... Abstract : ;Contents: Interaction between radiation and tissue; Radiation quantities and units; Radiation quality and dose equivalent; History of dose ...

... Title : Radiation Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms ... DOSIMETERS, INSTRUMENTATION, IONIZATION CHAMBERS, DOSE RATE, RADIATION ...

... AS INDICATORS OF ABSORBED RADIATION DOSE IN RATS. ... of doses of mixed gamma-neutron radiations or 14 ... was a function of dose over the ...

The threshold values of total absorbed dose for causing changes in tensile properties of a polyetherimide film and the limitations of the absorbed dose rate for accelerated-exposure evaluation of the effects of electron radiation in geosynchronous orbit w...

... necessary for absorbed radiation dose estimates, as ... SUBSTANCES, *RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES, *RADIATION DOSAGE, *DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS ...

The concepts of radiation exposure dose, absorbed dose, and biological dose resulting from ionizing particles are reviewed. The units used in radiation measurements are defined, and the concept of electronic equilibrium is discussed. The Bragg-Gray cavity relation ...

... EQUIVALENTS OF GALACTIC RADIATION EXPOSURE IN SPACE,. ... In assessing the astronaut's exposure from galactic ... of absorbed doses to dose ...

Contents: Interaction between radiation and tissue; Radiation quantities and units; Radiation quality and dose equivalent; History of dose calculations; Tissue transmission factors; Results and limitations.

to the incident radiation. It is typically given in units of rads or "radiation absorbed dose" for a particular material (the material ...

situation, we consider how these concepts might affect a person's exposure. Radiation Doses in Perspective A dose is the amount of radiation energy absorbed by the body....

A technique is presented for calculating the dose or energy absorbed in a material from a knowledge of the ..gamma.. radiation field and the composition of the material. The absorbed dose per unit exposure for various elements and the absorbed dose as a ...

Medical Internal Radiation Dose(MIRD) schema was developed for calculating the absorbed dose from the administrated radiopharmaceuticals. With the biological distribution data and physical properties of the radionuclide, we can estimated the absorbed dose...

... Abstract : The effects of electron radiation on Ultem, a ... were studied for total absorbed doses from 1.0 kGy to 100 MGy at absorbed dose rates from ...

levels of radiation dose and/or dose rate for the duration of the mission. ... or the energy absorbed per unit mass. The most commonly used dose unit is the ...

The estimate of absorbed radiation dose from internal emitters provides the information required to assess the radiation risk associated with the administration of radiopharmaceuticals for medical applications. The MIRD (Medical Internal Radiation Dose) s...

nonuniform dose distributions resulting from flare proton spectra leads to the assignment of the absorbed dose at 4- ...

Energy deposition in the internal electronics is measured in units of rads ( material). A rad (radiation absorbed dose) is ...

... final approval of federal regulatory processes. ... The radiation absorbed dose in IDR was ... World Radiopharmaceutical Therapy Council in Ulaanbator ...

... Abstract : The response of bean plants (phaseolus vulgaris) to beta radiation was observed over a range of absorbed dose and for both contact and ...

... degree at which ionizing radiations affect objects during radiobiological and radiation-chemical investigations ... the knowledge of the absorbed dose. ...

A new extrapolation chamber is described, which is used as absolute standard for the determination of the absorbed beta radiation dose. The construction simulates a semi-infinite phantom and the absorbed dose to tissue was determined in tissue equivalent ...

The determination of the degree at which ionizing radiations affect objects during radiobiological and radiation-chemical investigations, in medicine, etc., requires the knowledge of the absorbed dose. The calorimetric method is a direct method of determi...

While in orbit, Astronauts are exposed to a much higher dose of ionizing radiation than when on the ground. It is important to model how shielding designs on spacecraft reduce radiation effective dose pre-flight, and determine whether or not a danger to h...

... fraction method of radiation absorbed dose calculation (eg, system set forth by Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee of the Society of Nuclear Medicine or ...

The present invention relates to a device for determining radiation dose and, more particularly, to a standard dose measuring device against which other types of dosimeters may be calibrated.

or deterministic effects): injury to a population of cells which only occurs if a given threshold of absorbed dose is the absorbed dose, D. When particles other than photons and electrons (low-LET radiation) are involved, is a function of dose without threshold. � Lethal ...

