Sample records for absorption electron transport

  1. Time-resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy for Electron Transport Study in Warm Dense Gold

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Jong-Won; Bae, Leejin; Engelhorn, Kyle; Heimann, Philip; Ping, Yuan; Barbrel, Ben; Fernandez, Amalia; Beckwith, Martha Anne; Cho, Byoung-Ick; GIST Team; IBS Team; LBNL Collaboration; SLAC Collaboration; LLNL Collaboration

    2015-11-01

    The warm dense Matter represents states of which the temperature is comparable to Fermi energy and ions are strongly coupled. One of the experimental techniques to create such state in the laboratory condition is the isochoric heating of thin metal foil with femtosecond laser pulses. This concept largely relies on the ballistic transport of electrons near the Fermi-level, which were mainly studied for the metals in ambient conditions. However, they were barely investigated in warm dense conditions. We present a time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy measured for the Au/Cu dual layered sample. The front Au layer was isochorically heated with a femtosecond laser pulse, and the x-ray absorption changes around L-edge of Cu, which was attached on the backside of Au, was measured with a picosecond resolution. Time delays between the heating of the `front surface' of Au layer and the alternation of x-ray spectrum of Cu attached on the `rear surface' of Au indicate the energetic electron transport mechanism through Au in the warm dense conditions. IBS (IBS-R012-D1) and the NRF (No. 2013R1A1A1007084) of Korea.

  2. Theoretical investigations of molecular wires: Electronic spectra and electron transport

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Palma, Julio Leopoldo

    The results of theoretical and computational research are presented for two promising molecular wires, the Nanostar dendrimer, and a series of substituted azobenzene derivatives connected to aluminum electrodes. The electronic absorption spectra of the Nanostar (a phenylene-ethynylene dendrimer attached to an ethynylperylene chromophore) were calculated using a sequential Molecular Dynamics/Quantum Mechanics (MD/QM) method to perform an analysis of the temperature dependence of the electronic absorption process. We modeled the Nanostar as a series of connected units, and performed MD simulations for each chromophore at 10 K and 300 K to study how the temperature affected the structures and, consequently, the spectra. The absorption spectra of the Nanostar were computed using an ensemble of 8000 structures for each chromophore. Quantum Mechanical (QM) ZINDO/S calculations were performed for each conformation in the ensemble, including 16 excited states, for a total of 128,000 excitation energies. The spectral intensity was then scaled linearly with the number of conjugated units. Our calculations for both the individual chromophores and the Nanostar, are in good agreement with experiments. We explain in detail the effects of temperature and the consequences for the absorption process. The second part of this thesis presents a study of the effects of chemical substituents on the electron transport properties of the azobenzene molecule, which has been proposed recently as a component of a light-driven molecular switch. This molecule has two stable conformations (cis and trans) in its electronic ground state, with considerable differences in their conductance. The electron transport properties were calculated using first-principles methods combining non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) techniques with density functional theory (DFT). For the azobenzene studies, we included electron-donating groups and electron-withdrawing groups in meta- and ortho-positions with

  3. Time-Resolved IR-Absorption Spectroscopy of Hot-Electron Dynamics in Satellite and Upper Conduction Bands in GaP

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cavicchia, M. A.; Alfano, R. R.

    1995-01-01

    The relaxation dynamics of hot electrons in the X6 and X7 satellite and upper conduction bands in GaP was directly measured by femtosecond UV-pump-IR-probe absorption spectroscopy. From a fit to the induced IR-absorption spectra the dominant scattering mechanism giving rise to the absorption at early delay times was determined to be intervalley scattering of electrons out of the X7 upper conduction-band valley. For long delay times the dominant scattering mechanism is electron-hole scattering. Electron transport dynamics of the upper conduction band of GaP has been time resolved.

  4. Breaking the barriers of all-polymer solar cells: Solving electron transporter and morphology problems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gavvalapalli, Nagarjuna

    All-polymer solar cells (APSC) are a class of organic solar cells in which hole and electron transporting phases are made of conjugated polymers. Unlike polymer/fullerene solar cell, photoactive material of APSC can be designed to have hole and electron transporting polymers with complementary absorption range and proper frontier energy level offset. However, the highest reported PCE of APSC is 5 times less than that of polymer/fullerene solar cell. The low PCE of APSC is mainly due to: i) low charge separation efficiency; and ii) lack of optimal morphology to facilitate charge transfer and transport; and iii) lack of control over the exciton and charge transport in each phase. My research work is focused towards addressing these issues. The charge separation efficiency of APSC can be enhanced by designing novel electron transporting polymers with: i) broad absorption range; ii) high electron mobility; and iii) high dielectric constant. In addition to with the above parameters chemical and electronic structure of the repeating unit of conjugated polymer also plays a role in charge separation efficiency. So far only three classes of electron transporting polymers, CN substituted PPV, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole derived polymers and rylene diimide derived polymers, are used in APSC. Thus to enhance the charge separation efficiency new classes of electron transporting polymers with the above characteristics need to be synthesized. I have developed a new straightforward synthetic strategy to rapidly generate new classes of electron transporting polymers with different chemical and electronic structure, broad absorption range, and high electron mobility from readily available electron deficient monomers. In APSCs due to low entropy of mixing, polymers tend to micro-phase segregate rather than forming the more useful nano-phase segregation. Optimizing the polymer blend morphology to obtain nano-phase segregation is specific to the system under study, time consuming, and not

  5. Fused electron deficient semiconducting polymers for air stable electron transport.

    PubMed

    Onwubiko, Ada; Yue, Wan; Jellett, Cameron; Xiao, Mingfei; Chen, Hung-Yang; Ravva, Mahesh Kumar; Hanifi, David A; Knall, Astrid-Caroline; Purushothaman, Balaji; Nikolka, Mark; Flores, Jean-Charles; Salleo, Alberto; Bredas, Jean-Luc; Sirringhaus, Henning; Hayoz, Pascal; McCulloch, Iain

    2018-01-29

    Conventional semiconducting polymer synthesis typically involves transition metal-mediated coupling reactions that link aromatic units with single bonds along the backbone. Rotation around these bonds contributes to conformational and energetic disorder and therefore potentially limits charge delocalisation, whereas the use of transition metals presents difficulties for sustainability and application in biological environments. Here we show that a simple aldol condensation reaction can prepare polymers where double bonds lock-in a rigid backbone conformation, thus eliminating free rotation along the conjugated backbone. This polymerisation route requires neither organometallic monomers nor transition metal catalysts and offers a reliable design strategy to facilitate delocalisation of frontier molecular orbitals, elimination of energetic disorder arising from rotational torsion and allowing closer interchain electronic coupling. These characteristics are desirable for high charge carrier mobilities. Our polymers with a high electron affinity display long wavelength NIR absorption with air stable electron transport in solution processed organic thin film transistors.

  6. Electronic Interactions of n-Doped Perylene Diimide Groups Appended to Polynorbornene Chains: Implications for Electron Transport in Organic Electronics.

    PubMed

    Nguyen, Minh T; Biberdorf, Joshua D; Holliday, Bradley J; Jones, Richard A

    2017-11-01

    A polymer consisting of a polynorbornene backbone with perylene diimide (PDI) pendant groups on each monomeric unit is synthesized via ring opening metathesis polymerization. The PDI pendant groups along the polymer backbone, studied by UV-vis absorption, fluorescence emission, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in addition to electrochemical methods, show evidence of molecular aggregation and corresponding electronic coupling with neighboring groups, which forms pathways for efficient electron transport from one group to another in a specific reduced form. When n-doped, the title polymer shows redox conductivity of 5.4 × 10 -3 S cm -1 , comparable with crystalline PDI materials, and is therefore a promising material for use in organic electronics. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  7. Absorption and Transport of Sea Cucumber Saponins from Apostichopus japonicus.

    PubMed

    Li, Shuai; Wang, Yuanhong; Jiang, Tingfu; Wang, Han; Yang, Shuang; Lv, Zhihua

    2016-06-17

    The present study is focused on the intestinal absorption of sea cucumber saponins. We determined the pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability of Echinoside A and Holotoxin A₁; the findings indicated that the bioavailability of Holotoxin A₁ was lower than Echinoside A. We inferred that the differences in chemical structure between compounds was a factor that explained their different characteristics of transport across the intestine. In order to confirm the absorption characteristics of Echinoside A and Holotoxin A₁, we examined their transport across Caco-2 cell monolayer and effective permeability by single-pass intestinal perfusion. The results of Caco-2 cell model indicate that Echinoside A is transported by passive diffusion, and not influenced by the exocytosis of P-glycoprotein (P-gp, expressed in the apical side of Caco-2 monolayers as the classic inhibitor). The intestinal perfusion also demonstrated well the absorption of Echinoside A and poor absorption of Holotoxin A₁, which matched up with the result of the Caco-2 cell model. The results demonstrated our conjecture and provides fundamental information on the relationship between the chemical structure of these sea cucumber saponins and their absorption characteristics, and we believe that our findings build a foundation for the further metabolism study of sea cucumber saponins and contribute to the further clinical research of saponins.

  8. The absorption and transport of magnolol in Caco-2 cell model.

    PubMed

    Wu, An-Guo; Zeng, Bao; Huang, Meng-Qiu; Li, Sheng-Mei; Chen, Jian-Nan; Lai, Xiao-Ping

    2013-03-01

    To investigate the absorption and transport mechanism of magnolol in Caco-2 cell model. A human intestinal epithelial cell model Caco-2 cell in vitro cultured was applied to study the absorption and transport of magnolol, the effects of time, donor concentration, P-gp inhibitor verapamil, pH and temperature on the absorption and transport of magnolol were investigated. The determination of magnolol was performed by high performance liquid chromatography, then the values of apparent permeability coefficient (P app ) and P ratio Basolateral-to-Apical (BL-to-AP)/Apical-to-Basolateral (AP-to-BL) were calculated. In Caco-2 cell model, comparing the amounts of transport of AP-to-BL and BL-to-AP, the latter was larger. At the same donor concentration, either the amounts of transport of AP-to-BL or BL-to-AP increased with increase in donor concentration and incubation time. Verapamil could significantly improve the amounts of transport of AP-to-BL. The transport of AP-to-BL and BL-to-AP depended on temperature, and there was no significant effect of pH on the transport of AP-to-BL. Magnolol could be transported through the intestinal mucosa via a passive diffusion mechanism primarily, coexisting with a carrier-mediated transport, at the same time, the efflux mechanism could be involved.

  9. Electron and proton absorption calculations for a graphite/epoxy composite model. [large space structures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Long, E. R., Jr.

    1979-01-01

    The Bethe-Bloch stopping power relations for inelastic collisions were used to determine the absorption of electron and proton energy in cured neat epoxy resin and the absorption of electron energy in a graphite/epoxy composite. Absorption of electron energy due to bremsstrahlung was determined. Electron energies from 0.2 to 4.0 MeV and proton energies from 0.3 to 1.75 MeV were used. Monoenergetic electron energy absorption profiles for models of pure graphite, cured neat epoxy resin, and graphite/epoxy composites are reported. A relation is determined for depth of uniform energy absorption in a composite as a function of fiber volume fraction and initial electron energy. Monoenergetic proton energy absorption profiles are reported for the neat resin model. A relation for total proton penetration in the epoxy resin as a function of initial proton energy is determined. Electron energy absorption in the composite due to bremsstrahlung is reported. Electron and proton energy absorption profiles in cured neat epoxy resin are reported for environments approximating geosynchronous earth orbit.

  10. Transporters for the Intestinal Absorption of Cholesterol, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K.

    PubMed

    Yamanashi, Yoshihide; Takada, Tappei; Kurauchi, Ryoya; Tanaka, Yusuke; Komine, Toko; Suzuki, Hiroshi

    2017-04-03

    Humans cannot synthesize fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin E and vitamin K. For this reason, they must be obtained from the diet via intestinal absorption. As the deficiency or excess of these vitamins has been reported to cause several types of diseases and disorders in humans, the intestinal absorption of these nutrients must be properly regulated to ensure good health. However, the mechanism of their intestinal absorption remains poorly understood. Recent studies on cholesterol using genome-edited mice, genome-wide association approaches, gene mutation analyses, and the development of cholesterol absorption inhibitors have revealed that several membrane proteins play crucial roles in the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Surprisingly, detailed analyses of these cholesterol transporters have revealed that they can also transport vitamin E and vitamin K, providing clues to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying the intestinal absorption of these fat-soluble vitamins. In this review, we focus on the membrane proteins (Niemann-Pick C1 like 1, scavenger receptor class B type I, cluster of differentiation 36, and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) that are (potentially) involved in the intestinal absorption of cholesterol, vitamin E, and vitamin K and discuss their physiological and pharmacological importance. We also discuss the related uncertainties that need to be explored in future studies.

  11. Transporters for the Intestinal Absorption of Cholesterol, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K

    PubMed Central

    Yamanashi, Yoshihide; Kurauchi, Ryoya; Tanaka, Yusuke; Komine, Toko; Suzuki, Hiroshi

    2017-01-01

    Humans cannot synthesize fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin E and vitamin K. For this reason, they must be obtained from the diet via intestinal absorption. As the deficiency or excess of these vitamins has been reported to cause several types of diseases and disorders in humans, the intestinal absorption of these nutrients must be properly regulated to ensure good health. However, the mechanism of their intestinal absorption remains poorly understood. Recent studies on cholesterol using genome-edited mice, genome-wide association approaches, gene mutation analyses, and the development of cholesterol absorption inhibitors have revealed that several membrane proteins play crucial roles in the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Surprisingly, detailed analyses of these cholesterol transporters have revealed that they can also transport vitamin E and vitamin K, providing clues to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying the intestinal absorption of these fat-soluble vitamins. In this review, we focus on the membrane proteins (Niemann-Pick C1 like 1, scavenger receptor class B type I, cluster of differentiation 36, and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) that are (potentially) involved in the intestinal absorption of cholesterol, vitamin E, and vitamin K and discuss their physiological and pharmacological importance. We also discuss the related uncertainties that need to be explored in future studies. PMID:28100881

  12. Transport, metabolism, and endosomal trafficking-dependent regulation of intestinal fructose absorption

    PubMed Central

    Patel, Chirag; Douard, Veronique; Yu, Shiyan; Gao, Nan; Ferraris, Ronaldo P.

    2015-01-01

    Dietary fructose that is linked to metabolic abnormalities can up-regulate its own absorption, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not known. We hypothesized that glucose transporter (GLUT) protein, member 5 (GLUT5) is the primary fructose transporter and that fructose absorption via GLUT5, metabolism via ketohexokinase (KHK), as well as GLUT5 trafficking to the apical membrane via the Ras-related protein-in-brain 11 (Rab11)a-dependent endosomes are each required for regulation. Introducing fructose but not lysine and glucose solutions into the lumen increased by 2- to 10-fold the heterogeneous nuclear RNA, mRNA, protein, and activity levels of GLUT5 in adult wild-type mice consuming chow. Levels of GLUT5 were >100-fold that of candidate apical fructose transporters GLUTs 7, 8, and 12 whose expression, and that of GLUT 2 and the sodium-dependent glucose transporter protein 1 (SGLT1), was not regulated by luminal fructose. GLUT5-knockout (KO) mice exhibited no facilitative fructose transport and no compensatory increases in activity and expression of SGLT1 and other GLUTs. Fructose could not up-regulate GLUT5 in GLUT5-KO, KHK-KO, and intestinal epithelial cell-specific Rab11a-KO mice. The fructose-specific metabolite glyceraldehyde did not increase GLUT5 expression. GLUT5 is the primary transporter responsible for facilitative absorption of fructose, and its regulation specifically requires fructose uptake and metabolism and normal GLUT5 trafficking to the apical membrane.—Patel, C., Douard, V., Yu, S., Gao, N., Ferraris, R. P. Transport, metabolism, and endosomal trafficking-dependent regulation of intestinal fructose absorption. PMID:26071406

  13. Calculation tool for transported geothermal energy using two-step absorption process

    DOE Data Explorer

    Kyle Gluesenkamp

    2016-02-01

    This spreadsheet allows the user to calculate parameters relevant to techno-economic performance of a two-step absorption process to transport low temperature geothermal heat some distance (1-20 miles) for use in building air conditioning. The parameters included are (1) energy density of aqueous LiBr and LiCl solutions, (2) transportation cost of trucking solution, and (3) equipment cost for the required chillers and cooling towers in the two-step absorption approach. More information is available in the included public report: "A Technical and Economic Analysis of an Innovative Two-Step Absorption System for Utilizing Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources to Condition Commercial Buildings"

  14. Electron localization and optical absorption of polygonal quantum rings

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sitek, Anna; Serra, Llorenç; Gudmundsson, Vidar; Manolescu, Andrei

    2015-06-01

    We investigate theoretically polygonal quantum rings and focus mostly on the triangular geometry where the corner effects are maximal. Such rings can be seen as short core-shell nanowires, a generation of semiconductor heterostructures with multiple applications. We show how the geometry of the sample determines the electronic energy spectrum, and also the localization of electrons, with effects on the optical absorption. In particular, we show that irrespective of the ring shape low-energy electrons are always attracted by corners and are localized in their vicinity. The absorption spectrum in the presence of a magnetic field shows only two peaks within the corner-localized state domain, each associated with different circular polarization. This picture may be changed by an external electric field which allows previously forbidden transitions, and thus enables the number of corners to be determined. We show that polygonal quantum rings allow absorption of waves from distant ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum within one sample.

  15. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ABSORPTION OF TRACER MATERIALS BY TOAD URINARY BLADDER EPITHELIUM

    PubMed Central

    Choi, Jae Kwon

    1965-01-01

    The absorption of Thorotrast and saccharated iron oxide by the epithelium of the toad urinary bladder was studied by electron microscopy. Whether the toads were hydrated, dehydrated, or given Pitressin, no significant differences in transport of colloidal particles by epithelial cells were observed. This implies that these physiological factors had little effect on the transport of the tracer particles. Tracer particles were encountered in three types of epithelial cells which line the bladder lumen, but most frequently in the mitochondria-rich cells. Tracer materials were incorporated into the cytoplasm of epithelial cells after being adsorbed to the coating layer covering the luminal surface of the cells. In the intermediate stage (1 to 3 hours after introducing tracer) particles were present in small vesicles, tubules, and multivesicular bodies. In the later stages (up to 65 hours), the particles were more commonly seen to be densely packed within large membrane-bounded bodies which were often found near the Golgi region. These large bodies probably were formed by the fusion of small vesicles. Irrespective of the stages of absorption, no particles were found in the intercellular spaces or in the submucosa. Particles apparently did not penetrate the intercellular spaces of the epithelium beyond the level of the tight junction. PMID:14287173

  16. An Electron-Transporting Thiazole-Based Polymer Synthesized Through Direct (Hetero)Arylation Polymerization.

    PubMed

    Chávez, Patricia; Bulut, Ibrahim; Fall, Sadiara; Ibraikulov, Olzhas A; Chochos, Christos L; Bartringer, Jérémy; Heiser, Thomas; Lévêque, Patrick; Leclerc, Nicolas

    2018-05-25

    In this work, a new n -type polymer based on a thiazole-diketopyrrolopyrrole unit has been synthesized through direct (hetero)arylation polycondensation. The molar mass has been optimized by systematic variation of the the monomer concentration. Optical and electrochemical properties have been studied. They clearly suggested that this polymer possess a high electron affinity together with a very interesting absorption band, making it a good non-fullerene acceptor candidate. As a consequence, its charge transport and photovoltaic properties in a blend with the usual P3HT electron-donating polymer have been investigated.

  17. Full-potential theoretical investigations of electron inelastic mean free paths and extended x-ray absorption fine structure in molybdenum.

    PubMed

    Chantler, C T; Bourke, J D

    2014-04-09

    X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy is one of the most robust, adaptable, and widely used structural analysis tools available for a range of material classes from bulk solids to aqueous solutions and active catalytic structures. Recent developments in XAFS theory have enabled high-accuracy calculations of spectra over an extended energy range using full-potential cluster modelling, and have demonstrated particular sensitivity in XAFS to a fundamental electron transport property-the electron inelastic mean free path (IMFP). We develop electron IMFP theory using a unique hybrid model that simultaneously incorporates second-order excitation losses, while precisely accounting for optical transitions dictated by the complex band structure of the solid. These advances are coupled with improved XAFS modelling to determine wide energy-range absorption spectra for molybdenum. This represents a critical test case of the theory, as measurements of molybdenum K-edge XAFS represent the most accurate determinations of XAFS spectra for any material. We find that we are able to reproduce an extended range of oscillatory structure in the absorption spectrum, and demonstrate a first-time theoretical determination of the absorption coefficient of molybdenum over the entire extended XAFS range utilizing a full-potential cluster model.

  18. Transport suction apparatus and absorption materials evaluation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Krupa, Debra T.; Gosbee, John

    1991-01-01

    The specific objectives were as follows. The effectiveness and function was evaluated of the hand held, manually powered v-vac for suction during microgravity. The function was evaluated of the battery powered laerdal suction unit in microgravity. The two units in control of various types of simulated bodily fluids were compared. Various types of tubing and attachments were evaluated which are required to control the collection of bodily fluids during transport. Various materials were evaluated for absorption of simulated bodily fluids. And potential problems were identified for waste management and containment of secretions and fluids during transport. Test procedures, results, and conclusions are briefly discussed.

  19. Contaminant transport in wetland flows with bulk degradation and bed absorption

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Ping; Chen, G. Q.

    2017-09-01

    Ecological degradation and absorption are ubiquitous and exert considerable influence on the contaminant transport in natural and constructed wetland flows. It creates an increased demand on models to accurately characterize the spatial concentration distribution of the transport process. This work extends a method of spatial concentration moments by considering the non-uniform longitudinal solute displacements along the vertical direction, and analytically determines the spatial concentration distribution in the very initial stage since source release with effects of bulk degradation and bed absorption. The present method is demonstrated to bear a more accurate prediction especially in the initial stage through convergence analysis of Hermite polynomials. Results reveal that contaminant cloud shows to be more contracted and reformed by bed absorption with increasing damping factor of wetland flows. Tremendous vertical concentration variation especially in the downstream of the contaminant cloud remains great even at asymptotic large times. Spatial concentration evolution by the extended method other than the mean by previous studies is potential for various implements associated with contaminant transport with strict environmental standards.

  20. Ab initio calculation of the electronic absorption spectrum of liquid water

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Martiniano, Hugo F. M. C.; Galamba, Nuno; Cabral, Benedito J. Costa, E-mail: ben@cii.fc.ul.pt

    2014-04-28

    The electronic absorption spectrum of liquid water was investigated by coupling a one-body energy decomposition scheme to configurations generated by classical and Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics (BOMD). A Frenkel exciton Hamiltonian formalism was adopted and the excitation energies in the liquid phase were calculated with the equation of motion coupled cluster with single and double excitations method. Molecular dynamics configurations were generated by different approaches. Classical MD were carried out with the TIP4P-Ew and AMOEBA force fields. The BLYP and BLYP-D3 exchange-correlation functionals were used in BOMD. Theoretical and experimental results for the electronic absorption spectrum of liquid water are inmore » good agreement. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between the structure of liquid water predicted by the different models and the electronic absorption spectrum. The theoretical gas to liquid phase blue-shift of the peak positions of the electronic absorption spectrum is in good agreement with experiment. The overall shift is determined by a competition between the O–H stretching of the water monomer in liquid water that leads to a red-shift and polarization effects that induce a blue-shift. The results illustrate the importance of coupling many-body energy decomposition schemes to molecular dynamics configurations to carry out ab initio calculations of the electronic properties in liquid phase.« less

  1. Ab initio calculation of the electronic absorption spectrum of liquid water

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Martiniano, Hugo F. M. C.; Galamba, Nuno; Cabral, Benedito J. Costa

    2014-04-01

    The electronic absorption spectrum of liquid water was investigated by coupling a one-body energy decomposition scheme to configurations generated by classical and Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics (BOMD). A Frenkel exciton Hamiltonian formalism was adopted and the excitation energies in the liquid phase were calculated with the equation of motion coupled cluster with single and double excitations method. Molecular dynamics configurations were generated by different approaches. Classical MD were carried out with the TIP4P-Ew and AMOEBA force fields. The BLYP and BLYP-D3 exchange-correlation functionals were used in BOMD. Theoretical and experimental results for the electronic absorption spectrum of liquid water are in good agreement. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between the structure of liquid water predicted by the different models and the electronic absorption spectrum. The theoretical gas to liquid phase blue-shift of the peak positions of the electronic absorption spectrum is in good agreement with experiment. The overall shift is determined by a competition between the O-H stretching of the water monomer in liquid water that leads to a red-shift and polarization effects that induce a blue-shift. The results illustrate the importance of coupling many-body energy decomposition schemes to molecular dynamics configurations to carry out ab initio calculations of the electronic properties in liquid phase.

  2. Analytical modeling of light transport in scattering materials with strong absorption.

    PubMed

    Meretska, M L; Uppu, R; Vissenberg, G; Lagendijk, A; Ijzerman, W L; Vos, W L

    2017-10-02

    We have investigated the transport of light through slabs that both scatter and strongly absorb, a situation that occurs in diverse application fields ranging from biomedical optics, powder technology, to solid-state lighting. In particular, we study the transport of light in the visible wavelength range between 420 and 700 nm through silicone plates filled with YAG:Ce 3+ phosphor particles, that even re-emit absorbed light at different wavelengths. We measure the total transmission, the total reflection, and the ballistic transmission of light through these plates. We obtain average single particle properties namely the scattering cross-section σ s , the absorption cross-section σ a , and the anisotropy factor µ using an analytical approach, namely the P3 approximation to the radiative transfer equation. We verify the extracted transport parameters using Monte-Carlo simulations of the light transport. Our approach fully describes the light propagation in phosphor diffuser plates that are used in white LEDs and that reveal a strong absorption (L/l a > 1) up to L/l a = 4, where L is the slab thickness, l a is the absorption mean free path. In contrast, the widely used diffusion theory fails to describe this parameter range. Our approach is a suitable analytical tool for industry, since it provides a fast yet accurate determination of key transport parameters, and since it introduces predictive power into the design process of white light emitting diodes.

  3. Role of defects in BiFeO₃ multiferroic films and their local electronic structure by x-ray absorption spectroscopy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ravalia, Ashish; Vagadia, Megha; Solanki, P. S.

