The introduction of a biophysical quantity, the biological dose, is proposed, which is defined in terms of the absorbed dose and the relative biological effectiveness. The unit of the biological dose is the rem, while the unit of the absorbed dose is the rad. The ...

This report is concerned with the methods of evaluating the absorbed dose received by the tissues of persons to whom radiopharmaceuticals are administered. Imaging procedures, types of radionuclide, biological data and clinical measurements are discussed. The general procedures for absorbed-dose calculations ...

The biological effect taking place in the medium as the result of irradiation is determined by the absorbed irradiated energy and its micro and macro distribution in the tissue under irradiation. The quantitative evaluation of irradiation is effected by the measured dose contained in the air and expressed in roentgen units. The necessity to ...

The average absorbed dose and the maximum and minimum absorbed dose received by biological specimens of varying size, irradiated laterally with a known exposure dose of Co/sup 60/ gamma radiation measured in air at the midline was investigated experimentally. ...

... structures against the initial nuclear radiation produced by ... Structure Protection Coefficients (absorbed dose at receiver per unit free-field ...

A FORTRAN computer program system has been developed to determine the maximum internal dose received by a given body organ as a result of inhalation of specific radionuclides. The program, based upon equations reported in the literature, determines the ef...

The aim of this work was to estimate absorbed doses received by a victim of the radiation accident with a 60Co source in Henan province, China. With a Monte Carlo stochastic simulation method, an estimation method for doses to the radiation accident victim was made. It utilised a mathematical model of adult man ...

... Accession Number : AD0672563. Title : A CALORIMETER WITH INTERCHANGEABLE ABSORBERS FOR ABSORBED DOSE ...

... Title : MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE ABSORBED DOSE FROM ASSIMILATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN BODY ORGANS OF HUMANS,. ...

This study assesses the outdoor gamma absorbed dose levels in air of the Adana's region. The measurements were taken from 130 different sample points in this area by Eberline Smart Portable (ESP-2) with SPA-6 plastic scintillation detector. The outdoor gamma absorbed dose rates order from 40 to 145 nGy h(-1). ...

A method is suggested for measuring the doses from absorbed radon, short- life ore resistant t emitters RaB and RaC, and longlife radon daughters. Measurements were also made for thoron and actinon and new maximum permissible concentrations of thoron and radon in air are quoted. The suggested method of dose determination can ...

The absorbed radiation dose to human organs has been estimated, following intravenous administration of (67)Ga-labelled adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) using distribution data from injected normal rats. Four rats were sacrificed at exact time intervals and the percentage of injected dose per gram of each organ was measured by ...

Whole body retention measurements were performed in volunteers after i.v. injection of 99mTc-HM-PAO (Ceretec). The organ accumulation was measured in mice and data were transferred to standard man according to ICRP. Absorbed dose calculations were made with these data by using the concept of absorbed fractions (MIRD method). In man, ...

The absorbed doses and energy imparted for the Orthopantomograph model OP 5 using two different collimators (0.9-1.3 X 33 mm2 and 0.6-0.9 X 39.5 mm2, respectively) were examined at 70 and 75 kV. The absorbed doses were estimated by thermoluminescence dosimetry in a sectioned phantom and by the energy imparted from ...

Photoinduced toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is dependent on the concentration of compounds present and the dose of light received. Of the light present, only those wavelengths absorbed by the compound have the potential to initiate the photochemical events un...

Six persons were accidentally exposed to gamma rays from an /sup 192/Ir source. Since they were non-occupational persons, a means to estimate the absorbed dose was needed to be established. As three of them wore wrist watches when they were exposed to gamma rays from the /sup 192/Ir source, cumulative doses of three persons ...

The methods foi the calculation of the dose received by the patient during diagnostic tests with internal administration of radioisotopes are reported. The basic parameters for such calculations are analyzed. Particular reference is given to the discussion of the methods for the experimental determination of the values of these parameters. ...

The absorbed dose primary standard of the BEV is a graphite calorimeter. Two methods are employed for the conversion of absorbed dose to graphite into absorbed dose to water: calculation on the one hand and the use of an ionization chamber in combination ...

