A useful parameter to estimate terrestrial primary productivity, that can be sensed from space, is the daily averaged fraction of Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR) absorbed by plants. To evaluate this parameter, investigators have relied on the...

Presently, the estimates of specific absorbed fractions in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom are based on Monte Carlo calculation for monoenergetic photons uniformly distributed in the organs of an adult phantom. But, it is known that the kidney a...

Estimating the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) at FIFE with airborne bidirectional spectral reflectance data. J. Geophys. ...

The problem of estimating the absorbed dose to organs and tissues of the human body due to the presence of a radiopharmaceutical in one or more organs is discussed. Complications are introduced by the fact that the body is not homogeneous and in many cases the organ shapes are not regular. Publications of the MIRD Committee have provided a direct means of ...

Publication Details; Zhang Q, Middleton E, Margolis H, Drolet G, Barr A, Black T . CAN A SATELLITE-DERIVED ESTIMATE OF THE FRACTION OF PAR ABSORBED BY ...

Jul 7, 2011 ... Estimating the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active ... 10.1029/ 95JD01045 � Cahalan R.F., D. Silberstein, and J. B. Snider (1995). ...

Snyder, WC, Wan, ZM (1998). BRDF models to predict spectral reflectance and ... Estimation of vegetation canopy leaf area index and fraction of absorbed ...

We developed a Monte Carlo simulation in Geant4 to calculate the absorbed fractions for electrons emitted by 199Au, 177Lu, 131I, 153Sm, 186Re and 90Y, characterized by average energies ranging from 86 keV to 949 keV, uniformly distributed in ellipsoidal volumes of soft tissue. Code validation results with respect to reference data for doses, ranges and ...

In estimating the radiation dose to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) it has been assumed generally that the measured activity in the tract, i.e., in the walls, is present in the contents. This assumption has been necessary because absorbed fractions for photons were available only for the source in the contents. During the past year ...

The fraction, of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation, F sub ipar, is an important requirement for estimating vegetation biomass productivity and related quantities. This was an integral part of a large international effort; the Firs...

Estimation of dose absorbed in the human body is important from the point of view of health physics as well as because of the increased utilization of nuclear radiation in clinical and diagnostic medicine or therapy. An idealized mathematical model of the human body was developed and Monte Carlo calculation was applied to evaluate the photon dose. In this ...

Consideration of the pathlength which radiation traverses in a cell is central to algorithms for estimating energy deposition on a cellular level. Distinct pathlength distributions occur for radionuclides: (1) uniformly distributed in space about the cell...

Electron-specific absorbed fractions were calculated for selected organs and regions of the mathematical reference man. The organs or regions considered were those with high surface-to-volume ratio, organs with walls, and organs that have subdivisions. The calculated specific absorbed fractions for electrons are a ...

The main purpose of this research is to introduce a new and more realistic geometry for the anterior nose region (ET1) as an alternative to the one provided in ICRP Publication 66. For a more accurate estimation of electron absorbed fraction (AF) to the nuclei of basal cells in the ET 1 region, the proposed new geometry (frustum of a ...

The dose absorbed fraction of rat thyroid by internal deposit of 131I has been calculated as a function of effective diameter of thyroid. The calculations were done using two types of Monte Carlo simulations: one was by a simple energy-loss calculation in spherical volume according to the electron stopping power, and another by a more realistic simulation ...

... Title : MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE ABSORBED DOSE FROM ASSIMILATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN BODY ORGANS OF HUMANS,. ...

In estimating the radiation dose to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) it has been assumed generally that the measured activity in the tract, i.e., in the walls, is present in the contents. This assumption has been necessary because absorbed fractions for p...

The Solar Load Ratio method for estimating the performance of passive solar heating systems is described. It is a simplified technique which is based on correlating the monthly solar savings fraction in terms of the ratio of monthly solar radiation absorb...

Water Air and Soil Pollution, 82, 509-522. 22. Prince, S.D., & Goward, S.N. ( 1995). Global primary production: A remote sensing approach. ...

... Title : FRACTIONATION 3. ESTIMATION OF DEGREE OF FRACTIONATION AND RADIONUCLIDE PARTITION FOR NUCLEAR DEBRIS. ...

Anthropogenic aerosols from the burning of fossil fuels contribute to climate forcing by both scattering and absorbing solar radiation, and estimates of climate forcing by light-absorbing primary particles have recently been published. While the mass and optical properties of emissions are needed for these studies, the available ...

Of the total radiant flux produced in a right-circular cylindrical cell containing a uniformly distributed isotropic source of radiant energy, the fraction emanating from the end window is computed both for a cell with ideal, perfectly reflecting mirror surfaces and for a cell with ideal, totally absorbing surfaces. Graphs are presented of the ...