    2014-10-21

    Present study reports the role of defects in the electrical transport in BiFeO₃ (BFO) multiferroic films and its local electronic structure investigated by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure. Defects created by high energy 200 MeV Ag⁺¹⁵ ion irradiation with a fluence of ∼5 × 10¹¹ ions/cm² results in the increase in structural strain and reduction in the mobility of charge carriers and enhancement in resistive (I-V) and polarization (P-E) switching behaviour. At higher fluence of ∼5 × 10¹² ions/cm², there is a release in the structural strain due to local annealing effect, resulting in an increase in the mobility of charge carriers, which are releasedmore » from oxygen vacancies and hence suppression in resistive and polarization switching. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure studies at Fe L₃,₂- and O K-edges show a significant change in the spectral features suggesting the modifications in the local electronic structure responsible for changes in the intrinsic magnetic moment and electrical transport properties of BFO.« less

  4. Effect of structural modification of α-aminoxy peptides on their intestinal absorption and transport mechanism.

    PubMed

    Ma, Bin; Zha, Huiyan; Li, Na; Yang, Dan; Lin, Ge

    2011-08-01

    A representative α-aminoxy peptide 1 has been demonstrated to have a potential for the treatment of human diseases associated with Cl(-) channel dysfunctions. However, its poor intestinal absorption was determined. The purpose of this study was to delineate the transport mechanism responsible for its poor absorption and also to prepare peptide analogues by structural modifications of 1 at its isobutyl side chains without changing the α-aminoxy core for retaining biological activity to improve the intestinal absorption. The poor intestinal absorption of 1 was proved to be due to the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated efflux transport in Caco-2 cell monolayer, intestinal segments in Ussing chamber and rat single pass intestinal perfusion models. Four analogues with propionic acid (2), butanamine (3), methyl (4) and hydroxymethyl side chains (5) were synthesized and tested using the same models. Except for the permeability of 2, the absorbable permeability of the modified peptides in Caco-2 cell monolayer and their intestinal absorption in rats were significantly improved to 7-fold (3), 4-fold (4), 11-fold (5) and 36-fold (2), 42-fold (3), 55-fold (4), 102-fold (5), respectively, compared with 1 (P(app), 0.034 ± 0.003 × 10(-6) cm/s; P(blood), 1.61 ± 0.807 × 10(-6) cm/s). More interestingly, the structural modification remarkably altered transport mechanism of the peptides, leading to the conversion of the active transport via P-gp mediation (1, 2), to MRP mediation (3), MRP plus BCRP mediation (4) or a passive diffusion (5). Furthermore, P-gp mediated efflux transport of 1 and 2 was demonstrated to not alter the P-gp expression, while 1 but not 2 exhibited uncompetitive inhibitory effect on P-gp ATPase. The results demonstrated that intestinal absorption and transport mechanism of the α-aminoxy peptides varied significantly with different structures, and their absorption can be dramatically improved by structural modifications, which allow us to further design and

  5. Steroids alter ion transport and absorptive capacity in proximal and distal colon.

    PubMed

    Sellin, J H; DeSoignie, R C

    1985-07-01

    Steroids are potent absorbagogues, increasing Na and fluid absorption in a variety of epithelia. This study characterizes the in vitro effects of pharmacological doses of gluco- and mineralocorticoids on transport parameters of rabbit proximal and distal colon. Treatment with methylprednisolone (MP, 40 mg im for 2 days) and desoxycortone acetate (DOCA, 12.5 mg im for 3 days) resulted in a significant increase in short-circuit current (Isc) in distal colon, suggesting an increase in basal Na absorption. Amiloride (10(-4) M) caused a significantly negative Isc in MP-treated tissue, demonstrating a steroid-induced, amiloride-insensitive electrogenic ion transport in distal colon. The effect of two absorbagogues, impermeant anions (SO4-Ringer) and amphotericin, were compared in control and steroid-treated distal colon. In controls, both absorbagogues increased Isc. Impermeant anions caused a rise in Isc in both MP and DOCA tissues, suggesting that the high rate of basal Na absorption had not caused a saturation of the Na pump. The steroid-treated colons, however, did not consistently respond to amphotericin. Amiloride inhibited the entire Isc in MP-treated distal colon that had been exposed to amphotericin; this suggested that amphotericin had not exerted its characteristic effect on the apical membrane of steroid-treated colon. In proximal colon, steroids did not alter basal rates of transport; however, epinephrine-induced Na-Cl absorption was significantly greater in MP-treated vs control (P less than 0.005). Steroids increase the absorptive capacity of both proximal and distal colon for Na, while increasing basal Na absorption only in the distal colon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

  6. Intestinal Lymphatic Transport: an Overlooked Pathway for Understanding Absorption of Plant Secondary Compounds in Vertebrate Herbivores.

    PubMed

    Kohl, Kevin D; Dearing, M Denise

    2017-03-01

    Herbivores employ numerous strategies to reduce their exposure to toxic plant secondary chemicals (PSCs). However, the physiological mechanisms of PSC absorption have not been extensively explored. In particular, the absorption of PSCs via intestinal lymphatic absorption has been largely overlooked in herbivores, even though this pathway is well recognized for pharmaceutical uptake. Here, we investigated for the first time whether PSCs might be absorbed by lymphatic transport. We fed woodrats (Neotoma albigula) diets with increasing concentrations of terpene-rich juniper (Juniperus monosperma) either with or without a compound that blocks intestinal lymphatic absorption (Pluronic L-81). Woodrats consuming diets that contained the intestinal lymphatic absorption blocker exhibited increased food intakes and maintained higher body masses on juniper diets. Our study represents the first demonstration that PSCs may be absorbed by intestinal lymphatic absorption. This absorption pathway has numerous implications for the metabolism and distribution of PSCs in the systemic circulation, given that compounds absorbed via lymphatic transport bypass first-pass hepatic metabolism. The area of lymphatic transport of PSCs represents an understudied physiological pathway in plant-herbivore interactions.

  7. SU-E-T-489: Quantum versus Classical Trajectory Monte Carlo Simulations of Low Energy Electron Transport.

    PubMed

    Thomson, R; Kawrakow, I

    2012-06-01

    Widely-used classical trajectory Monte Carlo simulations of low energy electron transport neglect the quantum nature of electrons; however, at sub-1 keV energies quantum effects have the potential to become significant. This work compares quantum and classical simulations within a simplified model of electron transport in water. Electron transport is modeled in water droplets using quantum mechanical (QM) and classical trajectory Monte Carlo (MC) methods. Water droplets are modeled as collections of point scatterers representing water molecules from which electrons may be isotropically scattered. The role of inelastic scattering is investigated by introducing absorption. QM calculations involve numerically solving a system of coupled equations for the electron wavefield incident on each scatterer. A minimum distance between scatterers is introduced to approximate structured water. The average QM water droplet incoherent cross section is compared with the MC cross section; a relative error (RE) on the MC results is computed. RE varies with electron energy, average and minimum distances between scatterers, and scattering amplitude. The mean free path is generally the relevant length scale for estimating RE. The introduction of a minimum distance between scatterers increases RE substantially (factors of 5 to 10), suggesting that the structure of water must be modeled for accurate simulations. Inelastic scattering does not improve agreement between QM and MC simulations: for the same magnitude of elastic scattering, the introduction of inelastic scattering increases RE. Droplet cross sections are sensitive to droplet size and shape; considerable variations in RE are observed with changing droplet size and shape. At sub-1 keV energies, quantum effects may become non-negligible for electron transport in condensed media. Electron transport is strongly affected by the structure of the medium. Inelastic scatter does not improve agreement between QM and MC simulations of low

  8. Electron transport limitation in P3HT:CdSe nanorods hybrid solar cells.

    PubMed

    Lek, Jun Yan; Xing, Guichuan; Sum, Tze Chien; Lam, Yeng Ming

    2014-01-22

    Hybrid solar cells have the potential to be efficient solar-energy-harvesting devices that can combine the benefits of solution-processable organic materials and the extended absorption offered by inorganic materials. In this work, an understanding of the factors limiting the performance of hybrid solar cells is explored. Through photovoltaic-device characterization correlated with transient absorption spectroscopy measurements, it was found that the interfacial charge transfer between the organic (P3HT) and inorganic (CdSe nanorods) components is not the factor limiting the performance of these solar cells. The insulating original ligands retard the charge recombination between the charge-transfer states across the CdSe-P3HT interface, and this is actually beneficial for charge collection. These cells are, in fact, limited by the subsequent electron collection via CdSe nanoparticles to the electrodes. Hence, the design of a more continuous electron-transport pathway should greatly improve the performance of hybrid solar cells in the future.

  9. Two-Photon Absorption of Soft X-Ray Free Electron Laser Radiation by Graphite Near the Carbon K-Absorption Edge

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Christensen, Steven T; Lam, Royce K.; Raj, Sumana L.

    We have examined the transmission of soft X-ray pulses from the FERMI free electron laser through carbon films of varying thickness, quantifying nonlinear effects of pulses above and below the carbon K-edge. At typical of soft X-ray free electron laser intensities, pulses exhibit linear absorption at photon energies above and below the K-edge, ~308 and ~260 eV, respectively; whereas two-photon absorption becomes significant slightly below the K-edge, ~284.2 eV. The measured two-photon absorption cross section at 284.18 eV (~6 x 10-48 cm4 s) is 7 orders of magnitude above what is expected from a simple theory based on hydrogen-like atomsmore » - a result of resonance effects.« less

  10. Two-photon absorption of soft X-ray free electron laser radiation by graphite near the carbon K-absorption edge

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lam, Royce K.; Raj, Sumana L.; Pascal, Tod A.; Pemmaraju, C. D.; Foglia, Laura; Simoncig, Alberto; Fabris, Nicola; Miotti, Paolo; Hull, Christopher J.; Rizzuto, Anthony M.; Smith, Jacob W.; Mincigrucci, Riccardo; Masciovecchio, Claudio; Gessini, Alessandro; De Ninno, Giovanni; Diviacco, Bruno; Roussel, Eleonore; Spampinati, Simone; Penco, Giuseppe; Di Mitri, Simone; Trovò, Mauro; Danailov, Miltcho B.; Christensen, Steven T.; Sokaras, Dimosthenis; Weng, Tsu-Chien; Coreno, Marcello; Poletto, Luca; Drisdell, Walter S.; Prendergast, David; Giannessi, Luca; Principi, Emiliano; Nordlund, Dennis; Saykally, Richard J.; Schwartz, Craig P.

    2018-07-01

    We have examined the transmission of soft X-ray pulses from the FERMI free electron laser through carbon films of varying thickness, quantifying nonlinear effects of pulses above and below the carbon K-edge. At typical of soft X-ray free electron laser intensities, pulses exhibit linear absorption at photon energies above and below the K-edge, ∼308 and ∼260 eV, respectively; whereas two-photon absorption becomes significant slightly below the K-edge, ∼284.2 eV. The measured two-photon absorption cross section at 284.18 eV (∼6 × 10-48 cm4 s) is 7 orders of magnitude above what is expected from a simple theory based on hydrogen-like atoms - a result of resonance effects.

  11. One-Dimensional Electron Transport Layers for Perovskite Solar Cells

    PubMed Central

    Thakur, Ujwal K.; Kisslinger, Ryan; Shankar, Karthik

    2017-01-01

    The electron diffusion length (Ln) is smaller than the hole diffusion length (Lp) in many halide perovskite semiconductors meaning that the use of ordered one-dimensional (1D) structures such as nanowires (NWs) and nanotubes (NTs) as electron transport layers (ETLs) is a promising method of achieving high performance halide perovskite solar cells (HPSCs). ETLs consisting of oriented and aligned NWs and NTs offer the potential not merely for improved directional charge transport but also for the enhanced absorption of incoming light and thermodynamically efficient management of photogenerated carrier populations. The ordered architecture of NW/NT arrays affords superior infiltration of a deposited material making them ideal for use in HPSCs. Photoconversion efficiencies (PCEs) as high as 18% have been demonstrated for HPSCs using 1D ETLs. Despite the advantages of 1D ETLs, there are still challenges that need to be overcome to achieve even higher PCEs, such as better methods to eliminate or passivate surface traps, improved understanding of the hetero-interface and optimization of the morphology (i.e., length, diameter, and spacing of NWs/NTs). This review introduces the general considerations of ETLs for HPSCs, deposition techniques used, and the current research and challenges in the field of 1D ETLs for perovskite solar cells. PMID:28468280

  12. Ion transport in proximal colon of the rat. Sodium depletion stimulates neutral sodium chloride absorption.

    PubMed Central

    Foster, E S; Budinger, M E; Hayslett, J P; Binder, H J

    1986-01-01

    The model of sodium and chloride transport proposed for the colon is based on studies performed in the distal segment and tacitly assumes that ion transport is similar throughout the colon. In rat distal colon, neutral sodium-chloride absorption accounts for the major fraction of overall sodium absorption and aldosterone stimulates electrogenic, amiloride-sensitive sodium absorption. Since we have demonstrated qualitative differences in potassium transport in proximal and distal segments of rat colon, unidirectional 22Na and 36Cl fluxes were performed under short-circuit conditions across isolated proximal colon of control and sodium-depleted rats with secondary hyperaldosteronism. In the control group, net sodium absorption (JNanet) (7.4 +/- 0.5 mu eq/h . cm2) was greater than Isc (1.4 +/- 0.1 mu eq/h . cm2), and JClnet was 0 in Ringer solution. Residual flux (JR) was -5.2 +/- 0.5 mu eq/h . cm2 consistent with hydrogen ion secretion suggesting that neutral sodium absorption may represent sodium-hydrogen exchange. 1 mM mucosal amiloride, which inhibits sodium-hydrogen exchange in other epithelia, produced comparable decreases in JNanet and JR (4.1 +/- 0.6 and 3.2 +/- 0.6 mu eq/h . cm2, respectively) without a parallel fall in Isc. Sodium depletion stimulated JNanet, JClnet, and Isc by 7.0 +/- 1.4, 6.3 +/- 1.9, and 0.8 +/- 0.2 mu eq/h . cm2, respectively, and 1 mM amiloride markedly inhibited JNanet and JClnet by 6.0 +/- 1.1 and 4.0 +/- 1.6 mu eq/h . cm2, respectively, with only a minimal reduction in Isc. Conclusions: the predominant neutral sodium-absorptive mechanism in proximal colon is sodium-hydrogen exchange. Sodium depletion stimulates electroneutral chloride-dependent sodium absorption (most likely as a result of increasing sodium-hydrogen and chloride-bicarbonate exchanges), not electrogenic chloride-independent sodium transport. The model of ion transport in the proximal colon is distinct from that of the distal colon. PMID:2418060

  13. Electron photodetachment from gas phase peptide dianions. Relation with optical absorption properties.

    PubMed

    Joly, Laure; Antoine, Rodolphe; Broyer, Michel; Lemoine, Jérôme; Dugourd, Philippe

    2008-02-07

    Electron detachment from peptide dianions is studied as a function of the laser wavelength. The first step for the detachment is a resonant electronic excitation of the dianions. Electronic excitation spectra are reported for three peptides, including gramicidin. A comparative study of the detachment yield for 13 peptides was performed at 260 nm and at 220 nm. At 260 nm, the detachment yield is mainly driven by the sum of the absorption coefficients of the aromatic amino acids that are contained in the peptide. At 220 nm, no direct relation is observed between the electron photodetachement yields and the sum of absorption efficiencies. At this wavelength, the sequence and the structure of the peptide may have an influence on the photodetachment process.

  14. Modulating effect of polyethylene glycol on the intestinal transport and absorption of prednisolone, methylprednisolone and quinidine in rats by in-vitro and in-situ absorption studies.

    PubMed

    Shen, Qi; Li, Wenji; Lin, Yulian; Katsumi, Hidemasa; Okada, Naoki; Sakane, Toshiyasu; Fujita, Takuya; Yamamoto, Akira

    2008-12-01

    The effects of polyethylene glycol 20000 (PEG 20000) on the intestinal absorption of prednisolone, methylprednisolone and quinidine, three P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates, across the isolated rat intestinal membranes were examined by an in-vitro diffusion chamber system. The serosal-to-mucosal (secretory) transport of these P-gp substrates was greater than their mucosal-to-serosal (absorptive) transport, indicating that their net movement across the intestinal membranes was preferentially in the secretory direction. The polarized secretory transport of these drugs was remarkably diminished and their efflux ratios decreased in the presence of PEG 20000. In addition, PEG 20000 did not affect the transport of Lucifer yellow, a non-P-gp substrate. The intestinal membrane toxicity of PEG 20000 was evaluated by measuring the release of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and protein from the intestinal membranes. The release of ALP and protein was enhanced in the presence of 20 mM sodium deoxycholate (NaDC), a positive control, while these biological parameters did not change in the presence of 0.1-5% (w/v) PEG 20000. These findings indicated that the intestinal membrane damage caused by PEG 20000 was not a main reason for the enhanced absorptive transport of these P-gp substrates in the presence of PEG 20000. Furthermore, the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of rat jejunal membranes in the presence or absence of PEG 20000 was measured by a diffusion chamber method. PEG 20000 (0.1-5.0 % w/v) did not change the TEER values of the rat jejunal membranes, indicating that the increase in the absorptive transport of these P-gp substrates might not be due to the increased transport of these P-gp substrates via a paracellular pathway caused by PEG 20000. Finally, the effect of PEG 20000 on the intestinal absorption of quinidine was examined by an in-situ closed-loop method. The intestinal absorption of quinidine was significantly enhanced in the presence of 0.1-1.0% (w

  15. Quantum quench of Kondo correlations in optical absorption.

    PubMed

    Latta, C; Haupt, F; Hanl, M; Weichselbaum, A; Claassen, M; Wuester, W; Fallahi, P; Faelt, S; Glazman, L; von Delft, J; Türeci, H E; Imamoglu, A

    2011-06-29

    The interaction between a single confined spin and the spins of an electron reservoir leads to one of the most remarkable phenomena of many-body physics--the Kondo effect. Electronic transport measurements on single artificial atoms, or quantum dots, have made it possible to study the effect in great detail. Here we report optical measurements on a single semiconductor quantum dot tunnel-coupled to a degenerate electron gas which show that absorption of a single photon leads to an abrupt change in the system Hamiltonian and a quantum quench of Kondo correlations. By inferring the characteristic power-law exponents from the experimental absorption line shapes, we find a unique signature of the quench in the form of an Anderson orthogonality catastrophe, induced by a vanishing overlap between the initial and final many-body wavefunctions. We show that the power-law exponent that determines the degree of orthogonality can be tuned using an external magnetic field, which unequivocally demonstrates that the observed absorption line shape originates from Kondo correlations. Our experiments demonstrate that optical measurements on single artificial atoms offer new perspectives on many-body phenomena previously studied using transport spectroscopy only.

  16. Electronic Transport in Ultrathin Heterostructures.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1981-10-01

    heterostructures, superlattices, diffusion-enhanced disorder, transport properties, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), photoluminescence, optical absorption...tion of single and multilayer GatlAs/GaAs heterostructures by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MJCVD) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has...fundamental nature of these clusters and their relevance to other epitaxial techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). To further varify or

  17. Transporter-targeted cholic acid-cytarabine conjugates for improved oral absorption.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Dong; Li, Dongpo; Shang, Lei; He, Zhonggui; Sun, Jin

    2016-09-10

    Cytarabine has a poor oral absorption due to its rapid deamination and poor membrane permeability. Bile acid transporters are highly expressed both in enterocytes and hepatocytes and to increase the oral bioavailability and investigate the potential application of cytarabine for liver cancers, a transporter- recognizing prodrug strategy was applied to design and synthesize four conjugates of cytarabine with cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). The anticancer activities against HepG2 cells were evaluated by MTT assay and the role of bile acid transporters during cellular transport was investigated in a competitive inhibition experiment. The in vitro and in vivo metabolic stabilities of these conjugates were studied in rat plasma and liver homogenates. Finally, an oral bioavailability study was conducted in rats. All the cholic acid-cytarabine conjugates (40μM) showed potent antiproliferative activities (up to 70%) against HepG2 cells after incubation for 48h. The addition of bile acids could markedly reduce the antitumor activities of these conjugates. The N(4)-ursodeoxycholic acid conjugate of cytarabine (compound 5) exhibited optimal stability (t1/2=90min) in vitro and a 3.9-fold prolonged half-life of cytarabine in vivo. More importantly, compound 5 increased the oral bioavailability 2-fold compared with cytarabine. The results of the present study suggest that the prodrug strategy based on the bile acid transporters is suitable for improving the oral absorption and the clinical application of cytarabine. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  18. Tunneling explains efficient electron transport via protein junctions.

    PubMed

    Fereiro, Jerry A; Yu, Xi; Pecht, Israel; Sheves, Mordechai; Cuevas, Juan Carlos; Cahen, David

    2018-05-15

    Metalloproteins, proteins containing a transition metal ion cofactor, are electron transfer agents that perform key functions in cells. Inspired by this fact, electron transport across these proteins has been widely studied in solid-state settings, triggering the interest in examining potential use of proteins as building blocks in bioelectronic devices. Here, we report results of low-temperature (10 K) electron transport measurements via monolayer junctions based on the blue copper protein azurin (Az), which strongly suggest quantum tunneling of electrons as the dominant charge transport mechanism. Specifically, we show that, weakening the protein-electrode coupling by introducing a spacer, one can switch the electron transport from off-resonant to resonant tunneling. This is a consequence of reducing the electrode's perturbation of the Cu(II)-localized electronic state, a pattern that has not been observed before in protein-based junctions. Moreover, we identify vibronic features of the Cu(II) coordination sphere in transport characteristics that show directly the active role of the metal ion in resonance tunneling. Our results illustrate how quantum mechanical effects may dominate electron transport via protein-based junctions.

  19. Interdye Hole Transport Accelerates Recombination in Dye Sensitized Mesoporous Films.

    PubMed

    Moia, Davide; Szumska, Anna; Vaissier, Valérie; Planells, Miquel; Robertson, Neil; O'Regan, Brian C; Nelson, Jenny; Barnes, Piers R F

    2016-10-12

    Charge recombination between oxidized dyes attached to mesoporous TiO 2 and electrons in the TiO 2 was studied in inert electrolytes using transient absorption spectroscopy. Simultaneously, hole transport within the dye monolayers was monitored by transient absorption anisotropy. The rate of recombination decreased when hole transport was inhibited selectively, either by decreasing the dye surface coverage or by changing the electrolyte environment. From Monte Carlo simulations of electron and hole diffusion in a particle, modeled as a cubic structure, we identify the conditions under which hole lifetime depends on the hole diffusion coefficient for the case of normal (disorder free) diffusion. From simulations of transient absorption and transient absorption anisotropy, we find that the rate and the dispersive character of hole transport in the dye monolayer observed spectroscopically can be explained by incomplete coverage and disorder in the monolayer. We show that dispersive transport in the dye monolayer combined with inhomogeneity in the TiO 2 surface reactivity can contribute to the observed stretched electron-hole recombination dynamics and electron density dependence of hole lifetimes. Our experimental and computational analysis of lateral processes at interfaces can be applied to investigate and optimize charge transport and recombination in solar energy conversion devices using electrodes functionalized with molecular light absorbers and catalysts.

  20. Origin of the different transport properties of electron and hole polarons in an ambipolar polyselenophene-based conjugated polymer

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Zhuoying; Bird, Matthew; Lemaur, Vincent; Radtke, Guillaume; Cornil, Jérôme; Heeney, Martin; McCulloch, Iain; Sirringhaus, Henning

    2011-09-01

    Understanding the mechanisms limiting ambipolar transport in conjugated polymer field-effect transistors (FETs) is of both fundamental and practical interest. Here, we present a systematic study comparing hole and electron charge transport in an ambipolar conjugated polymer, semicrystalline poly(3,3''-di-n-decylterselenophene) (PSSS). Starting from a detailed analysis of the device characteristics and temperature/charge-density dependence of the mobility, we interpret the difference between hole and electron transport through both the Vissenberg-Matters and the mobility-edge model. To obtain microscopic insight into the quantum mechanical wave function of the charges at a molecular level, we combine charge modulation spectroscopy (CMS) measuring the charge-induced absorption signatures from positive and negative polarons in these ambipolar FETs with corresponding density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We observe a significantly higher switch-on voltage for electrons than for holes due to deep electron trap states, but also a higher activation energy of the mobility for mobile electrons. The CMS spectra reveal that the electrons that remain mobile and contribute to the FET current have a wave function that is more localized onto a single polymer chain than that of holes, which is extended over several polymer chains. We interpret this as evidence that the transport properties of the mobile electrons in PSSS are still affected by the presence of deep electron traps. The more localized electron state could be due to the mobile electrons interacting with shallow trap states in the vicinity of a chemical, potentially water-related, impurity that might precede the capture of the electron into a deeply trapped state.

  1. Simulation of electron transport during electron-beam-induced deposition of nanostructures

    PubMed Central

    Jeschke, Harald O; Valentí, Roser

    2013-01-01

    Summary We present a numerical investigation of energy and charge distributions during electron-beam-induced growth of tungsten nanostructures on SiO2 substrates by using a Monte Carlo simulation of the electron transport. This study gives a quantitative insight into the deposition of energy and charge in the substrate and in the already existing metallic nanostructures in the presence of the electron beam. We analyze electron trajectories, inelastic mean free paths, and the distribution of backscattered electrons in different compositions and at different depths of the deposit. We find that, while in the early stages of the nanostructure growth a significant fraction of electron trajectories still interacts with the substrate, when the nanostructure becomes thicker the transport takes place almost exclusively in the nanostructure. In particular, a larger deposit density leads to enhanced electron backscattering. This work shows how mesoscopic radiation-transport techniques can contribute to a model that addresses the multi-scale nature of the electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) process. Furthermore, similar simulations can help to understand the role that is played by backscattered electrons and emitted secondary electrons in the change of structural properties of nanostructured materials during post-growth electron-beam treatments. PMID:24367747

  2. Monte Carlo Transport for Electron Thermal Transport

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chenhall, Jeffrey; Cao, Duc; Moses, Gregory

    2015-11-01

    The iSNB (implicit Schurtz Nicolai Busquet multigroup electron thermal transport method of Cao et al. is adapted into a Monte Carlo transport method in order to better model the effects of non-local behavior. The end goal is a hybrid transport-diffusion method that combines Monte Carlo Transport with a discrete diffusion Monte Carlo (DDMC). The hybrid method will combine the efficiency of a diffusion method in short mean free path regions with the accuracy of a transport method in long mean free path regions. The Monte Carlo nature of the approach allows the algorithm to be massively parallelized. Work to date on the method will be presented. This work was supported by Sandia National Laboratory - Albuquerque and the University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics.