Administration of x-ray contrast agents during heart catheterization examination increases the absorbed radiation dose in tissue. To estimate the dose absorbed by the blood of children undergoing diagnostic heart catheterization and angiocardiography, a number of measurements and calculations ...

The introduction of a biophysical quantity, the biological dose, is proposed, which is defined in terms of the absorbed dose and the relative biological effectiveness. The unit of the biological dose is the rem, while the unit of the absorbed dose is the rad. The ...

The threshold values of total absorbed dose for causing changes in tensile properties of a polyetherimide film and the limitations of the absorbed dose rate for accelerated-exposure evaluation of the effects of electron radiation in geosynchronous orbit were studied. Total ...

The relation of the absorbed radiation dose in the cavity wall of an ionization chamber to the energy absorbed per unit mass in the cavity material is discussed. A simplification is presented of the cavity chamber theory. (C.H.)

deposited by radiation per unit mass of material. It is measured in units of rad (radiation absorbed dose) or in the international unit of Grays (1 Gray = 1 ...

This is an illustration of the ionizing radiation dose a person can absorb from various sources. It provides a visual comparison of doses ranging from 0.1 microsieverts (from eating a banana) to a fatal dose of 8 sieverts.

Palladium-109 and holmium-166 are radionuclides with nuclear, physical and chemical characteristics appropriate for therapeutic purposes. Radiation absorbed doses are calculated and compared with currently used radionuclides in synoviotherapy. PMID:2822630

A formula model for the determination of absorbed radiation dose of incorporated radioisotope was derived. The model corresponds better to physiological assumptions than the older Stewarts' model and was verified experimentally by means of P/sup 32/. (auth)

The design of a calorimetric working standard of ionising radiation absorbed dose is discussed. A brief history of the appropriate quantities and units of measurement is given. Detailed design considerations follow a summary of the relevant literature. Th...

An adiabatic calorimeter for measuring the value of absorbed dose of mixed radiation generated by the 70-GeV proton synchrotron is described. The calorimetric system consists of a working body (a core) and a shell (a screen). The calorimeter adiabaticity ...

Guidelines are presented for the collection in humans of quantitative in vivo biokinetic data suitable for the estimation of radiation absorbed doses. Technique and instrumentation are discussed. Internal checks built into the procedures are described whi...

The estimate of absorbed radiation dose from internal emitters provides the information required to assess the radiation risk associated with the administration of radiopharmaceuticals for medical applications. The MIRD (Medical Internal Radiation Dose) system of ...

The VARSKIN computer code has been limited to the isotopes for which the scaled absorbed dose distributions were provided by the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) Committee or to data that could be interpolated from isotopes that had similar spectra....

A methodology has been recently developed for evaluation of doses absorbed by samples irradiated in research reactors, in which the partial doses due to thermal neutrons, epithermal neutrons, fast neutrons and gamma radiation are individually quantified. ...

The absorbed radiation dose from internal emitters has been and will remain a pivotal factor in assessing risk and therapeutic utility in selecting radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and treatment. Although direct measurements of absorbed dose and dose di...

Contents: Interaction between radiation and tissue; Radiation quantities and units; Radiation quality and dose equivalent; History of dose calculations; Tissue transmission factors; Results and limitations. (GRA)

The radiation risk to astronauts has always been based on measurements using passive thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). The skin dose is converted to dose equivalent using an average radiation quality factor based on model calculations. The radiological...

This report documents the absorbed dose standard for photon beams in the range from 1 to 25 MeV. Measurements of absorbed dose in graphite irradiated by a beam of cobalt-60 gamma rays from an Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) E1 Dorado 6 teletherapy ...

A method for studying the distribution of Rn, RaA, RaB, and RaC in major organs and tissues of the animals is described, as well as a technique used for determinirg absorbed radiation doses durirg the administration of radon into the organism. Experimental curves of accomulation and excretion (decay) of these isotopes, as well ...

A new method using an array of MOS transistors formeasuring dose absorbed from ionizing radiation is

... that are difficult or impossible to solve by other methods (measurement of absorbed dose in joules per kilogram, separate determination of the ...

... the error which develops during calculation of absorbed energy of ... and more accurate formulas are given for determination of dose and energy ...