In Health Physics Division annual progress report for period ending July 31, 1973. Estimates were made of the radiation dose rate and dose absorbed by various human organs and tissues as a function of age from six radionuclide photon sources ranging from 20 keV to 2 Mev distributed uniformly in the body. The estimates were ...

MODIS observations also allow scientists to track two vital signs of Earths vegetation. At Boston University, a team of researchers is using MODIS data to create global estimates of the green leaf area of Earths vegetation and how much sunlight the leaves are absorbing. Called LAI, for Leaf Area Index, and FPAR, for Fraction of ...

To achieve solar fractions greater than 0.90 using the open-cycle absorption refrigeration system, considerable sorbent solution storage is necessary. Having identified the absorber as the system component whose performance is affected the most by a change in absorbent, an absorber model was selected from available ...

Measurements of the absorbed radiation dose fractions were made in a representation of an adult human. The primary purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of source organ size on the absorbed fractions in many target organs in the body. For...

In nuclear medicine, diagnostic and therapy procedures in which a certain radiopharmaceutical is administered to a patient are performed. An important point is the determination of the dose absorbed by the important organs of the patient due to these procedures. This dose depends on the particular radionuclide used and the so-called specific absorbed ...

The Solar Load Ratio method for estimating the performance of passive solar heating systems is described. It is a simplified technique which is based on correlating the monthly solar savings fraction in terms of the ratio of monthly solar radiation absorbed by the building to total monthly building thermal load. The effect of ...

Photosynthetically actively radiation (PAR) absorbed by leaf chlorophyll is used for photosynthesis, therefore, there is a need to quantify the fraction of PAR absorbed by leaf chlorophyll (FAPARchl) within a vegetation canopy. We recently developed a theoretical and modeling framework to estimate leaf chlorophyll ...

Mathematical representations for estimating the absorbed radiation dose from external and internal radiation sources of a one-year old and a five-year old human have been designed. The phantoms used consist of head, trunk and leg regions with a skeletal system and twenty-two internal organs, each. The mathematical descriptions of these phantoms have been ...

Jun 16, 2011 ... Title: Evaluation of fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation products for different canopy radiation transfer regimes: methodology ...

Estimates of radiation dose from radionuclides inside the body are calculated on the basis of energy deposition in mathematical models representing the organs and tissues of the human body. Complex models may be used with radiation transport codes to calculate the fraction of emitted energy that is absorbed in a target tissue even at a ...

We applied a Monte Carlo simulation in Geant4 in order to calculate the absorbed fractions for monoenergetic electrons in the energy interval between 10 keV and 2 MeV, uniformly distributed in ellipsoids made from soft tissue. For each volume, we simulated a spherical shape, four oblate and four prolate ellipsoids, and one scalene shape. For each energy ...

We applied a Monte Carlo simulation in Geant4 in order to calculate the absorbed fractions for monoenergetic electrons in the energy interval between 10 keV and 2 MeV, uniformly distributed in ellipsoids made from soft tissue. For each volume, we simulated a spherical shape, four oblate and four prolate ellipsoids, and one scalene shape. For each energy ...

... A METHOD TO ESTIMATE THE VOLUME FRACTION OF PRECIPITATES WITH ELLIPSOIDAL MORPHOLOGY FROM ELASTIC MODULUS DATA,. ...

... If these fractions are equal, a small change to the size of ... com- putation in the circuit, and a fraction a of ... The factor of n2 may be absorbed into these ...

Anthropomorphic computational models coupled with radiation transport codes are valuable tools in radiation protection dosimetry. In particular, they are very reliable for the estimate of the energy absorbed by different organs due to an incorporated radionuclide. MIRD-based stylised analytical models are widely accepted as standards but the recent ...

Consideration of the pathlength which radiation traverses in a cell is central to algorithms for estimating energy deposition on a cellular level. Distinct pathlength distributions occur for radionuclides: (1) uniformly distributed in space about the cell (referred to as -randomness); (2) uniformly distributed on the surface of the cell (S-randomness); and (3) uniformly ...

MODIS observations also allow scientists to track two vital signs of Earths vegetation. At Boston University, a team of researchers is using MODIS data to create global estimates of the green leaf area of Earths vegetation and how much sunlight the leaves are absorbing. Called LAI, for Leaf Area Index, and FPAR, for Fraction of ...

Irradiation of trabecular bone regions is an important area within internal dosimetry considering the role these bone sites play in both the skeletal and hematopoietic systems. Since bone marrow is located within trabecular bone regions, radiation incident upon bone is likely to also cause damage to the marrow. Radionuclides that localize in bone, especially charged-particle emitters, have the ...

... and is responsible for developing the leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) products. ...

