... Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES RADIOLOGY DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 892.1170 Bone densitometer. (a) Identification. A bone densitometer...

In the first part of this methodological study eleven metacarpi of 9 skeletally normal horses were examined from 4 directions by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The differences between the dorsopalmar-palmarodorsal and lateromedial-mediolateral (opposite sites) bone mineral density (BMD) values were found to be nonsignificant. In the second part of ...

Peripheral bone densitometers are easier to operate, faster and less expensive, and are designed for a primary care setting. By testing bone density at a ...

The LEXXOS (DMS, Montpellier, France) is the first axial and total body cone beam bone densitometer using a 2D digital radiographic detector. Technical principles and performances for BMD measurements have been presented in previous papers. Bone densitometers are also used on small animals for drug development. In ...

It is widely accepted that bone mineral density (BMD) measurements obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the spine, hip, and calcaneus predict fracture risk. Few published studies to date have examined the relationship between pDXA measurements at the calcaneus to those at the hip and spine. It has been demonstrated that T-score-based ...

We performed repeated dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measurements over five years in a homogeneous patient population to study the effect of a cemented stem on proximal femoral bone remodelling. Data from 88 patients (88 hips) implanted with total hip arthroplasty (THA) prostheses were extracted from three randomised studies. Femoral ...

We performed repeated dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measurements over five�years in a homogeneous patient population to study the effect of a cemented stem on proximal femoral bone remodelling. Data from 88 patients (88 hips) implanted with total hip arthroplasty (THA) prostheses were extracted from three randomised studies. Femoral ...

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry can be used as a noninvasive tool to monitor the skeletal integrity of live birds. A pDexa X-ray bone densitometer was used to determine bone mineral densities (BMD) of the left tibia together with the fibula and the humerus of live, unanesthetized birds. Densitometry effectively ...

Repeated dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measurements are often performed both in clinical work and in research studies. The aims of the present study were to investigate the repeatability of DEXA total body measurements, to clarify the effect of the scanning positioning of the subject, and to compare the reliability of DEXA measurements of the extremities between ...

Dual photon absorptiometry (DPA) of the lumbar spine (2nd, 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae) was carried out using a Norland 2600 bone densitometer on 194 Omani women (OW). The exclusion criteria were (1) any medical treatment known to affect calcium metabolism or bone mass, (2) osteomalacia or secondary osteoporosis, ...

The objectives of this study were to develop a novel ultrasound device to estimate bone mineral density (BMD) at the calcaneus. The device is entirely self-contained, portable (

The ability to perform dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) while a patient is in a cast would give investigators the opportunity to follow early changes in bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) during fracture healing or to evaluate bone changes related to immobilization. The objective of this study was to determine if accurate and ...

Evaluation of the child with fractures is challenging, as no clear guidelines exist to distinguish traumatic from pathological fractures. Although most fractures in childhood are benign, recurrent fractures may be associated with a wide variety of primary skeletal diseases as well as secondary causes, necessitating a careful history and physical exam to guide the evaluation. There is no "gold ...

Hand bone densitometry is more sensitive than standard radiology in the measurement of disease-related bone damage in early arthritis. Most studies employing dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) have evaluated the whole hand. The aim of this study was to evaluate a method that quantified bone density in regions ...

Apr 21, 2011 ... The basic units of the overall assembly were the following: ... actuated an Instron integrator which was located in the base of this unit. ...

Radiographic absorptiometry (RA) is a noninvasive radiologic technique involving a computer-assisted densitometric measurement of the x-ray image of bone. Mineral density analysis are based on phalangeal scans of pairs of exposed radiographs with an alumi...

Bone mineral content (BMC, g) using DEXA (Lunar DPX) was measured on known hydroxyapatite samples in a water bath in the presence of uniform and nonuniform covering of fat-equivalent materials. Selective placement of paraffin over bone had a greater effect than lard in reducing apparent BMC, and polycarbonate plastic had a lesser effect. Measured BMC was ...

This report describes the design and operation of the KfK hybrid X-ray densitometer. The instrument, based on the techniques of K-edge X-ray absorptiometry and K X-ray fluorescence analysis, is primarily designed for a simultaneous assay of the uranium an...