An address by Harold O. Wyckoff before the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements dealing with an Historical Review of Dosimetric Quantity Development; Comparison of Exposure and Absorbed Dose Concepts; Dissemination of Units; Adequacy of Present Absorbed Dose Determinations ...

Dose conversion factors for radionuclides have been computed and tabulated for two situations: photon doses resulting from immersion in contaminated air, and exposure to a contaminated land surface. Computed dose conversion factors relates absorbed dose r...

A standard practice is presented covering procedures for the use of thermoluminescent dosemeters to determine the absorbed dose in a material irradiated by ionizing radiation. The specific area of application is the radiation-hardness testing of electronic devices in which the material of interest is usually ...

Considerable difficulties arise in measuring absorbed doses of ..beta.. radiation in biological objects, and they are related to the specifics of passage of ..beta.. radiation through a substance, when the angular and spectral distribution changes radically deep in the absorber. From this point ...

This monograph covers, in condensed form, the essentials of radiation dosimetry as it is applicable to radiation hardness testing of electronics. An overview of general dosimetry concepts treats absorbed dose and dose rate, charged particle equilibrium, a...

The amount of energy deposited by the radiation in an absorber system, in radiation dose units was established, the Reactor Triga Mark III core of the Mexican Nuclear Center was used as radiation source. The calorimetric method was used, which gives us a ...

The average absorbed dose and the maximum and minimum absorbed dose received by biological specimens of varying size, irradiated laterally with a known exposure dose of Co/sup 60/ gamma radiation measured in air at the midline was investigated experimentally. ...

Lateral transcranial radiographs are commonly used to evaluate TMJ morphology and function. This study evaluated the use of four TMJ positioners in controlling the amount of radiation absorbed at predetermined sites on a phantom head. Use of positioners and collimators can reduce the amount of radiation exposure.

SHIELDOSE is a computer code for space-shielding radiation dose calculations. It determines the absorbed dose as a function of depth in aluminum shielding ...

5 Sievert-Equivalent dose determined by multiplying the absorbed dose at each energy desposition value (Linear Energy Transfer (LET)) by the corresponding ...

Sep 9, 2011 ... The 3D Silicon Detector Telescope (TriTel) characterizes the radiation environment of the ISS and estimates the absorbed dose and dose ...

... LOW ENERGY, SILICON, ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES, SECONDARY EMISSION, GOLD, BLACKBODY RADIATION, DOSE RATE, PHOTOELECTRIC ...

The method presented provides a technique for calculating the absorbed dose in a material from knowledge of the radiation field, the composition of the material, and a related measurement. The procedure is applicable for x and gamma radiation, provided the energy of the photons falls in the 0.01 to 20 MeV range and ...

The biological effect taking place in the medium as the result of irradiation is determined by the absorbed irradiated energy and its micro and macro distribution in the tissue under irradiation. The quantitative evaluation of irradiation is effected by the measured dose contained in the air and expressed in roentgen units. The necessity to ...

Fundamental information about x-ray dosimetry is presented. Definitions are given and expanded on for dose, absorbed dose including microdosimetry, radiation physics (properties of the radiation that are important to dosimetry), and dosimetry (how the properties are dealt with in determining ...

This presentation will review and describe the development of pediatric phantoms for use in radiation dose calculations . The development of pediatric models for dose calculations essentially paralleled that of the adult. In fact, Snyder and Fisher at the...

Chemical and physical radiation dosimetry methods, used for the measurement of absorbed dose mainly during the practical use of ionizing radiation, are discussed with respect to their characteristics and fields of application.

... So, x(t) is the average rate of aircraft loss in unit time at time t in the given mission due to ir- radiation ... tion is the radiation dose absorbed by the crew ...

Measurements of the absorbed radiation dose fractions were made in a representation of an adult human. The primary purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of source organ size on the absorbed fractions in many target organs in the body. For...

Radiation exposures are typically characterized by two quantities. The first is the absorbed dose, or the energy deposited per unit mass for specific types of radiation passing through specified materials. The same amount of energy deposited in material by two different types of radiation, ...

A description is given of the mechanical and electrical design, construction and operation of the UK primary standard graphite calorimeter system. The calorimeter was developed for the measurement of absorbed dose to graphite for high energy photon radiat...

