A description of the BGO ball, a new large solid angle detector at LAMPF is given. Some results on the first experiment with the ball are presented, with suggestions on future experiments.

The feasibility of using a hybrid detection system, consisting of multiple narrow bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals coupled to one photomultiplier for coincidence timing, and individual mercuric iodide (HgI2) photodetectors coupled to each BGO crystal to identify crystals of interaction, was investigated for application to positron tomography. The match ...

one BGO detector. & 4 FM-NaI detectors were delivered ... 2 BGO detectors have been manufactured. (vibration & TV tests performed in the moment) ...

A total absorption detector, which is composed of a through-hole type HPGe detector coupled with a surrounding annular anti-Compton BGO detector, has been developed for ??-decay energy (Q?) measurements of nuclei far off from the ?-stability line. This detector can measure ...

The GBM-NaI(Tl) Detectors (12 x): The GBM-BGO Detectors (2 x): The calibration of the GLAST Burst Monitor. NaI- and BGO-detectors by Andreas von Kienlin ...

The peaks from backgrounds in BGO detectors used as a main detector or from BGO in a main Ge detector were studied using space and laboratory measurements. Both prompt reactions and the decay of radionuclides make background peaks.

Each of the 2 BGO detectors is 12.7 cm in diameter, 12.7 cm thick, and is viewed by 2 PMTs for improved resolution and redundancy. ...

Scintillating bolometers are particle detectors with a high particle discrimination power with many applications in nuclear and particle physics. This discrimination power is based on the different scintillation yield for different particles, and is strongly dependent on the target used. At the very low temperatures required for the operation of the bolometers, very few data ...

Will triggering off the BGO detectors increase the GBM sensitivity? ... the BGO provides extra sensitivity only for � = 0, � = 2 above Ep=1 MeV. ...

The Bismuth Germanate (BGO) detectors provide spectral coverage ... cylindrical BGO crystal will be 14% at 661 keV and 4% at 10 MeV ...

Background is reduced by an anticoincidence detector system surrounding ... BGO detectors of the anticoincidence system may veto ...

The traveler spent the year at CERN primarily to test, calibrate, and prepare a BGO photon detector system for use in the August 1990 run of WA80 with sulfur beams and for use in future planned runs with an expanded BGO detector. The BGO was used in test-...

iodide, BGO and beryllium. The absorption constants for each material are entered for an energy .... the next two figures was BGO, with 1.5 cm thick shield ...

Spatial resolution in positron emission tomography is currently limited by the resolution of the detectors. This work presents the initial characterization of a detector design using small bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals individually coupled to silicon p...

We measured the radiation damage on an optical glue called Eccobond-24, which is a candidate for CsI and BGO crystal calorimeters of the BELLE detector of the KEK B-factory. Absorption spectrophotometry in the range 300-800 nm was used to monitor the radiation damage. The maximum equivalent dose was 1.64 Mrad. The glue shows effects of ...

The high efficiency of the BGO detectors makes them very attractive candidates to replace NaI(T1) detectors, which are widely used in studies of body composition. In this work, the response functions of the BGO and NaI(T1) detectors were deter- mined at 0...

The possibilities of further improvements of the intermediate-efficiency detector for capture cross-section measurements based on the BGO scintillator are discussed. The good agreement between the experimental and theoretical time distribution indicates t...

The BGO detectors cover the energy range of ~150 keV to ~30 MeV, providing a good ... Together the NaI and BGO detectors have similar characteristics to the ...

May 10, 2011 ... The BGO detectors cover the energy range of 150 keV to 30 MeV, ... Together the NaI and BGO detectors have similar characteristics to the ...

... activities of depleted uranium metal imbedded at varying depths were used to compare the efficiencies of a bismuth germanate (BGO) detector, a ...

A compact arrangement of electronic and material shielding in conjunction with a 3 in. � 3 in. BGO detector can achieve hydrogen sensitivities of 10-100 ppm using the 15N hydrogen profiling technique. Measured background yields for various shielding conditions are presented for 3 in. � 3 in. BGO and NaI ...

Thick, segmented scintillating detectors, consisting of 2D matrices of scintillator crystals separated by optically opaque septal walls, hold considerable potential for significantly improving the performance of megavoltage (MV) active matrix, flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs). Initial simulation studies of the radiation transport properties of segmented ...

Thick, segmented scintillating detectors, consisting of 2D matrices of scintillator crystals separated by optically opaque septal walls, hold considerable potential for significantly improving the performance of megavoltage (MV) active matrix, flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs). Initial simulation studies of the radiation transport properties of segmented ...

In this paper Monte Carlo simulations (FLUKA) and measurements of the response of a BGO detector are reported. For the measurements three low-energy photon emitters (60Co, 54Mn, 137Cs) were used to irradiate the BGO from various distances and angles. The neutron response was measured with an Am-Be neutron source. Simulations of the ...

The characteristics of YAlO[sub 3]:Ce used as a fast scintillation detector with high density (5.35 gm/cm[sup 3]) and high light yield were investigated and compared with other scintillation materials. The decay of the scintillation light could be described by the sum of two exponentials with decay constants of 31 ns and 246 ns, contributing 98% and 2% to the total light ...

in the BGO detector array, we have employed bullet nose shape BGO crystal in the front side as well that the smooth and round front side bullet nose shape could eliminate the sharp comers of the crystal thereby improves the light collection efficiency. Secondly, the bullet nose shape at the back side of crystal which

Disclosed is a modification of conventional scintillation cameras wherein the conventional scintillation crystal composed of NaI(Tl) is replaced with a crystal of Bi4Ge3O12(BGO). The BGO crystal is cooled below room temperature in order to improve the lig...

We describe the design of the signal processing system and considerations involved in the timing performance of the BGO scintillator Compton shield that surrounds each of the 110 large germanium detectors used in the geodesic array covering the complete s...

There have been many studies concerning the performance characteristics of NaI(Tl) and BGO scintillating crystals, most of which generate data by algorithms rather than from experimentation. Those studies which do deal with collected data, however, usuall...

Active BGO shield is very efficient in reducing the activation background. Activation of the BGO well itself does not affect the long-term background in ...

A detector identification technique for a detector assembly in which sixteen BGO crystals are packed in a 4 x 4 array and coupled to two dual PMTs has been developed for high resolution and high sensitivity multilayer positron emission tomography. This allows dense packing of small BGO crystals which is essential ...