The threshold values of total absorbed dose for causing changes in tensile properties of a polyetherimide film and the limitations of the absorbed dose rate for accelerated-exposure evaluation of the effects of electron radiation in geosynchronous orbit w...

Absorbed dose and dose equivalent from negatively and positively charged pions in energy range 10 to

... Title : A FORTRAN PROGRAM TO DETERMINE ABSORBED ORGAN DOSE DUE TO INHALATION OF RADIONUCLIDES,. ...

The primary objective of this work was to estimate the absorbed dose distribution to the bone marrow of six multiple myeloma patients who received holmium-166 (166Ho) DOTMP (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetramethylene-phosphonic acid) for the purpose of bone marrow ablation. A methodology based on gamma camera images was ...

... of absorbed dose; rem relates the absorbed dose in human tissue to the ... effort to increase the nation's preparedness for potential attacks against ...

... Title : Computational Determination of Absorbed Dose Distributions From Multiple Volumetric Gamma Ray Sources,. Corporate Author : ...

The absorbed and effective radiation doses resulting from the intravenous administration of the potential tumor-imaging PET radiopharmaceutical O-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-tyrosine (FPT) were estimated using biodistribution data from normal mice. The computer program 3P97 and the methodology recommended by MIRD were used to estimate the ...

The usage of beta-radiation sources in various nuclear medicine therapies is increasing. Consequently, enhanced radiation protection measures are required, as medical staff more frequently handle high-activity sources required for therapy. Inhomogeneous radiation fields make it difficult to determine absorbed dose reliably. Routine monitoring with ...

Individuals are exposed to ionizing radiations in two ways: from radiation sources external to the body or from internal sources. In either case, the magnitude of the radiation dose to the sensitive tissues of the body is of primary concern. Radiation dose (or absorbed dose) is a physical quantity defined as the ...

The concepts of radiation exposure dose, absorbed dose, and biological dose resulting from ionizing particles are reviewed. The units used in radiation measurements are defined, and the concept of electronic equilibrium is discussed. The Bragg-Gray cavity relation ls used to calculate the ...

Only the exposure to inhaled radon decay products is usually taken into account in the determination of the risk of radiogenic lung cancer in uranium miners. However, the elevated lung cancer risk in uranium miners is due to the total dose of radiation received by that organ, not to the dose from inhaled radon-222 decay products (222Rn ...

Radiopharmaceuticals are distributed nonuniformly in tissue. While distributions of radioactivity often appear uniform at the organ level, in fact, microscopic examination reveals that only a fraction of the cells in tissue are labeled. Labeled cells and unlabeled cells often receive different absorbed doses depending on the extent of ...

Fluorodeoxyglucose is the most commonly used radiopharmaceutical in Positron Emission Tomography, with applications in neurology, cardiology, and oncology. Despite its routine use worldwide, the radiation absorbed dose estimates from FDG have been based primarily on data obtained from two dogs studied in 1977 and 11 adults (most likely males) studied in ...

A solution of glucose treated with rays at doses used for the sterilization of foods has an antirachitic activity of complex structure. Under the effect of the ingestion of this solution, the rat absorbs and retains most of the calcium, while the blood and osseous signs of rachitism disappear. (tr-auth)

... MINUTE INVESTIGATION OF ABSORBED DOSES IN COMPLEX ... DESCRIBED OF SUCH A DETERMINATION. ... CASE OF DOSE DISTRIBUTION AT ...

. Rowleau, M. Thomson (1990) Ultraviolet exposure to children from sunlight: a study using personalPatterns in the Received Facial Ultraviolet Exposure of School Children Measured at a Sub in polysulphone absorbency at 330 nm; ER, exposure ratio; PS, polysulphone; SED, standard erythemal dose; SZA

Medical Internal Radiation Dose(MIRD) schema was developed for calculating the absorbed dose from the administrated radiopharmaceuticals. With the biological distribution data and physical properties of the radionuclide, we can estimated the absorbed dose...

... Abstract : The effects of electron radiation on Ultem, a ... were studied for total absorbed doses from 1.0 kGy to 100 MGy at absorbed dose rates from ...