This paper describes the development of a tomographic model of a rat developed using CT images of an adult male Wistar rat for radiation transport studies. It also presents calculations of absorbed fractions (AFs) under internal photon and electron sources using this rat model and the Monte Carlo code MCNP. All data related to the developed phantom were ...

This paper describes the development of a tomographic model of a rat developed using CT images of an adult male Wistar rat for radiation transport studies. It also presents calculations of absorbed fractions (AFs) under internal photon and electron sources using this rat model and the Monte Carlo code MCNP. All data related to the developed phantom were ...

Estimation of the distribution of transmitted solar radiation within a room with large windows is required for correct prediction of building thermal performance and for optimal positioning of the thermal storage mass. This article presents a detailed computer method that determines the instantaneous solar radiation transmitted through a window and ...

These phantom studies and computer calculations provide a direct means of estimating the radiation dose to the embryo resulting from the administration of a radiopharmaceutical to the mother during organogenesis. The specific absorbed fractions to the embryo from 19 source organs were computed for 12 monoenergetic photon energies. ...

We study the NH distribution in a complete sample of 88 active galactic nuclei (AGN) selected in the 20-40 keV band from INTEGRAL/Imager on Board the Integral Satellite (IBIS) observations. We find that the fraction of absorbed (NH >= 1022cm2) sources is 43 per cent while the Compton thick AGN comprise 7 per cent of the sample. While these ...

We recently developed a framework to estimate vegetated land surface properties in BOREAS area. The properties include leaf area index (LAI), leaf chlorophyll content, leaf water, leaf dry matter, the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by chlorophyll (FAPARchl) of a canopy, light use efficiency (LUE), gross ...

The computer code, ALGAM: Monte Carlo Estimation of Internal Dose from Gamma-Ray Sources in a Phanton Man, only provides for an average dose to bone marrow resulting from a photon source distributed in the human body. Since there is no realistic model for...

) and fraction of photosynthetic active radiation absorbed by vegetation (FPAR) from atmospherically correctedMODIS QUARTERLY REPORT: JAN/01/97 --- MAR/31/97 Radiative Transfer Based Synergistic MODIS a radiative transfer based synergistic algorithm for the estimation of global leaf area index (LAI

) and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (e.g. DeFries et al., 2000; Pauwels & Wood, 2000 source was forest floor evaporation from the upland stands. The second source was forest wetland soil to wet the forest floor. The soil surface evaporation fluxes were determined using a soil resistance

of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation (FPAR). The algorithm consists of a main procedureMODIS QUARTERLY REPORT: JUN/30/97 - SEP/30/97 Radiative Transfer Based Synergistic MODIS a radiative transfer based synergistic algorithm for estimation of global leaf area index (LAI) and fraction

Systemic bioavailability is usually determined from plasma data. However, when plasma is difficult to access, as in young children, alternative methods would be particularly beneficial. The present study investigates the possibility of calculating systemic bioavailability fraction (F) from skin concentrations measured by two microdialysis (MD) sampling methods: continuous ...

Presently, there is a need for a revised model for the kidneys which clearly distinguishes major regions and structures in the kidneys. This model is needed since radionuclides used currently in nuclear medicine have marked preferences for various regions of the kidneys, and the radiation dose to one or more of these regions is of primary importance. At this time the kidneys are modeled as solid ...

This paper discusses the problem of remotely sensing the amount of solar radiation absorbed and reflected by vegetated land surfaces which was investigated with the aid of one- and three-dimensional radiative transfer models. Desert-like vegetation was modeled as clumps of leaves randomly distributed on a bright dry soil with a ground cover of generally less than 100%. Surface ...

An efficient algorithm has been developed to estimate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) from experimental RBE data and measured single-event energy deposition spectra. As benchmarks for the calculations well established RBE data for crypt cell survival and associated microdosimetric distributions from a number of therapeutic high- and low-LET beams was used. As a ...

An efficient algorithm has been developed to estimate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) from experimental RBE data and measured single-event energy deposition spectra. As benchmarks for the calculations well established RBE data for crypt cell survival and associated microdosimetric distributions from a number of therapeutic high- and low-LET beams was used. As a ...

Conventional radiopharmaceuticals used for scanning the brain are excluded from normal brain tissue by the presence of an intact blood-brain-barrier (BBB). The current generation of radiopharmaceuticals being developed is capable of crossing the intact BBB thus providing direct measurement of brain function. The dosimetry of the first generation agents is complicated by the presence of the BBB ...

The goat milk transfer coefficient of Tc administered as TcO/sub 4//sup -/ was found to be 20 to 40 times that of Tc administered in a reduced form. The fraction of Tc, as TcO/sub 4//sup -/, transferred from gut to blood was approximately 6 to 10 times that of reduced Tc. The milk transfer coefficient of Tc administered as TcO/sub 4//sup -/ was 6 to 8 times greater for goats ...