Feb 26, 2009... of detectors: the Large Area Telescope (LAT), the 12 Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) NaI detectors and the two GBM BGO detectors. ...

BGO is expected to be plausible devices for soft gamma-ray detectors, because of a high detection efficiency for soft gamma-rays. Here we report on the good performance of BGO readout with PIN-photodiode or avalanche photodiode as a soft gamma-ray detector. We confirmed that the signal output of ...

Bismuth germanate (BGO) compton-suppression shields have been constructed to surround the Ge detectors of the GAMMASPHERE array. A shield consists of six hexagonal tapered BGO elements, each coupled to two 1-inch (times) 1-inch photomultiplier tubes. In a...

This paper reports on a 7.6 cm {times} 7.6 cm BGO detector flowing in the middeck of the Space Shuttle Columbia as part of the Shuttle Activation Monitor (SAM) experiment. One of the goals of this experiment was to compare the performance of the BGO to that of NaI in the same environment. Twenty-four hours of data in five-minute bins ...

Oct 16, 2001 ... The HEEF electron telescope design includes two solid state detectors (SSDs),a bismuth germanate (BGO) crystal scintillator, ...

The output is a stacked plot ; with the two GOES traces in the top panel, the sum of the 2 BGO detectors in the middle panel, and ; the 3 most sunward minus ...

Aug 14, 2006 ... The four sides of the detector units are surrounded by 20 thick anti-counters made of BGO for background shield. The anti-counters are also ...

Comparison of different pulse shape discrimination methods for BC400/BGO phoswich and CsI:Tl detectors.

Global mapping of U, Th, K, major elements, distribution using 250 cm3 large pure Ge crystal, .... Detector Germanium (BGO, Plastic scintillator) ...

MAXIS was launched January 12 2000 and consists of a Germanium detector, two X- ray imagers and a BGO scintillator. The balloon circumnavigated the Antarctic ...

Detector shape optimization study was carried out for the high resolution 4x4 array BGO-PMT coupling scheme to be employed in the spherical positron emission tomograph. To improve the light collection efficiency in the BGO detector array, the authors have employed bullet nose shape BGO crystal ...

New high resolution block detectors were developed for positron emission tomographs (PET), in which BGO scintillators are coupled to a position-sensitive photomultiplier tube (PMT). The block detectors using two different structure of BGO scintillators were constructed and evaluated: one is 1.7 mm wide ...

This table lists all of the triggers observed by one or more of the 14 GBM detectors (12 NaI and 2 BGO). Note that there are two Browse catalogs resulting ...

... and shielding. Simulated spectra were modeled for several detector sizes and types, including LaBr3, BGO and NaI. The ...

The electromagnetic endcap BGO calorimeter of the CMD-3 detector is ready for experiments at the new e{sup +}e{sup -} collider VEPP-2000. Light readout is performed by silicon photodiodes. A thermalcontrol system that is able to maintain the calorimeter temperature at a level of 12 {+-}1 deg. C was designed and manufactured. All blocks of the endcap ...

Small radiation detectors based on HgI sub 2 , bismuth germanate (BGO), plastic, or NaI(Tl) detector materials were evaluated for use in small, lighweight radiation monitors. The two denser materials, HgI sub 2 and BGO, had poor resolution at low-energy a...

First-principles NaI and BGO detector response functions calculations made with the MCNP code are compared to measurements. Excellent agreement is achieved for the experiments analyzed. Such calculational methodology can be used to achieve a better understanding of the physics of detector response and to maximize the information ...

First-principles NaI and BGO detector response functions calculations made with the MCNP code are compared to measurements. Excellent agreement is achieved for the experiments analyzed. Such calculational methodology can be used to achieve a better understanding of the physics of detector response and to maximize the information ...

This paper presents a discussion of a new multicrystal detector system as it is implemented in Positron Emission Tomography. The system consists of a 32 x 8 matrix of BGO crystals, a tuned light pipe, and four photomultipliers. The electronics that decodes the position consists of fast preamps, gated integrators, and level comparators. This ...

GLAST Swcience Working Group Meeting S 4 S. 24 May, 2000. GBM Detector Concept. Low-Energy NaI (TI). Detectors (3 of 12). High-Energy BGO. Detector (1 of 2) ...

A small animal positron emission tomography (PET) instrument using a high-resolution solid-state detector insert in a conventional PET system was investigated for its potential to achieve sub-millimeter spatial resolution for mouse imaging. Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate the effect of detector configurations (thickness, length and radius) on ...

The high efficiency of the BGO detectors makes them very attractive candidates to replace NaI(T1) detectors, which are widely used in studies of body composition. In this work, the response functions of the BGO and NaI(T1) detectors were determined at 0.662,4.4, and 10.0 MeV using three ...

The properties which were evaluated were: 1) scintillation light yield relative to BGO with photomultipliers and mercuric iodide photodetectors, 2) coincidence resolving time, which was compared to BGO and CsF and theoretical predictions, 3) crosstalk due to intercrystal scatter, 4) detector sensitivity relative to ...

A detector employing a pseudo-continuous ring of BGO and analog type position sensing has been constructed. It is fabricated using 360 2 x 3 x 0.4 cm BGO detector elements, a light guide 1 x 1.6 x 51 cm ID and 90 2cm diameter PM tubes. The position of a scintillation event is identified using logic based on a ...

Characteristics of a gamma-ray detector that utilizes a 24 x 24 x 15-mm/sup 3/ bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillator are measured. Fluorescent light output measured with a BGO crystal coupled to a R1306 photomultiplier (Hamamatsu TV) is found to be 15% that of a NaI(T1) scintillator for incident photons of a given energy. The FWHM of ...

The 15N(p,?)16O reaction has been intensively studied by the LUNA collaboration. In this contribution the measurements performed using the same BGO detector and two different setups, with gas and solid target, are described in details. The measurement of the cross section for this reaction allows to determine the astrophysical S-factor. The results of the ...

We present initial results of a position-sensitive photodiode/BGO detector for high resolution, multi-layer positron emission tomography (PET). Position sensitivity is achieved by dividing the 3 mm /times/ 20 mm rectangular photosensitive area along the d...

First-principles NaI and BGO detector response functions calculations made with the MCNP code are compared to measurements. Excellent agreement is achieved for the experiments analyzed. Such calculational methodology can be used to achieve a better unders...

