Buildup factor of gamma and X-ray photons in the energy range of 0.2-2 MeV in water and soft tissue is computed using Monte Carlo code MCNP4C. The results are compared with the buildup factor data of pure water. A new relationship estimating buildup factor as a function of ...

Parameters have been determined for the Taylor two-exponential representation of the gamma-ray dose and energy absorption buildup factors contained in a proposed American National Standard on gamma-ray attenuation. These buildup factors are for 26 materia...

Gamma ray energy-absorption buildup factors were computed using the five-parameter geometric progression (G-P) fitting formula for seven thermoluminescent dosimetric (TLD) materials in the energy range 0.015-15 MeV, and for penetration depths up to 40 mfp (mean free path). The generated energy-absorption ...

The gamma ray energy absorption and exposure buildup factors have been calculated by using the five parameter geometric progression (GP) fitting formula for some polymers and tissue substitute materials in the energy region 0.015-15 MeV up to a penetration depth of 40 mean free paths. From the results, it is worth noting that ...

The photon fluence due to isotropic photon point sources in air has been calculated with a Monte Carlo code that accounts for photon absorption, Compton scattering, annihilation, and bremsstrahlung. Kerma buildup factors have been determined for ten energies in the 0.05- to 10-MeV range and for 72 distances in the 0.15- to 10-mfp ...

Exposure and energy absorption buildup factors for aluminum, iron, lead, and water are calculated by the SNID discrete ordinates code for an isotropic point source in a homogeneous medium. The calculation of the buildup factors takes into account the effects of both bound-electron Compton ...

Human tissues with endometriosis have been analyzed in terms of energy absorption (EABF) and exposure (EBF) buildup factors using the five-parameter geometric progression (G-P) fitting formula in the energy region 0.015-15 MeV up to a penetration depth of 40 mfp (mean free path). Chemical compositions of the tissue samples were ...

Gamma ray isotropic dose, energy flux, and energy current buildup factors by Monte Carlo methods for

The Earth, Moon and Mars samples have been investigated in terms of gamma ray energy absorption buildup factors (EABF) depending on penetration depth, weight fraction of constituent elements and photon energy. The five parameter geometric progression (G-P) fitting approximation has been used to compute the buildup ...

The traditional method of evaluating and calibrating health physics instruments is to use a calibrator that consists of a single high-activity gamma radiation source with different attenuators to select the radiation level desired for tesing. To have accurate radiation intensities inside the calibrator cavity, the attenuators must be designed from precise absorption ...

The traditional method of evaluating and calibrating health physics instruments is to use a calibrator that consists of a single high-activity gamma radiation source with different attenuators to select the radiation level desired for testing. To have accurate radiation intensities inside the calibrator cavity, the attenuators must be designed from precise absorption ...

PATCH is an IBM 709 Fortran program for computing the dose, energy, and energy absorption build-up factor for multi-layered slab geometry shields. The code allows for n regions and six materials with a maximum of seven mesh points per region. The input data consist of the number of regions, the number of materials, their ...

The dose rate at any point outside a spherical homogeneous radioactive source is calculated assuming exponential absorption both in the surrounding medium and in the source. The integral expression so obtained is used to derive the dose rate on the surface explicitly. Numerical values and approximate expressions are presented in the special cases of the source in a ...

Aluminum Dose Buildup Factors as a Function of Energy for ... Dose Buildup Factors Around the Lead K .edge (0.088 Me V). Source .Exit Plane Distance 7.0 mfp ...

... Accession Number : ADA064057. Title : X-Ray Build-Up Factors. Descriptive Note : Master's thesis,. Corporate Author : AIR ...

... Accession Number : ADD315219. Title : ENERGY FACTORS OF BUILD-UP OF X IRRADIATION. Corporate Author : Personal ...

... Title : DOSE BUILD-UP FACTORS OF AN ISOTROPIC POINT SOURCE BEHIND A BARRIER OF STEEL PIPES. Corporate Author : ...

... Accession Number : ADD338359. Title : Calculation and Measurement of Exposure Buildup Factors for X-Ray Radiography,. Corporate Author : ...

... ALGORITHMS FOR INFINITE-SLAB BUILDUP AND ALBEDO FACTORS ... ALGORITHMS FOR INFINITE-SLAB BUILDUP AND ALBEDO FACTORS ...

... Title : TABULATION OF DOSE TRANSMISSION FACTORS FOR TWO ... approximate formula for synthesizing the build-up factor of a ...