Absorbed dose to water in a cobalt-60 gamma-ray beam has been determined using a thick-walled graphite ionization chamber. The chamber was calibrated in a graphite phantom against a graphite calorimeter, and the graphite calibration factor was converted t...

The method recommended by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) for absorbed dose calculation of a radionuclide distributed in a body is presented. The distance of a source point is estimated by the concept of specific is...

Several popular radiopharmaceutical products contain low levels of radioactive contaminants. These contaminants increase the radiation absorbed dose to the patient without any increased benefit and, in some cases, with a decrease in image quality. The imp...

As an agent for the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation is responsible for maintenance of the Australian Commonwealth standard of absorbed dose. This standard of measurem...

Radiation dose is the amount of radiation energy deposited per unit mass of absorbing tissue. Internal dosimetry applies to assessments of dose to internal organs from penetrating radiation sources outside the body and from radionuclides taken into the bo...

...RADIOGRAPHY AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS...effort to maintain exposures to radiation as far below the dose limits...to an absorbed dose of 1 Joule...cable from the exposure device to the...utilizing ionizing radiation to make...

This report is concerned with the methods of evaluating the absorbed dose received by the tissues of persons to whom radiopharmaceuticals are administered. Imaging procedures, types of radionuclide, biological data and clinical measurements are discussed. The general procedures for absorbed-dose calculations recommended in this report ...

A mathematical model of the parameters needed to assess radiation absorbed by populations exposed to radiation released in nuclear reactor accidents is presented. The model is based on the Gaussian model for atmospherical dispersion of radionuclides. Prob...

Preparation and use of ferrous sulfate-cupric sulfate dosimeters for measuring absorbed ..gamma.. and electron radiation are described. The dosimeter is suitable for accurate measurement of the absorbed dose in water irradiated with x or ..gamma.. rays or high-energy electrons. The change in ...

The VARSKIN computer code has been limited to the isotopes for which the scaled absorbed dose distributions were provided by the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) Committee or to data that could be interpolated from isotopes that had similar spectra. This document describes the methodology to calculate the ...

The effects of high absorbed dose on the reusability of CaF{sub 2}:Mn thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) are investigated to determine a recommended upper limit on absorbed dose for TLDs that are to be reused. This investigation examines degradation in the uniformity of response and changes in sensitivity of a ...

The probability of detrimental effects (R), such as cancer induction in irradiated multicellular tissue, from low-dose exposure to ionizing radiation is conventionally related to absorbed dose (D) to tissue by the proportionality constant {alpha} for a given type of radiation: R = ...

The various aspects of the problem of the evaluation of the dose of radiations absorbed for medical reasons before additional medical exposure are examined. At present, it cannot be excluded that, in the case of certain harmful effects, such as the production of leukemia, the absorbed ...

The recommended practice presents a technique for calculating the dose of energy absorbed in a material from knowledge of the gamma radiation field and the composition of the material. The procedure is also applicable for x-radiation and electrons provided the effective energy of the beam is known and falls within ...

It is necessary during construction and subsequent operation of a commercial nuclear power reactor to evaluate the impact of the absorbed dose on the useful life of equipment and components. Routinely, the gamma contribution to this absorbed dose is evaluated, and major vendors provide information pertaining to ...

Absorbed radiation doses delivered to the whole-body, kidney, and liver by intravenous injections of As/sup 72/ in humans were calculated and compared with the doses from As/sup 74/. It is shown that for a given limiting dose to the kidney the use of As/sup 72/ permits lower whole-body ...

The aim of this work was to estimate absorbed doses received by a victim of the radiation accident with a 60Co source in Henan province, China. With a Monte Carlo stochastic simulation method, an estimation method for doses to the radiation accident victim was made. It utilised a mathematical ...

The values of absorbed radiation doses in the air were determined aiming to obtain the isodose curves, for beta radiation and for Bremsstrahlung radiation of a /sup 85/Kr source, in several distances. Mamography films and a scintillator detector were used...

This meeting was held to exchange information on how to get better estimates of the radiation absorbed dose. There seems to be a high interest of late in patient dosimetry; discussions were held in the light of revised risk estimates for radiation. Topics included: Strategies of Dose ...

A simple calorimetric dosimeter has been contrived to measure the radiation dose absorbed by di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid in irradiation with an electron or photon beam from a 60 MeV electron accelerator. The absorbed dose rate is related to the beam c...