... Accession Number : AD0190190. Title : AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RADIATION DOSES RECEIVED BY INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHERS. ...

... Abstract : ;Contents: Interaction between radiation and tissue; Radiation quantities and units; Radiation quality and dose equivalent; History of dose ...

... EQUIVALENTS OF GALACTIC RADIATION EXPOSURE IN SPACE,. ... In assessing the astronaut's exposure from galactic ... of absorbed doses to dose ...

... AS INDICATORS OF ABSORBED RADIATION DOSE IN RATS. ... of doses of mixed gamma-neutron radiations or 14 ... was a function of dose over the ...

Patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) demonstrate poor survival after standard treatment. Myeloablative radioimmunotherapy (RIT) using 131I tositumomab (anti-CD20) has the ability to deliver specific radiation absorbed dose to antigen bearing tumor. We reviewed normal organ radiation absorbed ...

The purpose of this study was to calculate internal absorbed dose distribution in mice from preclinical small animal PET imaging procedures with fluorine-18 labeled compounds (¹⁸FDG, ¹⁸FLT, and fluoride ion). The GATE Monte Carlo software and a realistic, voxel-based mouse phantom that included a subcutaneous ...

The influence of cumulative absorbed dose, initial dose rate and mass of the remnant thyroid tissue on outcome of radioiodine treatment was assessed to determine an optimum value of absorbed dose and initial dose rate predictive of successful ablation. In 87 patients with ...

This paper describes the methods used to convert individual dosimeter readings for workers to obtain estimates of worker doses received in Mayak facilities. Film dosimeters were used at Mayak PA for worker monitoring from 1948 until 1992. The method requires a determination of the relationship between the absorbed ...

Accurate assessments of doses received by individuals exposed to radiation from nuclear accidents and incidents such as those at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Nevada test site, Cheliabinsk and Mayak are required for epidemiological studies seeking to establish relationships between radiation dose and health effects. One method of ...

Natural radiation sources contribute much the largest part of the radiation exposure of the average person. This paper examines doses from natural radiation to the red bone marrow, the tissue in which leukaemia is considered to originate, with particular emphasis on doses to children. The most significant contributions are from x-rays and gamma rays, ...

Actual methods used to evaluate total radiation doses received by personnel operating in residual fallout fields are questionable, due to the limitations of present radiac monitoring equipment. The military, in order to plan better operations in nuclear warfare, must have accurate knowledge of the hazards to be encountered. The planned objectives are aimed ...

Actual methods used to evaluate total radiation doses received by personnel operating in residual fall-out fields are questionable, due to the limitations of present radiac monitoring equipment. The military, in order to plan better operations tn nuclear warfare, must have accurate knowledge of the hazards to be encountered. The planned ...

The purpose of this study was to estimate organ and effective dose to the patient during spinal surgery with a cone-beam O-arm system. The absorbed dose to radiosensitive organs and effective dose were calculated on mathematically simulated phantom corresponding to a 15-year-old patient using PCXMC 2.0. Radiation ...

Radiation incident involving living organisms is an uncommon but a very serious situation. The first step in medical management including triage is high-throughput assessment of the radiation dose received. Radiation exposure levels can be assessed from viability of cells, cellular organelles such as chromosome and different intermediate metabolites. ...

... Title : Radiation Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms ... DOSIMETERS, INSTRUMENTATION, IONIZATION CHAMBERS, DOSE RATE, RADIATION ...

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedure is an invasive technique that requires fluoroscopic and radiographic exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine the occupational dose of ionising radiation at three gastroenterology departments (Fedial, Soba and Ibn seena hospitals) in Khartoum, Sudan. The radiation dose was measured ...

This report describes methods and computer programs for calculating absorbed-dose distribution in a water target irradiated by proton beams. The spatial pattern of absorbed dose from monoenergetic pencil beams is calculated as a function of the depth in t...