This report is a compilation of time integrated x-ray energy build-up factors from a monoenergetic point source in infinite homogeneous air. These factors were computed by the use of PHOTDIS, a moments method computer code, and performed on a CDC 6600. Th...

A model for a water-cooled Lithium-Bromide/water absorption chiller is presented. Its transient response both during the start-up phase and during the shut-off period is predicted. The simulation model incorporates such influencing factors as the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid, the absorbent, the heat-transfer configuration of different ...

... Page 3. 62-1114 C= A MEDIUM WITH A NEGATIVE ABSORPTION FACTOR By ... A MEDIU1, WITH A NEGATIVE ABSORPTION FACTOR ...

The gamma-ray buildup factor is a term whose origin is lost in the mists of the early history of the Manhattan Project.' Its introduction stems from the observation that the calculations for the uncollided photons, i.e., those that have arrived at R without suffering any collisions, are usually a relatively simple matter, involving only an ...

Continuing efforts toward validating the buildup factor method and the BRYNTRN code, which use the deterministic approach in solving radiation transport problems and are the candidate engineering tools in space radiation shielding analyses, are presented....

This study proposes a new approximating formula for calculating gamma-ray buildup factors in multilayer shields. The formula combines the buildup factors of single-layer shields with products and quotients. The feasibility of the formula for reproducing the buildup factors ...

... discontinuities at the boundaries separating materials. The dose buildup factor was determined for cobalt-60 and cesium-137. ...

Hydrocephalus occurs when there is a build-up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the head usually because of inadequate absorption of the CSF. Hydrocephalus can be ...

The present knowledge of the shielding constants of concrete is summarized. The densities, elemental compositions, and mixes, where available, are given for a wide range of concretes. From these data, various constants useful for shielding calculations were computed. These constants include the removal cross sections, total cross sections, average thermal neutron absorption ...

The gamma build-up factors in water are calculated for an isotropic Co/ sup 60/ point source by interpolation from results obtained on the basis of the moment method. The Fricke dosimeter is applied for experimental checks on these calculations, because this system is almost waterequivalent and gives a minimum of perturbation to the irradiation ...

The interaction of broad beam gamma rays with matter is affected by the build-up factor, as thickness increases. Cobalt-60 and iridium-192 gamma rays build-up factors have been obtained experimentally for iron and aluminium, using radiographic film as a d...

Describe the factors involved in oral drug absorption and the influences of meal-related variables on those factors.

Under a high-gain operating condition, the presence of a multiplication process in the InGaAs(P) regions of an InP/InGaAsP/InGaAs avalanche photodiode having a structure of separated absorption and multiplication regions (SAM-APD) could lead to significant enhancement of the avalanche buildup time. As a result, the bandwidth of the device could be reduced ...

When the gamma dose rate around an irradiated nuclear reactor fuel element is calculated, it is important to know the attenuating characteristics of the fuel element itself, one of them being the buildup factor. Exposure buildup factors of uranium dioxide (UO{sub 2}) for ten gamma-ray energies (0.050 to 10.0 MeV) ...

Two tabulations of cross sections and group constants for 77 elements and seven isotopes are presented in format arranged for direct input to MAC code problems. The absorption, elastic scattering, and inelastic scattering neutron cross sections are given in 15 and 31 group energy-lethargy structures. The additional group constants are common to both neutron libraries ...

The effective atomic numbers and electron densities of human teeth have been calculated for total photon interaction (Z,Ne) and photon energy absorption (Z,ZNe) in the energy region 1 keV�20 MeV. Besides, the energy absorption (EABF) and exposure (EBF) buildup factors have been calculated for these samples by ...

Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a class of genetic disorders in which proteins responsible for digestion or absorption of endocytosed material do not function or do not localize properly. The resulting cellular "indigestion" causes buildup of intracellular storage inclusions that contain unprocessed lipids and proteins that form macromolecular ...

A general methodology was developed to estimate geometry factors for internal gamma dose rate calculations within a cylindrical radioactive waste container. In particular, an average geometry factor is needed to calculate the average energy deposition rate within the container for determination of the internal gas generation rate. Such a calculation is ...

The purpose of the American Nuclear Society Standards Subcommittee, ANS-6, Radiation Protection and Shielding, is to develop standards for radiation protection and shield design, to provide shielding information to other standards-writing groups, and to develop standard reference shielding data and test problems. A total of seven published ANS-6 standards are now current. Additional projects of ...