Individuals are exposed to ionizing radiations in two ways: from radiation sources external to the body or from internal sources. In either case, the magnitude of the radiation dose to the sensitive tissues of the body is of primary concern. Radiation dose (or ...

Two commercial acetal resins (Delrin and Celcon) were exposed to reactor radiation at room temperature in air to five levels of absorbed dose. The tensile strength of both resins was found to decrease rapidly with increasing dose: 50% of the original valu...

Fundamental information about x-ray dosimetry is presented. Definitions are given and expanded on for dose, absorbed dose including microdosimetry, radiation physics (properties of the radiation that are important to dosimetry), and dosimetry (how the pro...

The primary objective of mixed-field neutron/gamma radiation dosimetry in canine irradiation experiments conducted at the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI) is to determine the absorbed midline tissue dose (MLT) at the region of interest...

Absorbed beta-radiation dose expected from fallout particles deposited on the skin was estimated by use of the Beta Transmission, Degradation and Dissipation (TDD) model and a Condensed-State Diffusion-Controlled model that describes the mechanism of fiss...

Cytogenetic analysis of blood lymphocytes is a well established method to assess the absorbed dose in persons exposed to ionizing radiation. Because mature lymphocytes circulate throughout the body, the dose to these cells is believed to represent the ave...

The international system of units and its adoption by Italy are discussed, with particular emphasis on the unit for equivalent radiation dose known as the Sievert. The danger of confusion between absorbed dose and equivalent dose measurements is brought up, justifying the adoption of the ...

Figs. and Tables are given for estimating radiation doses in case of contamination in connection with a reactor accident. The contribution from the isotopes of Krypton, Xenon and Iodine are studied in detail and the corresponding doses are given as a func...

The estimate of absorbed dose to individual organs of a space crewmember is affected by the geometry

... the absorbed dose (the linear no-threshold dose-response model ... culture dish with a precise dose of radiation. ... caused by x-rays, a low linear energy ...

...meanings: (a) Effective dose equivalent means the...the products of absorbed dose and appropriate factors...due to the quality of radiation and its distribution in...of reference man. The unit of the effective dose equivalent is the...

...meanings: (a) Effective dose equivalent means the...the products of absorbed dose and appropriate factors...due to the quality of radiation and its distribution in...of reference man. The unit of the effective dose equivalent is the...

...purpose. (b) Effective dose equivalent means the...products of the absorbed dose and appropriate effectiveness...due to the quality of radiation and its distribution in...of reference man. The unit of the effective dose equivalent is the...

...purpose. (b) Effective dose equivalent means the...products of the absorbed dose and appropriate effectiveness...due to the quality of radiation and its distribution in...of reference man. The unit of the effective dose equivalent is the...

...meanings: (a) Effective dose equivalent means the...the products of absorbed dose and appropriate factors...due to the quality of radiation and its distribution in...of reference man. The unit of the effective dose equivalent is the...

...meanings: (a) Effective dose equivalent means the...the products of absorbed dose and appropriate factors...due to the quality of radiation and its distribution in...of reference man. The unit of the effective dose equivalent is the...

Radiation absorbed dose estimates were made for /sup 38/K, /sup 81/Rb, /sup 82/Rb, and /sup 130/Cs, potential radionuclides for myocardial and brain studies with positron emission tomography (PET). Biodistribution data for /sup 42/K, /sup 86/Rb, and /sup 137/Cs in rats were used, together with the most recent ...

The dose of radiation is a central issue in radiotherapy. Hence dosimetry must be well understood for anyone working in this field. In this chapter theoretical aspects as well as practical aspects of the dosimetry of high energy photons and electrons are addressed. The practical aspects are exclusively dedicated to the determination of ...

By dosing the absorbed energy in volumetric rad units a great advantage could be achieved over the dosage of radiation energy in roentgens. Using rad units to evaluate the degree of the biological reaction referred to the total weight of the irradiated organism (rad/kg) is recommended. In irradiating 2 groups of patients of ...

There are presented the results of processing of ?-irradiation power detector, which possesses high stability of working parameters. The possibility of its application as a radiation intensimeter and as an absorbed dose dosimeter simultaneously is also discussed. It has been showen that the obtained high stability of parameters of ...