Estimate the sum or difference of two fractions using area models. Compare estimates to exact sums and differences.

This study aimed to develop a method for evaluating dermal exposure to deposits of volatile liquids. Telone II, a fumigant containing 1,3-dichloropropene (DCP), was used as an example. The approach included direct monitoring of dermal deposits and estimating the dermal absorbed dose. Charcoal cloth dermal dosimeters were developed for retaining the ...

Estimates of equivalent whole-body dose following partial body exposure can be performed using different biophysical models. Calculations should be compared with biodosimetry data, but measurements are complicated by mitotic selection induced in target cells after localized irradiation. In this paper we measured chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes during ...

The fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) is a vegetation biophysical variable that characterizes energy, mass, and momentum exchanges and is used extensively in models that represent the transfer of energy, carbon, water, and the biogeochemistry of terrestrial ecosystems. This paper compares three estimates ...

Calculated values for absorbed dose to the thyroid are presented based on nine different mathematical models representing possible shapes for the organ. 7 figures, 2 tables. (GHT)

MODIS FPAR/LAI is the Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active radiation that a plant canopy absorbs for photosynthesis and growth in the 0.4 0.7nm ...

A discussion is given of a technique for the measurement the Mossbauer fraction (F) of gamma radiation intensity which employs an absorber which is opaque to the Mossbauer line but transparent to the recoil radiation.

There exists a significant population of broad line, z� 2 quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) which have heavily absorbed X-ray spectra. Follow-up observations in the submillimetre show that these QSOs are embedded in ultraluminous starburst galaxies, unlike most unabsorbed QSOs at the same redshifts and luminosities. Here we present X-ray spectra from XMM-Newton for a sample of ...

There exists a significant population of broad line, z� 2 quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) which have heavily absorbed X-ray spectra. Follow-up observations in the submillimetre show that these QSOs are embedded in ultraluminous starburst galaxies, unlike most unabsorbed QSOs at the same redshifts and luminosities. Here we present X-ray spectra from XMM-Newton for a sample of ...

There exists a significant population of broad line, z~2 QSOs which have heavily absorbed X-ray spectra. Follow up observations in the submillimetre show that these QSOs are embedded in ultraluminous starburst galaxies, unlike most unabsorbed QSOs at the same redshifts and luminosities. Here we present X-ray spectra from XMM-Newton for a sample of 5 such X-ray ...

The paper describes conditions under which epidemiologic data can provide estimates of the excess fraction (proportionate increase in caseload due to an exposure) and the etiologic fraction (fraction of cases caused by exposure). The excess fraction can b...

In the context of increasing carbon dioxide and global climate change, an improved knowledge of carbon fluxes to and from the terrestrial surface appears fundamental. Satellite remote sensing allows estimation, at a global scale, of the photosynthetically active radiation absorbed (APAR) by the vegetation. Current estimates are based ...

Specific absorbed fractions (PHI's) in various organs of the body (target organs) from sources of monoenergetic photons in various other organs (source organs) are tabulated. This volume outlines various methods used to compute the PHI-values and describes how the ''best'' estimates ...

Carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere may both scatter and absorb solar radiation. The fraction associated with the absorbing component is generally referred to as black carbon (BC) and is mainly produced from incomplete combustion processes. The fraction associated with condensed organic compounds is generally ...

The calculation of absorbed dose to the radiosensitive tissues of the skeleton is routinely performed using reference masses provided in publications from the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). These values typically include total skeleton tissue masses by reference subject age, but not by individual bone site at a given age. Site-specific variations ...

Remote sensing potentially offers a quick and nondestructive method for monitoring plant canopy condition and development. In this study, multispectral reflectance and thermal emittance data were used in conjunction with micrometeorological data in a simple model to estimate above-ground total dry phytomass production of several spring wheat canopies. The ...

Previously, there was no method to determine the dose to the embryo, fetus, fetal organs or placenta from radionuclides within the embryo, fetus, or placenta. In the past, the dose to the fetus was assumed to be equivalent to the dose to the uterus. Watson estimated specific absorbed fractions from various maternal organs to the ...

Although the sections of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are represented as source organs in MIRD Pamphlet No. 5, the wall and contents were not separated in the model. Thus, the absorbed fractions given in that publication are perhaps more representativ...

Current knowledge of the fraction of ingested actinide absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and of factors influencing that fraction absorbed, is probably adequate for the establishment of safe limits for the exposure of workers. Uncertainties n...

Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data This publication is not available online. Please contact a ......

A program of measurements was performed to determine if the size of a source organ affected the absorbed fraction in various target organs. Some results from measurements in a phantom are shown compared with calculated values. 5 figs, 2 tables (GHT)

... as the difference of fractions of combat power ... fraction remaining should be 0.00, not 0.25. ... combat energy a participant can absorb before its own ...