  3. Electron Transport in Hall Thrusters

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McDonald, Michael Sean

    Despite high technological maturity and a long flight heritage, computer models of Hall thrusters remain dependent on empirical inputs and a large part of thruster development to date has been heavily experimental in nature. This empirical approach will become increasingly unsustainable as new high-power thrusters tax existing ground test facilities and more exotic thruster designs stretch and strain the boundaries of existing design experience. The fundamental obstacle preventing predictive modeling of Hall thruster plasma properties and channel erosion is the lack of a first-principles description of electron transport across the strong magnetic fields between the cathode and anode. In spite of an abundance of proposed transport mechanisms, accurate assessments of the magnitude of electron current due to any one mechanism are scarce, and comparative studies of their relative influence on a single thruster platform simply do not exist. Lacking a clear idea of what mechanism(s) are primarily responsible for transport, it is understandably difficult for the electric propulsion scientist to focus his or her theoretical and computational tools on the right targets. This work presents a primarily experimental investigation of collisional and turbulent Hall thruster electron transport mechanisms. High-speed imaging of the thruster discharge channel at tens of thousands of frames per second reveals omnipresent rotating regions of elevated light emission, identified with a rotating spoke instability. This turbulent instability has been shown through construction of an azimuthally segmented anode to drive significant cross-field electron current in the discharge channel, and suggestive evidence points to its spatial extent into the thruster near-field plume as well. Electron trajectory simulations in experimentally measured thruster electromagnetic fields indicate that binary collisional transport mechanisms are not significant in the thruster plume, and experiments

  4. Nonequilibrium Transport and the Bernoulli Effect of Electrons in a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kaya, Ismet I.

    2013-02-01

    Nonequilibrium transport of charged carriers in a two-dimensional electron gas is summarized from an experimental point of view. The transport regime in which the electron-electron interactions are enhanced at high bias leads to a range of striking effects in a two-dimensional electron gas. This regime of transport is quite different than the ballistic transport in which particles propagate coherently with no intercarrier energy transfer and the diffusive transport in which the momentum of the electron system is lost with the involvement of the phonons. Quite a few hydrodynamic phenomena observed in classical gasses have the electrical analogs in the current flow. When intercarrier scattering events dominate the transport, the momentum sharing via narrow angle scattering among the hot and cold electrons lead to negative resistance and electron pumping which can be viewed as the analog of the Bernoulli-Venturi effect observed classical gasses. The recent experimental findings and the background work in the field are reviewed.

  5. First-principles study on the electronic, optical, and transport properties of monolayer α- and β-GeSe

    DOE PAGES

    Xu, Yuanfeng; Zhang, Hao; Shao, Hezhu; ...

    2017-12-15

    The extraordinary properties and the novel applications of black phosphorene induce the research interest in the monolayer group-IV monochalcogenides. Here using first-principles calculations, we systematically investigate the electronic, transport, and optical properties of monolayer α- and β-GeSe, revealing a direct band gap of 1.61 eV for monolayer α-GeSe and an indirect band gap of 2.47 eV for monolayer β-GeSe. For monolayer β-GeSe, the electronic/hole transport is anisotropic, with an extremely high electron mobility of 2.93×104cm2/Vs along the armchair direction, comparable to that of black phosphorene. However, for β-GeSe, robust band gaps nearly independent of the applied tensile strain along themore » armchair direction are observed. Both monolayer α- and β-GeSe exhibit anisotropic optical absorption in the visible spectrum.« less

  6. Intestinal absorption of miltefosine: contribution of passive paracellular transport.

    PubMed

    Ménez, Cécile; Buyse, Marion; Dugave, Christophe; Farinotti, Robert; Barratt, Gillian

    2007-03-01

    This study aimed to characterize the transepithelial transport of miltefosine (HePC), the first orally effective drug against visceral leishmaniasis, across the intestinal barrier to further understand its oral absorption mechanism. Caco-2 cell monolayers were used as an in vitro model of the human intestinal barrier. The roles of active and passive mechanisms in HePC intestinal transport were investigated and the relative contributions of the transcellular and paracellular routes were estimated. HePC transport was observed to be pH-independent, partially temperature-dependent, linear as a function of time and non-saturable as a function of concentration. The magnitude of HePC transport was quite similar to that of the paracellular marker mannitol, and EDTA treatment led to an increase in HePC transport. Furthermore, HePC transport was found to be similar in the apical-to-basolateral and basolateral-to-apical directions, strongly suggesting that HePC exhibits non-polarized transport and that no MDR-mediated efflux was involved. These results demonstrate that HePC crosses the intestinal epithelium by a non-specific passive pathway and provide evidence supporting a concentration-dependent paracellular transport mechanism, although some transcellular diffusion cannot be ruled out. Considering that HePC opens epithelial tight junctions, this study shows that HePC may promote its own permeation across the intestinal barrier.

  7. Insulin Resistance in Nondiabetic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: Associations with Body Composition, Peritoneal Transport, and Peritoneal Glucose Absorption.

    PubMed

    Bernardo, Ana Paula; Oliveira, Jose C; Santos, Olivia; Carvalho, Maria J; Cabrita, Antonio; Rodrigues, Anabela

    2015-12-07

    Insulin resistance has been associated with cardiovascular disease in peritoneal dialysis patients. Few studies have addressed the impact of fast transport status or dialysis prescription on insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to test whether insulin resistance is associated with obesity parameters, peritoneal transport rate, and glucose absorption. Insulin resistance was evaluated with homeostasis model assessment method (HOMA-IR), additionally corrected by adiponectin (HOMA-AD). Enrolled patients were prevalent nondiabetics attending at Santo António Hospital Peritoneal Dialysis Unit, who were free of hospitalization or infectious events in the previous 3 months (51 patients aged 50.4 ± 15.9 years, 59% women). Leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), and daily glucose absorption were also measured. Lean tissue index, fat tissue index (FTI), and relative fat mass (rel.FM) were assessed using multifrequency bioimpedance. Patients were categorized according to dialysate to plasma creatinine ratio at 4 hours, 3.86% peritoneal equilibration test, and obesity parameters. Obesity was present in 49% of patients according to rel.FM. HOMA-IR correlated better with FTI than with body mass index. Significant correlations were found in obese, but not in nonobese patients, between HOMA-IR and leptin, leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR), and IGFBP-1. HOMA-IR correlated with HOMA-AD, but did not correlate with glucose absorption or transport rate. There were no significant differences in insulin resistance indices, glucose absorption, and body composition parameters between fast and nonfast transporters. A total of 18 patients (35.3%) who had insulin resistance presented with higher LAR and rel.FM (7.3 [12.3, interquartile range] versus 0.7 [1.4, interquartile range], P<0.001, and 39.4 ± 10.1% versus 27.2 ± 11.5%, P=0.002, respectively), lower IGFBP-1 (8.2 ± 7.2 versus 21.0 ± 16.3 ng/ml, P=0.002), but similar glucose absorption and

  8. Electronic Transport in Two-Dimensional Materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sangwan, Vinod K.; Hersam, Mark C.

    2018-04-01

    Two-dimensional (2D) materials have captured the attention of the scientific community due to the wide range of unique properties at nanometer-scale thicknesses. While significant exploratory research in 2D materials has been achieved, the understanding of 2D electronic transport and carrier dynamics remains in a nascent stage. Furthermore, because prior review articles have provided general overviews of 2D materials or specifically focused on charge transport in graphene, here we instead highlight charge transport mechanisms in post-graphene 2D materials, with particular emphasis on transition metal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus. For these systems, we delineate the intricacies of electronic transport, including band structure control with thickness and external fields, valley polarization, scattering mechanisms, electrical contacts, and doping. In addition, electronic interactions between 2D materials are considered in the form of van der Waals heterojunctions and composite films. This review concludes with a perspective on the most promising future directions in this fast-evolving field.

  9. Treating electron transport in MCNP{sup trademark}

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hughes, H.G.

    1996-12-31

    The transport of electrons and other charged particles is fundamentally different from that of neutrons and photons. A neutron, in aluminum slowing down from 0.5 MeV to 0.0625 MeV will have about 30 collisions; a photon will have fewer than ten. An electron with the same energy loss will undergo 10{sup 5} individual interactions. This great increase in computational complexity makes a single- collision Monte Carlo approach to electron transport unfeasible for many situations of practical interest. Considerable theoretical work has been done to develop a variety of analytic and semi-analytic multiple-scattering theories for the transport of charged particles. Themore » theories used in the algorithms in MCNP are the Goudsmit-Saunderson theory for angular deflections, the Landau an theory of energy-loss fluctuations, and the Blunck-Leisegang enhancements of the Landau theory. In order to follow an electron through a significant energy loss, it is necessary to break the electron`s path into many steps. These steps are chosen to be long enough to encompass many collisions (so that multiple-scattering theories are valid) but short enough that the mean energy loss in any one step is small (for the approximations in the multiple-scattering theories). The energy loss and angular deflection of the electron during each step can then be sampled from probability distributions based on the appropriate multiple- scattering theories. This subsumption of the effects of many individual collisions into single steps that are sampled probabilistically constitutes the ``condensed history`` Monte Carlo method. This method is exemplified in the ETRAN series of electron/photon transport codes. The ETRAN codes are also the basis for the Integrated TIGER Series, a system of general-purpose, application-oriented electron/photon transport codes. The electron physics in MCNP is similar to that of the Integrated TIGER Series.« less

  10. Absorption effects in electron-sulfur-dioxide collisions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Machado, L. E.; Sugohara, R. T.; Santos, A. S. dos

    2011-09-15

    A joint experimental-theoretical study on electron-SO{sub 2} collisions in the low and intermediate energy range is reported. More specifically, experimental elastic differential, integral, and momentum transfer cross sections in absolute scale are measured in the 100-1000 eV energy range using the relative-flow technique. Calculated elastic differential, integral, and momentum transfer cross sections as well as grand-total and total absorption cross sections are also presented in the 1-1000 eV energy range. A complex optical potential is used to represent the electron-molecule interaction dynamics, whereas the Schwinger variational iterative method combined with the distorted-wave approximation is used to solve the scattering equations.more » Comparison of the present results is made with the theoretical and experimental results available in the literature.« less

  11. Paleoclassical transport explains electron transport barriers in RTP and TEXTOR

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hogeweij, G. M. D.; Callen, J. D.; RTP Team; TEXTOR Team

    2008-06-01

    The recently developed paleoclassical transport model sets the minimum level of electron thermal transport in a tokamak. This transport level has proven to be in good agreement with experimental observations in many cases when fluctuation-induced anomalous transport is small, i.e. in (near-)ohmic plasmas in small to medium size tokamaks, inside internal transport barriers (ITBs) or edge transport barriers (H-mode pedestal). In this paper predictions of the paleoclassical transport model are compared in detail with data from such kinds of discharges: ohmic discharges from the RTP tokamak, EC heated RTP discharges featuring both dynamic and shot-to-shot scans of the ECH power deposition radius and off-axis EC heated discharges from the TEXTOR tokamak. For ohmically heated RTP discharges the Te profiles predicted by the paleoclassical model are in reasonable agreement with the experimental observations, and various parametric dependences are captured satisfactorily. The electron thermal ITBs observed in steady state EC heated RTP discharges and transiently after switch-off of off-axis ECH in TEXTOR are predicted very well by the paleoclassical model.

  12. A deterministic model of electron transport for electron probe microanalysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bünger, J.; Richter, S.; Torrilhon, M.

    2018-01-01

    Within the last decades significant improvements in the spatial resolution of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were obtained by instrumental enhancements. In contrast, the quantification procedures essentially remained unchanged. As the classical procedures assume either homogeneity or a multi-layered structure of the material, they limit the spatial resolution of EPMA. The possibilities of improving the spatial resolution through more sophisticated quantification procedures are therefore almost untouched. We investigate a new analytical model (M 1-model) for the quantification procedure based on fast and accurate modelling of electron-X-ray-matter interactions in complex materials using a deterministic approach to solve the electron transport equations. We outline the derivation of the model from the Boltzmann equation for electron transport using the method of moments with a minimum entropy closure and present first numerical results for three different test cases (homogeneous, thin film and interface). Taking Monte Carlo as a reference, the results for the three test cases show that the M 1-model is able to reproduce the electron dynamics in EPMA applications very well. Compared to classical analytical models like XPP and PAP, the M 1-model is more accurate and far more flexible, which indicates the potential of deterministic models of electron transport to further increase the spatial resolution of EPMA.

  13. [In vitro absorption mechanism of strychnine and the transport interaction with liquiritin in Caco-2 cell monolayer model].

    PubMed

    Wang, Jun-jun; Liao, Xiao-huan; Ye, Min; Chen, Yong

    2010-09-01

    To study the effect of liquiritin (Liq) on the transport of strychnine (Str) in Caco-2 cell monolayer model, the transport parameters of Str, such as apparent permeability coefficient (P app (B-->A) and P app (A-->B)) and cumulative transport amount (TRcum), were determined and comparatively analyzed when Str was used solely and co-used with Liq. The effect of drug concentrations, conveying times, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor verapamil and conveying liquor pH values on the transport of Str were also investigated. The results indicated that the absorption of Str in Caco-2 cell monolayer model was well and the passive transference was the main intestinal absorption mechanism of Str in the Caco-2 monolayer model, along with the excretion action mediated by P-gp. Liq enhanced the absorption of Str. Meanwhile, conveying liquor pH value had significant influence on the excretion transport of Str.

  14. Influence of intestinal efflux pumps on the absorption and transport of furosemide

    PubMed Central

    Al-Mohizea, Abdullah M.

    2010-01-01

    Purpose Furosemide is a commonly used diuretic which is used in the treatment of edema, congestive heart failure, hypertension and renal failure. Its absorption exhibits inter- and intra-subject variability that can be attributed to many factors including the intestinal efflux pumps such as the P-glycoprotein (P-gp). This study was done due to the great disagreement between what is published in the literature regarding the influence of P-gp on furosemide and at the same time due to the importance of this drug in the treatment of different conditions as described above. In addition, an investigation of the effect of two of the commonly used pharmaceutical excipients (hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin [HPβCD] and Tween 80) and also a P-gp inhibitor (verapamil hydrochloride) on the intestinal absorption of this drug were also done. Methods The study utilized the everted intestinal sacs technique to investigate both the effect of the efflux transporter (P-gp) on furosemide absorption and also the effect of the chosen excipients. Results The absorption of furosemide was significantly influenced by the P-gp as confirmed by the everted vis the non-everted sacs together with the verapamil study in which the transport of furosemide was inhibited by verapamil. In addition, Tween 80 was also shown to inhibit the P-gp pump whereas the HPβCD did not significantly influence the efflux of furosemide in this study. Conclusions P-glycoprotein and some of the used excipients in the formulation play a very important role in the transport of furosemide and other drugs. Thus excipients that affect the activity of P-gp should be avoided when formulating drugs that are substrate for the P-gp or other efflux pumps. PMID:23960725

  15. Excited state X-ray absorption spectroscopy: Probing both electronic and structural dynamics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Neville, Simon P.; Averbukh, Vitali; Ruberti, Marco; Yun, Renjie; Patchkovskii, Serguei; Chergui, Majed; Stolow, Albert; Schuurman, Michael S.

    2016-10-01

    We investigate the sensitivity of X-ray absorption spectra, simulated using a general method, to properties of molecular excited states. Recently, Averbukh and co-workers [M. Ruberti et al., J. Chem. Phys. 140, 184107 (2014)] introduced an efficient and accurate L 2 method for the calculation of excited state valence photoionization cross-sections based on the application of Stieltjes imaging to the Lanczos pseudo-spectrum of the algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC) representation of the electronic Hamiltonian. In this paper, we report an extension of this method to the calculation of excited state core photoionization cross-sections. We demonstrate that, at the ADC(2)x level of theory, ground state X-ray absorption spectra may be accurately reproduced, validating the method. Significantly, the calculated X-ray absorption spectra of the excited states are found to be sensitive to both geometric distortions (structural dynamics) and the electronic character (electronic dynamics) of the initial state, suggesting that core excitation spectroscopies will be useful probes of excited state non-adiabatic dynamics. We anticipate that the method presented here can be combined with ab initio molecular dynamics calculations to simulate the time-resolved X-ray spectroscopy of excited state molecular wavepacket dynamics.

  16. Nondispersive Electron Transport in Alq3

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2001-08-20

    APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS VOLUME 79, NUMBER 16 15 OCTOBER 2001Nondispersive electron transport in Alq3 George G. Malliaras,a) Yulong Shen, and David H...room temperature electron transport in amorphous films of tris ~8-hydroxyquinolinolato! aluminum ~III! ( Alq3 ) with the time-of-flight technique...We use the correlated disorder model to determine an effective dipole moment for Alq3 , and the corresponding meridional to facial isomeric ratio

  17. Electron transport and light-harvesting switches in cyanobacteria

    PubMed Central

    Mullineaux, Conrad W.

    2014-01-01

    Cyanobacteria possess multiple mechanisms for regulating the pathways of photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport. Electron transport may be regulated indirectly by controlling the transfer of excitation energy from the light-harvesting complexes, or it may be more directly regulated by controlling the stoichiometry, localization, and interactions of photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport complexes. Regulation of the extent of linear vs. cyclic electron transport is particularly important for controlling the redox balance of the cell. This review discusses what is known of the regulatory mechanisms and the timescales on which they occur, with particular regard to the structural reorganization needed and the constraints imposed by the limited mobility of membrane-integral proteins in the crowded thylakoid membrane. Switching mechanisms requiring substantial movement of integral thylakoid membrane proteins occur on slower timescales than those that require the movement only of cytoplasmic or extrinsic membrane proteins. This difference is probably due to the restricted diffusion of membrane-integral proteins. Multiple switching mechanisms may be needed to regulate electron transport on different timescales. PMID:24478787

  18. Reverse electron transport effects on NADH formation and metmyoglobin reduction.

    PubMed

    Belskie, K M; Van Buiten, C B; Ramanathan, R; Mancini, R A

    2015-07-01

    The objective was to determine if NADH generated via reverse electron flow in beef mitochondria can be used for electron transport-mediated reduction and metmyoglobin reductase pathways. Beef mitochondria were isolated from bovine hearts (n=5) and reacted with combinations of succinate, NAD, and mitochondrial inhibitors to measure oxygen consumption and NADH formation. Mitochondria and metmyoglobin were reacted with succinate, NAD, and mitochondrial inhibitors to measure electron transport-mediated metmyoglobin reduction and metmyoglobin reductase activity. Addition of succinate and NAD increased oxygen consumption, NADH formation, electron transport-mediated metmyoglobin reduction, and reductase activity (p<0.05). Addition of antimycin A prevented electron flow beyond complex III, therefore, decreasing oxygen consumption and electron transport-mediated metmyoglobin reduction. Addition of rotenone prevented reverse electron flow, increased oxygen consumption, increased electron transport-mediated metmyoglobin reduction, and decreased NADH formation. Succinate and NAD can generate NADH in bovine tissue postmortem via reverse electron flow and this NADH can be used by both electron transport-mediated and metmyoglobin reductase pathways. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. The origin of absorptive features in the two-dimensional electronic spectra of rhodopsin.

    PubMed

    Farag, Marwa H; Jansen, Thomas L C; Knoester, Jasper

    2018-05-09

    In rhodopsin, the absorption of a photon causes the isomerization of the 11-cis isomer of the retinal chromophore to its all-trans isomer. This isomerization is known to occur through a conical intersection (CI) and the internal conversion through the CI is known to be vibrationally coherent. Recently measured two-dimensional electronic spectra (2DES) showed dramatic absorptive spectral features at early waiting times associated with the transition through the CI. The common two-state two-mode model Hamiltonian was unable to elucidate the origin of these features. To rationalize the source of these features, we employ a three-state three-mode model Hamiltonian where the hydrogen out-of plane (HOOP) mode and a higher-lying electronic state are included. The 2DES of the retinal chromophore in rhodopsin are calculated and compared with the experiment. Our analysis shows that the source of the observed features in the measured 2DES is the excited state absorption to a higher-lying electronic state and not the HOOP mode.

  20. Energy-filtered cold electron transport at room temperature.

    PubMed

    Bhadrachalam, Pradeep; Subramanian, Ramkumar; Ray, Vishva; Ma, Liang-Chieh; Wang, Weichao; Kim, Jiyoung; Cho, Kyeongjae; Koh, Seong Jin

    2014-09-10

    Fermi-Dirac electron thermal excitation is an intrinsic phenomenon that limits functionality of various electron systems. Efforts to manipulate electron thermal excitation have been successful when the entire system is cooled to cryogenic temperatures, typically <1 K. Here we show that electron thermal excitation can be effectively suppressed at room temperature, and energy-suppressed electrons, whose energy distribution corresponds to an effective electron temperature of ~45 K, can be transported throughout device components without external cooling. This is accomplished using a discrete level of a quantum well, which filters out thermally excited electrons and permits only energy-suppressed electrons to participate in electron transport. The quantum well (~2 nm of Cr2O3) is formed between source (Cr) and tunnelling barrier (SiO2) in a double-barrier-tunnelling-junction structure having a quantum dot as the central island. Cold electron transport is detected from extremely narrow differential conductance peaks in electron tunnelling through CdSe quantum dots, with full widths at half maximum of only ~15 mV at room temperature.

  1. Energy-filtered cold electron transport at room temperature

    PubMed Central

    Bhadrachalam, Pradeep; Subramanian, Ramkumar; Ray, Vishva; Ma, Liang-Chieh; Wang, Weichao; Kim, Jiyoung; Cho, Kyeongjae; Koh, Seong Jin

    2014-01-01

    Fermi-Dirac electron thermal excitation is an intrinsic phenomenon that limits functionality of various electron systems. Efforts to manipulate electron thermal excitation have been successful when the entire system is cooled to cryogenic temperatures, typically <1 K. Here we show that electron thermal excitation can be effectively suppressed at room temperature, and energy-suppressed electrons, whose energy distribution corresponds to an effective electron temperature of ~45 K, can be transported throughout device components without external cooling. This is accomplished using a discrete level of a quantum well, which filters out thermally excited electrons and permits only energy-suppressed electrons to participate in electron transport. The quantum well (~2 nm of Cr2O3) is formed between source (Cr) and tunnelling barrier (SiO2) in a double-barrier-tunnelling-junction structure having a quantum dot as the central island. Cold electron transport is detected from extremely narrow differential conductance peaks in electron tunnelling through CdSe quantum dots, with full widths at half maximum of only ~15 mV at room temperature. PMID:25204839

  2. Absorption of infrared radiation by electrons in the field of a neutral hydrogen atom

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Stallcop, J. R.

    1974-01-01

    An analytical expression for the absorption coefficient is developed from a relationship between the cross-section for inverse bremsstrahlung absorption and the cross-section for electron-atom momentum transfer; it is accurate for those photon frequencies v and temperatures such that hv/kT is small. The determination of the absorption of infrared radiation by free-free transitions of the negative hydrogen ion has been extended to higher temperatures. A simple analytical expression for the absorption coefficient has been derived.

  3. Model Comparison for Electron Thermal Transport

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moses, Gregory; Chenhall, Jeffrey; Cao, Duc; Delettrez, Jacques

    2015-11-01

    Four electron thermal transport models are compared for their ability to accurately and efficiently model non-local behavior in ICF simulations. Goncharov's transport model has accurately predicted shock timing in implosion simulations but is computationally slow and limited to 1D. The iSNB (implicit Schurtz Nicolai Busquet electron thermal transport method of Cao et al. uses multigroup diffusion to speed up the calculation. Chenhall has expanded upon the iSNB diffusion model to a higher order simplified P3 approximation and a Monte Carlo transport model, to bridge the gap between the iSNB and Goncharov models while maintaining computational efficiency. Comparisons of the above models for several test problems will be presented. This work was supported by Sandia National Laboratory - Albuquerque and the University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics.

  4. Theoretical calculations on the electron absorption spectra of selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and derivatives

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Du, Ping

    1993-01-01

    As a theoretical component of the joint effort with the laboratory of Dr. Lou Allamandola to search for potential candidates for interstellar organic carbon compound that are responsible for the visible diffuse interstellar absorption bands (DIB's), quantum mechanical calculations were performed on the electron absorption spectra of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and derivatives. In the completed project, 15 different species of naphthalene, its hydrogen abstraction and addition derivatives, and corresponding cations and anions were studied. Using semiempirical quantum mechanical method INDO/S, the ground electronic state of each species was evaluated with restricted Hartree-Fock scheme and limited configuration interaction. The lowest energy spin state for each species was used for electron absorption calculations. Results indicate that these calculations are accurate enough to reproduce the spectra of naphthalene cation and anion observed in neon matrix. The spectral pattern of the hydrogen abstraction and addition derivatives predicted based on these results indicate that the electron configuration of the pi orbitals of these species is the dominant determinant. A combined list of 19 absorptions calculated from 4500 A to 10,400 A were compiled and suggested as potential candidates that are relevant for the DIB's absorptions. Continued studies on pyrene and derivatives revealed the ground state symmetries and multiplicities of its neutral, anionic, and cationic species. Spectral calculations show that the cation (B(sub 3g)-2) and the anion (A(sub u)-2) are more likely to have low energy absorptions in the regions between 10 kK and 20 kK, similar to naphthalene. These absorptions, together with those to be determined from the hydrogen abstraction and addition derivatives of pyrene, can be used to provide additional candidates and suggest experimental work in the search for interstellar compounds that are responsible for DIB's.

  5. Calculation of Vibrational and Electronic Excited-State Absorption Spectra of Arsenic-Water Complexes Using Density Functional Theory

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-06-03

    Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375-5320 NRL/MR/6390--16-9681 Calculation of Vibrational and Electronic Excited-State Absorption Spectra...NUMBER OF PAGES 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT Calculation of Vibrational and Electronic Excited-State Absorption Spectra of Arsenic-Water Complexes Using...Unclassified Unlimited Unclassified Unlimited 59 Samuel G. Lambrakos (202) 767-2601 Calculations are presented of vibrational and electronic excited-state

  6. Electronic transport in smectic liquid crystals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shiyanovskaya, I.; Singer, K. D.; Twieg, R. J.; Sukhomlinova, L.; Gettwert, V.

    2002-04-01

    Time-of-flight measurements of transient photoconductivity have revealed bipolar electronic transport in phenylnaphthalene and biphenyl liquid crystals (LC), which exhibit several smectic mesophases. In the phenylnaphthalene LC, the hole mobility is significantly higher than the electron mobility and exhibits different temperature and phase behavior. Electron mobility in the range ~10-5 cm2/V s is temperature activated and remains continuous at the phase transitions. However, hole mobility is nearly temperature independent within the smectic phases, but is very sensitive to smectic order, 10-3 cm2/V s in the smectic-B (Sm-B) and 10-4 cm2/V s in the smectic-A (Sm-A) mesophases. The different behavior for holes and electron transport is due to differing transport mechanisms. The electron mobility is apparently controlled by rate-limiting multiple shallow trapping by impurities, but hole mobility is not. To explain the lack of temperature dependence for hole mobility within the smectic phases we consider two possible polaron transport mechanisms. The first mechanism is based on the hopping of Holstein small polarons in the nonadiabatic limit. The polaron binding energy and transfer integral values, obtained from the model fit, turned out to be sensitive to the molecular order in smectic mesophases. A second possible scenario for temperature-independent hole mobility involves the competion between two different polaron mechanisms involving so-called nearly small molecular polarons and small lattice polarons. Although the extracted transfer integrals and binding energies are reasonable and consistent with the model assumptions, the limited temperature range of the various phases makes it difficult to distinguish between any of the models. In the biphenyl LCs both electron and hole mobilities exhibit temperature activated behavior in the range of 10-5 cm2/V s without sensitivity to the molecular order. The dominating transport mechanism is considered as multiple trapping

  7. Phonon limited electronic transport in Pb

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rittweger, F.; Hinsche, N. F.; Mertig, I.