This paper presents a model for a water-cooled Lithium-Bromide/water absorption chiller and predicts its transient response both during the start-up phase and during the shutoff period. The simulation model incorporates such influencing factors as the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid, the absorbent, the heat-transfer configuration of different ...

This paper presents a model for a water-cooled Lithium-Bromide/water absorption chiller and predicts its transient response both during the start-up phase and during the shutoff period. The simulation model incorporates such influencing factors as the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid, the absorbent, the heat-transfer configuration of different ...

Approximately 13% by volume of the US Department of Energy (DOE) current backlog of radioactive waste is characterized as high-level waste. Transportation of these wastes requires that the waste package have adequate shielding against gamma radiation. This project investigates the radiation shielding performance of titanium and depleted uranium, which have been proposed for use as gamma shielding ...

Continuing efforts toward validating the buildup factor method and the BRYNTRN code, which use the deterministic approach in solving radiation transport problems and are the candidate engineering tools in space radiation shielding analyses, are presented. A simplified theory of proton buildup factors assuming no ...

The Geometric Progression (G-P) fitting parameters have been computed with respect to the equivalent atomic number for the composite materials of bakelite and perspex by the interpolation method. These parameters are then used to generate the exposure buildup factors up to 40 m.f.p. in the energy range of 0.015-15.0 MeV for these materials. The behaviour ...

The build-up of Co/sup 60/ gamma -radiation dose factors in heterogeneous (two-layer) shielding wae determined for a parallelplane beam with normal incidence to the shielding, consisting of lead, iron, and aluminum plates (75 x 75 cm). The build-up factors were determined for combinations of Pb + Al, Al + ...

... Chapter 5. 4. Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory. WAPD-Memo-RM-217, Applications of Gamma Ray Build-Up Data to Shield Design, by JJ Taylor. ...

Also, the slag buildup due to the molten particles is another factor affecting ... slag behavior in the aft-end cavity with the combustion, evaporation, ...

... Unlike many other arms races around the world, the Southeast Asian build-up is not ... I argue that a combination of three factors fuels an arms race. ...

infinite cones of water and water-equivalent hydrogen was prepared for an IBM 704 computer. The code was essentially a modification of the point- source, infinite-medium code used in NASA TN D-850. Studies were made of differential neutron number spectra and associated buildup factors for infinite cones having apex half-angles of 15, 30, 45, and ...

a nomograph which gives the attenuation factor for a water shielding slab used with a point source of gamma radiation is presented. (J.S.R.)

The effects of including incoherent and coherent scattering in a calculation of the exposure buildup factors for plane normal gamma-ray sources have been investigated by using an electron-gamma-ray shower Monte Carlo code, EGS4, for water, iron, and lead in the 40- to 200-keV range. The ''true'' ...

This paper describes a computer program that calculates National Fire Danger Rating Indexes. fuel moisture, buildup index, and drying factor are also ... ...

The G-P fitting method has been used to compute the exposure build-up factor of teeth [enamel outer surface (EOS), enamel middle (EM), enamel dentin junction towards enamel (EDJE), enamel dentin junction towards dentin (EDJD), dentin middle (DM) and dentin inner surface (DIS)] for a wide energy range (0.015-15 MeV) up to the penetration depth of 40 mean ...

... Accession Number : ADA242015. Title : Boltzmann Transport Equation Algorithms for Infinite-Slab Buildup and Albedo Factors. ...

Plane isotropic buildup factors for bremsstrahlung calculations ... bremsstrahlung calculations. NASA Center: Marshall Space Flight Center ...

The gamma-ray buildup factor is a multiplicative factor which corrects the response of non-collided photons to include the contribution of the scattered photons. Buildup factors are very important data implemented in Point kernel codes for use in shield d...

The gamma ray energy absorption (EABF) and exposure buildup factors (EBF) have been calculated for some essential amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates in the energy region 0.015-15 MeV up to a penetration depth of 40 mfp (mean free path). The five parameter geometric progression (G-P) fitting approximation has been used to ...

Research was undertaken to determine the feasibility of using remote sensing to discover ice build-up on the wings of aircraft. The study methodology assessed the application of millimeter wave radiometry to this problem. The molecular absorption mechanis...

A letter to the editor comments on a recent Health Physics article in which dose-rate conversion factors were presented for external exposure to monoenergetic photon emitters in soil for various source depth distributions. The buildup factors are discussed.