... not directly transport ions, but absorbs the liquid ... enables higher fiber volume fractions than simple ... and high fiber volume fraction, while ensuring ...

Jun 2, 2000 ... Today's image is a MODIS data product called "Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation," which is a measure of the proportion of the ...

The goals of this study are (a) to investigate relationships between light use efficiency (LUE) and crop biophysical characteristics: chlorophyll content, green leaf area index and total leaf area index; (b) to find way to assess remotely gross primary production and LUE. We studied incident light use efficiency, efficiency of use of the total absorbed light, and efficiency ...

This paper deals with a comparative theoretical parametric analysis of solar air-heating collectors with and without packing in the flow passage above the back plate. The air heater without packed airflow passage is the conventional type, comprising a glass cover in conjunction with an absorber and a back plate with the air flow beneath the absorber. The ...

... Using these fractions, and the lawn areas calculated in step 4, we can estimate the ... 7) Fraction of treated impervious surface in the watershed. ...

Effect of Index of Refraction on Radiation Characteristics in a Heated Absorbing .... color video imaging soot concentration (volume fraction) distributions ...

... X is the volume fraction crystallinity, A is the crystalline ... RG Snyder, Am ... the abs~orption or fluorescence bjy dyes which are absorbed by amorphous ...

Exploring Photosynthesis with NASA Remote Sensing Data, Shenandoah National ... stands for the Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation. ...

As a check the total energy absorbed and emitted from the radiation field is printed at the end ... along with the fractional error in energy conservation. ...

... fraction of fully absorbed events in the ... the equivalence of the scattering geometry and ... measured energies through the Compton kinematic formula. ...

The aim of this study was to investigate a combination of satellite images of leaf area index (LAI) with process-based vegetation modeling for the accurate assessment of the carbon balances of Swedish forest ecosystems at the scale of a landscape. Monthly climatologic data were used as inputs in a dynamic vegetation model, the Lund Potsdam Jena-General Ecosystem Simulator. Model ...

Specific absorbed fractions (PHI's) in various organs of the body (target organs) from sources of monoenergetic photons in various other organs (source organs) are tabulated. In this volume PHI-values are tabulated for an adult male (70-kg Reference Man). These PHI-values can be used in calculating the photon component of the dose-equivalent rate ...

Specific absorbed fraction (PHI's) in various organs of the body (target organs) from sources of monoenergetic photons in various other organs (source organs) are tabulated. In this volume PHI-values are tabulated for a newborn or 3.4-kg person. These PHI-values can be used in calculating the photon component of the dose-equivalent rate in a given ...

Specific absorbed fractions (PHI's) in various organs of the body (target organs) from sources of monoenergetic photons in various other organs (source organs) are tabulated. In this volume PHI-values are tabulated for a fifteen-year-old male or an adult female (55 to 58 kg). These PHI-values can be used in calculating the photon component of the ...

Specific absorbed fractions (PHI's) in various organs of the body (target organs) from sources of monoenergetic photons in various other organs (source organs) are tabulated. In this volume PHI-values are tabulated for a ten-year-old or 32-kg person. These PHI-values can be used in calculating the photon component of the dose-equivalent rate in a ...

Specific absorbed fractions (PHI's) in various organs of the body (target organs) from sources of monoenergetic photons in various other organs (source organs) are tabulated. In this volume PHI-values are tabulated for a five-year-old or 19-kg person. These PHI-values can be used in calculating the photon component of the dose-equivalent rate in a ...

Specific absorbed fractions (PHI's) in various organs of the body (targets organs) from sources of monoenergetic photons in various other organs (source organs) are tabulated. In this volume PHI-values are tabulated for a one-year old or 9.8-kg person. These PHI-values can be used in calculating the photon component of the dose-equivalent rate in ...

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)formation in chloraminated Iowa River water (IRW) is primarily attributed to reactions with natural organic matter (NOM) generally classified as humic substances. Experiments were conducted to determine the contribution of various NOM humic fractions to the NDMA formation potential (NDMA FP) in this drinking water source. NOM was concentrated by ...

Satellite land surface products were combined with other information to spatially estimate fractions of evergreen (considered equivalent to deep-rooted) and seasonal (shallow-rooted) vegetation across Australia, and to parameterize albedo and maximum surface conductance for both vegetation types. Maximum surface conductance was ...

The riverine transport of carbon is an important component of the net terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycles. The proportion of carbon that is available for remineralization is critical for estimates of net ecosystem production on a large scale. In rivers, microbial communities alter the structure and composition of organic carbon as it progresses toward the coast. This ...