    2017-09-01

    We present a fully ab initio based scheme to compute electronic transport properties, i.e. the electrical conductivity σ and thermopower S, in the presence of electron-phonon interaction. We explicitly investigate the \

  8. Collisionless absorption, hot electron generation, and energy scaling in intense laser-target interaction

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Liseykina, T., E-mail: tatyana.tiseykina@uni-rostock.de; Institute of Computational Technologies SD RAS, Acad. Lavrentjev Ave. 6, 630090 Novosibirsk; Mulser, P.

    2015-03-15

    Among the various attempts to understand collisionless absorption of intense and superintense ultrashort laser pulses, a whole variety of models and hypotheses has been invented to describe the laser beam target interaction. In terms of basic physics, collisionless absorption is understood now as the interplay of the oscillating laser field with the space charge field produced by it in the plasma. A first approach to this idea is realized in Brunel's model the essence of which consists in the formation of an oscillating charge cloud in the vacuum in front of the target, therefore frequently addressed by the vague termmore » “vacuum heating.” The investigation of statistical ensembles of orbits shows that the absorption process is localized at the ion-vacuum interface and in the skin layer: Single electrons enter into resonance with the laser field thereby undergoing a phase shift which causes orbit crossing and braking of Brunel's laminar flow. This anharmonic resonance acts like an attractor for the electrons and leads to the formation of a Maxwellian tail in the electron energy spectrum. Most remarkable results of our investigations are the Brunel like spectral hot electron distribution at the relativistic threshold, the minimum of absorption at Iλ{sup 2}≅(0.3−1.2)×10{sup 21} Wcm{sup −2}μm{sup 2} in the plasma target with the electron density of n{sub e}λ{sup 2}∼10{sup 23}cm{sup −3}μm{sup 2}, the drastic reduction of the number of hot electrons in this domain and their reappearance in the highly relativistic domain, and strong coupling, beyond expectation, of the fast electron jets with the return current through Cherenkov emission of plasmons. The hot electron energy scaling shows a strong dependence on intensity in the moderately relativistic domain Iλ{sup 2}≅(10{sup 18}−10{sup 20}) Wcm{sup −2}μm{sup 2}, a scaling in vague accordance with current published estimates in the range Iλ{sup 2}≅(0.14−3.5)×10{sup 21} Wcm{sup

  9. Imaging Plasmon Hybridization of Fano Resonances via Hot-Electron-Mediated Absorption Mapping.

    PubMed

    Simoncelli, Sabrina; Li, Yi; Cortés, Emiliano; Maier, Stefan A

    2018-06-13

    The inhibition of radiative losses in dark plasmon modes allows storing electromagnetic energy more efficiently than in far-field excitable bright-plasmon modes. As such, processes benefiting from the enhanced absorption of light in plasmonic materials could also take profit of dark plasmon modes to boost and control nanoscale energy collection, storage, and transfer. We experimentally probe this process by imaging with nanoscale precision the hot-electron driven desorption of thiolated molecules from the surface of gold Fano nanostructures, investigating the effect of wavelength and polarization of the incident light. Spatially resolved absorption maps allow us to show the contribution of each element of the nanoantenna in the hot-electron driven process and their interplay in exciting a dark plasmon mode. Plasmon-mode engineering allows control of nanoscale reactivity and offers a route to further enhance and manipulate hot-electron driven chemical reactions and energy-conversion and transfer at the nanoscale.

  10. Net Intestinal Transport of Oxalate Reflects Passive Absorption and SLC26A6-mediated Secretion

    PubMed Central

    Knauf, Felix; Ko, Narae; Jiang, Zhirong; Robertson, William G.; Van Itallie, Christina M.; Anderson, James M.

    2011-01-01

    Mice lacking the oxalate transporter SLC26A6 develop hyperoxalemia, hyperoxaluria, and calcium-oxalate stones as a result of a defect in intestinal oxalate secretion, but what accounts for the absorptive oxalate flux remains unknown. We measured transepithelial absorption of [14C]oxalate simultaneously with the flux of [3H]mannitol, a marker of the paracellular pathway, across intestine from wild-type and Slc26a6-null mice. We used the anion transport inhibitor DIDS to investigate other members of the SLC26 family that may mediate transcellular oxalate absorption. Absorptive flux of oxalate in duodenum was similar to mannitol, insensitive to DIDS, and nonsaturable, indicating that it is predominantly passive and paracellular. In contrast, in wild-type mice, secretory flux of oxalate in duodenum exceeded that of mannitol, was sensitive to DIDS, and saturable, indicating transcellular secretion of oxalate. In Slc26a6-null mice, secretory flux of oxalate was similar to mannitol, and no net flux of oxalate occurred. Absorptive fluxes of both oxalate and mannitol varied in parallel in different segments of small and large intestine. In epithelial cell lines, modulation of the charge selectivity of the claudin-based pore pathway did not affect oxalate permeability, but knockdown of the tight-junction protein ZO-1 enhanced permeability to oxalate and mannitol in parallel. Moreover, formation of soluble complexes with cations did not affect oxalate absorption. In conclusion, absorptive oxalate flux occurs through the paracellular “leak” pathway, and net absorption of dietary oxalate depends on the relative balance between absorption and SLC26A6-dependent transcellular secretion. PMID:22021714

  11. Electronic transport in VO 2 —Experimentally calibrated Boltzmann transport modeling

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kinaci, Alper; Kado, Motohisa; Rosenmann, Daniel

    2015-12-28

    Materials that undergo metal-insulator transitions (MITs) are under intense study because the transition is scientifically fascinating and technologically promising for various applications. Among these materials, VO2 has served as a prototype due to its favorable transition temperature. While the physical underpinnings of the transition have been heavily investigated experimentally and computationally, quantitative modeling of electronic transport in the two phases has yet to be undertaken. In this work, we establish a density-functional-theory (DFT)-based approach to model electronic transport properties in VO2 in the semiconducting and metallic regimes, focusing on band transport using the Boltzmann transport equations. We synthesized high qualitymore » VO2 films and measured the transport quantities across the transition, in order to calibrate the free parameters in the model. We find that the experimental calibration of the Hubbard correction term can efficiently and adequately model the metallic and semiconducting phases, allowing for further computational design of MIT materials for desirable transport properties.« less

  12. Intestinal absorption of the acetamiprid neonicotinoid by Caco-2 cells: transepithelial transport, cellular uptake and efflux.

    PubMed

    Brunet, Jean-Luc; Maresca, Marc; Fantini, Jacques; Belzunces, Luc P

    2008-01-01

    The human intestinal absorption of acetamiprid (AAP) using the Caco-2 cell line reveals that AAP flux was active in a bidirectional mode with an apparent permeability coefficient of 26 x 10(-6) cm x s(-1) at 37 degrees C. Apical uptake was concentration-dependent and unsaturated for AAP concentrations up to 200 micro M. AAP cell preloading demonstrated the involvement of active transport mechanisms. Arrhenius plot analysis revealed an unusual profile with two apparent activation energies suggesting two transport processes. Uptake Vi studies indicated the involvement of a sodium-dependent transporter, the presence of a common transporter of AAP and nicotine and the involvement of Ti-sensitive ATP-dependent efflux transporters. Apical efflux investigations showed the involvement of inward active transporter(s). Whereas vincristine had no effect on intracellular accumulation, taxol and daunorubicin treatments unexpectedly led to 10% and 23% reductions respectively, suggesting that the latter shared a common inward transporter with AAP. All these results suggest full and express AAP absorption in vivo with transport involving both inward and outward, passive and active mechanisms. Thus, AAP or its metabolites could be representative of a risk for human health after its ingestion in food.

  13. Dissipationless transport of spin-polarized electrons and Cooper pairs in an electron waveguide

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Levy, J.; Annadi, A.; Lu, S.; Cheng, G.; Tylan-Tyler, A.; Briggeman, M.; Tomczyk, M.; Huang, M.; Pekker, D.; Irvin, P.; Lee, H.; Lee, J.-W.; Eom, C.-B.

    Electron systems undergo profound changes in their behavior when constrained to move along a single axis. To date, clean one-dimensional (1D) electron transport has only been observed in carbon-based nanotubes and nanoribbons, and compound semiconductor nanowires. Complex-oxide heterostructures can possess conductive two-dimensional (2D) interfaces with much richer chemistries and properties, e.g., superconductivity, but with mobilities that appear to preclude ballistic transport in 1D. Here we show that nearly ideal 1D electron waveguides exhibiting ballistic transport of electrons and non-superconducting Cooper pairs can be formed at the interface between the two band insulators LaAlO3 and SrTiO3. The electron waveguides possess gate and magnetic-field selectable spin and charge degrees of freedom, and can be tuned to the one-dimensional limit of a single spin-polarized quantum channel. The strong attractive electron-electron interactions enable a new mode of dissipationless transport of electron pairs that is not superconducting. The selectable spin and subband quantum numbers of these electron waveguides may be useful for quantum simulation, quantum informatio We gratefully acknowledge financial support from ONR N00014-15-1-2847 (JL), AFOSR (FA9550-15-1-0334 (CBE) and FA9550-12-1-0057 (JL, CBE)), AOARD FA2386-15-1-4046 (CBE) and NSF (DMR-1104191 (JL), DMR-1124131 (CBE, JL) and DMR-1234096 (CBE)).

  14. Recent progress in understanding electron thermal transport in NSTX

    DOE PAGES

    Ren, Y.; Belova, E.; Gorelenkov, N.; ...

    2017-03-10

    The anomalous level of electron thermal transport inferred in magnetically confined configurations is one of the most challenging problems for the ultimate realization of fusion power using toroidal devices: tokamaks, spherical tori and stellarators. It is generally believed that plasma instabilities driven by the abundant free energy in fusion plasmas are responsible for the electron thermal transport. The National Spherical Torus eXperiment (NSTX) (Ono et al 2000 Nucl. Fusion 40 557) provides a unique laboratory for studying plasma instabilities and their relation to electron thermal transport due to its low toroidal field, high plasma beta, low aspect ratio and largemore » ExB flow shear. Recent findings on NSTX have shown that multiple instabilities are required to explain observed electron thermal transport, given the wide range of equilibrium parameters due to different operational scenarios and radial regions in fusion plasmas. Here we review the recent progresses in understanding anomalous electron thermal transport in NSTX and focus on mechanisms that could drive electron thermal transport in the core region. The synergy between experiment and theoretical/ numerical modeling is essential to achieving these progresses. The plans for newly commissioned NSTX-Upgrade will also be discussed.« less

  15. Calculations of Electron Transport through Radicals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Smeu, Manuel; Dilabio, Gino

    2010-03-01

    Organic radicals are of interest in molecular electronics because a singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) would have a higher energy than its doubly occupied analog, suggesting they might make better conductors. The unpaired electron present in a radical leads to degeneracy splitting in other energy levels and such molecules may act as spin filters. Our study employs first principles transport calculations that are performed using a combination of density functional theory and a non-equilibrium Green's function technique. The conductance of 1,4-benzenediamine (BDA) molecules bridging two Au electrodes was modeled. These molecules were substituted in the 2-position with: -CH3, -NH2, and -OH; as well as with their radical analogs: -CH2, -NH, and -O, all of which have π-type SOMOs. The conductance of a radical with a σ-type SOMO was also calculated from a BDA molecule with the H atom in the 2-position removed. Comparing the transmission spectra for these species will yield insight into the nature of electron transport through radicals vs. transport through their reduced form as well as the nature of transport through π- and σ-type molecular orbitals.

  16. Functional studies of Drosophila zinc transporters reveal the mechanism for dietary zinc absorption and regulation

    PubMed Central

    2013-01-01

    Background Zinc is key to the function of many proteins, but the process of dietary zinc absorption is not well clarified. Current knowledge about dietary zinc absorption is fragmented, and mostly derives from incomplete mammalian studies. To gain a comprehensive picture of this process, we systematically characterized all zinc transporters (that is, the Zip and ZnT family members) for their possible roles in dietary zinc absorption in a genetically amenable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. Results A set of plasma membrane-resident zinc transporters was identified to be responsible for absorbing zinc from the lumen into the enterocyte and the subsequent exit of zinc to the circulation. dZip1 and dZip2, two functionally overlapping zinc importers, are responsible for absorbing zinc from the lumen into the enterocyte. Exit of zinc to the circulation is mediated through another two functionally overlapping zinc exporters, dZnT1, and its homolog CG5130 (dZnT77C). Somewhat surprisingly, it appears that the array of intracellular ZnT proteins, including the Golgi-resident dZnT7, is not directly involved in dietary zinc absorption. By modulating zinc status in different parts of the body, we found that regulation of dietary zinc absorption, in contrast to that of iron, is unresponsive to bodily needs or zinc status outside the gut. The zinc transporters that are involved in dietary zinc absorption, including the importers dZip1 and dZip2, and the exporter dZnT1, are respectively regulated at the RNA and protein levels by zinc in the enterocyte. Conclusions Our study using the model organism Drosophila thus starts to reveal a comprehensive sketch of dietary zinc absorption and its regulatory control, a process that is still incompletely understood in mammalian organisms. The knowledge gained will act as a reference for future mammalian studies, and also enable an appreciation of this important process from an evolutionary perspective. PMID:24063361

  17. 2nd-order optical model of the isotopic dependence of heavy ion absorption cross sections for radiation transport studies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cucinotta, Francis A.; Yan, Congchong; Saganti, Premkumar B.

    2018-01-01

    Heavy ion absorption cross sections play an important role in radiation transport codes used in risk assessment and for shielding studies of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) exposures. Due to the GCR primary nuclei composition and nuclear fragmentation leading to secondary nuclei heavy ions of charge number, Z with 3 ≤ Z ≥ 28 and mass numbers, A with 6 ≤ A ≥ 60 representing about 190 isotopes occur in GCR transport calculations. In this report we describe methods for developing a data-base of isotopic dependent heavy ion absorption cross sections for interactions. Calculations of a 2nd-order optical model solution to coupled-channel solutions to the Eikonal form of the nucleus-nucleus scattering amplitude are compared to 1st-order optical model solutions. The 2nd-order model takes into account two-body correlations in the projectile and target ground-states, which are ignored in the 1st-order optical model. Parameter free predictions are described using one-body and two-body ground state form factors for the isotopes considered and the free nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitude. Root mean square (RMS) matter radii for protons and neutrons are taken from electron and muon scattering data and nuclear structure models. We report on extensive comparisons to experimental data for energy-dependent absorption cross sections for over 100 isotopes of elements from Li to Fe interacting with carbon and aluminum targets. Agreement between model and experiments are generally within 10% for the 1st-order optical model and improved to less than 5% in the 2nd-order optical model in the majority of comparisons. Overall the 2nd-order optical model leads to a reduction in absorption compared to the 1st-order optical model for heavy ion interactions, which influences estimates of nuclear matter radii.

  18. NASA three-laser airborne differential absorption lidar system electronics

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Allen, R. J.; Copeland, G. D.

    1984-01-01

    The system control and signal conditioning electronics of the NASA three laser airborne differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system are described. The multipurpose DIAL system was developed for the remote measurement of gas and aerosol profiles in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. A brief description and photographs of the majority of electronics units developed under this contract are presented. The precision control system; which includes a master control unit, three combined NASA laser control interface/quantel control units, and three noise pulse discriminator/pockels cell pulser units; is described in detail. The need and design considerations for precision timing and control are discussed. Calibration procedures are included.

  19. Backscattering and absorption coefficients for electrons: Solutions of invariant embedding transport equations using a method of convergence

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Figueroa, C.; Brizuela, H.; Heluani, S. P.

    2014-05-21

    The backscattering coefficient is a magnitude whose measurement is fundamental for the characterization of materials with techniques that make use of particle beams and particularly when performing microanalysis. In this work, we report the results of an analytic method to calculate the backscattering and absorption coefficients of electrons in similar conditions to those of electron probe microanalysis. Starting on a five level states ladder model in 3D, we deduced a set of integro-differential coupled equations of the coefficients with a method know as invariant embedding. By means of a procedure proposed by authors, called method of convergence, two types ofmore » approximate solutions for the set of equations, namely complete and simple solutions, can be obtained. Although the simple solutions were initially proposed as auxiliary forms to solve higher rank equations, they turned out to be also useful for the estimation of the aforementioned coefficients. In previous reports, we have presented results obtained with the complete solutions. In this paper, we present results obtained with the simple solutions of the coefficients, which exhibit a good degree of fit with the experimental data. Both the model and the calculation method presented here can be generalized to other techniques that make use of different sorts of particle beams.« less

  20. Electron transport in single molecules: from benzene to graphene.

    PubMed

    Chen, F; Tao, N J

    2009-03-17

    Electron movement within and between molecules--that is, electron transfer--is important in many chemical, electrochemical, and biological processes. Recent advances, particularly in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning-tunneling microscopy (STM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), permit the study of electron movement within single molecules. In this Account, we describe electron transport at the single-molecule level. We begin by examining the distinction between electron transport (from semiconductor physics) and electron transfer (a more general term referring to electron movement between donor and acceptor). The relation between these phenomena allows us to apply our understanding of single-molecule electron transport between electrodes to a broad range of other electron transfer processes. Electron transport is most efficient when the electron transmission probability via a molecule reaches 100%; the corresponding conductance is then 2e(2)/h (e is the charge of the electron and h is the Planck constant). This ideal conduction has been observed in a single metal atom and a string of metal atoms connected between two electrodes. However, the conductance of a molecule connected to two electrodes is often orders of magnitude less than the ideal and strongly depends on both the intrinsic properties of the molecule and its local environment. Molecular length, means of coupling to the electrodes, the presence of conjugated double bonds, and the inclusion of possible redox centers (for example, ferrocene) within the molecular wire have a pronounced effect on the conductance. This complex behavior is responsible for diverse chemical and biological phenomena and is potentially useful for device applications. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) afford unique insight into electron transport in single molecules. The simplest one, benzene, has a conductance much less than 2e(2)/h due to its large LUMO-HOMO gap. At the other end of the spectrum, graphene

  1. Electronic and transport properties of Li-doped NiO epitaxial thin films

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zhang, J. Y.; Li, W. W.; Hoye, R. L. Z.

    NiO is a p-type wide bandgap semiconductor of use in various electronic devices ranging from solar cells to transparent transistors. Understanding and improving its optical and transport properties have been of considerable interest. In this work, we have investigated the effect of Li doping on the electronic, optical and transport properties of NiO epitaxial thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. We show that Li doping significantly increases the p-type conductivity of NiO, but all the films have relatively low room-temperature mobilities (<0.05 cm2 V -1s -1). The conduction mechanism is better described by small-polaron hoping model in the temperaturemore » range of 200 K < T <330 K, and variable range hopping at T <200 K. A combination of x-ray photoemission and O K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopic investigations reveal that the Fermi level gradually shifts toward the valence band maximum (VBM) and a new hole state develops with Li doping. Both the VBM and hole states are composed of primarily Zhang-Rice bound states, which accounts for the small polaron character (low mobility) of hole conduction. Our work provides guidelines for the search for p-type oxide materials and device optimization.NiO is a p-type wide bandgap semiconductor of use in various electronic devices ranging from solar cells to transparent transistors. This work reports the controlling of conductivity and increase of work functions by Li doping.« less

  2. Three-dimensional architecture hybrid perovskite solar cells using CdS nanorod arrays as an electron transport layer

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Song, Zihang; Tong, Guoqing; Li, Huan; Li, Guopeng; Ma, Shuai; Yu, Shimeng; Liu, Qian; Jiang, Yang

    2018-01-01

    Three-dimensional (3D) architecture perovskite solar cells (PSCs) using CdS nanorod (NR) arrays as an electron transport layer were designed and prepared layer-by-layer via a physical-chemical vapor deposition (P-CVD) process. The CdS NRs not only provided a scaffold to the perovskite film, but also increased the interfacial contact between the perovskite film and electron transport layer. As an optimized result, a high power conversion efficiency of 12.46% with a short-circuit current density of 19.88 mA cm-2, an open-circuit voltage of 1.01 V and a fill factor of 62.06% was obtained after 12 h growth of CdS NRs. It was four times the efficiency of contrast planar structure with a similar thickness. The P-CVD method assisted in achieving flat and voidless CH3NH3PbI3-x Cl x perovskite film and binding the CdS NRs and perovskite film together. The different density of CdS NRs had obvious effects on light transmittance of 350-550 nm, the interfacial area and the difficulty of combining layers. Moreover, the efficient 1D transport paths for electrons and multiple absorption of light, which are generated in 3D architecture, were beneficial to realize a decent power conversion efficiency.

  3. Computer modeling of electron and proton transport in chloroplasts.

    PubMed

    Tikhonov, Alexander N; Vershubskii, Alexey V

    2014-07-01

    Photosynthesis is one of the most important biological processes in biosphere, which provides production of organic substances from atmospheric CO2 and water at expense of solar energy. In this review, we contemplate computer models of oxygenic photosynthesis in the context of feedback regulation of photosynthetic electron transport in chloroplasts, the energy-transducing organelles of the plant cell. We start with a brief overview of electron and proton transport processes in chloroplasts coupled to ATP synthesis and consider basic regulatory mechanisms of oxygenic photosynthesis. General approaches to computer simulation of photosynthetic processes are considered, including the random walk models of plastoquinone diffusion in thylakoid membranes and deterministic approach to modeling electron transport in chloroplasts based on the mass action law. Then we focus on a kinetic model of oxygenic photosynthesis that includes key stages of the linear electron transport, alternative pathways of electron transfer around photosystem I (PSI), transmembrane proton transport and ATP synthesis in chloroplasts. This model includes different regulatory processes: pH-dependent control of the intersystem electron transport, down-regulation of photosystem II (PSII) activity (non-photochemical quenching), the light-induced activation of the Bassham-Benson-Calvin (BBC) cycle. The model correctly describes pH-dependent feedback control of electron transport in chloroplasts and adequately reproduces a variety of experimental data on induction events observed under different experimental conditions in intact chloroplasts (variations of CO2 and O2 concentrations in atmosphere), including a complex kinetics of P700 (primary electron donor in PSI) photooxidation, CO2 consumption in the BBC cycle, and photorespiration. Finally, we describe diffusion-controlled photosynthetic processes in chloroplasts within the framework of the model that takes into account complex architecture of

  4. Electron transport chains in organohalide-respiring bacteria and bioremediation implications.

    PubMed

    Wang, Shanquan; Qiu, Lan; Liu, Xiaowei; Xu, Guofang; Siegert, Michael; Lu, Qihong; Juneau, Philippe; Yu, Ling; Liang, Dawei; He, Zhili; Qiu, Rongliang

    In situ remediation employing organohalide-respiring bacteria represents a promising solution for cleanup of persistent organohalide pollutants. The organohalide-respiring bacteria conserve energy by utilizing H 2 or organic compounds as electron donors and organohalides as electron acceptors. Reductive dehalogenase (RDase), a terminal reductase of the electron transport chain in organohalide-respiring bacteria, is the key enzyme that catalyzes halogen removal. Accumulating experimental evidence thus far suggests that there are distinct models for respiratory electron transfer in organohalide-respirers of different lineages, e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, Desulfitobacterium and Sulfurospirillum. In this review, to connect the knowledge in organohalide-respiratory electron transport chains to bioremediation applications, we first comprehensively review molecular components and their organization, together with energetics of the organohalide-respiratory electron transport chains, as well as recent elucidation of intramolecular electron shuttling and halogen elimination mechanisms of RDases. We then highlight the implications of organohalide-respiratory electron transport chains in stimulated bioremediation. In addition, major challenges and further developments toward understanding the organohalide-respiratory electron transport chains and their bioremediation applications are identified and discussed. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  5. Computational study of hot electron generation and energy transport in intense laser produced hot dense matter

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mishra, Rohini

    Present ultra high power lasers are capable of producing high energy density (HED) plasmas, in controlled way, with a density greater than solid density and at a high temperature of keV (1 keV ˜ 11,000,000° K). Matter in such extreme states is particularly interesting for (HED) physics such as laboratory studies of planetary and stellar astrophysics, laser fusion research, pulsed neutron source etc. To date however, the physics in HED plasma, especially, the energy transport, which is crucial to realize applications, has not been understood well. Intense laser produced plasmas are complex systems involving two widely distinct temperature distributions and are difficult to model by a single approach. Both kinetic and collisional process are equally important to understand an entire process of laser-solid interaction. By implementing atomic physics models, such as collision, ionization, and radiation damping, self consistently, in state-of-the-art particle-in-cell code (PICLS) has enabled to explore the physics involved in the HED plasmas. Laser absorption, hot electron transport, and isochoric heating physics in laser produced hot dense plasmas are studied with a help of PICLS simulations. In particular, a novel mode of electron acceleration, namely DC-ponderomotive acceleration, is identified in the super intense laser regime which plays an important role in the coupling of laser energy to a dense plasma. Geometric effects on hot electron transport and target heating processes are examined in the reduced mass target experiments. Further, pertinent to fast ignition, laser accelerated fast electron divergence and transport in the experiments using warm dense matter (low temperature plasma) is characterized and explained.

  6. Electronic transport in gadolinium atomic-size contacts

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Olivera, B.; Salgado, C.; Lado, J. L.; Karimi, A.; Henkel, V.; Scheer, E.; Fernández-Rossier, J.; Palacios, J. J.; Untiedt, C.

    2017-02-01

    We report on the fabrication, transport measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of atomic-size contacts made of gadolinium (Gd). Gd is known to have local moments mainly associated with f electrons. These coexist with itinerant s and d bands that account for its metallic character. Here we explore whether and how the local moments influence electronic transport properties at the atomic scale. Using both scanning tunneling microscope and lithographic mechanically controllable break junction techniques under cryogenic conditions, we study the conductance of Gd when only few atoms form the junction between bulk electrodes made of the very same material. Thousands of measurements show that Gd has an average lowest conductance, attributed to single-atom contact, below 2/e2 h . Our DFT calculations for monostrand chains anticipate that the f bands are fully spin polarized and insulating and that the conduction may be dominated by s , p , and d bands. We also analyze the electronic transport for model nanocontacts using the nonequilibrium Green's function formalism in combination with DFT. We obtain an overall good agreement with the experimental results for zero bias and show that the contribution to the electronic transport from the f channels is negligible and that from the d channels is marginal.

  7. Highly Sensitive Determination of the Polaron-Induced Optical Absorption of Organic Charge-Transport Materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rabe, T.; Görrn, P.; Lehnhardt, M.; Tilgner, M.; Riedl, T.; Kowalsky, W.