A new approximate expression for gamma-ray buildup factors of multilayered shields is proposed. The expression is formulated based on the vector form and considers the gamma-ray energy spectrum directly. It treats the gamma-ray transmission by a transmission matrix and the backscattering by an albedo matrix. Its capability of reproducing the ...

Coefficients are given for the two-parameter Berger empirical formula fitted to air kerma and concrete kerma buildup factor data provided by Eisenhauer and Simmons (E--S). The fit is such as to minimize the maximum deviation of the resulting formula predictions from the basic E--S data. Comparison with similar work by others is provided.

Coefficients have been determined for the Taylor two-exponential representation of the Eisenhauer-Simmons gamma-ray buildup factors in ordinary concrete. 7 tables.

An American Nuclear Society Standards Committee Working Group, identified as ANS-6.4.3, has developed a set of evaluated gamma-ray isotropic point-source buildup factors and attenuation coefficients for a standard reference data base. The largely unpublis...

An American Nuclear Society Standards Committee Working Group, identified as ANS-6.4.3, is developing a set of evaluated gamma-ray isotropic point-source buildup factors and attenuation coefficients for a standard reference data base. As a first step, a l...

An American Nuclear Society Standards Committee Working Group, ANS-6.4.3, is developing a set of evaluated gamma-ray isotropic point-source buildup factors and attenuation coefficients for a standard reference data base. A largely unpublished set of build...

Coefficients were determined for Berger's two-parameter formula for the Eisenhauer-Simmons gamma-ray buildup factors in ordinary concrete. 4 tables.

Buildup factors for various shielding materials exhibit large variations in magnitude and in curve shapes as a function of penetration depth as a result of the stochastic nature of the scattering processes for different incident photon energies. In a quest for adequate functional representation of point isotropic gamma-ray buildup ...

In radiation shielding, health physics, and radioactive waste management, it is very important to know buildup factors for various materials and their combinations used as multilayer shields. In this work, a general formula that computes buildup factors for double-layer shields was developed on the basis of Monte ...

It is necessary to know the gamma -ray attenuation coefficients and the dose buildup factors for various building materials in order to evaluate the gamma -ray shielding factor of the residential houses in a reactor accident. As a matter of fact, however,...

Cobalt and iron seem to share a common intestinal absorptive pathway. Cobalt decreases iron absorption as effectively as equimolar amounts of carrier iron. Factors which influence the absorption of one metal significantly affect the absorption of the othe...

An equation is given for the buildup time at which the wellbore pressure should match the kh average of the simulator wellblock pressures in history-matching procedures of two-layer reservoirs. The equation takes into account contrasts in flow capacities, porosity/compressibility/thickness products, and skin factors and makes use of fractional flow rates ...

This study investigates surface dose and build-up region dosimetry as well as beam attenuation by ball phantom for coplanar and non-coplanar oblique photon beam incidence through a treatment couch in radiation therapy. The dosimetry of the surface and build-up region and attenuating incidence of true posterior and maximum oblique incidence (150 below ...

... Title : NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF X-RAY ABSORPTION FACTORS FOR CYLINDRICAL SAMPLES AND ANNULAR SAMPLE CELLS,. ...

For obliquely incident photon beams, the buildup of dose with depth is markedly different from normally incident beams. However, relatively little data on this topic exists for high-energy photon beams of energy greater than 6 MV. Measurements of dose in the buildup region were made using a plane-parallel ionization chamber in a polystyrene phantom with ...

Permeable reactive barrier technology is an in-situ approach for remediating groundwater contamination that combines subsurface fluid flow management with passive chemical treatment. Factors such as the buildup of mineral precipitates, buildup of microbial biomass (bio-fouling...

Time resolved two-photon absorption induced electron-hole plasma (EHP) luminescence of Ga-doped ZnO thin film was measured by an ultrafast optical Kerr gate (OKG) in femtosecond time regime. Experimental results showed that the buildup time of the EHP luminescence was strongly dependent on the excitation fluence. The dependence of the ...

Three-dimensional point-kernel multiple scatter model for radiography simulation, based on dose X-ray buildup factors, is proposed and validated to Monte Carlo simulation. This model embraces nonuniform attenuation in object of imaging (patient body tissue). Photon multiple scattering is treated as in the point-kernel integration gamma ray shielding ...