Bone mineral density (BMD) is a contributing factor of hip fracture risk. Other factors, such as lifestyle, the propensity for falls, and femoral geometry may influence the risk of hip fracture. The DMS Lexxos densitometer, a dual-energy X-ray densitometer can produce either a single-energy X-ray or a BMD image. The purpose of this ...

Apr 21, 2011 ... It was not until a much more stable method of measuring bone mineral content, called photon absorptiometry, was developed that bone mineral ...

ORIS-ODX 240 bone densitometer is used to provide the density values of large group of women obtaining both frontal and lateral projection of the lumbar spine on each of them. This device is the prototype of Sophos L-XRA developed by CEA/DAMRI for SOPHA M...

Bone mineral content of the distal radius was determined in 106 patients by single photon absorptiometry using iodine-125 monochromatic source. The technique provided a reliable means to assess the degree of mineral loss in conditions such as osteoporosis, renal osteodystrophy in patients on chronic maintenance dialysis, subjects on long-term steroid ...

Study DesignThis is a prospective study.PurposeThis study is conducted to determine the prevalence of unrecognized vertebral fracture (VF) in patients who present with back pain.Overview of LiteratureVF is often unrecognized, and significantly increases the risk of further fractures. Unfortunately, the patients at a high risk for VF usually do not receive adequate therapy to reduce the fracture ...

The Metriscan (Alara Inc, CA) is a compact digital radiographic absorptiometry device capable of determining phalangeal bone mineral density in arbitrary units (BMD(au)) from the second phalanges of the middle three digits. We have examined the utility and the in vitro and in vivo performances of the Metriscan, and established triage thresholds based on ...

In ochronotic patients, abnormalities in bone metabolism leading to increased bone loss have been reported. Therefore, we attempted antiresorptive therapy to (almost) partially reverse bone loss in four out of five osteopenic or osteoporotic ochronotic patients, two men and two women, aged 56-82 years. Each patient was treated with a ...

BackgroundThe effect of postoperative adaptive bone remodeling following a stemmed femoral implant in revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) changes of the distal femur following cemented rTKA with a 100-mm press-fit stem.Materials and methodsSixteen consecutive patients were ...

Interunit variability among bone densitometers is due to different factors, including different calibration procedures and algorithms and variability in photon source energies and/or intensities. Other factors, such as the choice of scan parameters or the analysis procedures, can also introduce variability. The new generation of dual-energy x-ray ...

In the design and construction of a recording densitometer intended primarily for the evaluation of bone density, a potentiometric system has been substituted for the electromechanical function transformer. In the application of this technique, a wedge is used as a standard object of reference, with the wedge exposed to x rays simultaneously with ...

The KfK K-edge densiometer, designed for accurate element concentration measurements using the technique of X-ray absorptiometry at the K absorption edge, provides as an additional option the possibility to determine the isotopic composition of freshly se...

This report presents data from 153 healthy, early postmenopausal women who were randomly allocated to two years of treatment with estrogen or placebo. Bone mineral content in the forearms was measured by single-photon absorptiometry, and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and total-body bone mineral by ...

Studies at the University of Wisconsin have demonstrated that photon absorptiometry is a precise, accurate, and reproducible technique for measuring bone mineral content in premature infants and can be used to establish an intrauterine curve of bone mineralization in the fetus. Photon absorptiometry can also be ...

In an x-ray bone densitometer, special calibration techniques are employed to accommodate variations. In one aspect, a bone-like calibration material is interposed and the system determines the calibration data from rays passing only through flesh. In another aspect, a rotating device carries the calibration material through the beam. ...

In Europe there is a 3-fold variation, according to geographical center, in risk of vertebral deformity in men and women over the age of 50. We investigated the relationship between bone density, as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) of the spine and hip and prevalent vertebral deformities in 13 of the 36 centers participating in the ...

Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the detection and treatment of osteoporosis. This paper is a review of the merits and limitations of the various noninvasive modalities currently available for the measurement of bone mineral density with special emphasis placed upon the nuclear medicine techniques of single-photon and dual-photon ...

When dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) instruments are replaced, it is essential to determine if systematic differences in measurements occur. As a part of the Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention study (N=14,220), a group of women, aged 36 to 69 yr underwent anteroposterior lumbar spine L2 to L4 (n=89) and proximal femur scans (n=88) by the Lunar DPX and ...