A new vacuum-insulated tandem accelerator capable of producing a 5-mA proton beam with energy up to 2 MeV was used to produce a mono-energetic beam of 9.17-MeV gamma rays from the resonant production reaction, 13C(p,?)14N, at 1.76 MeV. A graphite target enriched with 13C capable of withstanding the proton beam power was designed and fabricated. The 9.17-MeV gamma rays were subsequently resonantly ...

Most high-efficiency interactions for neutron detection are with thermal neutrons, and the detection of the prompt gamma radiation emitted as a result of thermal neutron absorption in specific materials was sometimes used. These materials are named converters, the most widespread being 10B, 113Cd or 73Ge (the last two materials are detector materials ...

The high density and atomic number of bismuth germanate (Bi/sub 4/Ge/sub 3/O/sub 12/ or BGO) make it a very useful detector for positron emission tomography. Modern tomograph designs use large numbers of small, closely-packed crystals for high spatial resolution and high sensitivity. However, the low light output, the high refractive index (n=2.15), and ...

We investigated the impact of replacing BGO by lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) in the fabrication of the EXACT HR PLUS position coding detector for PET. A detailed Monte Carlo simulation was used to track the interactions of energetic photons in the volum...

Recently we have shown that the program DETECT provides a realistic platform to model the performances of scintillation counters with geometries as involved as that of the EXACT HR PLUS, a state-of-the art position and energy encoding BGO detector manufac...

During the last decade the application of arrays of 10--30 Compton Suppressed germanium (CSG) detectors in the field of (gamma)-ray spectroscopy has led to a number of significant advances in studies of nuclear structure. Despite the success of these inst...

A practical method based on Fermi-Kurie plots was newly proposed in order to analyze ?-decay energy (Q?) measured with a total absorption BGO detector. The detector has large efficiencies; all ?-rays and subsequent ?-rays can be absorbed simultaneously, and the endpoint energy of the spectrum shows the Q?. In the ...

Spatial resolution in positron emission tomography is currently limited by the resolution of the detectors. This work presents the initial characterization of a detector design using small bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals individually coupled to silicon photodiodes (SPDs) for crystal identification, and coupled in groups to phototubes ...

Spatial resolution in positron emission tomography is currently limited by the resolution of the detectors. This work presents the initial characterization of a detector design using small bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals individually coupled to silicon photodiodes (SPDs) for crystal identification, and coupled in groups to phototubes ...

At the electron accelerator facility ELSA of the University of Bonn presently the new BGO-OpenDipole experiment is being setup. It is optimized for meson photoproduction final states of mixed charges. The detector combines hermetic coverage for photon detection through the BGO ball of the former GRAAL experiment with high resolution ...

Disclosed is a modification of conventional scintillation cameras wherein the conventional scintillation crystal composed of NaI(Tl) is replaced with a crystal of Bi4Ge3O12(BGO). The BGO crystal is cooled below room temperature in order to improve the light emission characteristics of the crystal. In a preferred embodiment, both the ...

Tests of a large volume Bismuth Germinate (BGO) detector were carried out to detect low energy prompt gamma-rays from boron and cadmium-contaminated water samples using a portable neutron generator-based Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) setup. Inspite of strong interference between the sample- and the ...

This paper begins by reviewing the history of gamma-ray spectroscopy and then discusses some of the recent results based on data taken with coincidence arrays of germanium detectors and Compton-suppression spectrometers. It then addresses the first impacts which the use of bismuth germanate (BGO) detectors are having on the ...

High resolution germanium detectors are used extensively in [gamma]-ray spectroscopy experiments. The construction and experimental results of a novel compact anti-Compton spectrometer system are reported. The device consists of a large BGO scintillation crystal with a cylindrical well. Inside the well, a 56 mm diameter, 57 mm high (n-type) germanium ...

Single crystals of bismuth orthogermanate (BGO) Bi{sub 4}Ge{sub 3}O{sub 12} are used as scintillation detectors for ionizing radiation. In this communication, the authors present data on the intrinsic radiation background of BGO crystals and the content of the main radionuclides responsible for the background.

Properties of bismuth-germanate (BGO) detector for high-energy gamma-rays were investigated. A new calibration method for high-energy range was proposed. (author). 7 refs, 10 figs, 3 tabs. (Atomindex citation 25:050128)

Disclosed is a modification of conventional scintillation cameras wherein the conventional scintillation crystal composed of NaI(T1) is replaced with a crystal of Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO). The BGO crystal is cooled below room temperature in order to improve the li...

We describe the design of the signal processing system and considerations involved in the timing performance of the BGO scintillator Compton shield that surrounds each of the 110 large germanium detectors used in the geodesic array covering the complete sphere surrounding the target in GAMMASPHERE. It is shown that the main timing limitation results from ...

The authors describe the design of the signal processing system and considerations involved in the timing performance of the BGO scintillator Compton shield that surrounds each of the 110 large germanium detectors used in a geodesic array covering the complete sphere surrounding the target in GAMMASPHERE. It is shown that the main timing limitation results ...

A new scintillation detector system has been designed for application in high spatial resolution positron CT (PCT) system. Many small BGO crystals are closely packed and coupled to a position-sensitive photomultiplier tube (PMT). The detector performance and feasibility for PCT are discussed based on both calculations and experiments. ...

The capability of a recently developed BGO detector system featuring a "self-collimating" structure to locate a point source was established by Monte Carlo simulations and by laboratory scale experiments. The detector system's capability to determine the direction of a nuclear plume resulting from a PWR1 or PWR2 type accident in stable ...

Q ? values of the neutron-rich isotopes of 160-165Eu and 163Gd were measured for the first time using a total absorption bismuth germanate (BGO) detector, and previously obtained data on 158, 159Pm , 159, 161Sm and 166Tb were re-analyzed. These radioactive sources were prepared by an on-line mass separator (Tokai-ISOL) following the ...

Soft Gamma-ray Detector (SGD:40-600 keV) will be mounted on the 6th Japanese X-ray observatory ASTROH to be launched in 2014. The main part of the SGD is a Compton camera with a narrow field of view and surrounded by BGO active shields (SGD-BGO). Via this combination, the SGD can achieve sensitivity more than ten times superior to the ...