The absorption of photons by aqueous foams is studied using diffuse transmission spectroscopy (DTS). The liquid phase of the foam is made absorbing by adding rhodamine dye to the surfactant solution. It is found that for a range of foam liquid volume fractions, the absorption lengths calculated from DTS experiments are smaller than the ...

Transferrin, radiolabeled with In-111, can be coinjected into glioblastoma multiforme lesions, and subsequent scintigraphic imaging can demonstrate the biokinetics of the cytotoxic transferrin. The administration of [sup 111]In transferrin into a brain tumor results in distribution of radioactivity in the brain, brain tumor, and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Information about ...

Absorbed dose calculations provide a scientific basis for evaluating the biological effects associated with administered radiopharmaceuticals. In cancer therapy, radiation dosimetry also supports treatment planning, dose-response analyses, predictions of therapy effectiveness, and completeness of patient medical records. In this study, we evaluated the organ radiation ...

Interactions of mercury (Hg) with dissolved organic matter (DOM) play important roles in controlling concentrations, reactivity, bioavailability and transport of Hg in aquatic systems. Recent studies have shown that DOM influences Hg solubility through strong binding interactions and the stabilization of nanocolloidal mercuric sulfide. In this paper we present the results of watershed based ...

Murine models are useful for targeted radiotherapy pre-clinical experiments. These models can help to assess the potential interest of new radiopharmaceuticals. In this study, we developed a voxel-based mouse for dosimetric estimates. A female nude mouse (30 g) was frozen and cut into slices. High-resolution digital photographs were taken directly on the frozen block after ...

the method to the epi-cadmium capture rates at various radii of uranium rods .... the correct capture rate C in an absorber of atom density N and volume V. ...

The objective of this paper is to critically evaluate the interrelationship of the radiopharmaceuticals, radionuclides and organ visualization instrumentation on the resultant absorbed dose to a patient having a bone scan versus the clinical information o...

Contribution of stepwise ionization to total ionization was experimentally investigated in low-pressure inductively coupled argon plasmas. In the pressure range 3-50 mTorr, optical emission spectroscopy was employed to determine metastable fractions (metastable density relative to ground state density) by measuring the emission intensity of selected lines. The measured ...

Estimates and techniques that are valid to calculate the linear extrapolation distance for an infinitely long circular cylindrical absorbing region are reviewed. Two estimates, in particular, are put into consideration, that is the most probable and the v...

A survey of 20 strains of cyanobacteria (belonging to 13 genera) isolated from habitats exposed to strong insolation revealed that 13 strains contained one or more water-soluble, UV-absorbing, mycosporine amino acid (MAA)-like compounds. Some of the compounds were identical in several strains. In all, 13 distinct compounds were found. The UV absorption spectra of MAAs ...

Bio-Gel P-2, a highly cross-linked polyacrylamide gel, was used to fractionate isobutanol extracts of peritoneal dialysates. The objective was to obtain relatively pure fractions of material which absorbs strongly at 260 nm and is elevated in the urine an...

A new Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, SUNRISE, is used in conjunction with hydrodynamic simulations of major galaxy mergers to calculate the effects of dust in such systems. Dust has a profound effect on the emerging radiation, consistent with observations of dust absorption in starburst galaxies. The dust attenuation increases with luminosity such that at peak luminosities ~90% of the ...

A method is provided to determine the hourly heat loss of a building under design conditions. To accomplish this, each part of the building shell must be analyzed and its heat loss calculated. Three energy analysis worksheets are provided to help facilitate the process. The first is used to determine U-values and areas for above grade components of the building shell. Heat loss through below grade ...

The absorbed-dose estimate is given in rads per millicurie of administered activity. This was obtained for each target organ by considering the lungs and total body as source organs, the former consisting of Compartments 1 and 2, and the latter of 3, 4, and 5. In each case the component compartments are regarded as being coextensive. Tissues with high fat ...

Radiation doses of radiopharmaceuticals to patients in nuclear medicine are, as the standard method, estimated by the administered activity, medical imaging (e.g. PET imaging), compartmental modeling and Monte Carlo simulation of radiation with reference digital human phantoms. However, in each of the contributing terms, individual uncertainty due to measurement techniques, ...

Insight into the exciton dynamics occurring in a polyfluorene-perylenediimide (PF-PDI) copolymer with a reaction mixture ratio of 100 fluorene units to 1 N,N'-bis(phenyl)-1,6,7,12-tetra(p-tert-octylphenoxy)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimide (PDI) is presented here. Time-correlated single photon counting and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy measurements on the PF-PDI ...

In Chinese megacities the problems of air pollution are frequently obvious as hazy layers covering large areas combined with low visibility. To estimate the aerosol effect on regional and global climate, the knowledge of light-absorbing and light-scattering compounds as well as their mixing state is essential. A Volatility Tandem DMA (VTDMA) was used to ...