    2009-04-01

    We examine polaron-induced absorption in organic transport materials using a highly sensitive measurement technique. A hole only device is embedded into a low-loss TE2 waveguide structure, and the current induced change of the waveguide absorption is measured. The exemplary study of 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-diphenylamine)-9,9'-spiro-bifluorene (S-TAD) reveals a very low polaron absorption cross section of σp≤2.6×10-18cm2 for 560 nm ≤λ≤660nm. The accuracy of this data is unsurpassed by other techniques used for the unambiguous study of polaronic species in organic thin films.

  8. Nuclear quantum effects in electronically adiabatic quantum time correlation functions: Application to the absorption spectrum of a hydrated electron

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Turi, László; Hantal, György; Rossky, Peter J.; Borgis, Daniel

    2009-07-01

    A general formalism for introducing nuclear quantum effects in the expression of the quantum time correlation function of an operator in a multilevel electronic system is presented in the adiabatic limit. The final formula includes the nuclear quantum time correlation functions of the operator matrix elements, of the energy gap, and their cross terms. These quantities can be inferred and evaluated from their classical analogs obtained by mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulations. The formalism is applied to the absorption spectrum of a hydrated electron, expressed in terms of the time correlation function of the dipole operator in the ground electronic state. We find that both static and dynamic nuclear quantum effects distinctly influence the shape of the absorption spectrum, especially its high energy tail related to transitions to delocalized electron states. Their inclusion does improve significantly the agreement between theory and experiment for both the low and high frequency edges of the spectrum. It does not appear sufficient, however, to resolve persistent deviations in the slow Lorentzian-like decay part of the spectrum in the intermediate 2-3 eV region.

  9. Black Box Real-Time Transient Absorption Spectroscopy and Electron Correlation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Parkhill, John

    2017-06-01

    We introduce an atomistic, all-electron, black-box electronic structure code to simulate transient absorption (TA) spectra and apply it to simulate pyrazole and a GFP- chromophore derivative1. The method is an application of OSCF2, our dissipative exten- sion of time-dependent density-functional theory. We compare our simulated spectra directly with recent ultra-fast spectroscopic experiments. We identify features in the TA spectra to Pauli-blocking which may be missed without a first-principles model. An important ingredient in this method is the stationary-TDDFT correction scheme recently put forwards by Fischer, Govind, and Cramer which allows us to overcome a limitation of adiabatic TDDFT. We demonstrate that OSCF2 is able to reproduce the energies of bleaches and induced absorptions, as well as the decay of the transient spectrum, with only the molecular structure as input. We show that the treatment of electron correlation is the biggest hurdle for TA simulations, which motivates the second half of the talk a new method for realtime electron correlation. We continue to derive and propagate self-consistent electronic dynamics. Extending our derivation of OSCF2 to include electron correlation we obtain a non-linear correlated one-body equation of motion which corrects TDHF. Similar equations are known in quantum kinetic theory, but rare in electronic structure. We introduce approximations that stabilize the theory and reduce its computational cost. We compare the resulting dynamics with well-known exact and approximate theories showing improvements over TDHF. When propagated EE2 changes occupation numbers like exact theory, an important feature missing from TDHF or TDDFT. We introduce a rotating wave approximation to reduce the scaling of the model to O(N^4), and enable propagation on realistically large systems. The equation-of-motion does not rely on a pure-state model for the electronic state, and could be used to study the relationship between electron

  10. Anaerobic humus and Fe(III) reduction and electron transport pathway by a novel humus-reducing bacterium, Thauera humireducens SgZ-1.

    PubMed

    Ma, Chen; Yu, Zhen; Lu, Qin; Zhuang, Li; Zhou, Shun-Gui

    2015-04-01

    In this study, an anaerobic batch experiment was conducted to investigate the humus- and Fe(III)-reducing ability of a novel humus-reducing bacterium, Thauera humireducens SgZ-1. Inhibition tests were also performed to explore the electron transport pathways with various electron acceptors. The results indicate that in anaerobic conditions, strain SgZ-1 possesses the ability to reduce a humus analog, humic acids, soluble Fe(III), and Fe(III) oxides. Acetate, propionate, lactate, and pyruvate were suitable electron donors for humus and Fe(III) reduction by strain SgZ-1, while fermentable sugars (glucose and sucrose) were not. UV-visible spectra obtained from intact cells of strain SgZ-1 showed absorption peaks at 420, 522, and 553 nm, characteristic of c-type cytochromes (cyt c). Dithionite-reduced cyt c was reoxidized by Fe-EDTA and HFO (hydrous ferric oxide), which suggests that cyt c within intact cells of strain SgZ-1 has the ability to donate electrons to extracellular Fe(III) species. Inhibition tests revealed that dehydrogenases, quinones, and cytochromes b/c (cyt b/c) were involved in reduction of AQS (9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid, humus analog) and oxygen. In contrast, only NADH dehydrogenase was linked to electron transport to HFO, while dehydrogenases and cyt b/c were found to participate in the reduction of Fe-EDTA. Thus, various different electron transport pathways are employed by strain SgZ-1 for different electron acceptors. The results from this study help in understanding the electron transport processes and environmental responses of the genus Thauera.

  11. Regulation of Photosynthetic Electron Transport and Photoinhibition

    PubMed Central

    Roach, Thomas; Krieger-Liszkay, Anja Krieger

    2014-01-01

    Photosynthetic organisms and isolated photosystems are of interest for technical applications. In nature, photosynthetic electron transport has to work efficiently in contrasting environments such as shade and full sunlight at noon. Photosynthetic electron transport is regulated on many levels, starting with the energy transfer processes in antenna and ending with how reducing power is ultimately partitioned. This review starts by explaining how light energy can be dissipated or distributed by the various mechanisms of non-photochemical quenching, including thermal dissipation and state transitions, and how these processes influence photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII). Furthermore, we will highlight the importance of the various alternative electron transport pathways, including the use of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor and cyclic flow around photosystem I (PSI), the latter which seem particularly relevant to preventing photoinhibition of photosystem I. The control of excitation pressure in combination with the partitioning of reducing power influences the light-dependent formation of reactive oxygen species in PSII and in PSI, which may be a very important consideration to any artificial photosynthetic system or technical device using photosynthetic organisms. PMID:24678670

  12. Ionic-Electronic Ambipolar Transport in Metal Halide Perovskites: Can Electronic Conductivity Limit Ionic Diffusion?

    PubMed

    Kerner, Ross A; Rand, Barry P

    2018-01-04

    Ambipolar transport describes the nonequilibrium, coupled motion of positively and negatively charged particles to ensure that internal electric fields remain small. It is commonly invoked in the semiconductor community where the motion of excess electrons and holes drift and diffuse together. However, the concept of ambipolar transport is not limited to semiconductor physics. Materials scientists working on ion conducting ceramics understand ambipolar transport dictates the coupled diffusion of ions and the rate is limited by the ion with the lowest diffusion coefficient. In this Perspective, we review a third application of ambipolar transport relevant to mixed ionic-electronic conducting materials for which the motion of ions is expected to be coupled to electronic carriers. In this unique situation, the ambipolar diffusion model has been successful at explaining the photoenhanced diffusion of metal ions in chalcogenide glasses and other properties of materials. Recent examples of photoenhanced phenomena in metal halide perovskites are discussed and indicate that mixed ionic-electronic ambipolar transport is similarly important for a deep understanding of these emerging materials.

  13. Computational Studies of Drug Release, Transport and Absorption in the Human Intestines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Behafarid, Farhad; Brasseur, J. G.; Vijayakumar, G.; Jayaraman, B.; Wang, Y.

    2016-11-01

    Following disintegration of a drug tablet, a cloud of particles 10-200 μm in diameter enters the small intestine where drug molecules are absorbed into the blood. Drug release rate depends on particle size, solubility and hydrodynamic enhancements driven by gut motility. To quantify the interrelationships among dissolution, transport and wall permeability, we apply lattice Boltzmann method to simulate the drug concentration field in the 3D gut released from polydisperse distributions of drug particles in the "fasting" vs. "fed" motility states. Generalized boundary conditions allow for both solubility and gut wall permeability to be systematically varied. We apply a local 'quasi-steady state' approximation for drug dissolution using a mathematical model generalized for hydrodynamic enhancements and heterogeneity in drug release rate. We observe fundamental differences resulting from the interplay among release, transport and absorption in relationship to particle size distribution, luminal volume, motility, solubility and permeability. For example, whereas smaller volume encourages higher bulk concentrations and reduced release rate, it also encourages higher absorption rate, making it difficult to generalize predictions. Supported by FDA.

  14. Numerical solution of the electron transport equation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Woods, Mark

    The electron transport equation has been solved many times for a variety of reasons. The main difficulty in its numerical solution is that it is a very stiff boundary value problem. The most common numerical methods for solving boundary value problems are symmetric collocation methods and shooting methods. Both of these types of methods can only be applied to the electron transport equation if the boundary conditions are altered with unrealistic assumptions because they require too many points to be practical. Further, they result in oscillating and negative solutions, which are physically meaningless for the problem at hand. For these reasons, all numerical methods for this problem to date are a bit unusual because they were designed to try and avoid the problem of extreme stiffness. This dissertation shows that there is no need to introduce spurious boundary conditions or invent other numerical methods for the electron transport equation. Rather, there already exists methods for very stiff boundary value problems within the numerical analysis literature. We demonstrate one such method in which the fast and slow modes of the boundary value problem are essentially decoupled. This allows for an upwind finite difference method to be applied to each mode as is appropriate. This greatly reduces the number of points needed in the mesh, and we demonstrate how this eliminates the need to define new boundary conditions. This method is verified by showing that under certain restrictive assumptions, the electron transport equation has an exact solution that can be written as an integral. We show that the solution from the upwind method agrees with the quadrature evaluation of the exact solution. This serves to verify that the upwind method is properly solving the electron transport equation. Further, it is demonstrated that the output of the upwind method can be used to compute auroral light emissions.

  15. Nanoscale On-Silico Electron Transport via Ferritins.

    PubMed

    Bera, Sudipta; Kolay, Jayeeta; Banerjee, Siddhartha; Mukhopadhyay, Rupa

    2017-02-28

    Silicon is a solid-state semiconducting material that has long been recognized as a technologically useful one, especially in electronics industry. However, its application in the next-generation metalloprotein-based electronics approaches has been limited. In this work, the applicability of silicon as a solid support for anchoring the iron-storage protein ferritin, which has a semiconducting iron nanocore, and probing electron transport via the ferritin molecules trapped between silicon substrate and a conductive scanning probe has been investigated. Ferritin protein is an attractive bioelectronic material because its size (X-ray crystallographic diameter ∼12 nm) should allow it to fit well in the larger tunnel gaps (>5 nm), fabrication of which is relatively more established, than the smaller ones. The electron transport events occurring through the ferritin molecules that are covalently anchored onto the MPTMS-modified silicon surface could be detected at the molecular level by current-sensing atomic force spectroscopy (CSAFS). Importantly, the distinct electronic signatures of the metal types (i.e., Fe, Mn, Ni, and Au) within the ferritin nanocore could be distinguished from each other using the transport band gap analyses. The CSAFS measurements on holoferritin, apoferritin, and the metal core reconstituted ferritins reveal that some of these ferritins behave like n-type semiconductors, while the others behave as p-type semiconductors. The band gaps for the different ferritins are found to be within 0.8 to 2.6 eV, a range that is valid for the standard semiconductor technology (e.g., diodes based on p-n junction). The present work indicates effective on-silico integration of the ferritin protein, as it remains functionally viable after silicon binding and its electron transport activities can be detected. Potential use of the ferritin-silicon nanohybrids may therefore be envisaged in applications other than bioelectronics, too, as ferritin is a versatile

  16. Spin-polarized electron transport in hybrid graphene-BN nanoribbons

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gao, Song; Lu, Wei; Zheng, Guo-Hui; Jia, Yalei; Ke, San-Huang

    2017-05-01

    The experimental realization of hybrid graphene and h-BN provides a new way to modify the electronic and transport properties of graphene-based materials. In this work, we investigate the spin-polarized electron transport in hybrid graphene-BN zigzag nanoribbons by performing first-principles nonequilibrium Green’s function method calculations. A 100% spin-polarized electron transport in a large energy window around the Fermi level is found and this behavior is independent of the ribbon width as long as there contain 3 zigzag carbon chains. This behavior may be useful in making perfect spin filters.

  17. A soft X-ray spectroscopic perspective of electron localization and transport in tungsten doped bismuth vanadate single crystals.

    PubMed

    Jovic, Vedran; Rettie, Alexander J E; Singh, Vijay R; Zhou, Jianshi; Lamoureux, Bethany; Buddie Mullins, C; Bluhm, Hendrik; Laverock, Jude; Smith, Kevin E

    2016-11-23

    Doped BiVO 4 is a promising photoelectrochemical water splitting anode, whose activity is hampered by poor charge transport. Here we use a set of X-ray spectroscopic methods to probe the origin and nature of localized electron states in W:BiVO 4 . Furthermore, using the polarized nature of the X-rays, we probe variations in the electronic structure along the crystal axes. In this manner, we reveal aspects of the electronic structure related to electron localization and observations consistent with conductivity anisotropy between the ab-plane and c-axis. We verify that tungsten substitutes as W 6+ for V 5+ in BiVO 4 . This is shown to result in the presence of inter-band gap states related to electrons at V 4+ sites of e symmetry. The energetic position of the states in the band gap suggest that they are highly localized and may act as recombination centres. Polarization dependent X-ray absorption spectra reveal anisotropy in the electronic structure between the ab-plane and c-axis. Results show the superior hybridization between V 3d and O 2p states, higher V wavefunction overlap and broader conduction bands in the ab-plane than in the c-axis. These insights into the electronic structure are discussed in the context of existing experimental and theoretical reports regarding charge transport in BiVO 4 .

  18. Theoretical modeling of low-energy electronic absorption bands in reduced cobaloximes

    DOE PAGES

    Bhattacharjee, Anirban; Chavarot-Kerlidou, Murielle; Dempsey, Jillian L.; ...

    2014-08-11

    Here, we report that the reduced Co(I) states of cobaloximes are powerful nucleophiles that play an important role in the hydrogen-evolving catalytic activity of these species. In this work we have analyzed the low energy electronic absorption bands of two cobaloxime systems experimentally and using a variety of density functional theory and molecular orbital ab initio quantum chemical approaches. Overall we find a reasonable qualitative understanding of the electronic excitation spectra of these compounds but show that obtaining quantitative results remains a challenging task.

  19. Unconventional aspects of electronic transport in delafossite oxides

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Daou, Ramzy; Frésard, Raymond; Eyert, Volker; Hébert, Sylvie; Maignan, Antoine

    2017-12-01

    The electronic transport properties of the delafossite oxides ? are usually understood in terms of two well-separated entities, namely the triangular ? and (? layers. Here, we review several cases among this extensive family of materials where the transport depends on the interlayer coupling and displays unconventional properties. We review the doped thermoelectrics based on ? and ?, which show a high-temperature recovery of Fermi-liquid transport exponents, as well as the highly anisotropic metals ?, ?, and ?, where the sheer simplicity of the Fermi surface leads to unconventional transport. We present some of the theoretical tools that have been used to investigate these transport properties and review what can and cannot be learned from the extensive set of electronic structure calculations that have been performed.

  20. Potential benefits of triethylamine as n-electron donor in the estimation of forskolin by electronic absorption and emission spectroscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Raju, Gajula; Ram Reddy, A.

    2016-02-01

    Diterpenoid forskolin was isolated from Coleus forskolii. The electronic absorption and emission studies of forskolin were investigated in various solvents with an aim to improve its detection limits. The two chromophores present in the diterpenoid are not conjugated leading to the poor absorption and emission of UV light. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were solvent specific. In the presence of a monodentate ligand, triethylamine the detection of forskolin is improved by 3.63 times in ethanol with the fluorescence method and 3.36 times in DMSO by the absorption spectral method. The longer wavelength absorption maximum is blue shifted while the lower energy fluorescence maximum is red shifted in the presence of triethylamine. From the wavelength of fluorescence maxima of the exciplex formed between excited forskolin and triethylamine it is concluded that the order of reactivity of hydroxyl groups in the excited state forskolin is in the reverse order to that of the order of the reactivity of hydroxyl groups in its ground state.

  1. An ab initio electronic transport database for inorganic materials.

    PubMed

    Ricci, Francesco; Chen, Wei; Aydemir, Umut; Snyder, G Jeffrey; Rignanese, Gian-Marco; Jain, Anubhav; Hautier, Geoffroy

    2017-07-04

    Electronic transport in materials is governed by a series of tensorial properties such as conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and effective mass. These quantities are paramount to the understanding of materials in many fields from thermoelectrics to electronics and photovoltaics. Transport properties can be calculated from a material's band structure using the Boltzmann transport theory framework. We present here the largest computational database of electronic transport properties based on a large set of 48,000 materials originating from the Materials Project database. Our results were obtained through the interpolation approach developed in the BoltzTraP software, assuming a constant relaxation time. We present the workflow to generate the data, the data validation procedure, and the database structure. Our aim is to target the large community of scientists developing materials selection strategies and performing studies involving transport properties.

  2. PREDICTING DRUG DISPOSITION, ABSORPTION / ELIMINATION / TRANSPORTER INTERPLAY AND THE ROLE OF FOOD ON DRUG ABSORPTION

    PubMed Central

    Custodio, Joseph M.; Wu, Chi-Yuan; Benet, Leslie Z.

    2008-01-01

    The ability to predict drug disposition involves concurrent consideration of many chemical and physiological variables and the effect of food on the rate and extent of availability adds further complexity due to postprandial changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A system that allows for the assessment of the multivariate interplay occurring following administration of an oral dose, in the presence or absence of meal, would greatly benefit the early stages of drug development. This is particularly true in an era when the majority of new molecular entities are highly permeable, poorly soluble, extensively metabolized compounds (BDDCS Class 2), which present the most complicated relationship in defining the impact of transporters due to the marked effects of transporter-enzyme interplay. This review evaluates the GI luminal environment by taking into account the absorption / transport / elimination interplay and evaluates the physiochemical property issues by taking into account the importance of solubility, permeability and metabolism. We concentrate on the BDDCS and its utility in predicting drug disposition. Furthermore, we focus on the effect of food on the extent of drug availability (F), which appears to follow closely what might be expected if a significant effect of high fat meals is inhibition of transporters. That is, high fat meals and lipidic excipients would be expected to have little effect on F for Class 1 drugs; they would increase F of Class 2 drugs, while decreasing F for Class 3 drugs. PMID:18199522

  3. Electron-hole collision limited transport in charge-neutral bilayer graphene

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nam, Youngwoo; Ki, Dong-Keun; Soler-Delgado, David; Morpurgo, Alberto F.

    2017-12-01

    Ballistic transport occurs whenever electrons propagate without collisions deflecting their trajectory. It is normally observed in conductors with a negligible concentration of impurities, at low temperature, to avoid electron-phonon scattering. Here, we use suspended bilayer graphene devices to reveal a new regime, in which ballistic transport is not limited by scattering with phonons or impurities, but by electron-hole collisions. The phenomenon manifests itself in a negative four-terminal resistance that becomes visible when the density of holes (electrons) is suppressed by gate-shifting the Fermi level in the conduction (valence) band, above the thermal energy. For smaller densities, transport is diffusive, and the measured conductivity is reproduced quantitatively, with no fitting parameters, by including electron-hole scattering as the only process causing velocity relaxation. Experiments on a trilayer device show that the phenomenon is robust and that transport at charge neutrality is governed by the same physics. Our results provide a textbook illustration of a transport regime that had not been observed previously and clarify the nature of conduction through charge-neutral graphene under conditions in which carrier density inhomogeneity is immaterial. They also demonstrate that transport can be limited by a fully electronic mechanism, originating from the same microscopic processes that govern the physics of Dirac-like plasmas.

  4. Active intestinal absorption of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent ciprofloxacin by organic anion transporting polypeptide, Oatp1a5.

    PubMed

    Arakawa, Hiroshi; Shirasaka, Yoshiyuki; Haga, Makoto; Nakanishi, Takeo; Tamai, Ikumi

    2012-09-01

    Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drugs are absorbed efficiently after oral administration despite of their hydrophilic nature, implying an involvement of carrier-mediated transport in their membrane transport process. It has been that several fluoroquinolones are substrates of organic anion transporter polypeptides OATP1A2 expressed in human intestine derived Caco-2 cells. In the present study, to clarify the involvement of OATP in intestinal absorption of ciprofloxacin, the contribution of Oatp1a5, which is expressed at the apical membranes of rat enterocytes, to intestinal absorption of ciprofloxacin was investigated in rats. The intestinal membrane permeability of ciprofloxacin was measured by in situ and the vascular perfused closed loop methods. The disappeared and absorbed amount of ciprofloxacin from the intestinal lumen were increased markedly in the presence of 7,8-benzoflavone, a breast cancer resistance protein inhibitor, and ivermectin, a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, while it was decreased significantly in the presence of these inhibitors in combination with naringin, an Oatp1a5 inhibitor. Furthermore, the Oatp1a5-mediated uptake of ciprofloxacin was saturable with a K(m) value of 140 µm, and naringin inhibited the uptake with an IC(50) value of 18 µm by Xenopus oocytes expressing Oatp1a5. Naringin reduced the permeation of ciprofloxacin from the mucosal-to-serosal side, with an IC(50) value of 7.5 µm by the Ussing-type chamber method. The estimated IC(50) values were comparable to that of Oatp1a5. These data suggest that Oatp1a5 is partially responsible for the intestinal absorption of ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, the intestinal absorption of ciprofloxacin could be affected by influx transporters such as Oatp1a5 as well as the efflux transporters such as P-gp and Bcrp. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  5. A Deterministic Computational Procedure for Space Environment Electron Transport

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nealy, John E.; Chang, C. K.; Norman, Ryan B.; Blattnig, Steve R.; Badavi, Francis F.; Adamcyk, Anne M.

    2010-01-01

    A deterministic computational procedure for describing the transport of electrons in condensed media is formulated to simulate the effects and exposures from spectral distributions typical of electrons trapped in planetary magnetic fields. The primary purpose for developing the procedure is to provide a means of rapidly performing numerous repetitive transport calculations essential for electron radiation exposure assessments for complex space structures. The present code utilizes well-established theoretical representations to describe the relevant interactions and transport processes. A combined mean free path and average trajectory approach is used in the transport formalism. For typical space environment spectra, several favorable comparisons with Monte Carlo calculations are made which have indicated that accuracy is not compromised at the expense of the computational speed.

  6. Electron Transport Properties of Ge nanowires

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hanrath, Tobias; Khondaker, Saiful I.; Yao, Zhen; Korgel, Brian A.

    2003-03-01

    Electron Transport Properties of Ge nanowires Tobias Hanrath*, Saiful I. Khondaker, Zhen Yao, Brian A. Korgel* *Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Physics, Texas Materials Institute, and Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1062 e-mail: korgel@mail.che.utexas.edu Germanium (Ge) nanowires with diameters ranging from 6 to 50 nm and several micrometer in length were grown via a supercritical fluid-liquid-solid synthesis. Parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS) was employed to study the band structure and electron density in the Ge nanowires. The observed increase in plasmon peak energy and peak width with decreasing nanowire diameter is attributed to quantum confinement effects. For electrical characterization, Ge nanowires were deposited onto a patterned Si/SiO2 substrate. E-beam lithography was then used to form electrode contacts to individual nanowires. The influence of nanowire diameter, surface chemistry and crystallographic defects on electron transport properties were investigated and the comparison of Ge nanowire conductivity with respect to bulk, intrinsic Ge will be presented.

  7. Molecular electronics: Some views on transport junctions and beyond

    PubMed Central

    Joachim, Christian; Ratner, Mark A.

    2005-01-01

    The field of molecular electronics comprises a fundamental set of issues concerning the electronic response of molecules as parts of a mesoscopic structure and a technology-facing area of science. We will overview some important aspects of these subfields. The most advanced ideas in the field involve the use of molecules as individual logic or memory units and are broadly based on using the quantum state space of the molecule. Current work in molecular electronics usually addresses molecular junction transport, where the molecule acts as a barrier for incoming electrons: This is the fundamental Landauer idea of “conduction as scattering” generalized to molecular junction structures. Another point of view in terms of superexchange as a guiding mechanism for coherent electron transfer through the molecular bridge is discussed. Molecules generally exhibit relatively strong vibronic coupling. The last section of this overview focuses on vibronic effects, including inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, hysteresis in junction charge transport, and negative differential resistance in molecular transport junctions. PMID:15956192

  8. Molecular electronics: some views on transport junctions and beyond.

    PubMed

    Joachim, Christian; Ratner, Mark A

    2005-06-21

    The field of molecular electronics comprises a fundamental set of issues concerning the electronic response of molecules as parts of a mesoscopic structure and a technology-facing area of science. We will overview some important aspects of these subfields. The most advanced ideas in the field involve the use of molecules as individual logic or memory units and are broadly based on using the quantum state space of the molecule. Current work in molecular electronics usually addresses molecular junction transport, where the molecule acts as a barrier for incoming electrons: This is the fundamental Landauer idea of "conduction as scattering" generalized to molecular junction structures. Another point of view in terms of superexchange as a guiding mechanism for coherent electron transfer through the molecular bridge is discussed. Molecules generally exhibit relatively strong vibronic coupling. The last section of this overview focuses on vibronic effects, including inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, hysteresis in junction charge transport, and negative differential resistance in molecular transport junctions.

  9. Vertical electronic transport in van de waals heterostructures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Qiao, Zhenhua; Zhenhua Qiao's Group Team

    In this work, we will introduce the theoretical investigation of the vertical electronic transport in various heterostructrues by using both tight-binding method and first-principles calculations. Counterintuitively, we find that the maximum electronic transport is achieved at very limited scattering regions but not at large overlapped catering regions. Based on this finding, we design a special setup to measure the tunneling effect in rotated bilayer systems.

  10. Electron-cyclotron absorption in high-temperature plasmas: quasi-exact analytical evaluation and comparative numerical analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Albajar, F.; Bertelli, N.; Bornatici, M.; Engelmann, F.

    2007-01-01

    On the basis of the electromagnetic energy balance equation, a quasi-exact analytical evaluation of the electron-cyclotron (EC) absorption coefficient is performed for arbitrary propagation (with respect to the magnetic field) in a (Maxwellian) magneto-plasma for the temperature range of interest for fusion reactors (in which EC radiation losses tend to be important in the plasma power balance). The calculation makes use of Bateman's expansion for the product of two Bessel functions, retaining the lowest-order contribution. The integration over electron momentum can then be carried out analytically, fully accounting for finite Larmor radius effects in this approximation. On the basis of the analytical expressions for the EC absorption coefficients of both the extraordinary and ordinary modes thus obtained, (i) for the case of perpendicular propagation simple formulae are derived for both modes and (ii) a numerical analysis of the angular distribution of EC absorption is carried out. An assessment of the accuracy of asymptotic expressions that have been given earlier is also performed, showing that these approximations can be usefully applied for calculating EC power losses from reactor-grade plasmas. Presented in part at the 14th Joint Workshop on Electron Cyclotron Emission and Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating, Santorini, Greece, 9-12 May 2006.