Nonlinear refraction, nonlinear absorption, and optical limitation are studied in Bi{sub 12}SiO{sub 20} (BSO) and Bi{sub 12}GeO{sub 20}(BGO) crystals at the 532-nm emission wavelength of a picosecond Nd : YAG laser. (nonlinear optical phenomena)

In this paper, the authors evaluate and compare two new 2-D array detectors for PET. Both consist of an 8 [times] 8 array of small BGO crystals coupled to a 2 [times] 2 array of photomultiplier tubes. The depth of the crystals is 3 cm in one detector and 2 cm in the other. The 2 cm detector is obviously superior in ...

germ an ate (BGO) scintillation detectors covered the range from approximately 150 keV to approximately 30 MeV. By fitting the ...

gamma-ray bursts by extending the energy range (20 MeV to > 300 GeV) of the Large Area Telescope (LAT) towards lower energies by 2 BGO-detectors (150 keV to ...

In the energy range of the BGO-detectors from 150 keV to 30. MeV, common laboratory sources emitting ?-rays up to 4.43 MeV (here: 22Na, 232Th, ...

... Michael S. Briggs2, Roland Diehl1, Gerald J. Fishman3, Jochen Greiner1, R. Marc Kippen4, Chryssa Kouveliotou5, Giselher G. Lichti1, Charles A. Meegan3, ...

GBM consists of twelve NaI and two BGO scintillation detectors operating in the 10 keV to 30 MeV range. All GBM hardware has been built, the ...

The GSO/BGO phoswich configuration of HXD (Hard X-ray Detector) ... In the longer time scales the variance in the residuals is determined by the .... non- detection of excess hard X-ray emission in these observations below the current ...

The topic of this report is high spin research with the High Energy Resolution Array (HERA) at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This is a 21 Ge detector system, the first with bismuth germanate (BGO) Compton suppression. The array is described briefly and so...

Feb 12, 2009 ... The outer side is a "graded Z" passive shield made of lead, tantalum, tin, and copper. Below the CZT detectors are NaI (or BGO: TBD) crystals ...

GRaND uses a bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillator for gamma ray ... region of the gamma ray spectrum, which contains gamma rays from radioactive decay (K, ...

Bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillators are preferable to NaI(Tl) scintillators or germanium detectors for some applications in nuclear safeguards and health physics. The first system, which consists of eight scintillators and a computer-based data acquisit...

Cross sections for nuclear reactions of neutrons and protons with Bi were evaluated and used to estimate relative production rates in BGO detectors in space. The largest production is by (n,x) reactions. High-energy reactions can make many nuclides.

This is a positron camera detector design study using quadrant sharing of circular phototubes and optically cross-coupled BGO scintillation crystals. The goal is to design a very high spatial resolution detector using the larger and less expensive circular phototubes, so that the high production cost of high spatial resolution, ...

The traveler spent the year at CERN primarily to test, calibrate, and prepare a BGO photon detector system for use in the August 1990 run of WA80 with sulfur beams and for use in future planned runs with an expanded BGO detector. The BGO was used in test-beam runs in December 1989 and ...

For the past several years the majority of experiments that detected gamma-rays above 10.0 MeV involved large volume NaI detectors with anticoincidence shields surrounding them. These shields serve two purposes: first, they veto cosmic ray events, and second, they reject gamma-ray events that do not deposit their total energy in the crystal. Recently bismuth germanate (Bi/sub ...

BGO/BaF/sub 2/ crystals have been widely employed as scintillation detectors for radioactive sources and charged particles. Photomultiplier Tubes (PMT) are conventionally used on the detector with these scintillators. For these applications, the PMT with rectangular and dual photocathode (to be coupled with BGO ...

We present initial results of a position-sensitive photodiode/BGO detector for high resolution, multi-layer positron emission tomography (PET). Position sensitivity is achieved by dividing the 3 mm /times/ 20 mm rectangular photosensitive area along the diagonal to form two triangular segments. Each segment was individually connected to a low-noise ...

The authors present initial results of a position-sensitive photodiode/BGO detector for high resolution, multi-layer positron emission tomography (PET). Position sensitivity is achieved by dividing the 3 mm x 20 mm rectangular photosensitive area along the diagonal to form two triangular segments. Each segment was individually connected to a low-noise ...

The endcap calorimeter of the CMD-2 detector for the VEPP-2M collider is described. The calorimeter contains 680 BGO crystals read out by vacuum phototriodes. Charge sensitive preamplifiers are placed directly on the phototriodes for the best noise performance. The calorimeter was installed during the last year. Calibration by cosmic rays showed the energy ...

Beam tests of a hybrid dual-readout calorimeter are described. The electromagnetic section of this instrument consists of 100 BGO crystals and the hadronic section is made of copper in which two types of optical fibers are embedded. The electromagnetic fraction of hadronic showers developing in this calorimeter system is estimated event by event from the relative amounts of ...

The present study is a comparative investigation of the luminescence properties of (Lu,Y)(2)SiO(5):Ce (LYSO:Ce), Lu(2)SiO(5):Ce (LSO:Ce), Gd(2)SiO(5):Ce (GSO:Ce) and (Bi(4)Ge(3)O(12)) BGO single crystal scintillators under medical X-ray excitation. All scintillating crystals have dimensions of 10 x 10 x 10 mm(3) are non-hygroscopic exhibiting high radiation ...

Ab-initio calculations based on density functional theory have been employed to study electronic properties of Cr doped Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO), as well as its optical absorption spectra in ultraviolet region. Two different situations have been analyzed: when the Cr is situated at the Ge position (Cr4+), and when it resides at the Bi site (Cr3+). For each case the ...

Bismuth germanate has become an increasingly popular replacement for NaI(Tl) scintillators in recent years, mainly due to its higher detection efficiency. However, its scintillation efficiency and fluorescence decay time are strongly temperature dependent. Optimum performance of detector systems which employ BGO crystals depends on knowledge of the ...

Experiments using three types of detectors for high spatial resolution positron computed tomography have been carried out as follows: one-to-one coupling between a BGO sciintillator and a thin rectangular photomultiplier tube (PMT); combining a small position sensing PMT with two BGO scintillators; and combining a large PMT with two or ...

Spectroscopic and timing characteristics of a gammaray detector based on silicon avalanche photodiodes (APD) and bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillators are reported. The APD used in this work is a large area (25 mm/sup 2/) device of the ''reach through'' type having a quantum efficiency of 70% at 480 nm. When coupled to a ...

The authors propose to develop a high resolution positron emission tomography (PET) detector designed for animal imaging. The detector consists of a 2-D array of small bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals coupled via optical fibers to a multi-channel photomultiplier tube (MC-PMT). Though this approach offers several advantages over the ...