Values of the fast neutron absorbed dose rate in an ethylene absorber are given as a function of penetration distance in hydrogen. The dose rates were obtained by numerical integration of the product of the differential number spectrum and the ethylene conversion factors. (auth)

The conversion of absorbed doses in graphite to absorbed doses in water was studied. A method employing a thin walled ionization chamber as a transfer device was developed. A commercial secondary standard therapy level exposure meter was used in one of th...

At present, absorbed dose calculations for radionuclides in the human circulatory system used relatively simple models and are restricted in their applications. To determine absorbed doses to the blood and to the surface of the blood vessel wall, EGS4 Mon...

Prediction of risks and therapeutic outcome in nuclear medicine largely rely on calculation of the absorbed dose. Absorbed dose specification is complex due to the wide variety of radiations emitted, nonuniform activity distribution, biokinetics, etc. Conventional organ absorbed ...

Recent events have underscored the need for the United States government to provide streamlined emergency response procedures and subsequent dose estimations for personnel responding to incidents involving radioactive material. Indeed, the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Report No. 138 (NCRP 2001) indicates that exposures received ...

Tin-117 has certain physical characteristics (half-life of 13.6 days, low-energy-conversion electrons, gamma photon of 158.6 keV) that suggest that it may be a favorable agent for radionuclide therapy. It has been shown in animal models that Sn-117m in the chemical form Sn(4+)diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid localizes selectively in bone. The authors therefore studied its whole-body distribution ...

A technique is presented for calculating the dose or energy absorbed in a material from a knowledge of the ..gamma.. radiation field and the composition of the material. The absorbed dose per unit exposure for various elements and the absorbed dose as a function of material ...

Following the implementation of advanced treatment procedures in radiotherapy, there is a need for dynamic dose verification in 3D. Gel dosimetry could potentially be used for such measurements. However, recently published data show that certain types of gels have a dose rate and fractionation dependence. The aim of this study was to investigate the ...

Following the implementation of advanced treatment procedures in radiotherapy, there is a need for dynamic dose verification in 3D. Gel dosimetry could potentially be used for such measurements. However, recently published data show that certain types of gels have a dose rate and fractionation dependence. The aim of this study was to investigate the ...

Scope and method of study. OSL fiber dosimeters show enormous potential for the remote monitoring of radiation doses in a variety of different environments. In particular, the ability for a fiber dosimeter to read the dose received by a patient during radiotherapy in real time during the irradiation procedure is an attractive ...

... dose, Q is the quality factor, and N is the product of any other modifying factors such as those accounting for effects due to dose rate, dose ...

Apr 21, 2011 ... Data Set Name, Crew Absorbed Doses from Passive Dosimeters ... This table shows a comparison of absorbed doses from TLD passive dosimeters. ...

... dosimeters for X rays in the 1�50 MeV range be calibrated in terms of absorbed dose to ... ...

Read out the absorbance of a dosimetric foil is accomplished by two beam spectrophotometer. Such a solution makes possible the compensation of light source instabilities and ensures higher stability of the dose reader. The error of absorbance measurement ...

... In dosimetry, the absorbed dose is defined as the amount of energy absorbed per unit mass of the material. ... 10 Protons 10 Alpha particles 10 ...

... on a cellular level using tissue-equivalent scintillation techniques ... first phase of the development of a Cellular Absorbed Dose Spectrometer (CADS ...

Four tables designed to permit rapid conversion from one to another of the units for absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, energy, and power are given. (M.C.G.)

... Accession Number : ADD344981. Title : Computational Determination of Absorbed Dose Distribution From Gamma Ray Sources,. Corporate Author ...

The objective of this paper is to critically evaluate the interrelationship of the radiopharmaceuticals, radionuclides and organ visualization instrumentation on the resultant absorbed dose to a patient having a bone scan versus the clinical information o...

Administration of x-ray contrast agents during heart catheterization examination increases the absorbed radiation dose in tissue. To estimate the dose absorbed by the blood of children undergoing diagnostic heart catheterization and angiocardiography, a number of measurements and calculations were conducted ...

Introduction The neurohistological findings in patients treated with targeted ? emitters such as ¹³¹I are poorly described. We report a histopathologic analysis from patients treated with combined external beam therapy and a brachytherapy consisting of a ¹³¹I-labeled monoclonal antibody (mAb) injected into surgically created resection cavities during ...