  11. An ab initio electronic transport database for inorganic materials

    DOE PAGES

    Ricci, Francesco; Chen, Wei; Aydemir, Umut; ...

    2017-07-04

    Electronic transport in materials is governed by a series of tensorial properties such as conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and effective mass. These quantities are paramount to the understanding of materials in many fields from thermoelectrics to electronics and photovoltaics. Transport properties can be calculated from a material’s band structure using the Boltzmann transport theory framework. We present here the largest computational database of electronic transport properties based on a large set of 48,000 materials originating from the Materials Project database. Our results were obtained through the interpolation approach developed in the BoltzTraP software, assuming a constant relaxation time. We present themore » workflow to generate the data, the data validation procedure, and the database structure. In conclusion, our aim is to target the large community of scientists developing materials selection strategies and performing studies involving transport properties.« less

  12. An ab initio electronic transport database for inorganic materials

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ricci, Francesco; Chen, Wei; Aydemir, Umut

    Electronic transport in materials is governed by a series of tensorial properties such as conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and effective mass. These quantities are paramount to the understanding of materials in many fields from thermoelectrics to electronics and photovoltaics. Transport properties can be calculated from a material’s band structure using the Boltzmann transport theory framework. We present here the largest computational database of electronic transport properties based on a large set of 48,000 materials originating from the Materials Project database. Our results were obtained through the interpolation approach developed in the BoltzTraP software, assuming a constant relaxation time. We present themore » workflow to generate the data, the data validation procedure, and the database structure. In conclusion, our aim is to target the large community of scientists developing materials selection strategies and performing studies involving transport properties.« less

  13. Electron heat transport measured in a stochastic magnetic field.

    PubMed

    Biewer, T M; Forest, C B; Anderson, J K; Fiksel, G; Hudson, B; Prager, S C; Sarff, J S; Wright, J C; Brower, D L; Ding, W X; Terry, S D

    2003-07-25

    New profile measurements have allowed the electron thermal diffusivity profile to be estimated from power balance in the Madison Symmetric Torus where magnetic islands overlap and field lines are stochastic. The measurements show that (1) the electron energy transport is conductive not convective, (2) the measured thermal diffusivities are in good agreement with numerical simulations of stochastic transport, and (3) transport is greatly reduced near the reversal surface where magnetic diffusion is small.

  14. Charge transport through DNA based electronic barriers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Patil, Sunil R.; Chawda, Vivek; Qi, Jianqing; Anantram, M. P.; Sinha, Niraj

    2018-05-01

    We report charge transport in electronic 'barriers' constructed by sequence engineering in DNA. Considering the ionization potentials of Thymine-Adenine (AT) and Guanine-Cytosine (GC) base pairs, we treat AT as 'barriers'. The effect of DNA conformation (A and B form) on charge transport is also investigated. Particularly, the effect of width of 'barriers' on hole transport is investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed on energy minimized DNA structures to obtain the electronic Hamiltonian. The quantum transport calculations are performed using the Landauer-Buttiker framework. Our main findings are contrary to previous studies. We find that a longer A-DNA with more AT base pairs can conduct better than shorter A-DNA with a smaller number of AT base pairs. We also find that some sequences of A-DNA can conduct better than a corresponding B-DNA with the same sequence. The counterions mediated charge transport and long range interactions are speculated to be responsible for counter-intuitive length and AT content dependence of conductance of A-DNA.

  15. A Deterministic Transport Code for Space Environment Electrons

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nealy, John E.; Chang, C. K.; Norman, Ryan B.; Blattnig, Steve R.; Badavi, Francis F.; Adamczyk, Anne M.

    2010-01-01

    A deterministic computational procedure has been developed to describe transport of space environment electrons in various shield media. This code is an upgrade and extension of an earlier electron code. Whereas the former code was formulated on the basis of parametric functions derived from limited laboratory data, the present code utilizes well established theoretical representations to describe the relevant interactions and transport processes. The shield material specification has been made more general, as have the pertinent cross sections. A combined mean free path and average trajectory approach has been used in the transport formalism. Comparisons with Monte Carlo calculations are presented.

  16. Electronic transport in torsional strained Weyl semimetals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Soto-Garrido, Rodrigo; Muñoz, Enrique

    2018-05-01

    In a recent paper (Muñoz and Soto-Garrido 2017 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 29 445302) we have studied the effects of mechanical strain and magnetic field on the electronic transport properties in graphene. In this article we extended our work to Weyl semimetals (WSM). We show that although the WSM are 3D materials, most of the analysis done for graphene (2D material) can be carried out. In particular, we studied the electronic transport through a cylindrical region submitted to torsional strain and external magnetic field. We provide exact analytical expressions for the scattering cross section and the transmitted electronic current. In addition, we show the node-polarization effect on the current and propose a recipe to measure the torsion angle from transmission experiments.

  17. Coupling between absorption and scattering in disordered colloids

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stephenson, Anna; Hwang, Victoria; Park, Jin-Gyu; Manoharan, Vinothan N.

    We aim to understand how scattering and absorption are coupled in disordered colloidal suspensions containing absorbing molecules (dyes). When the absorption length is shorter than the transport length, absorption dominates, and absorption and scattering can be seen as two additive effects. However, when the transport length is shorter than the absorption length, the scattering and absorption become coupled, as multiple scattering increases the path length of the light in the sample, leading to a higher probability of absorption. To quantify this synergistic effect, we measure the diffuse reflectance spectra of colloidal samples of varying dye concentrations, thicknesses, and particle concentrations, and we calculate the transport length and absorption length from our measurements, using a radiative transfer model. At particle concentrations so high that the particles form disordered packings, we find a minimum in the transport length. We show that selecting a dye where the absorption peak matches the location of the minimum in the transport length allows for enhanced absorption. Kraft-Heinz Corporation, NSF GRFP 2015200426.

  18. Potential benefits of triethylamine as n-electron donor in the estimation of forskolin by electronic absorption and emission spectroscopy.

    PubMed

    Raju, Gajula; Ram Reddy, A

    2016-02-05

    Diterpenoid forskolin was isolated from Coleus forskolii. The electronic absorption and emission studies of forskolin were investigated in various solvents with an aim to improve its detection limits. The two chromophores present in the diterpenoid are not conjugated leading to the poor absorption and emission of UV light. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were solvent specific. In the presence of a monodentate ligand, triethylamine the detection of forskolin is improved by 3.63 times in ethanol with the fluorescence method and 3.36 times in DMSO by the absorption spectral method. The longer wavelength absorption maximum is blue shifted while the lower energy fluorescence maximum is red shifted in the presence of triethylamine. From the wavelength of fluorescence maxima of the exciplex formed between excited forskolin and triethylamine it is concluded that the order of reactivity of hydroxyl groups in the excited state forskolin is in the reverse order to that of the order of the reactivity of hydroxyl groups in its ground state. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  19. Microwave-induced resistance oscillations on a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas: Exact waveform, absorption/reflection and temperature damping

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Studenikin, S. A.; Potemski, M.; Sachrajda, A.; Hilke, M.; Pfeiffer, L. N.; West, K. W.

    2005-06-01

    In this work we address experimentally a number of unresolved issues related to microwave induced resistance oscillations (MIROs) leading to the zero-resistance states observed recently on 2D electron gases in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. We stress the importance of the electrodynamic effects detected in both reflection and absorption experiments, although they are not revealed in transport experiments on very high mobility samples. We also study the exact waveform of MIROs and their damping due to temperature. A simple equation is given, which can be considered as phenomenological, which describes precisely the experimental MIROs waveform. The waveform depends only on a single parameter—the width of the Landau levels, which is related to the quantum lifetime. A very good correlation was found between the temperature dependencies of the quantum lifetime from MIROs and the transport scattering time from the electron mobility with a ratio τtr/τq≃20 . It is found that the prefactor in the equation for MIROs decays as 1/T2 with the temperature which can be explained within the distribution function model suggested by Dmitriev . The results are compared with measurements of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations down to 30mK on the same sample.

  20. Electron transport in molecular wires with transition metal contacts

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dalgleish, Hugh

    A molecular wire is an organic molecule that forms a conducting bridge between electronic contacts. Single molecules are likely to be the smallest entities to conduct electricity and thus molecular wires present many interesting challenges to fundamental science as well as enormous potential for nanoelectronic technological applications. A particular challenge stems from the realization that the properties of molecular wires are strongly influenced by the combined characteristics of the molecule and the metal contacts. While gold has been the most studied contact material to date, interest in molecular wires with transition metal contacts that are electronically more complex than gold is growing. This thesis presents a theoretical investigation of electron transport and associated phenomena in molecular wires with transition metal contacts. An appropriate methodology is developed on the basis of Landauer theory and ab initio and semi-empirical considerations and new, physically important systems are identified. Spin-dependent transport mechanisms and device characteristics are explored for molecular wires with ferromagnetic iron contacts, systems that have not been considered previously, either theoretically or experimentally. Electron transport between iron point contacts bridged by iron atoms is also investigated. Spin-dependent transport is also studied for molecules bridging nickel contacts and a possible explanation of some experimentally observed phenomena is proposed. A novel physical phenomenon termed strong spin current rectification and a new controllable negative differential resistance mechanism with potential applications for molecular electronic technology are introduced. The phenomena predicted in this thesis should be accessible to present day experimental techniques and this work is intended to stimulate experiments directed at observing them. Keywords. molecular electronics; spintronics; electron transport; interface states.

  1. Insights into the post-transcriptional regulation of the mitochondrial electron transport chain.

    PubMed

    Sirey, Tamara M; Ponting, Chris P

    2016-10-15

    The regulation of the mitochondrial electron transport chain is central to the control of cellular homeostasis. There are significant gaps in our understanding of how the expression of the mitochondrial and nuclear genome-encoded components of the electron transport chain are co-ordinated, and how the assembly of the protein complexes that constitute the electron transport chain are regulated. Furthermore, the role post-transcriptional gene regulation may play in modulating these processes needs to be clarified. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the post-transcriptional gene regulation of the electron transport chain and highlights how noncoding RNAs may contribute significantly both to complex electron transport chain regulatory networks and to mitochondrial dysfunction. © 2016 The Author(s).

  2. Intestinal absorption mechanism of tebipenem pivoxil, a novel oral carbapenem: involvement of human OATP family in apical membrane transport.

    PubMed

    Kato, Kazuhiko; Shirasaka, Yoshiyuki; Kuraoka, Erika; Kikuchi, Akihiro; Iguchi, Maki; Suzuki, Hisashi; Shibasaki, Shigeki; Kurosawa, Tohru; Tamai, Ikumi

    2010-10-04

    Tebipenem pivoxil (TBPM-PI) is an oral carbapenem antibiotic for treating otolaryngologic and respiratory infections in pediatric patients. This agent is a prodrug to improve intestinal absorption of TBPM, an active form, and an absorption rate of TBPM-PI is higher than those of other prodrug-type β-lactam antibiotics. In the present study, we hypothesized that a certain mechanism other than simple diffusion is involved in the process of improved intestinal absorption of TBPM-PI and examined the mechanism. TBPM-PI uptake by Caco-2 cells was decreased by ATP-depletion and lowering the temperature to 4 °C, suggesting the contribution of carrier-mediated transport mechanisms. This uptake was partially decreased by ACE inhibitors, and the reduction of the absorption by captopril was observed by in vivo study and in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion study in rat, supporting the contribution of influx transporters. Since some ACE inhibitors and β-lactam antibiotics are reported to be substrates of PEPT and OATP families, we measured transporting activity of TBPM-PI by intestinally expressed transporters, PEPT1, OATP1A2, and OATP2B1. As a result, significant transport activities were observed by both OATP1A2 and OATP2B1 but not by PEPT1. Interestingly, pH dependence of TBPM-PI transports was different between OATP1A2 and OATP2B1, showing highest activity by OATP1A2 at pH 6.5, while OATP2B1-mediated uptake was higher at neutral and weak alkaline pH. OATP1A2 exhibited higher affinity for TBPM-PI (K(m) = 41.1 μM) than OATP2B1 (K(m) > 1 mM) for this agent. These results suggested that TBPM-PI has high intestinal apical membrane permeability due to plural intestinal transport routes, including the uptake transporters such as OATP1A2 and OATP2B1 as well as simple diffusion.

  3. Spatio-temporal analysis of the electron power absorption in electropositive capacitive RF plasmas based on moments of the Boltzmann equation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schulze, J.; Donkó, Z.; Lafleur, T.; Wilczek, S.; Brinkmann, R. P.

    2018-05-01

    Power absorption by electrons from the space- and time-dependent electric field represents the basic sustaining mechanism of all radio-frequency driven plasmas. This complex phenomenon has attracted significant attention. However, most theories and models are, so far, only able to account for part of the relevant mechanisms. The aim of this work is to present an in-depth analysis of the power absorption by electrons, via the use of a moment analysis of the Boltzmann equation without any ad-hoc assumptions. This analysis, for which the input quantities are taken from kinetic, particle based simulations, allows the identification of all physical mechanisms involved and an accurate quantification of their contributions. The perfect agreement between the sum of these contributions and the simulation results verifies the completeness of the model. We study the relative importance of these mechanisms as a function of pressure, with high spatial and temporal resolution, in an electropositive argon discharge. In contrast to some widely accepted previous models we find that high space- and time-dependent ambipolar electric fields outside the sheaths play a key role for electron power absorption. This ambipolar field is time-dependent within the RF period and temporally asymmetric, i.e., the sheath expansion is not a ‘mirror image’ of the sheath collapse. We demonstrate that this time-dependence is mainly caused by a time modulation of the electron temperature resulting from the energy transfer to electrons by the ambipolar field itself during sheath expansion. We provide a theoretical proof that this ambipolar electron power absorption would vanish completely, if the electron temperature was constant in time. This mechanism of electron power absorption is based on a time modulated electron temperature, markedly different from the Hard Wall Model, of key importance for energy transfer to electrons on time average and, thus, essential for the generation of capacitively

  4. Aspects of electron transport in zigzag graphene nanoribbons

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bhalla, Pankaj; Pratap, Surender

    2018-05-01

    In this paper, we investigate the aspects of electron transport in the zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) using the nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism. The latter is an esoteric tool in mesoscopic physics. It is used to perform an analysis of ZGNRs by considering potential well. Within this potential, the dependence of transmission coefficient, local density of states (LDOS) and electron transport properties on number of atoms per unit cell is discussed. It is observed that there is an increment in electron and thermal conductance with increasing number of atoms. In addition to these properties, the dependence of same is also studied in figure of merit. The results infer that the contribution of electrons to enhance the figure of merit is important above the crossover temperature.

  5. Low-lying singlet states of carotenoids having 8-13 conjugated double bonds as determined by electronic absorption spectroscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Peng; Nakamura, Ryosuke; Kanematsu, Yasuo; Koyama, Yasushi; Nagae, Hiroyoshi; Nishio, Tomohiro; Hashimoto, Hideki; Zhang, Jian-Ping

    2005-07-01

    Electronic absorption spectra were recorded at room temperature in solutions of carotenoids having different numbers of conjugated double bonds, n = 8-13, including a spheroidene derivatives, neurosporene, spheroidene, lycopene, anhydrorhodovibrin and spirilloxanthin. The vibronic states of 1Bu+(v=0-4), 2Ag-(v=0-3), 3Ag- (0) and 1Bu- (0) were clearly identified. The arrangement of the four electronic states determined by electronic absorption spectroscopy was identical to that determined by measurement of resonance Raman excitation profiles [K. Furuichi et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 356 (2002) 547] for carotenoids in crystals.

  6. Electronic transport in graphene-based heterostructures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tan, J. Y.; Avsar, A.; Balakrishnan, J.; Koon, G. K. W.; Taychatanapat, T.; O'Farrell, E. C. T.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Eda, G.; Castro Neto, A. H.; Özyilmaz, B.

    2014-05-01

    While boron nitride (BN) substrates have been utilized to achieve high electronic mobilities in graphene field effect transistors, it is unclear how other layered two dimensional (2D) crystals influence the electronic performance of graphene. In this Letter, we study the surface morphology of 2D BN, gallium selenide (GaSe), and transition metal dichalcogenides (tungsten disulfide (WS2) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)) crystals and their influence on graphene's electronic quality. Atomic force microscopy analysis shows that these crystals have improved surface roughness (root mean square value of only ˜0.1 nm) compared to conventional SiO2 substrate. While our results confirm that graphene devices exhibit very high electronic mobility (μ) on BN substrates, graphene devices on WS2 substrates (G/WS2) are equally promising for high quality electronic transport (μ ˜ 38 000 cm2/V s at room temperature), followed by G/MoS2 (μ ˜ 10 000 cm2/V s) and G/GaSe (μ ˜ 2200 cm2/V s). However, we observe a significant asymmetry in electron and hole conduction in G/WS2 and G/MoS2 heterostructures, most likely due to the presence of sulphur vacancies in the substrate crystals. GaSe crystals are observed to degrade over time even under ambient conditions, leading to a large hysteresis in graphene transport making it a less suitable substrate.

  7. Elucidating ultrafast electron dynamics at surfaces using extreme ultraviolet (XUV) reflection-absorption spectroscopy.

    PubMed

    Biswas, Somnath; Husek, Jakub; Baker, L Robert

    2018-04-24

    Here we review the recent development of extreme ultraviolet reflection-absorption (XUV-RA) spectroscopy. This method combines the benefits of X-ray absorption spectroscopy, such as element, oxidation, and spin state specificity, with surface sensitivity and ultrafast time resolution, having a probe depth of only a few nm and an instrument response less than 100 fs. Using this technique we investigated the ultrafast electron dynamics at a hematite (α-Fe2O3) surface. Surface electron trapping and small polaron formation both occur in 660 fs following photoexcitation. These kinetics are independent of surface morphology indicating that electron trapping is not mediated by defects. Instead, small polaron formation is proposed as the likely driving force for surface electron trapping. We also show that in Fe2O3, Co3O4, and NiO, band gap excitation promotes electron transfer from O 2p valence band states to metal 3d conduction band states. In addition to detecting the photoexcited electron at the metal M2,3-edge, the valence band hole is directly observed as transient signal at the O L1-edge. The size of the resulting charge transfer exciton is on the order of a single metal-oxygen bond length. Spectral shifts at the O L1-edge correlate with metal-oxygen bond covalency, confirming the relationship between valence band hybridization and the overpotential for water oxidation. These examples demonstrate the unique ability to measure ultrafast electron dynamics with element and chemical state resolution using XUV-RA spectroscopy. Accordingly, this method is poised to play an important role to reveal chemical details of previously unseen surface electron dynamics.

  8. Taking an electron-magnon duality shortcut from electron to magnon transport

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mook, Alexander; Göbel, Börge; Henk, Jürgen; Mertig, Ingrid

    2018-04-01

    The quasiparticles in insulating magnets are the charge-neutral magnons, whose magnetic moments couple to electromagnetic fields. For collinear easy-axis magnets, this coupling can be mapped elegantly onto the scenario of charged particles in electromagnetic fields. From this mapping we obtain equations of motion for magnon wave packets equal to those of electron wave packets in metals. Thus, well-established electronic transport phenomena can be carried over to magnons: this duality shortcut facilitates the discussion of magnon transport. We identify the magnon versions of normal and anomalous Hall, Nernst, Ettingshausen, and Righi-Leduc effects. They are discussed for selected types of easy-axis magnets: ferromagnets, antiferromagnets, and ferrimagnets. Besides a magnon Wiedemann-Franz law and the magnon counterpart of the negative magnetoresistance of electrons in Weyl semimetals, we predict that certain low-symmetry ferrimagnets exhibit a nonlinear version of the anomalous magnon Hall-effect family.

  9. The Electron Transport Chain: An Interactive Simulation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Romero, Chris; Choun, James

    2014-01-01

    This activity provides students an interactive demonstration of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis during aerobic respiration. Students use simple, everyday objects as hydrogen ions and electrons and play the roles of the various proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane to show how this specific process in cellular…

  10. Hydrodynamic Impacts on Dissolution, Transport and Absorption from Thousands of Drug Particles Moving within the Intestines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Behafarid, Farhad; Brasseur, James G.

    2017-11-01

    Following tablet disintegration, clouds of drug particles 5-200 μm in diameter pass through the intestines where drug molecules are absorbed into the blood. Release rate depends on particle size, drug solubility, local drug concentration and the hydrodynamic environment driven by patterned gut contractions. To analyze the dynamics underlying drug release and absorption, we use a 3D lattice Boltzmann model of the velocity and concentration fields driven by peristaltic contractions in vivo, combined with a mathematical model of dissolution-rate from each drug particle transported through the grid. The model is empirically extended for hydrodynamic enhancements to release rate by local convection and shear-rate, and incorporates heterogeneity in bulk concentration. Drug dosage and solubility are systematically varied along with peristaltic wave speed and volume. We predict large hydrodynamic enhancements (35-65%) from local shear-rate with minimal enhancement from convection. With high permeability boundary conditions, a quasi-equilibrium balance between release and absorption is established with volume and wave-speed dependent transport time scale, after an initial transient and before a final period of dissolution/absorption. Supported by FDA.

  11. Transport coefficients in nonequilibrium gas-mixture flows with electronic excitation.

    PubMed

    Kustova, E V; Puzyreva, L A

    2009-10-01

    In the present paper, a one-temperature model of transport properties in chemically nonequilibrium neutral gas-mixture flows with electronic excitation is developed. The closed set of governing equations for the macroscopic parameters taking into account electronic degrees of freedom of both molecules and atoms is derived using the generalized Chapman-Enskog method. The transport algorithms for the calculation of the thermal-conductivity, diffusion, and viscosity coefficients are proposed. The developed theoretical model is applied for the calculation of the transport coefficients in the electronically excited N/N(2) mixture. The specific heats and transport coefficients are calculated in the temperature range 50-50,000 K. Two sets of data for the collision integrals are applied for the calculations. An important contribution of the excited electronic states to the heat transfer is shown. The Prandtl number of atomic species is found to be substantially nonconstant.

  12. State-specific transport properties of electronically excited Ar and C

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Istomin, V. A.; Kustova, E. V.

    2018-05-01

    In the present study, a theoretical model of state-resolved transport properties in electronically excited atomic species developed earlier is applied to argon and carbon atomic species. It is shown that for Ar and C, similarly to the case of atomic nitrogen and oxygen, the Slater-like models can be applied to calculate diameters of electronically excited atoms. Using the Slater-like model it is shown that for half-filled N (2 px1py1pz1) and full-filled Ar (3 px2py2pz2) electronic shells the growth of atomic radius goes slowly compared to C (2 px1py1) and O (2 px2py1pz1). The effect of collision diameters on the transport properties of Ar and C is evaluated. The influence of accounted number of electronic levels on the transport coefficients is examined for the case of Boltzmann distributions over electronic energy levels. It is emphasized that in the temperature range 1000-14000 K, for Boltzmann-like distributions over electronic states the number of accounted electronic levels do not influence the transport coefficients. Contrary to this, for higher temperatures T > 14000 K this effect becomes of importance, especially for argon.

  13. Kinetic theory of transport for inhomogeneous electron fluids

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lucas, Andrew; Hartnoll, Sean A.

    2018-01-01

    The interplay between electronic interactions and disorder is neglected in the conventional Boltzmann theory of transport, yet can play an essential role in determining the resistivity of unconventional metals. When quasiparticles are long lived, one can account for these intertwined effects by solving spatially inhomogeneous Boltzmann equations. Assuming smooth disorder and neglecting umklapp scattering, we solve these inhomogeneous kinetic equations and compute the electrical resistivity across the ballistic-to-hydrodynamic transition. An important consequence of electron-electron interactions is the modification of the momentum-relaxation time; this effect is ignored in the homogeneous theory. We characterize precisely when interactions enhance the momentum scattering rate, and when they decrease it. Our approach unifies existing semiclassical theories of transport, and explains how the resistivity can be proportional to the rate of momentum-conserving collisions without Baber scattering. We compare this result with existing transport mysteries, including the disorder-independent T2 resistivity of many Fermi liquids, and the linear-in-T "Planckian-limited" resistivity of many strange metals.

  14. Alkali Salt-Doped Highly Transparent and Thickness-Insensitive Electron-Transport Layer for High-Performance Polymer Solar Cell.

    PubMed

    Xu, Rongguo; Zhang, Kai; Liu, Xi; Jin, Yaocheng; Jiang, Xiao-Fang; Xu, Qing-Hua; Huang, Fei; Cao, Yong

    2018-01-17

    Solution-processable highly transparent and thickness-insensitive hybrid electron-transport layer (ETL) with enhanced electron-extraction and electron-transport properties for high-performance polymer solar cell was reported. With the incorporation of Cs 2 CO 3 into the poly[(9,9-bis(6'-((N,N-diethyl)-N-ethylammonium)-hexyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-1,4-diphenylsulfide]dibromide (PF6NPSBr) ETL, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of resulted polymer solar cells (PSCs) was significantly enhanced due to the favorable interfacial contact, energy-level alignment, and thus facile electron transport in the PSC device. These organic-inorganic hybrid ETLs also exhibited high transparency and high electron mobility. All of these combined properties ensured us to design novel thickness-insensitive ETLs that avoid the parasitic absorption of ETL itself simultaneously. With the conventional device structure with poly{4,8-bis[5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-4,6-diyl} (PTB7-Th) as a donor and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC 71 BM) as an acceptor, devices with hybrid ETLs exhibited PCE of 8.30-9.45% within a wide range of ETL thickness. A notable PCE of 10.78% was achieved with the thick active layer poly(2,5-thiophene-alt-5,5'-(5,10-bis(4-(2-octyldodecyl)thiophen-2-yl)naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c']bis([1,2,5]thiadiazole)) (PTNT812):PC 71 BM. These findings indicated that doping alkali salt into the organic interfacial materials can be a promising strategy to design highly efficient and thickness-insensitive ETL, which may be suitable for large-area PSC modules device fabrication with roll-to-roll printing technique.

  15. Requirement for Coenzyme Q in Plasma Membrane Electron Transport

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sun, I. L.; Sun, E. E.; Crane, F. L.; Morre, D. J.; Lindgren, A.; Low, H.