This is a theoretical estimation and experimental study of the positron camera detector design using quadrant sharing of phototubes and optically cross-coupled BGO crystals which can be coupled to a photomultiplier and be decoded with this design, based on the number of photoelectrons generated and the optical efficiency of the crystal-phototube ...

... Accession Number : ADA471353. Title : Microfluidic Integration on Detector Array for Absorption and Fluorescence Micro-Spectrometers. ...

In this presentation we report on the electromagnetic calorimeter of the 4{pi} detector PANDA to be installed at the antiproton storage ring of the proposed Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR). We present details of the R and D work with two scintillator materials, PbWO4 (PWO) and BGO, and the new developed large area avalanche photodiodes ...

), as well as serving as gamma ray detectors over a wide range of energies. Many of these crystals also have of the detector is usually highly wavelength dependent and should be matched to the particular crystal of interest for electrons and photons is desired. Examples are the Crystal Ball NaI(Tl) calorimeter at SPEAR, the L3 BGO

The THz-Infra-UV transmission spectra of Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) and BGO:Ca, BGO:Pb crystals have been measured at the room temperature. The forbidden gap Eg of electronic energy bands are about 3.66eV (339nm). The quantities of adulteration Ca2+ and Pb2+ were very little (0.02 wt %), it did not influence Eg and the breadth of phonon ...

Ab initio calculations based on density-functional theory have been employed to study structural and electronic properties of Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) and Bi4Si3O12 (BSO), as well as their optical characteristics in ultraviolet region, up to 40 eV. The electronic structure around the band gap is found to be similar in both compounds, dominated by the O p- and the Bi s-states (valence ...

Coincident ? rays from a 252Cf source were measured using an array of six segmented high-purity germanium (HPGe) Clover detectors each enclosed by 16 bismuth-germanate (BGO) detectors. The detectors were arranged in a cubic pattern around a 1?Ci252Cf source to cover a large solid angle for ?-ray measurement with a ...

This study evaluates the use of BGO and BaF/sub 2/ scintillators in a non-time-of-flight whole body PET camera system. The high stopping power BGO system can use shorter crystals and is less susceptible to scatter coincidence. The shorter crystal depth causes less off-center resolution degradation without the need of inter-detector ...

... Descriptors : *LAYERS, *INFRARED DETECTORS, *ABSORPTION, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, OPTICAL PROPERTIES, THIN FILMS ...

EUROGAM is the world`s most sensitive gamma ray spectrometer for nuclear structure studies, so the electronics requirements for the new Clover detectors called for excellent resolution and 13-bit accuracy, along with a way to exploit the segmentation of the Clover geometry when detecting scattering gamma rays. A single-width D-sized VXI card has been designed and built to ...

For sensitive analysis of the radioactive-metabolite in human PET, a radio-HPLC system coupled to a newly designed positron detector was constructed. The detector had the advantages of low noise level (1.7 +/- 1.0 cpm) and high sensitivity (32 +/- 1%) due to coincidence counting and large BGO crystals. Furthermore, the ...

The high energy bremsstrahlung ?-rays accompanying the spontaneous fission of 252 Cf were measured in the 10�70 MeV energy range. The photons were detected by two BGO scintillator detectors (�7.6cm � 7.6cm) in coincidence with neutrons detected by plastic scintillator detector, in the 90� and 180� geometry of the two ...

Using the WNR white neutron source, photon production data have been acquired in the incident neutron energy range, 3 < E{sub n} < 400 MeV, for a number of target nuclei using BGO detectors and high-resolution Ge detectors. The gamma-ray energy rang covered is 0.1 < E{sub {gamma}} < 10 MeV for the Ge ...

Bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillators are preferable to NaI(Tl) scintillators or germanium detectors for some applications. We describe two systems based on BGO scintillators for applications in nuclear safeguards and health physics. The first system, which consists of eight scintillators and a computer-based data acquisition system, ...

We have been carrying out an observation of the cosmic ray electrons, using the CALET prototype detector: bCALET. After the first flight of bCALET-1, the bCALET-2 was flown in 2009 at the JAXA balloon center at Taikicho for observing the electrons in 1-100 GeV. The detector is composed IMaging Calorimeter(IMC), Total AbSorption ...

We are developing a new balloon-borne instrument (PoGO), to measure polarization of soft gamma rays (25-200 keV) using asymmetry in azimuth angle distribution of Compton scattering. PoGO will detect 10% polarization in 100mCrab sources in a 6-8 hour observation and bring a new dimension to studies on gamma ray emission/transportation mechanism in pulsars, AGNs, black hole binaries, and neutron ...

Development status of a new balloon-borne polarimeter, PoGOLite, will be presented. PoGOLite is designed to detect 10% polarization of a 100 mCrab source in one 6 hour balloon observation in the 25 keV - 100 keV energy range. Its design is based on the well-type phoswich counter technology. Polarization is measured by recording Compton scattering and photo-absorption in an ...

We are developing the CALorimetric Electron Telescope, CALET, mission for the Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility, JEM-EF, of the International Space Station. Major scientific objectives are to search for nearby cosmic ray sources and dark matter by carrying out a precise measurement of the electrons in GeV 20 TeV and the gamma-rays in 20 MeV TeV. CALET has a unique capability to observe ...

We are developing the CALorimetric Electron Telescope, CALET, mission for the Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility, JEM-EF, of the International Space Station. Major scientific objectives are to search for the nearby cosmic ray sources and dark matter by carrying out a precise measurement of the electrons in 1 GeV - 20 TeV and gamma rays in 20 MeV - several 10 TeV. CALET has a unique ...

We are developing the CALorimetric Electron Telescope, CALET, mission for the Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility, JEM-EF, of the International Space Station. Major scientific objectives are to search for nearby cosmic ray sources and dark matter by carrying out a precise measurement of the electrons in 1 GeV - 10 TeV and the ? rays in 20 MeV - several TeV. CALET has a unique capability to ...

Three areas of work are reported: (1) the development of the Analogue Ring Detector; (2) other instrument development; and (3) instrument applications. The analogue ring design calculations and measurements were made for a single slice NaI(Tl) detector PC Ring. Detector material other than NaI was evaluated for the analogue ring ...