At CEA-LETI, a DEXA approach for systems using a digital 2D radiographic detector has been developed. It relies on an original X-rays scatter management method, based on a combined use of an analytical model and of scatter calibration data acquired through different thicknesses of Lucite slabs. Since Lucite X-rays interaction properties are equivalent to fat, the approach leads to a scatter flux ...

An average, variable precision error of up to 6% related to source age was observed for dual-photon absorptiometry of the spine in a longitudinal study of bone mineral content involving 393 women. Application of a software correction for source decay compensated for only a portion of this error. The authors conclude that measurement of ...

Dual photon absorptiometry (DPA) is a noninvasive radiologic technique used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine and hip. With DPA the amount of bone mineral measured represents the total integrated mineral (cortical and trabecular) i...

Two groups of investigators utilized three techniques for evaluating bone mineral mass. In one institution, total-body calcium by total body neutron activation analysis, and bone mineral content of the radius by photon absorptiometry were measured concomi...

Previous studies have shown that /sup 125/I absorptiometry gives an accurate and sensitive measure of alveolar bone mass. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between alveolar bone mass determined by /sup 125/I absorptiometry and bone density obtained by analysis of ...

Theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted to explore the possibilities of triple photon energy absorptiometry in the measurement of bone mineral content. The purpose of this technique is to correct the measured bone mineral density for fat and soft tissues. However, theoretical considerations lead us to doubt the ...

... using anthropometry and bone structural measurements derived from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans of The femur and lower leg. ...

Research on the measurement of bone mineral content and body composition ranges from isotopic tracer

Dual-photon absorptiometry with gadolinium 153 was used to measure the mineral content of lumbar vertebrae in cadavers, excised vertebrae with marrow, and dry, marrow-free vertebrae. The error introduced by the surrounding soft tissue of cadavers was 3%, and the error in determining mineral mass or density in excised vertebrae was about 5%. The correlation coefficient between ...

Nine-month-old female rats were subjected to right hindlimb immobilization or served as controls for

In vivo precision for body composition measurements using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; GE Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare, Bucks, UK) was evaluated in 52 men and women, aged 34.8 (s.d. 8.4; range 20.1-50.5) years, body mass index (25.8 kg/m(2); range 16.7-42.7 kg/m(2)). Two consecutive total body scans (with re-positioning) were conducted. Precision was excellent for all ...

The lack of standardization in bone mineral density (BMD) measurements is known. Several studies have been carried out to cross-calibrate the axial dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) devices. Recently, a number of peripheral DXA (pDXA) densitometers have been introduced. In this study we evaluated the agreement between two heel DXA ...

An instrument for clinical measurement of bone mineral content in the axial skeleton was constructed. Components include a modified dual probe scanner, a PDP-11 computer, a /sup 153/Gd source, and a NaI(Tl) detector. The results were accurate and highly reproducible, and distinction of osteoporotic women from normal age-matched women was superior to that accomplished with ...

BONE DENSITOMETRY IN PEDIATRIC POPULATIONS: DISCREPANCIES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF OSTEOPOROSIS BY DXA, osteoporosis is frequently overdiagnosed in children when using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA osteoporosis in pediatric populations. (J Pediatr 2005;146:776-9) D ual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA

The technique of photon absorptiometry, as described by Cameron and others (1-4), is used to obtain a measure of bone density. This measure, based on data derived from the transmission scan of exp 125 I, clearly relates to the degree of mineralization of ...

Research on the measurement of bone mineral content and body composition ranges from isotopic tracer methods and the adoption of clinical standards to osteoporosis therapy and the effects of nutritional factors on bone loss.

Bone mineral content (BMC) measurements were employed in two basic types of studies. In the first type, measurements made on an individual patient are used to trace the time variation in body calcium. In the second type, mineral content of an individual i...

Conventional radiographic methods allow physicians to visualize bone structure. However, they do not offer information on the bone mineral density (BMD), which can facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Bone densitometry, by contrast, helps to detect bone mineral loss at an early stage because it ...