    1992-12-01

    Coenzyme Q is required in the electron transport system of rat hepatocyte and human erythrocyte plasma membranes. Extraction of coenzyme Q from the membrane decreases NADH dehydrogenase and NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase activity. Addition of coenzyme Q to the extracted membrane restores the activity. Partial restoration of activity is also found with α-tocopherylquinone, but not with vitamin K_1. Analogs of coenzyme Q inhibit NADH dehydrogenase and oxidase activity and the inhibition is reversed by added coenzyme Q. Ferricyanide reduction by transmembrane electron transport from HeLa cells is inhibited by coenzyme Q analogs and restored with added coenzyme Q10. Reduction of external ferricyanide and diferric transferrin by HeLa cells is accompanied by proton release from the cells. Inhibition of the reduction by coenzyme Q analogs also inhibits the proton release, and coenzyme Q10 restores the proton release activity. Trans-plasma membrane electron transport stimulates growth of serum-deficient cells, and added coenzyme Q10 increases growth of HeLa (human adenocarcinoma) and BALB/3T3 (mouse fibroblast) cells. The evidence is consistent with a function for coenzyme Q in a trans-plasma membrane electron transport system which influences cell growth.

  16. Electron and hole transport in the organic small molecule α-NPD

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rohloff, R.; Kotadiya, N. B.; Crǎciun, N. I.; Blom, P. W. M.; Wetzelaer, G. A. H.

    2017-02-01

    Electron and hole transport properties of the organic small molecule N,N'-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine are investigated by space-charge-limited current measurements. The hole transport shows trap-free behavior with a mobility of 2.3 × 10-8 m2/Vs at vanishing carrier density and electric field. The electron transport, on the other hand, shows heavily trap-limited behavior, which leads to highly unbalanced transport. A trap concentration of 1.3 × 1024 m-3 was found by modeling the electron currents, similar to the universal trap concentration found in conjugated polymers. This indicates that electron trapping is a generic property of organic semiconductors, ranging from vacuum-deposited small-molecules to solution-processed conjugated polymers.

  17. Improved Carrier Transport in Perovskite Solar Cells Probed by Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy.

    PubMed

    Serpetzoglou, Efthymis; Konidakis, Ioannis; Kakavelakis, George; Maksudov, Temur; Kymakis, Emmanuel; Stratakis, Emmanuel

    2017-12-20

    CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite thin films have been deposited on glass/indium tin oxide/hole transport layer (HTL) substrates, utilizing two different materials as the HTLs. In the first configuration, the super hydrophilic polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate), known as PEDOT:PSS, was employed as the HTL material, whereas in the second case, the nonwetting poly(triarylamine) semiconductor polymer, known as PTAA, was used. It was found that when PTAA is used as the HTL material, the averaged power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remarkably increases from 12.60 to 15.67%. To explore the mechanism behind this enhancement, the aforementioned perovskite/HTL arrangements were investigated by time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) performed under inert conditions. By means of TAS, the charge transfer, carrier trapping, and hole injection dynamics from the photoexcited perovskite layers to the HTL can be directly monitored via the characteristic bleaching profile of the perovskite at ∼750 nm. TAS studies revealed faster relaxation times and decay dynamics when the PTAA polymer is employed, which potentially account for the enhanced PCE observed. The TAS results are correlated with the structure and crystalline quality of the corresponding perovskite films, investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, micro-photoluminescence, and transmittance spectroscopy. It is concluded that TAS is a benchmark technique for the understanding of the carrier transport mechanisms in PSCs and constitutes a figure-of-merit tool toward their efficiency improvement.

  18. Kinetic Theory of Electronic Transport in Random Magnetic Fields

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lucas, Andrew

    2018-03-01

    We present the theory of quasiparticle transport in perturbatively small inhomogeneous magnetic fields across the ballistic-to-hydrodynamic crossover. In the hydrodynamic limit, the resistivity ρ generically grows proportionally to the rate of momentum-conserving electron-electron collisions at large enough temperatures T . In particular, the resulting flow of electrons provides a simple scenario where viscous effects suppress conductance below the ballistic value. This new mechanism for ρ ∝T2 resistivity in a Fermi liquid may describe low T transport in single-band SrTiO3 .

  19. Kinetic Theory of Electronic Transport in Random Magnetic Fields.

    PubMed

    Lucas, Andrew

    2018-03-16

    We present the theory of quasiparticle transport in perturbatively small inhomogeneous magnetic fields across the ballistic-to-hydrodynamic crossover. In the hydrodynamic limit, the resistivity ρ generically grows proportionally to the rate of momentum-conserving electron-electron collisions at large enough temperatures T. In particular, the resulting flow of electrons provides a simple scenario where viscous effects suppress conductance below the ballistic value. This new mechanism for ρ∝T^{2} resistivity in a Fermi liquid may describe low T transport in single-band SrTiO_{3}.

  20. Electron transport model of dielectric charging

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Beers, B. L.; Hwang, H. C.; Lin, D. L.; Pine, V. W.

    1979-01-01

    A computer code (SCCPOEM) was assembled to describe the charging of dielectrics due to irradiation by electrons. The primary purpose for developing the code was to make available a convenient tool for studying the internal fields and charge densities in electron-irradiated dielectrics. The code, which is based on the primary electron transport code POEM, is applicable to arbitrary dielectrics, source spectra, and current time histories. The code calculations are illustrated by a series of semianalytical solutions. Calculations to date suggest that the front face electric field is insufficient to cause breakdown, but that bulk breakdown fields can easily be exceeded.

  1. Measurement of Electronic States of PbS Nanocrystal Quantum Dots Using Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy: The Role of Parity Selection Rules in Optical Absorption

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Diaconescu, Bogdan; Padilha, Lazaro A.; Nagpal, Prashant; Swartzentruber, Brian S.; Klimov, Victor I.

    2013-03-01

    We study the structure of electronic states in individual PbS nanocrystal quantum dots by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) using one-to-two monolayer nanocrystal films treated with 1, 2-ethanedithiols (EDT). Up to six individual valence and conduction band states are resolved for a range of quantum dot sizes. The measured states’ energies are in good agreement with calculations using the k·p four-band envelope function formalism. A comparison of STS and optical absorption spectra indicates that some of the absorption features can only be explained by asymmetric transitions involving the states of different symmetries (e.g., S and P or P and D), which points towards the relaxation of the parity selection rules in these nanostructures. STS measurements also reveal a midgap feature, which is likely similar to one observed in previous charge transport studies of EDT-treated quantum dot films.

  2. Response Matrix Monte Carlo for electron transport

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ballinger, C.T.; Nielsen, D.E. Jr.; Rathkopf, J.A.

    1990-11-01

    A Response Matrix Monte Carol (RMMC) method has been developed for solving electron transport problems. This method was born of the need to have a reliable, computationally efficient transport method for low energy electrons (below a few hundred keV) in all materials. Today, condensed history methods are used which reduce the computation time by modeling the combined effect of many collisions but fail at low energy because of the assumptions required to characterize the electron scattering. Analog Monte Carlo simulations are prohibitively expensive since electrons undergo coulombic scattering with little state change after a collision. The RMMC method attempts tomore » combine the accuracy of an analog Monte Carlo simulation with the speed of the condensed history methods. The combined effect of many collisions is modeled, like condensed history, except it is precalculated via an analog Monte Carol simulation. This avoids the scattering kernel assumptions associated with condensed history methods. Results show good agreement between the RMMC method and analog Monte Carlo. 11 refs., 7 figs., 1 tabs.« less

  3. Hybrid transport and diffusion modeling using electron thermal transport Monte Carlo SNB in DRACO

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chenhall, Jeffrey; Moses, Gregory

    2017-10-01

    The iSNB (implicit Schurtz Nicolai Busquet) multigroup diffusion electron thermal transport method is adapted into an Electron Thermal Transport Monte Carlo (ETTMC) transport method to better model angular and long mean free path non-local effects. Previously, the ETTMC model had been implemented in the 2D DRACO multiphysics code and found to produce consistent results with the iSNB method. Current work is focused on a hybridization of the computationally slower but higher fidelity ETTMC transport method with the computationally faster iSNB diffusion method in order to maximize computational efficiency. Furthermore, effects on the energy distribution of the heat flux divergence are studied. Work to date on the hybrid method will be presented. This work was supported by Sandia National Laboratories and the Univ. of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics.

  4. Towards simultaneous measurements of electronic and structural properties in ultra-fast x-ray free electron laser absorption spectroscopy experiments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gaudin, J.; Fourment, C.; Cho, B. I.; Engelhorn, K.; Galtier, E.; Harmand, M.; Leguay, P. M.; Lee, H. J.; Nagler, B.; Nakatsutsumi, M.; Ozkan, C.; Störmer, M.; Toleikis, S.; Tschentscher, Th; Heimann, P. A.; Dorchies, F.

    2014-04-01

    The rapidly growing ultrafast science with X-ray lasers unveils atomic scale processes with unprecedented time resolution bringing the so called ``molecular movie'' within reach. X-ray absorption spectroscopy is one of the most powerful x-ray techniques providing both local atomic order and electronic structure when coupled with ad-hoc theory. Collecting absorption spectra within few x-ray pulses is possible only in a dispersive setup. We demonstrate ultrafast time-resolved measurements of the LIII-edge x-ray absorption near-edge spectra of irreversibly laser excited Molybdenum using an average of only few x-ray pulses with a signal to noise ratio limited only by the saturation level of the detector. The simplicity of the experimental set-up makes this technique versatile and applicable for a wide range of pump-probe experiments, particularly in the case of non-reversible processes.

  5. On the Acceleration and Transport of Electrons Generated by Intense Laser-Plasma Interactions at Sharp Interfaces

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    May, Joshua Joseph

    The continued development of the chirped pulse amplification technique has allowed for the development of lasers with powers of in excess of 10 15W, for pulse lengths with durations of between .01 and 10 picoseconds, and which can be focused to energy densities greater than 100 giga-atmospheres. When such lasers are focused onto material targets, the possibility of creating particle beams with energy fluxes of comparable parameters arises. Such interactions have a number of theorized applications. For instance, in the Fast Ignition concept for Inertial Confinement Fusion [1], a high-intensity laser efficiently transfers its energy into an electron beam with an appropriate spectra which is then transported into a compressed target and initiate a fusion reaction. Another possible use is the so called Radiation Pressure Acceleration mechanism, in which a high-intensity, circularly polarized laser is used to create a mono-energetic ion beam which could then be used for medical imaging and treatment, among other applications. For this latter application, it is important that the laser energy is transferred to the ions and not to the electrons. However the physics of such high energy-density laser-matter interactions is highly kinetic and non-linear, and presently not fully understood. In this dissertation, we use the Particle-in-Cell code OSIRIS [2, 3] to explore the generation and transport of relativistic particle beams created by high intensity lasers focused onto solid density matter at normal incidence. To explore the generation of relativistic electrons by such interactions, we use primarily one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D), and a few three-dimensional simulations (3D). We initially examine the idealized case of normal incidence of relatively short, plane-wave lasers on flat, sharp interfaces. We find that in 1D the results are highly dependent on the initial temperature of the plasma, with significant absorption into relativistic electrons only

  6. UV-Vis absorption spectra and electronic structure of merocyanines in the gas phase

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ishchenko, Alexander A.; Kulinich, Andrii V.; Bondarev, Stanislav L.; Raichenok, Tamara F.

    2018-02-01

    Gas-phase absorption spectra of a merocyanine vinylogous series have been studied for the first time. In vapour, their long-wavelength absorption bands were found to be considerably shifted hypsochromically, broader, more symmetrical, less intense, and their vinylene shift much smaller than even in low-polarity n-hexane. This indicates that in the gas phase their electronic structure closely approaches the nonpolar polyene limiting structure. The TDDFT calculations of the long-wavelength electronic transitions in the studied merocyanines in vacuo demonstrated good-to-excellent correlation - depending on the functional used - with the obtained experimental data. For comparison, the solvent effects was accounted for using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) with n-hexane and ethanol as low-polarity and high-polarity media, and compared with the UV-Vis spectral data in these solvents. In this case, the discrepancy between theory and experiment was much greater, increasing at that with the polymethine chain length.

  7. Electronic transport properties of some liquid semiconductor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sonvane, Y. A.; Thakor, P. B.; Jani, A. R.

    2012-06-01

    Electronic transport properties like electrical resistivity (ρ) and thermoelectric power (Q) of liquid semiconductor (Si, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, Tl and Bi) are calculated in the present study. Our well established single parametric model potential alongwith Percus Yevick hard sphere (PYHS) reference system are used to describe the structural information. To see the influence of exchange and correlation effect, Hartree, Taylor and Sarkar et al local field correlation functions are used. From present results, it is seen that good agreements between present results and experimental data have been achieved. Lastly we conclude that our model potential successfully produces the data of electronic transport properties for some liquid semiconductor (Si, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, Tl and Bi).

  8. Modified Monte Carlo method for study of electron transport in degenerate electron gas in the presence of electron-electron interactions, application to graphene

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Borowik, Piotr; Thobel, Jean-Luc; Adamowicz, Leszek

    2017-07-01

    Standard computational methods used to take account of the Pauli Exclusion Principle into Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of electron transport in semiconductors may give unphysical results in low field regime, where obtained electron distribution function takes values exceeding unity. Modified algorithms were already proposed and allow to correctly account for electron scattering on phonons or impurities. Present paper extends this approach and proposes improved simulation scheme allowing including Pauli exclusion principle for electron-electron (e-e) scattering into MC simulations. Simulations with significantly reduced computational cost recreate correct values of the electron distribution function. Proposed algorithm is applied to study transport properties of degenerate electrons in graphene with e-e interactions. This required adapting the treatment of e-e scattering in the case of linear band dispersion relation. Hence, this part of the simulation algorithm is described in details.

  9. Electronic structure of barium strontium titanate by soft-x-ray absorption spectroscopy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Uehara, Y.; Underwood, J.H.; Gullikson, E.M.

    1997-04-01

    Perovskite-type titanates, such as Strontium Titanate (STO), Barium Titanate (BTO), and Lead Titanate (PTO) have been widely studied because they show good electric and optical properties. In recent years, thin films of Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) have been paid much attention as dielectrics of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) capacitors. BST is a better insulator with a higher dielectric constant than STO and can be controlled in a paraelectric phase with an appropriate ratio of Ba/Sr composition, however, few studies have been done on the electronic structure of the material. Studies of the electronic structure of such materials can bemore » beneficial, both for fundamental physics research and for improving technological applications. BTO is a famous ferroelectric material with a tetragonal structure, in which Ti and Ba atoms are slightly displaced from the lattice points. On the other hand, BST keeps a paraelectric phase, which means that the atoms are still at the cubic lattice points. It should be of great interest to see how this difference of the local structure around Ti atoms between BTO and BST effects the electronic structure of these two materials. In this report, the authors present the Ti L{sub 2,3} absorption spectra of STO, BTO, and BST measured with very high accuracy in energy of the absorption features.« less

  10. Observation of Reverse Saturable Absorption of an X-ray Laser

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cho, B. I.; Cho, M. S.; Kim, M.

    A nonlinear absorber in which the excited state absorption is larger than the ground state can undergo a process called reverse saturable absorption. It is a well-known phenomenon in laser physics in the optical regime, but is more difficult to generate in the x-ray regime, where fast nonradiative core electron transitions typically dominate the population kinetics during light matter interactions. Here, we report the first observation of decreasing x-ray transmission in a solid target pumped by intense x-ray free electron laser pulses. The measurement has been made below the K-absorption edge of aluminum, and the x-ray intensity ranges are 10more » 16 –10 17 W=cm 2. It has been confirmed by collisional radiative population kinetic calculations, underscoring the fast spectral modulation of the x-ray pulses and charge states relevant to the absorption and transmission of x-ray photons. The processes shown through detailed simulations are consistent with reverse saturable absorption, which would be the first observation of this phenomena in the x-ray regime. These light matter interactions provide a unique opportunity to investigate optical transport properties in the extreme state of matters, as well as affording the potential to regulate ultrafast x-ray freeelectron laser pulses.« less

  11. Observation of Reverse Saturable Absorption of an X-ray Laser

    DOE PAGES

    Cho, B. I.; Cho, M. S.; Kim, M.; ...

    2017-08-16

    A nonlinear absorber in which the excited state absorption is larger than the ground state can undergo a process called reverse saturable absorption. It is a well-known phenomenon in laser physics in the optical regime, but is more difficult to generate in the x-ray regime, where fast nonradiative core electron transitions typically dominate the population kinetics during light matter interactions. Here, we report the first observation of decreasing x-ray transmission in a solid target pumped by intense x-ray free electron laser pulses. The measurement has been made below the K-absorption edge of aluminum, and the x-ray intensity ranges are 10more » 16 –10 17 W=cm 2. It has been confirmed by collisional radiative population kinetic calculations, underscoring the fast spectral modulation of the x-ray pulses and charge states relevant to the absorption and transmission of x-ray photons. The processes shown through detailed simulations are consistent with reverse saturable absorption, which would be the first observation of this phenomena in the x-ray regime. These light matter interactions provide a unique opportunity to investigate optical transport properties in the extreme state of matters, as well as affording the potential to regulate ultrafast x-ray freeelectron laser pulses.« less

  12. Study on the Electronic Transport Properties of Zigzag GaN Nanotubes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Enling; Wang, Xiqiang; Hou, Liping; Zhao, Danna; Dai, Yuanbin; Wang, Xuewen

    2011-02-01

    The electronic transport properties of zigzag GaN nanotubes (n, 0) (4 <= n <= 9) have been calculated using the density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's functions method. Firstly, the density functional theory (DFT) is used to optimize and calculate the electronic structure of GaNNTs (n, 0) (4<=n<=9). Secondly, DFT and non-equilibrium Green function (NEGF) method are also used to predict the electronic transport properties of GaNNTs two-probe system. The results showed: there is a corresponding relation between the electronic transport properties and the valley of state density of each GaNNT. In addition, the volt-ampere curve of GaNNT is approximately linear.

  13. Investigation of nanoparticulate silicon as printed layers using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

    DOE PAGES

    Unuigbe, David M.; Harting, Margit; Jonah, Emmanuel O.; ...

    2017-08-21

    The presence of native oxide on the surface of silicon nanoparticles is known to inhibit charge transport on the surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies reveal that the particles in the printed silicon network have a wide range of sizes and shapes. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that the particle surfaces have mainly the (111)- and (100)-oriented planes which stabilizes against further oxidation of the particles. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements at the O 1s-edge have been utilized to study the oxidation and local atomic structure of printed layers of silicon nanoparticles which were milledmore » for different times. XANES results reveal the presence of the +4 (SiO 2) oxidation state which tends towards the +2 (SiO) state for higher milling times. Si 2pXPS results indicate that the surfaces of the silicon nanoparticles in the printed layers are only partially oxidized and that all three sub-oxide, +1 (Si 2O), +2 (SiO) and +3 (Si 2O 3), states are present. The analysis of the change in the sub-oxide peaks of the silicon nanoparticles shows the dominance of the +4 state only for lower milling times.« less

  14. Optical absorption in fused silica at elevated temperatures during 1.5-MeV electron irradiation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Smith, A. B.

    1972-01-01

    An experimental determination of the optical transmission of Corning 7940 UV and Suprasil 1 and 2 fused silica has been made during 1.5-MeV electron bombardment. The fused silica reached temperatures ranging from 150 to 1000 C. The Lewis Research Center dynamitron provided electron current densities which corresponded to a dose rate of 2.6 to 20 Mrad/sec. The irradiation induced absorption was measured at 215.0, 270.0, and 450.0 nm (2150, 2700, 4500 A). The length of each irradiation was sufficient so that an equilibrium between radiation induced coloration and high temperature annealing was reached. The experimental results indicate a significant optical absorption, with values of the induced absorption coefficient at 215.0 nm (2150 A) of 14.5 to 2.2/cm, at 270.0 nm (2700 A) of 9.7 to 3.0/cm and at 450.0 nm (4500 A) of 3.7 to 0.5/cm. This would make the use of fused silica as the separating wall material in the nuclear light bulb propulsion concept questionable.

  15. Non-renewal statistics for electron transport in a molecular junction with electron-vibration interaction

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kosov, Daniel S.

    2017-09-01

    Quantum transport of electrons through a molecule is a series of individual electron tunneling events separated by stochastic waiting time intervals. We study the emergence of temporal correlations between successive waiting times for the electron transport in a vibrating molecular junction. Using the master equation approach, we compute the joint probability distribution for waiting times of two successive tunneling events. We show that the probability distribution is completely reset after each tunneling event if molecular vibrations are thermally equilibrated. If we treat vibrational dynamics exactly without imposing the equilibration constraint, the statistics of electron tunneling events become non-renewal. Non-renewal statistics between two waiting times τ1 and τ2 means that the density matrix of the molecule is not fully renewed after time τ1 and the probability of observing waiting time τ2 for the second electron transfer depends on the previous electron waiting time τ1. The strong electron-vibration coupling is required for the emergence of the non-renewal statistics. We show that in the Franck-Condon blockade regime, extremely rare tunneling events become positively correlated.

  16. Disentangling atomic-layer-specific x-ray absorption spectra by Auger electron diffraction spectroscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Matsui, Fumihiko; Matsushita, Tomohiro; Kato, Yukako; Hashimoto, Mie; Daimon, Hiroshi

    2009-11-01

    In order to investigate the electronic and magnetic structures of each atomic layer at subsurface, we have proposed a new method, Auger electron diffraction spectroscopy, which is the combination of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and Auger electron diffraction (AED) techniques. We have measured a series of Ni LMM AED patterns of the Ni film grown on Cu(001) surface for various thicknesses. Then we deduced a set of atomic-layer-specific AED patterns in a numerical way. Furthermore, we developed an algorithm to disentangle XANES spectra from different atomic layers using these atomic-layer-specific AED patterns. Surface and subsurface core level shift were determined for each atomic layer.

  17. Electron temperature critical gradient and transport stiffness in DIII-D

    DOE PAGES

    Smith, Sterling P.; Petty, Clinton C.; White, Anne E.; ...

    2015-07-06

    The electron energy flux has been probed as a function of electron temperature gradient on the DIII-D tokamak, in a continuing effort to validate turbulent transport models. In the scan of gradient, a critical electron temperature gradient has been found in the electron heat fluxes and stiffness at various radii in L-mode plasmas. The TGLF reduced turbulent transport model [G.M. Staebler et al, Phys. Plasmas 14, 055909 (2007)] and full gyrokinetic GYRO model [J. Candy and R.E. Waltz, J. Comput. Phys. 186, 545 (2003)] recover the general trend of increasing electron energy flux with increasing electron temperature gradient scale length,more » but they do not predict the absolute level of transport at all radii and gradients. Comparing the experimental observations of incremental (heat pulse) diffusivity and stiffness to the models’ reveals that TGLF reproduces the trends in increasing diffusivity and stiffness with increasing electron temperature gradient scale length with a critical gradient behavior. Furthermore, the critical gradient of TGLF is found to have a dependence on q 95, contrary to the independence of the experimental critical gradient from q 95.« less

  18. Interplay of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Drug Absorption and Disposition.

    PubMed

    Shi, Shaojun; Li, Yunqiao

    2014-01-01

    In recent years, the functional interplay between drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and drug transporters (DTs) in drug absorption and disposition, as well as the complex drug interactions (DIs), has become an intriguing contention, which has also been termed the "transport-metabolism interplay". The current mechanistic understanding for this interplay is first discussed. In the present article, studies investigating the interplay between cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) and efflux transporters have been systematically reviewed in vitro, in situ, in silico, in animals and humans, followed by CYPs-uptake transporters, CYPs-uptake transporters-efflux transporters, and phase II metabolic enzymes-transporters interplay studies. Although several cellular, isolated organ and whole animal studies, in conjunction with simulation and modelling, have addressed the issue that DMEs and DTs can work cooperatively to affect the bioavailability of shared substrate drugs, convincing evidences in human studies are still lacking. Furthermore, the functional interplay between DMEs and DTs will be highly substrate- and dose- dependent. Additionally, we review recent studies to evaluate the influence of genetic variations in the interplay between DMEs and DTs, which might be helpful for the prediction of pharmacokinetics (PK) and possible DIs in human more correctly. There is strong evidence of coordinately regulated DEMs and DTs gene expression and protein activity (e.g. nuclear receptors). Taken together, further investigations and analysis are urgently needed to explore the functional interplay of DMEs and DTs and to delineate the underlying mechanisms.

  19. Molecular electronics: insight from first-principles transport simulations.

    PubMed

    Paulsson, Magnus; Frederiksen, Thomas; Brandbyge, Mads

    2010-01-01

    Conduction properties of nanoscale contacts can be studied using first-principles simulations. Such calculations give insight into details behind the conductance that is not readily available in experiments. For example, we may learn how the bonding conditions of a molecule to the electrodes affect the electronic transport. Here we describe key computational ingredients and discuss these in relation to simulations for scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments with C60 molecules where the experimental geometry is well characterized. We then show how molecular dynamics simulations may be combined with transport calculations to study more irregular situations, such as the evolution of a nanoscale contact with the mechanically controllable break-junction technique. Finally we discuss calculations of inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy as a characterization technique that reveals information about the atomic arrangement and transport channels.

  20. Temperature-Induced Large Broadening and Blue Shift in the Electronic Band Structure and Optical Absorption of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite.

    PubMed

    Yang, Jia-Yue; Hu, Ming

    2017-08-17

    The power conversion efficiency of hybrid halide perovskite solar cells is profoundly influenced by the operating temperature. Here we investigate the temperature influence on the electronic band structure and optical absorption of cubic CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 from first-principles by accounting for both the electron-phonon interaction and thermal expansion. Within the framework of density functional perturbation theory, the electron-phonon coupling induces slightly enlarged band gap and strongly broadened electronic relaxation time as temperature increases. The large broadening effect is mainly due to the presence of cation organic atoms. Consequently, the temperature-dependent absorption peak exhibits blue-shift position, decreased amplitude, and broadened width. This work uncovers the atomistic origin of temperature influence on the optical absorption of cubic CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 and can provide guidance to design high-performance hybrid halide perovskite solar cells at different operating temperatures.

  1. Electron capture and transport mediated by lattice solitons

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hennig, D.; Chetverikov, A.; Velarde, M. G.; Ebeling, W.

    2007-10-01

    We study electron transport in a one-dimensional molecular lattice chain. The molecules are linked by Morse interaction potentials. The electronic degree of freedom, expressed in terms of a tight binding system, is coupled to the longitudinal displacements of the molecules from their equilibrium positions along the axis of the lattice. More specifically, the distance between two sites influences in an exponential fashion the corresponding electronic transfer matrix element. We demonstrate that when an electron is injected in the undistorted lattice it causes a local deformation such that a compression results leading to a lowering of the electron’s energy below the lower edge of the band of linear states. This corresponds to self-localization of the electron due to a polaronlike effect. Then, if a traveling soliton lattice deformation is launched a distance apart from the electron’s position, upon encountering the polaronlike state it captures the latter dragging it afterwards along its path. Strikingly, even when the electron is initially uniformly distributed over the lattice sites a traveling soliton lattice deformation gathers the electronic amplitudes during its traversing of the lattice. Eventually, the electron state is strongly localized and moves coherently in unison with the soliton lattice deformation. This shows that for the achievement of coherent electron transport we need not start with the polaronic effect.