The dual readout technique has been tested on a hybrid calorimeter. The electromagnetic section of this instrument consists of 100 BGO crystals and the hadronic section is made out scintillating and Cherenkov fibers embedded in a copper matrix (DREAM). The electromagnetic fraction of hadronic showers is evaluated on an event-by-event basis from the relative amounts of ...

In the frame of the ROSEBUD (Rare Objects SEarch with Bolometers UndergrounD) collaboration, we have tested at surface level (Orsay) and underground (Canfranc) properties at low temperature of a BGO scintillating bolometer developed as a prototype for dark matter searches. The response of the detector to different particles, both in heat and light, using ...

The requirements of an electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC) for B physics were established. It is argued that BGO is the best candidate for an ultrafine EMC as its only disadvantage, the price, is compensated by the reduced volume required to obtain the best performances, even if the minimal r (50 cm) is incompatible with the volume of the inner detectors. A ...

We describe a new balloon-borne instrument (PoGOLite) capable of detecting 10% polarisation from 200 mCrab point-like sources between 25 and 80 keV in one 6-h flight. Polarisation measurements in the soft gamma-ray band are expected to provide a powerful probe into high energy emission mechanisms as well as the distribution of magnetic fields, radiation fields and interstellar matter. Synchrotron ...

Red Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) crystals were obtained by the vertical Bridgman method. The absorption/transmittance spectra of red BGO in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions were measured at room temperature. The luminescence and decay time in the NIR region were then measured down to a temperature of 8 K. A broad emission band was found ...

The authors describe a PET detector module that provides three levels of depth-of-interaction (DOI) information. The detector is a 9 x 9 array of 2 mm x 2 mm x 12 mm deep phoswich crystal elements, each consisting of 4 mm long LSO (entrance layer), GSO (middle layer) and BGO (exit layer) crystals joined optically together end-to-end. ...

Arsenic is an extremely toxic metal, which poses a significant problem in many mining environments. Arsenic contamination is also a major problem in ground and surface waters. A feasibility study was conducted to determine if neutron-activation analysis is a practical method of measuring in situ arsenic levels. The response of hypothetical well-logging tools to arsenic was simulated using a ...

The capture reaction {sup 4}He({sup 12}C,{gamma}){sup 16}O as well as the elastic scattering process {sup 4}He({sup 12}C,{sup 12}C){sup 4}He have been investigated in the energy range of E{sub cm}=0.9{minus}3.4 MeV. An extended, windowless and recirculating {sup 4}He-gas target system with large apertures was bombarded by an intense {sup 12}C-beam. Angle integrated gamma ray yield (E1+E2 ...

There have been many studies concerning the performance characteristics of NaI(Tl) and BGO scintillating crystals, most of which generate data by algorithms rather than from experimentation. Those studies which do deal with collected data, however, usually test only a few detecting units. It was, therefore, the purpose of this project to develop a characterization method and ...

We present the design and analysis of a new gamma ray spectrometer for planetary science that uses an array of CdZnTe detectors to achieve the detection efficiency needed for orbital measurements. The use of CdZnTe will provide significantly improved pulse height resolution relative to scintillation-based detectors, with commensurate improvement in the ...

In the PET system a block detector, which is a position-sensitive photomultiplier (PMT) tube coupled to four arrays of 1.7-mm-wide BGO crystals, is utilized. Fifteen block detectors are positioned to form a 35-cm-diameter ring, with four BGO arrays coupled to each PMT. This provides four ...

Contents: TASC detectors for 'electromagnetic' or Type A particles; Performance of TASC detectors; TANC detectors for 'strongly interacting' or Type B particles; Outlook for the future.

We have tested a single-crystal bismuth-germanate annulus in conjunction with a high-purity germanium detector as a Compton-suppression spectrometer, and have measured gamma-ray energies of up to 6.13 MeV. 1 ref., 9 figs., 2 tabs.

We have tested a single-crystal bismuth-germanate annulus in conjunction with a high-purity germanium detector as a Compton-suppression spectrometer, and have measured gamma-ray energies of up to 6.13 MeV. 1 ref., 9 figs., 2 tabs.

The (gamma)-detector has been tested with two HPM-30/II and a series of heavy crystals (BGO, GSO and CeF(sub 3)). The results of tests are presented. The best spatial resolution of 2.3 mm and 3 mm has been obtained with GSO and CeF(sub 3) crystals, respec...

This citation summarizes a one-page announcement of technology available for utilization. A cooled bismuth germanate crystal is an effective gamma-radiation detector for scintillation cameras. This material, Bi4Ge3O12 (referred to as BGO), is denser and h...

A detector and front-end electronics unit with secure data transmission has been designed and implemented for a fissile mass flow monitoring system for fissile mass flow of gases and liquids in a pipe. The unit consists of 4 bismuth germanate (BGO) scinti...

A satellite borne High Energy Electron Analyzer has been designed to measure electrons in the range of 1 MeV to 10 MeV. Very low background from omnidirectional charged particles is achieved with two Solid State Detectors and a BGO scintillator crystal ar...

The Eurogam gamma ray multidetector involves, in a first phase, 45 hyper pure Ge detectors, each surrounded by an Anti Compton shield of 10 BGO detectors. In order to ensure the highest reliability and an easy upgrade of the array, the electronic cards ha...

We are currently monitoring the transient hard X-ray/soft gamma ray sky using the Gamma Ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on-board Fermi. The twelve GBM NaI detectors span 8 keV to 1MeV, while the two GBM BGO detectors span about 150 keV to 40 MeV. With GBM, we det...

A high resolution BGO block detector has been developed for a positron emission tomography (PET) system. The detector consists of a newly developed compact position-sensitive photomultiplier tube (PS-PMT) and an 8(X) {times} 4(Y) BGO array of which element size is 2.8 mm x 6.8 mm x 30 mm. The PS-PMT has ten stages ...

INTEGRAL is an observatory of the European Space Agency (ESA) dedicated to the study of the Gamma Ray sky. It features many different detector technologies: imaging micro-strip gas chambers, germanium crystals, cadmium telluride pixels, cesium iodide pixels, BGO crystals, silicon diodes, CCD optical camera. The measured stability and performances of those ...

Recently the CMD-3 detector has started to record the experimental information produced at the VEPP-2000 e+e? collider at BINP (Novosibirsk). CMD-3 is a general purpose detector for a study of e+e? annihilation to hadrons in the wide center-of-mass energy range, The calorimetry in the detector is based on three subsystems: closest to ...