Knowledge of precision is integral to the monitoring of bone mineral density (BMD) changes using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We evaluated the precision for bone measurements acquired using a GE Lunar iDXA (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) in self-selected men and women, with mean age of 34.8 yr (standard deviation [SD]: 8.4; ...

ObjectivesTo investigate the association of soccer playing and long?distance running with total and regional bone mineral density (BMD).DesignCross?sectional study.SettingAcademic medical centre.ParticipantsElite male soccer players (n?=?15), elite male long?distance runners (n?=?15) and sedentary male controls (n?=?15) aged 20�30 years.Main outcome measurementsBMD ...

Whether to use male or female databases to obtain T-scores in men remains controversial. This study evaluated the impact of deriving male T-scores using female databases in 350 men aged 22.8-93.5 (mean 67.5+/-12.2) yr who were referred for clinically indicated dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry exams. Spine, femur, and nondominant radius scans were obtained in routine clinical ...

Previous reports of the effect of antecedent administration of radionuclide on bone mineral density (BMD) measurements have yielded inconsistent results. Ten subjects scheduled for (99m)Tc-methylene diphosphonate ((99m)Tc-MDP) bone scanning and 10 scheduled for (99m)Tc-sestamibi cardiac scanning had BMD measured by dual X-ray ...

The bone mineral density measurements of three different instruments at the femoral head were compared using 12 cadaver specimens. Two of these instruments were operated by x-rays (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry = DEXA), whereas one system was based on a gadolinium source (dual photon absorptiometry = DPA). Although excellent ...

Bone density (bone mineral content/bone width) was determined by iodine-125 (/sup 125/I)-photon absorptiometry in the distal third of the radius before and after successful parathyroidectomy in 37 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Bone density progressively declined during the two ...

The data set contains information on bone density and bone mass for adult subjects aged 25-74 years from the NHANES I detailed sample. Baseline hand-wrist x-rays were reread for bone density and bone mass using a technique called Radiographic Absorptiomet...

Two groups of investigators utilized three techniques for evaluating bone mineral mass. In one institution, total-body calcium by total body neutron activation analysis, and bone mineral content of the radius by photon absorptiometry were measured concomitantly. In the other institution, the mean bone mineral ...

Osteoporosis is considered as a major Public Health issue, in most developed countries. Bone mineral density assessment is the single best predictor of the future fracture risk for an individual. Belgium has the highest number of bone densitometers, per million habitants, in Europe. However, densitometry is not yet reimbursed in ...

The aim of this study is to explore the differences of BMD reference curves at various skeletal sites among Chinese women from different regions of China and to investigate the feasibility of establishing a unified national BMD reference database for Chinese women. We measured BMD at the posteroanterior (PA) lumbar spine, femoral neck, trochanter and Ward's triangle by dual-energy X-ray ...

We studied the effect of using the BodyFIX (Medical Intelligence Inc, Schwabmunchen, Germany) to immobilize children during a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan on body composition and bone estimates. Overestimates of soft tissue and bone introduced by the BodyFIX were avoided by using a modified version of the system or were ...

The authors discuss current capabilities of three common bone densitometry techniques--single photon absorptiometry, dual photon absorptiometry, and quantitative computed tomography--and potential capabilities of new innovations of each of these techniques. They believe that use of bone densitometry is valid in the ...

A new x-ray-based (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)) instrument for measurement of bone mineral in the spine and hips was compared with a commercial dual photon absorptiometry (DPA) instrument that uses a 153Gd source (DP3, Lunar Radiation Corporation). Measurements were made on phantoms and lumbar spines of patients to study ...

An X-ray bone densitometer has been developed which makes direct tracings of absorption curves on a nearly linear scale. Speed and precision are increased by elimination of x-ray film. Results are reproducible to within 3 percent with a phantom finger, and within 6 percent with human subjects. PMID:5837339

We previously developed bone texture analysis methods to assess bone strength on digitized radiographs. Here, we compare the analyses performed on digitized screen-film to those obtained on peripheral bone densitometry images. A leg phantom was imaged with both a PIXI (GE Medical Systems; Milwaukee, WI) bone ...

In this paper we discuss the bone densitometry systems available and their applicability in children and adolescents. Based on the knowledge that the majority of bone densitometry studies in children are performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), we focus attention on the sources of errors in interpretation of DXA studies ...