Black carbon, light-absorbing organic carbon (often called brown carbon) and mineral dust are the major light-absorbing aerosols. Currently the sources and formation of brown carbon aerosol in particular are not well understood. In this study we estimated...

Spectral reflectance data of corn and soybeans were highly correlated with leaf area index and absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Above ground phytomass and grain yields were predicted with absorbed PAR cumulated during the growing season...

Medical Internal Radiation Dose(MIRD) schema was developed for calculating the absorbed dose from the administrated radiopharmaceuticals. With the biological distribution data and physical properties of the radionuclide, we can estimated the absorbed dose...

The decay of a radioactive nucleus leads to the emission of energy in the form of photons or charged particles. The form and energy of the radiation emitted will depend on the decaying nucleus. Some of the emitted energy will be absorbed by target organs; the ratio of the absorbed energy to the mass of the target is the radiation dose. Charged particles ...

The radiative properties of bubbles or particles embedded in an absorbing medium are investigated. We aim first to determine the conditions under which absorption by the surrounding medium must be accounted for in the calculation of the efficiency factors by comparing results from Mie theory and the far-field and near-field approximations. Then, we relate these approximations ...

Although starch provides a large fraction of human caloric intake, there is limited information concerning the efficiency of intestinal absorption of this nutrient. Owing to the fermentation of starch by colonic bacteria, there is no quantitative test for starch absorption comparable to the fecal fat determination. The most accurate estimation of starch ...

With continual advances in radionuclide therapies, increasing emphasis is being placed on improving the patient specificity of dose estimates to marrow tissues. While much work has been focused on determining patient-specific assessments of radionuclide uptake in the skeleton, few studies have been initiated to explore the individual variability of ...

A synergistic algorithm for producing global leaf area index and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation fields from canopy reflectance data measured by MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) and MISR (multiangle imaging spectroradiometer) instruments aboard the EOS-AM 1 platform is described here. The proposed algorithm ...

Remote sensing of vegetation and modeling of canopy microclimate requires information on the fractions of incident radiation reflected, transmitted and absorbed by a plant canopy. The photon recollision probability p allows to calculate easily the amount of radiation absorbed by a vegetation canopy and to predict the spectral behavior ...

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prediction accuracy of the fully mechanistic gastrointestinal unified theoretical (GUT) framework for in vivo oral absorption of low solubility drugs. Solubility in biorelevant media, molecular weight, logP(oct), pK(a), Caco-2 permeability, dose and particle size were used as the input parameters. To neglect the effect of the low stomach pH ...

The biophysical activities on land surfaces have been documented from spectral measurements made in space for decades. These estimates often were derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, which is simple to compute but very sensitive to perturbations and prone to yield misleading or erroneous results. Advances in the understanding of ...

Several therapeutic and diagnostic techniques involve injection of radioactive material into the peritoneal cavity. Estimation of the radiation dose to the surface of the peritoneum or to surrounding organs is hampered by the lack of a suitable source region in the phantom commonly used for such calculations. We have modified the Fisher-Snyder phantom to include a region ...

Several therapeutic and diagnostic techniques involve injection of radioactive material into the peritoneal cavity. Estimation of the radiation dose to the surface of the peritoneum or to surrounding organs is hampered by the lack of a suitable source region in the phantom commonly used for such calculations. We have modified the Fisher-Snyder phantom to include a region ...

We present an empirical connection between cold (�104 K) gas in galactic haloes and star formation. Using a sample of more than 8500 Mg II absorbers from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) quasar spectra, we report the detection of a 15? correlation between the rest equivalent width W0 of Mg II absorbers and the associated [O II] luminosity, an ...

With the new developments of tumor targeting agents (e.g. monoclonal antibodies, peptides etc.) now and better methods to calculate the absorbed dose and dose rate need to be developed. Conjugate view activity quantification in dose planning may be insufficient because of problems with under- and over-lying activity and volume determination. Then, by using the standard MIRD ...

MATROSHKA is an experiment unit for studies of the depth dose distribution of the different components of the orbital radiation field at different sides of the organs of astronauts during an extravehicular activity (EVA). MATROSHKA consists of a contained human phantom upper torso, allowing the accommodation of dedicated radiation measurement devices. MATROSHKA is currently installed outside to ...

... Examples of processes that behave as fractional Gaussian noise processes are ... The simulator has potential for applications for studying a physical ...

Apparatus for separating sharp boiling point fractions from products of cracking petroleum oil comprises a fractional condenser; a condensate outlet from the fractional condenser; a first rectifying column connected to the condensate outlet; means for taking top, bottom and side cuts from the first rectifying column; a vapor outlet ...