We report measurements of absorbed dose to vertebral metastases in ten patients referred for /sup 89/Sr therapy for disseminated prostatic carcinoma. Patients received a tracer dose of /sup 85/Sr at the time of /sup 89/Sr treatment and metastatic strontium retention was monitored scintigraphically for 6 mo. ...

A procedure was developed for the routine monitoring of neutron dose absorbed by patients receiving x-ray therapy with high-energy electron accelerators. The source of the neutrons was photonuclear reactions. The detection system used to measure them is d...

The ICRU published Report 39, Determination of Dose Equivalents for External Radiation Sources, in which definitions are given of quantities to be employed in radiological protection monitoring (ICRU, 1985). These quantities, the ''ambient dose equivalent,'' H*, the ''directional ...

... Title : Bonding Solar Selective Absorber Foils to Glass Receiver Tubes for Use in Evacuated Tubular Collectors: Preliminary Studies,. ...

Diagnostic doses of radiolabeled antibodies have been used to estimate the radiation absorbed doses for radioimmunotherapy patients enrolled on clinical trials, based on the assumption that the pharmacokinetics are replicated for the subsequent therapy dose. The objective of this study was to compare estimates of ...

Craniospinal irradiation is a standard treatment technique in patients who receive surgery for medulloblastoma. In most centers megavoltage photon irradiation is used, resulting in significant irradiation exposure to critical organs. In order to overcome this difficulty, the authors recently modified the technique applied in their center, by using high energy electrons (20 ...

The level of damage DNA in neyroblastes of larvae and frequency of recessive sex-linked lethal mutations of males from chronically irradiated populations Drosophila melanogaster, differing on mobile P-elements patterns, was estimated. Received results testify, that exposition in conditions a chronic gamma-radiation (absorbed radiation ...

Effects of irradiation of bone from internally deposited radioisotopes are considered. Problems encountered in measurement of the absorbed radiation dose and assessing damage in bone are also considered. The calculated accumulated dose can only be approximate, and to estimate it over a long period of time a very large number ...

... necessary for absorbed radiation dose estimates, as ... SUBSTANCES, *RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES, *RADIATION DOSAGE, *DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS ...

... Additional work is required relating resistance change for these materials to absorbed ribbon dose, and determination of the maximum dose for ...

nonuniform dose distributions resulting from flare proton spectra leads to the assignment of the absorbed dose at 4- ...

Four patient with nearly normal physiologic condition received five courses of total-body irradiation of calculated absorbe doses from 50 to 150 r at midplane, and one of the patients also received internal irradiation from sodium- 24. Physiological alterations resulting from irradiation were studied. ...

Objectives: Myeloablative radioimmunotherapy (RIT) using 131I tositumomab (anti-CD 20) monoclonal antibodies is an effective new therapy for B-cell non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL). The goal of this work is to determine optimum methods to deliver maximal myeloablative radioactivity without exceeding the radiation tolerance of critical normal organs such as liver and lungs, and avoiding serious ...

Decay schemes and decay data are presented for 15 radioactive atomic species of special importance in the monitoring of reactor effluents. In addition to the nuclear radiations required for this purpose, there are listed the atomic radiations of additional importance to workers in the fields of nuclear medicine and health physics. Listed in tabular form are best'' ...

High energy accelerators quite often emit muons. These particles behave in matter as would heavy electrons and are thus difficult to attenuate with shielding in many situations. Hence, these muons can be a source of radiation exposure to personnel and suitable methods of measuring the absorbed dose received to these people is obviously ...

The urinary ovarian dose (the amount of radiation absorbed by the ovaries from the I/sup 131/ excreted by the urine and collected in the urinary bladder) has been calculated. To this end use has been made of I/sup 131/ excretion data on 7 patients; these data have been applied to an experimental model. The urinary ovarian ...

Determination of the radiation dose delivered to or received by tissue culture cells during irradiation in vitro is relatively straightforward compared to determination of the drug dose delivered to or received by these same cells when treated with chemical agents. After defining drug exposure ...