The Kramers approximation was used for a white x-ray spectrum with Monte Carlo methods to calculate x-ray image parameters for complicated objects such as dose rate, buildup factor, and defect contrast. It was shown that the local increase in buildup factor with thickness peaks can be eliminated by means of the ...

Shielding Computer Program 14-0 evaluates point-topoint attenuation functions and integrates over source regions to perform reactor-shield penetration calculations for neutrons and gamma rays. Neutron dose rates and gamma ray flux and dose and energy absorption rates can be computed for positions in and around complex reactor shields containing multiple sources ...

Laser imaging and transport systems are considered in the regime where laser-induced damage and/or thermal distortion have significant design implications. System design and component specifications are discussed and quantified in terms of the net system transport efficiency and phase budget. Optical substrate materials, figure, surface roughness, coatings, and sizing are considered in the context ...

A slide-rule was developed for performing rapid calculations involving screens needed to protect personnel when radioactive substances emitting gamma radiation or x rays are being handled. On one side of the rule is a family of curves representing the function gamma /sub 1/ = f(E,X) = kEB /sub mu a/e mu x, here k is a numerical coefficient depending on the units chosen, E represents ...

Build-up factors and linear attenuation coefficients of MCP-96 alloy are determined for radiation shielding and protection, using ^60Co and ^137Cs gamma emitters. A narrow collimated beam of ?-rays is passed through various thicknesses of MCP-96 alloy and the attenuation in the intensity of the beam is determined. The thickness of the 4 x 4 cm^2 blocks ...

Buildup factors continue to be widely used for gamma-ray shield design, but there are several problems in application. Shure has pointed out the need for buildup factors to be consistent with the ANSI standard flux-to-dose factors. However, consistent buildup ...

This report describes the development of improved algorithms for use in the Mathematical Radiation Environment Model for Ships (MREMS) code, which estimates dose equivalent at a matrix of many detector points due to a set of gamma-ray and neutron emitting source points. The algorithms consist of models with adjustable parameters, which are averageable over arbitrary source spectra, for ...

... absence of intrinsic factor leads to the poor absorption of vitamin B12. Under normal circumstances intrinsic factor binds to vitamin B12 and assists with the absorption of this vitamin in the lower portion of ...

With the development of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT), volumetric single arc therapy (RapidArc) and cone beam CT (CBCT) in 3D conformal radiotherapy, a need for new homogeneous treatment tabletops has evolved. Therefore, a new homogenous carbon fibre rotatable treatment tabletop Contesse has been developed. The intension was to create a CT ...

With the development of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT), volumetric single arc therapy (RapidArc) and cone beam CT (CBCT) in 3D conformal radiotherapy, a need for new homogeneous treatment tabletops has evolved. Therefore, a new homogenous carbon fibre rotatable treatment tabletop Contesse has been developed. The intension was to create a CT ...

The problem of excessive slip and walking of natural rubber bridge bearing pads was investigated as part of the overall research project 0-1304, Elastomeric Bridge Bearings. One of the principal factors related to this phenomena was the waxy residue found...

... Braunstein et al., 1987; Todd ct al., 1988; Loomis & Eby, 1988, 1989 ... Thus it remains incit ar whether t,'Ipo)ral extent of motion is, by itself, a factor in ...

The authors construct a computer model for the transport and scattering of gamma radiation through a heterogeneous composite material which accounts for the transport coefficients, build-up factors, and albedo as a function of the size of the inclusions and which is intended for use in assessing the radiation behavior in actual composites.

The factor which controls the buildup of Ottofuel vapor in the atmosphere of any environment in which Ottofuel is spilled is the rate of evaporation of material from the spill. In order to obtain more information on the quantitative aspects of the problem...

X-ray buildup factors of lead in broad beam geometry for energies from 15 to 150 keV are determined using the general purpose Monte Carlo N-particle radiation transport computer code (MCNP4C). The obtained buildup factors data are fitted to a modified three parameter Archer et al. model for ease in calculating the ...

The major contributing factor to paint failure is excessive buildup of multiple coats of paint applied over a period of years. Although old paint can be removed adequately before repainting, the classical removal processes are costly and impractical. This...

Reactive barriers that couple subsurface fluid flow with a passive chemical treatment zone are emerging, cost effective approaches for in-situ remediation of contaminated groundwater. Factors such as the build-up of surface precipitates, bio-fouling, and changes in subsurface tr...

An analytical method of attenuation calculation of shielding materials is discussed. Examples of shielding calculations with buildup factor (gamma) and three-group method (neutron) for a research reactor are given. The use of concrete materials as shieldi...