In this paper physical properties of BaF/sub 2/ and BGO were studied both experimentally and theoretically with Monte Carlo calculations to help better understand the magnitude of errors in data mispositioning due to scatter between narrow crystals in high resolution PET systems and to evaluate the strategy of minimizing crosstalk with inter-detector ...

Neutron detection and multiplicity counting has been investigated using a boron-loaded plastic scintillator (BC454)/bismuth germanate (BGO) phoswich detector array. Boron-loaded plastic combines neutron moderation (H) and detection ({sup 10}B) at the molecular level, thereby physically coupling increasing detection efficiency and decreasing die-away time ...

Gadolinium orthosilicate (GSO), a high density (6.71 g/cm/sup 3/), high effective Z (59) scintillation detector with faster decay time (60 ns) and higher light yield than bismuth germanate (BGO), was evaluated as a replacement for BGO for a hybrid detection system for high resolution Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The detection ...

The understanding of the instrumental response of the GLAST Burst Monitor BGO detectors at energies above the energy range which is accessible by common laboratory radiation sources (< 4.43 MeV), is important, especially for the later cross-calibration with the LAT response in the overlap region between {approx} 20 MeV to 30 MeV. In November 2006 ...

Recently, the authors have shown that the program DETECT provides a realistic platform to model the performances of scintillation counters with geometries as involved as that of the EXACT HR PLUS, a state-of-the-art position and energy encoding BGO detector manufactured by Siemens-CTI for positron emission tomography (PET). In this paper the authors ...

The impact of detector choice on the elemental variance in the yields for capture gamma-ray spectrometry is studied assuming identical external environments and neutron source output. The trade-off between lower sensitivity but moderate resolution detectors such as NaI and CsI with the higher sensitivity but lower resolution detectors ...

A detector and front-end electronics unit with secure data transmission has been designed and implemented for a fissile mass flow monitoring system for fissile mass flow of gases and liquids in a pipe. The unit consists of 4 bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillation detectors, pulse-shaping and counting electronics, local temperature ...

The authors initial performance results for a new multi-layer PET detector module consisting of an array of 3 mm square by 30 mm deep BGO crystals coupled on one end to a single photomultiplier tube and on the opposite end to an array of 3 mm square silicon photodiodes. The photomultiplier tube provides an accurate timing pulse and energy discrimination ...

We present initial performance results for a new multi-layer PET detector module consisting of an array of 3 mm square by 30 mm deep BGO crystals coupled on one end to a single photomultiplier tube and on the opposite end to an array of 3 mm square silicon photodiodes. The photomultiplier tube provides an accurate timing pulse and energy discrimination for ...

This report presents analytical formulas for the image-forming and background event rates seen by circular positron-emission tomographs with parallel side shielding. These formulas include deadtime losses, detector efficiency, coincidence resolving time, amount of activity, patient port diameter, shielding gap, and shielding depth. A figure of merit, defined in terms of these ...

The Stace Astronomy Laboratory plans to fly an advanced gamma-ray spectrometer aboard a future Shuttle flight. The 'GRAD' spectrometer employs a new bismuth germanate (BGO) anticompton shield and n-type high purity germanium detector. BGO, because of its high atomic number, requires only 1/12 the volume and 1/6 the ...

Small radiation detectors based on HgI/sub 2/, bismuth germanate (BGO), plastic, or NaI(Tl) detector materials were evaluated for use in small, lighweight radiation monitors. The two denser materials, HgI/sub 2/ and BGO, had poor resolution at low-energy and thus performed less well than NaI(Tl) in detecting ...

Small radiation detectors based on HgI/sub 2/, bismuth germanate (BGO), plastic, or NaI(Tl) detector materials were evaluated for use in small, lightweight radiation monitors. The two denser materials, HgI/sub 2/ and BGO, had poor resolution at low-energy and thus performed less well than NaI(Tl) in detecting ...

We propose a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detector combining the silicon drift detector (SDD) array and scintillators with broadband X-ray and gamma-ray coverage (0.5-1000 keV or more), high energy resolution (2-10%) and high time resolution ({approx}{mu}s) in space. To realize such compact high-performance detector without photomultiplier ...

We have performed a detailed Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation for the Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC) detector using the MC code FLUKA-2005 which is capable of simulating particles up to 10 PeV. The ATIC detector has completed two successful balloon flights from McMurdo, Antarctica lasting a total of more than 35 days. ATIC is designed as a ...

A detector system consisting of an n-type, high-purity germanium detector in a bismuth germanate anticompton shield has been developed for flight on a space shuttle mission. The BGO shield consists of six trapezoidal segments, each one being 14.6 cm long by 2.74 cm thick, mounted in a hexagonal shape about the axis of the germanium ...

... Corporate Author : STANFORD UNIV CALIF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS LAB. ... detectors for 'electromagnetic' or Type A particles; Performance of ...

... Descriptors : *INFRARED DETECTORS, *GERMANIUM ALLOYS, *SILICON ALLOYS, LASER BEAMS, RADIATION ABSORPTION, CRYSTAL ...

... conductor detectors offer significant advantages for multielement analyses in fields such as atomic absorption and atomic emission spectroscopy. ...

The Hard X-ray Detector (HXD-II) is one of three instruments on the fifth Japanese X-ray astrophysics satellite, ASTRO-EII. The detector is characterized by an extremely low background ( ~ 10-5 counts s-1 keV-1 cm-2) over the 10--600 keV energy band, which can be achieved by a combination of GSO/BGO well-type phoswich counters and ...

Phoswich detectors for simultaneous counting of ?, ? and ? rays have been developed: ZnS(Ag)/Au Mylar/NE102A, ZnS(Ag)/Au Mylar/BGO and ZnS(Ag)/NaI(Tl) for ? and ?(?) rays and ZnS(Ag)/Au Mylar/NE102A/BGO and ZnS(Ag)/NE102A/NaI(Tl) for ?, ? and ? rays. They were prepared by coupling a ZnS(Ag) film scintillator for ? counting with a ...

... IMPROVING SPECTRAL FITS OF ABSORPTION DATA TAKEN WITH AN ARRAY DETECTOR: WAVELENGTH "LINEARIZATION" ... w Wavelength ...

... ANALYSIS, CROSS SECTIONS, REMOTE DETECTORS, SPACE SHUTTLES, ABSORPTION, CARBON MONOXIDE, ABSORPTION SPECTRA ...