A variety of methods are presently available for the non-invasive measurement of bone mass of both normal individuals and patients with metabolic disorders. Chief among these methods are radiographic techniques such as radiogrammetry, photon absorptiometry, computer tomography, Compton scattering and neutron activation analysis. In this review, the salient ...

New technology introduced over time results in changes in densitometers during longitudinal studies of bone mineral density (BMD). This requires that a cross-calibration process be completed to translate measurements from the old densitometer to the new one. Previously described cross-calibration methods for research settings have ...

Osteoporosis is prevalent among the elderly and is a major cause of bone fracture in this population. Bone integrity is maintained by the dynamic processes of bone resorption and bone formation (bone remodeling). Osteoporosis results when there is an imbalance of the two counteracting ...

A study was undertaken to examine stress fracture susceptibility in female US Marine Corps recruits, using anthropometry and bone structural measurements derived from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans of The femur and lower leg. A total of 671...

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Marrow transverse relaxation time (T2*) in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging

Apr 21, 2011 ... Duel X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scans were obtained before and after bed rest to measure changes in bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole ...

Research article Bone and body composition analyzed by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) in clinical and nutritional evaluation of young patients with Cystic Fibrosis: a cross-sectional study

Current diagnosis of bone loss and osteoporosis is based on the measurement of the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) or the apparent mass density. Unfortunately, in most clinical ultrasound densitometers: 1) measurements are often performed in a single anatomical direction, 2) only the first wave arriving to the ultrasound probe is ...

The technetium-99m(/sup 99m/Tc)-labelled diphosophonate bone scan remains the most frequently requested investigation in any nuclear medicine department because of its exquisite sensitivity for lesion detection. It has a wide, and apparently ever-increasing, range of applications in clinical practice and the purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive review of the use ...

We compared two anatomic sites for single-photon absorptiometric measurement of bone mineral content (BMC) in term and preterm infants. The distal one third of the radius and the midportion of the humerus were evaluated for measurements of BMC with an unmodified, commercially available bone densitometer. We assessed reproducibility of ...

Research on radiation detectors for absorptiometry analysis of errors affecting single photon absorptiometry and development of instrumentation, analysis of errors affecting dual photon absorptiometry and development of instrumentation, comparison of skeletal measurements with other techniques, cooperation with NASA projects for ...

To define age-related changes in bone mineral content in normal men, we measured radial (proximal and distal) and vertebral bone mineral content in 62 men aged 30 to 92 years. Radial bone mineral content (largely cortical bone) was measured by single photon absorptiometry, and trabecular ...

There is a growing imperative to understand how changes in peri-articular bone relate to pathological progression of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Peri-articular bone density can be measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The medial:lateral tibial BMD ratio (M:L BMD) is associated with MRI and...

mediterranean spanish children and adolescents: changes related to age, sex, and puberty. Pediatr Res 35Bone Acquisition in Healthy Children and Adolescents: Comparisons of Dual-Energy X, and gender differences in BMD values are largely due to greater bone size in males (14). The confounding

A number of different techniques are available to study bone mineral. Those based on radiographs are helpful as an initial approach to the symptomatic patient with advanced disease, but they do not have the sensitivity to detect early bone loss, to assist in the estimation of fracture risk, or to monitor effects of treatment in controlled drug studies. A ...

Bone cortical thickness and density were measured in rat femurs in vitro by a photon absorptiometry technique. A scan perpendicular to the long bone axis using photons from highly collimated 109Cd or 125I sources yielded the bone wall thickness and attenuation at mid-shaft. A second scan after the ...

The bone mineral content (BMC) and the bone mineral areal content (BMAC) were determined with dual-photon absorptiometry in the third lumbar vertebra in a random sample of 214 women between 35 and 80 years of age in the city of G�teborg, Sweden. A continuous aging decrease (1%/year) of both the BMC and the BMAC was noted after age ...

The effect of changing strength during the useful life of a radiation source was evaluated in studies performed on four dual photon (DPA) and two single photon (SPA) bone absorptiometry instruments. Two DPA units and one SPA unit did not show any systematic dependence of measured bone mineral content or bone ...