The two primary goals of this portion of the research project were (1) to identify the variables that affect the build-up and wash-off of constituents from highways in the Austin, Texas, area, and (2) to develop a water quality model that incorporated the...

The theory of Point Kernel applied to a source uniformly distributed in a cylindrical geometry was utilized to estimated the Cs-137 content of each package of radioactive waste collected. The Taylor equation was employed to calculate the build-up factor a...

The effects of poultry effluents on water quality of Lake Dardanelle and its feeder streams in West Central Arkansas were studied during three sampling periods in 1970, 1971, and 1972. To determine these effects the following factors were investigated: (1...

This report describes the development of improved algorithms for use in the Mathematical Radiation Environment Model for Ships (MREMS) code, which estimates dose equivalent at a matrix of many detector points due to a set of gamma-ray and neutron emitting...

Point kernel codes that simulate gamma-ray transport often use build-up factors to take scattered photons into account. This study introduces a new method, for computing multi-layer shield build-up factors. This method, based on an empirical formula for calculating double-layer shield build-up ...

This study intends to improve, then to check on, integral experiments, the calculation of the main neutronic parameters in light water moderated lattices: Uranium 238 capture and consequently Plutonium 239 build-up, multiplication factor, temperature coef...

Magnesium-walled argon gas flow ionization chamber (Mg(Ar)) is used for photon dose measurements in the epithermal neutron beam of FiR 1 reactor in Finland. In this study, the photon dose measurements were re-evaluated against calculations applying a new chamber calibration factor defined in water instead of in air. Also, effect of the build-up cap on the ...

Radioactive waste packages containing water and/or organic substances have the potential to radiolytically generate hydrogen and other combustible gases. Typically, the radiolytic gas generation rate is estimated from the energy deposition rate and the radiolytic gas yield. Estimation of the energy deposition rate must take into account the contributions from all radionuclides. While the ...

The QADMOD-G code is a gammas-only version of the QAD shielding code, which contains the FASTER geometry routine. To obtain a versatile and easy-to-use personal computer (PC) shielding code that uses this method of geometric modeling, ADMOD-G was converted for PC use. It was also modified to include optional use of the geometric progression (GP) fitting function for gamma-ray ...

Low energy photon absorption and the Gaunt factor of Bremsstrahlung are discussed. Physical hypothesis chosen to take account of the strong electron density of certain plasmas which greatly influence predictions relating to the emission or absorption of B...

... 2011-01-01 false Shock absorption tests. 29.723 Section 29...Landing Gear § 29.723 Shock absorption tests. The landing inertia load factor and the reserve energy absorption capacity of the landing gear...

... 2011-01-01 false Shock absorption tests. 27.723 Section 27...Landing Gear § 27.723 Shock absorption tests. The landing inertia load factor and the reserve energy absorption capacity of the landing gear...

Body-iron is maintained by a delicate balance between absorption and excretion in which absorption plays a more active regulatory role. The intraluminal, mucosal and corporeal factors affecting the absorption of ferrous, ferric and hemoglobin iron in norm...

...determine the amount or percentage of water absorption and retention that is unavoidable using...describe variable factors that affect water absorption and retention. In poultry processing...Additional factors that may affect water absorption and retention are scalding...

... EARLIER. Now several new factors have been discovered that influence the water absorptive capacity of these hydrogel films. ...

Reference dosimetry of photon fields is a well-established subject and currently available protocols (such as the IAEA TRS-398 and AAPM TG-51) provide methods for converting the ionization chamber (IC) reading into dose to water, provided reference conditions of charged particle equilibrium (CPE) are fulfilled. But these protocols cannot deal with the build-up region, where ...

... Title : APPARATUS FOR MEASURING RELATIVE ROUGHNESS FACTORS OF INERT METALS BY ABSORPTION OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE. ...

Output factor has been used in megavoltage dosage calculations because collimator factor and backscatter factor are considered individually indeterminable. Output factor reflects the normalized product of backscatter factor and collimator factor for the most common ...

Since FLIP fuel is enriched to greater than 20%, it is very desirable to keep this fuel 'self-protecting'; i.e., giving a radiation level of 100 rem/hr or more at three feet in air with no intervening shielding. If we cannot keep this fuel self-protecting, compliance with the increased NRC physical security requirements would be extremely difficult if not impossible. A computer ...