Hard X-ray Detector (HXD) onboard Suzaku, the Japanese 5th X-ray observatory, consists of 64 PIN photo diodes with 2 mm thickness (10-70 keV) and 16 phoswich detectors using 5 mm-thick GSO scintillators and BGO active collimators (40-600 keV), and these are surrounded by 20 units of BGO Active shields. All the ...

The current trend towards higher resolution positron emission tomography (PET) requires the development of small but efficient detectors. This paper presents the initial characterization of a detector composed of four equally spaced, 4.5mm wide bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals coupled to the face of a Hamamatsu R1548 dual ...

During the last decade the application of arrays of 10--30 Compton Suppressed germanium (CSG) detectors in the field of {gamma}-ray spectroscopy has led to a number of significant advances in studies of nuclear structure. Despite the success of these instruments, most of them are limited to detecting two-fold (and in a few cases three-fold) coincidences from highmultiplicity ...

More then half the 511 keV photons in BGO crystals undergo Compton scattering at least once prior to photo-electric interaction within the detector. In a PET scanner, this can result in mis-positioning of annihilation events. As crystal dimensions are made smaller, the fraction of mispositioned events increases. The authors have studied the coincidence ...

Knowledge of surface elemental composition is needed to understand the formation and evolution of planetary bodies. Gamma rays and neutrons produced by the interaction of galactic cosmic rays with surface materials can be detected from orbit and analyzed to determine composition. Using gamma ray spectroscopy, major rock forming elements such as Fe, Ti, Al, Si, Mg, and Ca can be detected. The ...

The jPET-D4 is the first PET scanner to introduce a unique four-layer depth-of-interaction (DOI) detector scheme in order to achieve high sensitivity and uniform high spatial resolution. This paper compares measurement and Monte Carlo simulation results of the static physics performance of this prototype research PET scanner. Measurement results include single and coincidence ...

Symetrica is a small company based in Southampton, England, that has developed an algorithm for processing gamma ray spectra obtained from a variety of scintillation detectors. Their analysis method applied to NaI(Tl), BGO, and LaBr spectra results in dec...

We present the spectral analysis of GRB 080810 which triggered both the Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT). The time-integrated and time-resolved spectral characteristics of this burst are investigated by combining the precise localisation from Swift and its low energy response with the broader spectral coverage provided by the NaI and ...

We present the spectral analysis of GRB 080810 which triggered both the Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT). The time-integrated and time-resolved spectral characteristics of this burst are investigated by combining the precise localisation from Swift and its low energy response with the broader spectral coverage provided by the NaI and ...

-dose assessments______________________________________________54 3.9.2 Concrete tank facility_____________________________________________________ 61 4.2 BGO detector tests and calibrations _________________________________ 62 4.2.1 Energy calibration and energy resolution ___________________________________62 4.2.2 Intrinsic radioactivity

A hodoscopic photoelectron multiplier (HPEM) is proposed for the positron emission tomograph (PET) design. The proper spatial resolution of the HPEM-based PET element is measured. It amounts to 3.6 mm and 1.75 mm for BGO and GSO scintillators respectively...

We continue to use and maintain PCR-I, the single-slice high- resolution high-sensitivity positron emission tomograph, while development proceeds on PCR-II, a three-dimensional PET system. A two-dimensional BGO scintillation detector has been designed and...

Measurements are reported of the resolution and linearity of Hamamatsu S1337 Photodiodes mounted on a NaI crystal and exposed to electron energy deposits of up to 80 GeV. The results indicate that these diodes can replace photomultipliers in high-light-yield detectors such as NaI and BGO, when operated in multi-element, compact assemblies in the presence ...

The shape of nuclei is profoundly influenced by the occupation of Nilsson-orbitals, which changes with nucleon number, spin and temperature. The shape variation with neutron (or proton) number and spin in the N = 90 transitional region is now well underst...

inter- actions in bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals with good signal to noise ratio and high efficiency or cadmium telluride) has been manufactured with low enough dark current. The photodiode output signal] Derenzo SE. Gamma-ray spectroscopy using small, cooled bismuth germanate scintillators and silicon

An instrument for measurement of high energy electrons (1-10 MeV) in the Earth's radiation belts has been designed, calibrated and flown on-board the CRRES spacecraft. The instrument uses a triple coincidence arrangement, with two solid state detectors and a BGO scintillator crystal to identify electrons and discriminate against energetic protons. ...

The gamma-ray leakage from the Aberdeen Pulse Radiation Facility (APRF) fast-burst reactor has been measured. A BGO spectrometer was used to measure spectrum, and a Geiger counter was used to measure dose. The two detectors were consistent, but measured a...

The dual-readout approach, which allows an event-by-event measurement of the electromagnetic shower fraction, was originally demonstrated with the DREAM sampling calorimeter. This approach can be extended to homogeneous detectors like crystals if Cherenkov and scintillation light can be separated. In this paper we present several methods we developed for distinguishing the two ...

The response function and the rejection factor of Compton suppression gamma spectrometers have been calculated using the Monte Carlo method starting from low energy region (20 keV). Special emphasis has been given to the influence of inactive layers surro...

The role of collision/escape probabilities in establishing the prompt response of bismuth germanate and NaI(Tl) scintillators is investigated. A possible approximation to the collision probability is discussed. Exact expressions for the probability of esc...

A 4pi geometry bulk coal analyser using the Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) technique was tested in the laboratory. The volume of the bulk samples was 270 litres. A 1.5 microg 252Cf neutron source and a 75 mm x 35 mm dia BGO detector were used for the measurements. The ash, Fe, Si and Al content of coal were determined with good accuracy. ...

The IBIS telescope is a high angular resolution gamma-ray imager due to be launched on the INTEGRAL satellite on October 17, 2002. The scientific goal of IBIS is to study astrophysical processes from celestial sources and diffuse regions in the hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray domains. IBIS features a coded aperture imaging system and a novel large area (~3000cm2) multilayer pixellated ...

The GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) consists of 12 NaI detectors and 2 BGO detectors mounted on two sides of the spacecraft. This provides detection capability for energies between 10 keV and 30 MeV, and sensitivity to all directions in the sky. Extensive measurements using radioactive sources have been performed on the isolated ...

During International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards inspections, one of the activities is the verification of materials in the inventory through quantitative or qualitative measurements. Performance of these measurements requires an array of sophisticated detectors, electronics, shields, and stands. This requires the transport and handling of delicate systems that are ...