIRD) are known to be limited for such applications. They are unable to take into account microscopic radionuclide distribution because standardized anthropomorphic phantoms are used, and ...

Measurements of absorbed dose, dose rate, and dose distribution in food products are vital to the success of treatment of food by ionizing radiation (X ray and gamma radiation and electron beams). Dosimetry is used not only for regulatory purposes and quality control but as documentation of research leading to each ...

The purpose of this study was to estimate organ and effective dose to the patient during spinal surgery with a cone-beam O-arm system. The absorbed dose to radiosensitive organs and effective dose were calculated on mathematically simulated phantom corresponding to a 15-year-old patient using PCXMC 2.0. Radiation ...

This paper presents two methods for absorbed dose determination with ionization chambers at short distance from 60Co and 192Ir brachytherapy sources. The methods are modifications of the Bragg-Gray and large cavity principles given in the IAEA code of practice for high- and medium-energy photon beams. A non-uniformity correction factor to account for the ...

In internal emitter therapy, an accurate description of the absorbed dose distribution is necessary to establish an administered dose-response relationship, as well as to avoid critical organ toxicity. Given a spatial distribution of cumulated activity, an absorbed dose distribution that ...

... Title : Radiation Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms ... DOSIMETERS, INSTRUMENTATION, IONIZATION CHAMBERS, DOSE RATE, RADIATION ...

Purpose: To perform a comprehensive study on organ absorbed doses and effective doses from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for three different treatment sites. Methods and Materials: An extensive set of dosimetric measurements were performed using a widely used CBCT system, the On-Board Imager (OBI). Measurements were performed ...

This report describes methods and computer programs for calculating absorbed-dose distribution in a water target irradiated by proton beams. The spatial pattern of absorbed dose from monoenergetic pencil beams is calculated as a function of the depth in t...

Values of the fast neutron absorbed dose rate in an ethylene absorber are given as a function of penetration distance in hydrogen. The dose rates were obtained by numerical integration of the product of the differential number spectrum and the ethylene conversion factors. (auth)

At present, absorbed dose calculations for radionuclides in the human circulatory system used relatively simple models and are restricted in their applications. To determine absorbed doses to the blood and to the surface of the blood vessel wall, EGS4 Mon...

There is a continuing need for standards in neutron monitoring. A discussion of special problem areas and the benefits of intercomparisons is given. The RBE for leukemia induction in the survivors of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is greater than ten for absorbed doses in the bone marrow of less than 100 rads; this may ...

Fast neutrons and protons undergo fundamentally different interactions in tissue. The former interact with nuclei, while the latter, as in the case of photons, interact mainly with atomic electrons. Protons do, however, also undergo some nuclear interactions, the probability of which increases with energy. For both modalities the practical instruments for determining the reference ...

For a reliable prediction of dose loads on a crew and its habitation environment, which, so far, cannot be calculated with sufficient accuracy, an experimental study of the dynamics of radiation situation characteristics in the modules of the manned International Space Station (ISS) is carried out. The results of prompt monitoring and individual dose ...

A portable tissue equivalent calorimeter has been constructed and employed to measure absorbed dose in a mixed fast-neutron and gamma-ray field. Design details and measurement techniques are described along with the limits of precision and absolute accuracy. Experiments have been carried out with a cyclotron produced neutron beam using the $sup ...

Currently, radiation dose in experimental tumored animals undergoing radioimmunotherapy trials is computed indirectly by assessing serial time-dependent biodistribution data, mean residence times and cumulated activities. These data are then used to calculate organ doses through the standard MIRD formalism. Substantial uncertainty in ...

Secondary organ absorbed doses were calculated by Monte Carlo simulations with the SHIELD-HIT07 code coupled with the mathematical anthropomorphic phantoms CHILD-HIT and ADAM-HIT. The simulated irradiations were performed with primary (1)H, (4)He, (7)Li, (12)C and (16)O ion beams in the energy range 100-400 MeV/u which were directly impinging on the ...

Secondary organ absorbed doses were calculated by Monte Carlo simulations with the SHIELD-HIT07 code coupled with the mathematical anthropomorphic phantoms CHILD-HIT and ADAM-HIT. The simulated irradiations were performed with primary 1H, 4He, 7Li, 12C and 16O ion beams in the energy range 100-400 MeV/u which were directly impinging on the phantoms, i.e. ...

This report describes the use of a 10-ounce Thermos flask, filled with water, for absolute standardization of a Megacurie Co-60 source. Once the absorbed dose rate is established in a given position relative to the source, other aqueous solutions can be i...

For successful radiotherapy, exact application of a certain dose to the target volume is as necessary as optimal sparing of included or neighbouring organs at risk. A new simple but versatile method for rapid dose determination at relevant reference points in target volumes or shielded organs at risk irradiated with irregularly shaped photon fields has ...

Several legacy hydraulic oil waste streams contaminated with Aroclor 1260 and small amounts of Cesium-137 have been in storage at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) due to the lack of appropriate treatment facilities. The goal of this study was to demonstrate that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) could be selectively decomposed in the oils. Removal of the PCB component to less than ...

... dose, Q is the quality factor, and N is the product of any other modifying factors such as those accounting for effects due to dose rate, dose ...

Read out the absorbance of a dosimetric foil is accomplished by two beam spectrophotometer. Such a solution makes possible the compensation of light source instabilities and ensures higher stability of the dose reader. The error of absorbance measurement ...

... Accession Number : ADD344981. Title : Computational Determination of Absorbed Dose Distribution From Gamma Ray Sources,. Corporate Author ...