The calculation of optimum operating conditions for the fractional distillation of coal tars is described. Temperature, reflux and irrigation regimes for a 48 plate condensation column with lateral collection have been estimated, the feed stock beam separated into a light fraction, a phenol fraction, naphthalene, ...

Play these games to practice your knowledge of fractions! Have fun! Travel to Ancient Egypt with the Fraction Cats to practice adding fractions. Follow this link toAdd like fractions using circles Practice your estimation and Find Grampy ...

Radioactive waste packages containing water and/or organic substances have the potential to radiolytically generate hydrogen and other combustible gases. Typically, the radiolytic gas generation rate is estimated from the energy deposition rate and the radiolytic gas yield. Estimation of the energy deposition rate must take into account the contributions ...

Normal subjects may incompletely absorb either lactose, fructose, or sorbitol and may therefore have abdominal symptoms. The frequency of coincidental malabsorption of these sugars is not known. This is clinically important, since we often ingest them during the same day and malabsorption may cause abdominal symptoms. To shed light on this issue we studied 32 normal subjects. ...

The relationship between the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) and spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) is affected by various factors, including background effects and view zenith angle of the sensor. This study investigated the effects of estimating fAPAR from multiple off-nadir airborne measurements ...

Fluo-3 is an unusual tetracarboxylate Ca2+ indicator. For recent lots supplied by Molecular Probes Inc. (Eugene, OR), FMAX, the fluorescence intensity of the indicator in its Ca(2+)-bound form, is approximately 200 times that of FMIN, the fluorescence intensity of the indicator in its Ca(2+)-free form. (For earlier lots, impurities may account for the smaller reported values of FMAX/FMIN, 36-40). ...

Venturini, V, Bisht, G, Islam, S, Jiang, L (2004). Comparison of evaporative fractions estimated from AVHRR and MODIS sensors over South Florida. ...

Internal heat flow from radioactive decay in Triton's interior along with absorbed thermal energy from Neptune total 5 to 20 percent of the insolation absorbed by Triton, thus comprising a significant fraction of Triton's surface energy balance. These add...

Expressions are given for the absorption signal (absorbance or fraction absorbed) in atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a line source and a continuous source, respectively. A theoretical and experimental comparison is made between the shape of the w...

Most models of crop growth and yield require an estimate of canopy leaf area index (LAI) or absorption of radiation. Relationships between photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by corn canopies and the spectral reflectance of the canopies wer...

The report describes a simple method without the use of codes which has been developed to estimate the thermal blooming of a high-power focused laser beam propagating through an absorbing medium. Continuous wave laser beam propagation through an absorbing...

The estimate of absorbed radiation dose from internal emitters provides the information required to assess the radiation risk associated with the administration of radiopharmaceuticals for medical applications. The MIRD (Medical Internal Radiation Dose) s...

Guidelines are presented for the collection in humans of quantitative in vivo biokinetic data suitable for the estimation of radiation absorbed doses. Technique and instrumentation are discussed. Internal checks built into the procedures are described whi...

Strong foreground absorption features from singly ionized magnesium (Mg II) are commonly observed in the spectra of quasars and are presumed to probe a wide range of galactic environments. To date, measurements of the average dark matter (DM) halo masses of intervening Mg II absorbers by way of large-scale cross-correlations with luminous galaxies have been limited to z < ...

The radiation absorbed dose to the bladder, especially for rapidly excreted materials such as 2-fluorodeoxyglucose (2-FDG) and Tc-99m DTPA, depends on the concentration of activity in the urine so that the dilution of the excreted activity by urine already in the bladder becomes a critical factor. The current MIRD calculation takes no cognizance of this since it assumes a ...

Naturally occurring dissolved humic materials were fractionated according to molecular weight by dialysis and gel permeation chromatography. Components of higher molecular weight (>3,500) absorbed strongly at 250 nm but fluoresced weakly, while humic fractions of lower molecular weight fluoresced intensely per unit ...

Naturally occurring dissolved humic materials were fractionated according to molecular weight by dialysis and gel permeation chromatography. Components of higher molecular weight (> 3500) absorbed strongly at 250 nm but fluoresced weakly, while humic fractions of lower molecular weight fluoresced intensely per unit ...

A process for refining hydrocarbon distillate comprises fractionating the distillate into a fraction of substantially gasoline boiling range, collecting a portion of the gasoline as reflux condensate, treating the condensate with an acidic refining agent and returning it as reflux to the fractionator. The other portion of the ...

... Pagination or Media Count : 55. Abstract : Methods of calculating monthly values of insolation based on cloud estimates are examined. ...

... 773 K. Peak absorbances of individual ro-vibrational transitions are corrected for instrumental distortion and are then fit to a Boltzman distribution to ...

... TCARI) The spectral index TCARI is used in remote sensing to estimate the absorbed photosynthetically active radiation. ...