  2. Bicarbonate absorption by rabbit cortical collecting tubules in vitro.

    PubMed

    McKinney, T D; Burg, M B

    1978-02-01

    The rate of transport of bicarbonate was studied in isolated perfused rabbit cortical collecting tubules that were absorbing bicarbonate in vitro. Acetazolamide completely inhibited bicarbonate absorption, as was previously observed with isolated proximal tubules. Therefore, carbonic anhydrase probably is important for bicarbonate absorption in both the proximal tubules and collecting tubules. Inhibition of sodium transport by ouabain or elimination of its transport by completely removing the sodium did not cause a decrease in bicarbonate absorption by the collecting tubules. We previously found that inhibition of sodium transport caused a great decrease in bicarbonate absorption by proximal tubules. Therefore, absorption of bicarbonate is not directly related to sodium transport in collecting tubules, but it probably is related to sodium transport in isolated perfused rabbit proximal tubules. Amiloride inhibited bicarbonate absorption by the collecting tubules consistent with previous observations that the drug inhibits urinary acidification. Although amiloride also inhibits sodium transport and reduces the transepithelial voltage across the collecting tubules, the effect of the drug on bicarbonate transport apparently is independent of the other effects.

  3. Towards simultaneous measurements of electronic and structural properties in ultra-fast x-ray free electron laser absorption spectroscopy experiments

    PubMed Central

    Gaudin, J.; Fourment, C.; Cho, B. I.; Engelhorn, K.; Galtier, E.; Harmand, M.; Leguay, P. M.; Lee, H. J.; Nagler, B.; Nakatsutsumi, M.; Ozkan, C.; Störmer, M.; Toleikis, S.; Tschentscher, Th; Heimann, P. A.; Dorchies, F.

    2014-01-01

    The rapidly growing ultrafast science with X-ray lasers unveils atomic scale processes with unprecedented time resolution bringing the so called “molecular movie” within reach. X-ray absorption spectroscopy is one of the most powerful x-ray techniques providing both local atomic order and electronic structure when coupled with ad-hoc theory. Collecting absorption spectra within few x-ray pulses is possible only in a dispersive setup. We demonstrate ultrafast time-resolved measurements of the LIII-edge x-ray absorption near-edge spectra of irreversibly laser excited Molybdenum using an average of only few x-ray pulses with a signal to noise ratio limited only by the saturation level of the detector. The simplicity of the experimental set-up makes this technique versatile and applicable for a wide range of pump-probe experiments, particularly in the case of non-reversible processes. PMID:24740172

  4. Towards simultaneous measurements of electronic and structural properties in ultra-fast x-ray free electron laser absorption spectroscopy experiments

    DOE PAGES

    Gaudin, J.; Fourment, C.; Cho, B. I.; ...

    2014-04-17

    The rapidly growing ultrafast science with X-ray lasers unveils atomic scale processes with unprecedented time resolution bringing the so called “molecular movie” within reach. X-ray absorption spectroscopy is one of the most powerful x-ray techniques providing both local atomic order and electronic structure when coupled with ad-hoc theory. Collecting absorption spectra within few x-ray pulses is possible only in a dispersive setup. We demonstrate ultrafast time-resolved measurements of the LIII-edge x-ray absorption near-edge spectra of irreversibly laser excited Molybdenum using an average of only few x-ray pulses with a signal to noise ratio limited only by the saturation level ofmore » the detector. The simplicity of the experimental set-up makes this technique versatile and applicable for a wide range of pump-probe experiments, particularly in the case of non-reversible processes.« less

  5. X-ray absorption spectroscopy to determine originating depth of electrons that form an inelastic background of Auger electron spectrum

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Isomura, Noritake; Cui, Yi-Tao; Murai, Takaaki; Oji, Hiroshi; Kimoto, Yasuji

    2017-07-01

    In Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), the spectral background is mainly due to inelastic scattering of Auger electrons that lose their kinetic energy in a sample bulk. To investigate the spectral components within this background for SiO2(19.3 nm)/Si(100) with known layer thickness, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used in the partial-electron-yield (PEY) mode at several electron kinetic energies to probe the background of the Si KLL Auger peak. The Si K-edge PEY-XAS spectra constituted of both Si and SiO2 components at each kinetic energy, and their component fractions were approximately the same as those derived from the simulated AES background for the same sample structure. The contributions of Auger electrons originating from layers at different depths to the inelastic background could thus be identified experimentally.

  6. Transport of secondary electrons and reactive species in ion tracks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Surdutovich, Eugene; Solov'yov, Andrey V.

    2015-08-01

    The transport of reactive species brought about by ions traversing tissue-like medium is analysed analytically. Secondary electrons ejected by ions are capable of ionizing other molecules; the transport of these generations of electrons is studied using the random walk approximation until these electrons remain ballistic. Then, the distribution of solvated electrons produced as a result of interaction of low-energy electrons with water molecules is obtained. The radial distribution of energy loss by ions and secondary electrons to the medium yields the initial radial dose distribution, which can be used as initial conditions for the predicted shock waves. The formation, diffusion, and chemical evolution of hydroxyl radicals in liquid water are studied as well. COST Action Nano-IBCT: Nano-scale Processes Behind Ion-Beam Cancer Therapy.

  7. Does menaquinone participate in brain astrocyte electron transport?

    PubMed

    Lovern, Douglas; Marbois, Beth

    2013-10-01

    Quinone compounds act as membrane resident carriers of electrons between components of the electron transport chain in the periplasmic space of prokaryotes and in the mitochondria of eukaryotes. Vitamin K is a quinone compound in the human body in a storage form as menaquinone (MK); distribution includes regulated amounts in mitochondrial membranes. The human brain, which has low amounts of typical vitamin K dependent function (e.g., gamma carboxylase) has relatively high levels of MK, and different regions of brain have different amounts. Coenzyme Q (Q), is a quinone synthesized de novo, and the levels of synthesis decline with age. The levels of MK are dependent on dietary intake and generally increase with age. MK has a characterized role in the transfer of electrons to fumarate in prokaryotes. A newly recognized fumarate cycle has been identified in brain astrocytes. The MK precursor menadione has been shown to donate electrons directly to mitochondrial complex III. Vitamin K compounds function in the electron transport chain of human brain astrocytes. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Core-shell nanophosphor architecture: toward efficient energy transport in inorganic/organic hybrid solar cells.

    PubMed

    Li, Qinghua; Yuan, Yongbiao; Chen, Zihan; Jin, Xiao; Wei, Tai-huei; Li, Yue; Qin, Yuancheng; Sun, Weifu

    2014-08-13

    In this work, a core-shell nanostructure of samarium phosphates encapsulated into a Eu(3+)-doped silica shell has been successfully fabricated, which has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution TEM. Moreover, we report the energy transfer process from the Sm(3+) to emitters Eu(3+) that widens the light absorption range of the hybrid solar cells (HSCs) and the strong enhancement of the electron-transport of TiO2/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) bulk heterojunction (BHJ) HSCs by introducing the unique core-shell nanoarchitecture. Furthermore, by applying femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, we successfully obtain the electron transport lifetimes of BHJ systems with or without incorporating the core-shell nanophosphors (NPs). Concrete evidence has been provided that the doping of core-shell NPs improves the efficiency of electron transfers from donor to acceptor, but the hole transport almost remains unchanged. In particular, the hot electron transfer lifetime was shortened from 30.2 to 16.7 ps, i.e., more than 44% faster than pure TiO2 acceptor. Consequently, a notable power conversion efficiency of 3.30% for SmPO4@Eu(3+):SiO2 blended TiO2/P3HT HSCs is achieved at 5 wt % as compared to 1.98% of pure TiO2/P3HT HSCs. This work indicates that the core-shell NPs can efficiently broaden the absorption region, facilitate electron-transport of BHJ, and enhance photovoltaic performance of inorganic/organic HSCs.

  9. Diffusive vs. impulsive energetic electron transport during radiation belt storms

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vassiliadis, D.; Koepke, M.; Tornquist, M.

    2008-12-01

    Earth's electron radiation belts are continually replenished by inward particle transport (as well as other, local acceleration processes) taking place during radiation belt storms. For some storms the radial transport is primarily diffusive while for others it is impulsive, or characterized by injections. To distinguish between these types of inward transport, we first use a dynamic model of the phase-space density as measured by POLAR/HIST and expressed in terms of adiabatic invariants [Green and Kivelson, 2004]. In a review of storms from 1997 to 2004 the coefficients of the model are peaked at characteristic temporal and phase- space (mu, k, L*) scales during specific storms. The transport is quantified in terms of those invariants which are violated and identified with peaks of the electron distribution in invariant space. Second, we run guiding- center simulations in wave fields fitted to in situ measurements complemented at low and high L by ground ULF pulsations. The modes of response identified in earlier studies from SAMPEX and POLAR electron flux measurements are now associated with primarily diffusive transport in the central range of the outer belt, L=4-8, and primarily impulsive transport near the plasmapause boundary, L=3-4.

  10. Distribution of tunnelling times for quantum electron transport.

    PubMed

    Rudge, Samuel L; Kosov, Daniel S

    2016-03-28

    In electron transport, the tunnelling time is the time taken for an electron to tunnel out of a system after it has tunnelled in. We define the tunnelling time distribution for quantum processes in a dissipative environment and develop a practical approach for calculating it, where the environment is described by the general Markovian master equation. We illustrate the theory by using the rate equation to compute the tunnelling time distribution for electron transport through a molecular junction. The tunnelling time distribution is exponential, which indicates that Markovian quantum tunnelling is a Poissonian statistical process. The tunnelling time distribution is used not only to study the quantum statistics of tunnelling along the average electric current but also to analyse extreme quantum events where an electron jumps against the applied voltage bias. The average tunnelling time shows distinctly different temperature dependence for p- and n-type molecular junctions and therefore provides a sensitive tool to probe the alignment of molecular orbitals relative to the electrode Fermi energy.

  11. Light transport in turbid media with non-scattering, low-scattering and high absorption heterogeneities based on hybrid simplified spherical harmonics with radiosity model

    PubMed Central

    Yang, Defu; Chen, Xueli; Peng, Zhen; Wang, Xiaorui; Ripoll, Jorge; Wang, Jing; Liang, Jimin

    2013-01-01

    Modeling light propagation in the whole body is essential and necessary for optical imaging. However, non-scattering, low-scattering and high absorption regions commonly exist in biological tissues, which lead to inaccuracy of the existing light transport models. In this paper, a novel hybrid light transport model that couples the simplified spherical harmonics approximation (SPN) with the radiosity theory (HSRM) was presented, to accurately describe light transport in turbid media with non-scattering, low-scattering and high absorption heterogeneities. In the model, the radiosity theory was used to characterize the light transport in non-scattering regions and the SPN was employed to handle the scattering problems, including subsets of low-scattering and high absorption. A Neumann source constructed by the light transport in the non-scattering region and formed at the interface between the non-scattering and scattering regions was superposed into the original light source, to couple the SPN with the radiosity theory. The accuracy and effectiveness of the HSRM was first verified with both regular and digital mouse model based simulations and a physical phantom based experiment. The feasibility and applicability of the HSRM was then investigated by a broad range of optical properties. Lastly, the influence of depth of the light source on the model was also discussed. Primary results showed that the proposed model provided high performance for light transport in turbid media with non-scattering, low-scattering and high absorption heterogeneities. PMID:24156077

  12. Light transport in turbid media with non-scattering, low-scattering and high absorption heterogeneities based on hybrid simplified spherical harmonics with radiosity model.

    PubMed

    Yang, Defu; Chen, Xueli; Peng, Zhen; Wang, Xiaorui; Ripoll, Jorge; Wang, Jing; Liang, Jimin

    2013-01-01

    Modeling light propagation in the whole body is essential and necessary for optical imaging. However, non-scattering, low-scattering and high absorption regions commonly exist in biological tissues, which lead to inaccuracy of the existing light transport models. In this paper, a novel hybrid light transport model that couples the simplified spherical harmonics approximation (SPN) with the radiosity theory (HSRM) was presented, to accurately describe light transport in turbid media with non-scattering, low-scattering and high absorption heterogeneities. In the model, the radiosity theory was used to characterize the light transport in non-scattering regions and the SPN was employed to handle the scattering problems, including subsets of low-scattering and high absorption. A Neumann source constructed by the light transport in the non-scattering region and formed at the interface between the non-scattering and scattering regions was superposed into the original light source, to couple the SPN with the radiosity theory. The accuracy and effectiveness of the HSRM was first verified with both regular and digital mouse model based simulations and a physical phantom based experiment. The feasibility and applicability of the HSRM was then investigated by a broad range of optical properties. Lastly, the influence of depth of the light source on the model was also discussed. Primary results showed that the proposed model provided high performance for light transport in turbid media with non-scattering, low-scattering and high absorption heterogeneities.

  13. Low energy electron transport in furfural

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lozano, Ana I.; Krupa, Kateryna; Ferreira da Silva, Filipe; Limão-Vieira, Paulo; Blanco, Francisco; Muñoz, Antonio; Jones, Darryl B.; Brunger, Michael J.; García, Gustavo

    2017-09-01

    We report on an initial investigation into the transport of electrons through a gas cell containing 1 mTorr of gaseous furfural. Results from our Monte Carlo simulation are implicitly checked against those from a corresponding electron transmission measurement. To enable this simulation a self-consistent cross section data base was constructed. This data base is benchmarked through new total cross section measurements which are also described here. In addition, again to facilitate the simulation, our preferred energy loss distribution function is presented and discussed.

  14. Vibronic coupling effect on the electron transport through molecules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tsukada, Masaru; Mitsutake, Kunihiro

    2007-03-01

    Electron transport through molecular bridges or molecular layers connected to nano-electrodes is determined by the combination of coherent and dissipative processes, controlled by the electron-vibron coupling, transfer integrals between the molecular orbitals, applied electric field and temperature. We propose a novel theoretical approach, which combines ab initio molecular orbital method with analytical many-boson model. As a case study, the long chain model of the thiophene oligomer is solved by a variation approach. Mixed states of moderately extended molecular orbital states mediated and localised by dress of vibron cloud are found as eigen-states. All the excited states accompanied by multiple quanta of vibration can be solved, and the overall carrier transport properties including the conductance, mobility, dissipation spectra are analyzed by solving the master equation with the transition rates estimated by the golden rule. We clarify obtained in a uniform systematic way, how the transport mode changes from a dominantly coherent transport to the dissipative hopping transport.

  15. Simulation of electron beam formation and transport in a gas-filled electron-optical system with a plasma emitter

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Grishkov, A. A.; Kornilov, S. Yu., E-mail: kornilovsy@gmail.com; Rempe, N. G.

    2016-07-15

    The results of computer simulations of the electron-optical system of an electron gun with a plasma emitter are presented. The simulations are performed using the KOBRA3-INP, XOOPIC, and ANSYS codes. The results describe the electron beam formation and transport. The electron trajectories are analyzed. The mechanisms of gas influence on the energy inhomogeneity of the beam and its current in the regions of beam primary formation, acceleration, and transport are described. Recommendations for optimizing the electron-optical system with a plasma emitter are presented.

  16. The cytochrome b6f complex at the crossroad of photosynthetic electron transport pathways.

    PubMed

    Tikhonov, Alexander N

    2014-08-01

    Regulation of photosynthetic electron transport at the level of the cytochrome b6f complex provides efficient performance of the chloroplast electron transport chain (ETC). In this review, after brief overview of the structural organization of the chloroplast ETC, the consideration of the problem of electron transport control is focused on the plastoquinone (PQ) turnover and its interaction with the b6f complex. The data available show that the rates of plastoquinol (PQH2) formation in PSII and its diffusion to the b6f complex do not limit the overall rate of electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). Analysis of experimental and theoretical data demonstrates that the rate-limiting step in the intersystem chain of electron transport is determined by PQH2 oxidation at the Qo-site of the b6f complex, which is accompanied by the proton release into the thylakoid lumen. The acidification of the lumen causes deceleration of PQH2 oxidation, thus impeding the intersystem electron transport. Two other mechanisms of regulation of the intersystem electron transport have been considered: (i) "state transitions" associated with the light-induced redistribution of solar energy between PSI and PSII, and (ii) redistribution of electron fluxes between alternative pathways (noncyclic electron transport and cyclic electron flow around PSI). Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  17. Electron transport property of tetrathiafulvalene molecule

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mondal, Rajkumar; Bhattacharya, Barnali; Deb, Jyotirmoy

    2016-05-23

    We have investigated electron transport behavior of tetrathiafulvalene molecule connected with zigzag graphene nanoribbon (zGNR) using density functional theory combined with non-equilibrium Green’s function method. We have reported the transmission coefficient of the scattering region at different bias voltage to explain the nature of the current.

  18. Effect of interdiffusion and external magnetic field on electronic states and light absorption in Gaussian-shaped double quantum ring

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aziz-Aghchegala, V. L.; Mughnetsyan, V. N.; Kirakosyan, A. A.

    2018-02-01

    The effect of interdiffusion and magnetic field on confined states of electron and heavy hole as well as on interband absorption spectrum in a Ga1-xAlxAs/GaAs Gaussian-shaped double quantum ring are investigated. It is shown that both interdiffusion and magnetic field lead to the change of the charge carriers' quantum states arrangement by their energies. The oscillating behavior of the electron ground state energy as a function of magnetic field induction gradually disappears with the increase of diffusion parameter due to the enhanced tunneling of electron to the central region of the ring. For the heavy hole the ground state energy oscillations are not observable in the region of the values of magnetic field induction B = 0 - 10 T . For considered transitions both the magnetic field and the interdiffusion lead to a blue-shift of the absorption spectrum and to decreasing of the absorption intensity. The obtained results indicate on the opportunity of purposeful manipulation of energy states and absorption spectrum of a Gaussian-shaped double quantum ring by means of the post growth annealing and the external magnetic field.

  19. Theoretical modeling of electronic transport in molecular devices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Piccinin, Simone

    In this thesis a novel approach for simulating electronic transport in nanoscale structures is introduced. We consider an open quantum system (the electrons of structure) accelerated by an external electromotive force and dissipating energy through inelastic scattering with a heat bath (phonons) acting on the electrons. This method can be regarded as a quantum-mechanical extension of the semi-classical Boltzmann transport equation. We use periodic boundary conditions and employ Density Functional Theory to recast the many-particle problem in an effective single-particle mean-field problem. By explicitly treating the dissipation in the electrodes, the behavior of the potential is an outcome of our method, at variance with the scattering approaches based on the Landauer formalism. We study the self-consistent steady-state solution, analyzing the out-of-equilibrium electron distribution, the electrical characteristics, the behavior of the self-consistent potential and the density of states of the system. We apply the method to the study of electronic transport in several molecular devices, consisting of small organic molecules or atomic wires sandwiched between gold surfaces. For gold wires we recover the experimental evidence that transport in short wires is ballistic, independent of the length of the wire and with conductance of one quantum. In benzene-1,4-dithiol we find that the delocalization of the frontier orbitals of the molecule is responsible for the high value of conductance and that, by inserting methylene groups to decouple the sulfur atoms from the carbon ring, the current is reduced, in agreement with the experimental measurements. We study the effect a geometrical distortion in a molecular device, namely the relative rotation of the carbon rings in a biphenyl-4,4'-dithiol molecule. We find that the reduced coupling between pi orbitals of the rings induced by the rotation leads to a reduction of the conductance and that this behavior is captured by a

  20. Electron Transport Modeling of Molecular Nanoscale Bridges Used in Energy Conversion Schemes

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dunietz, Barry D

    2016-08-09

    The goal of the research program is to reliably describe electron transport and transfer processes at the molecular level. Such insight is essential for improving molecular applications of solar and thermal energy conversion. We develop electronic structure models to study (1) photoinduced electron transfer and transport processes in organic semiconducting materials, and (2) charge and heat transport through molecular bridges. We seek fundamental understanding of key processes, which lead to design new experiments and ultimately to achieve systems with improved properties.

  1. Composition dependence of electronic, magnetic, transport and morphological properties of mixed valence manganite thin films

    DOE PAGES

    Singh, Surendra; Freeland, J. W.; Fitzsimmons, Michael R.; ...

    2016-07-27

    Mixed-valence manganese oxides present striking properties like the colossal magnetoresistance, metal-insulator transition (MIT) that may result from coexistence of ferromagnetic, metallic and insulating phases. Percolation of such phase coexistence in the vicinity of MIT leads to first-order transition in these manganites. However the length scales over which the electronic and magnetic phases are separated across MIT which appears compelling for bulk systems has been elusive in (La 1-yPr y) 1-xCaxMnO 3 films. Here we show the in-plane length scale over which charge and magnetism are correlated in (La 0.4Pr 0.6) 1-xCaxMnO3 films with x = 0.33 and 0.375, across themore » MIT temperature. We combine electrical transport (resistance) measurements, x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), and specular/off-specular x-ray resonant magnetic scattering (XRMS) measurements as a function of temperature to elucidate relationships between electronic, magnetic and morphological structure of the thin films. Using off-specular XRMS we obtained the charge-charge and charge-magnetic correlation length of these LPCMO films across the MIT. We observed different charge-magnetic correlation length for two films which increases below the MIT. The different correlation length shown by two films may be responsible for different macroscopic (transport and magnetic) properties.« less

  2. Absorptive pinhole collimators for ballistic Dirac fermions in graphene

    PubMed Central

    Barnard, Arthur W.; Hughes, Alex; Sharpe, Aaron L.; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Goldhaber-Gordon, David

    2017-01-01

    Ballistic electrons in solids can have mean free paths far larger than the smallest features patterned by lithography. This has allowed development and study of solid-state electron-optical devices such as beam splitters and quantum point contacts, which have informed our understanding of electron flow and interactions. Recently, high-mobility graphene has emerged as an ideal two-dimensional semimetal that hosts unique chiral electron-optical effects due to its honeycomb crystalline lattice. However, this chiral transport prevents the simple use of electrostatic gates to define electron-optical devices in graphene. Here we present a method of creating highly collimated electron beams in graphene based on collinear pairs of slits, with absorptive sidewalls between the slits. By this method, we achieve beams with angular width 18° or narrower, and transmission matching classical ballistic predictions. PMID:28504264

  3. Balance-Equation Approach to Nonuniform Electron Transport in Nonparabolic Semiconductors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cao, Juncheng; Lei, Xiaolin

    1998-10-01

    On the basis of the Lei-Ting balance-equation transport theory recently developed for nonparabolic energy band, we propose a hydrodynamic approach to the spatially inhomogeneous electron transport in semiconductor devices. In the present approach, the momentum and energy collision terms are expressed by two nonlinear functions, the frictional acceleration and energy-loss rate, which give a detailed scattering-process-level description of nonstationary and nonlocal charge transport in the system. This approach allows one to calculate selfconsistently the transport parameters within the model itself based on the primary material data (band structure, deformation potential constant, etc.), thus it minimizes the uncertainty associated with the use of some empirical relations for transport coefficients. As a demonstration of the approach, we have carried out a numerical calculation for a submicrometer Si n^+nn^+ diode by assuming an isotropic Kane-type energy band. The results for electron velocity and energy, obtained at much less computing cost than the Monte-Carlo (MC) method, are in good agreement with MC prediction. The influence of heat-flow term on electron transport behaviour, especially on velocity overshoot, is also investigated. The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, National and Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology, and the Shanghai Foundation for Research and Development of Applied Materials

  4. Steepest entropy ascent quantum thermodynamic model of electron and phonon transport

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Guanchen; von Spakovsky, Michael R.; Hin, Celine

    2018-01-01

    An advanced nonequilibrium thermodynamic model for electron and phonon transport is formulated based on the steepest-entropy-ascent quantum thermodynamics framework. This framework, based on the principle of steepest entropy ascent (or the equivalent maximum entropy production principle), inherently satisfies the laws of thermodynamics and mechanics and is applicable at all temporal and spatial scales even in the far-from-equilibrium realm. Specifically, the model is proven to recover the Boltzmann transport equations in the near-equilibrium limit and the two-temperature model of electron-phonon coupling when no dispersion is assumed. The heat and mass transport at a temperature discontinuity across a homogeneous interface where the dispersion and coupling of electron and phonon transport are both considered are then modeled. Local nonequilibrium system evolution and nonquasiequilibrium interactions are predicted and the results discussed.

  5. Identifying the molecular functions of electron transport proteins using radial basis function networks and biochemical properties.

    PubMed

    Le, Nguyen-Quoc-Khanh; Nguyen, Trinh-Trung-Duong; Ou, Yu-Yen

    2017-05-01

    The electron transport proteins have an important role in storing and transferring electrons in cellular respiration, which is the most proficient process through which cells gather energy from consumed food. According to the molecular functions, the electron transport chain components could be formed with five complexes with several different electron carriers and functions. Therefore, identifying the molecular functions in the electron transport chain is vital for helping biologists understand the electron transport chain process and energy production in cells. This work includes two phases for discriminating electron transport proteins from transport proteins and classifying categories of five complexes in electron transport proteins. In the first phase, the performances from PSSM with AAIndex feature set were successful in identifying electron transport proteins in transport proteins with achieved sensitivity of 73.2%, specificity of 94.1%, and accuracy of 91.3%, with MCC of 0.64 for independent data set. With the second phase, our method can approach a precise model for identifying of five complexes with different molecular functions in electron transport proteins. The PSSM with AAIndex properties in five complexes achieved MCC of 0.51, 0.47, 0.42, 0.74, and 1.00 for independent data set, respectively. We suggest that our study could be a power model for determining new proteins that belongs into which molecular function of electron transport proteins. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  6. X-ray absorption spectroscopy using a self-seeded soft X-ray free-electron laser

    DOE PAGES

    Kroll, Thomas; Kern, Jan; Kubin, Markus; ...

    2016-09-19

    X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) enable unprecedented new ways to study the electronic structure and dynamics of transition metal systems. L-edge absorption spectroscopy is a powerful technique for such studies and the feasibility of this method at XFELs for solutions and solids has been demonstrated. But, the required x-ray bandwidth is an order of magnitude narrower than that of self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), and additional monochromatization is needed. We compare L-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of a prototypical transition metal system based on monochromatizing the SASE radiation of the linac coherent light source (LCLS) with a new technique based onmore » self-seeding of LCLS. We demonstrate how L-edge XAS can be performed using the self-seeding scheme without the need of an additional beam line monochromator. Lastly, we show how the spectral shape and pulse energy depend on the undulator setup and how this affects the x-ray spectroscopy measurements.« less

  7. X-ray absorption spectroscopy using a self-seeded soft X-ray free-electron laser

    PubMed Central

    Kroll, Thomas; Kern, Jan; Kubin, Markus; Ratner, Daniel; Gul, Sheraz; Fuller, Franklin D.; Löchel, Heike; Krzywinski, Jacek; Lutman, Alberto; Ding, Yuantao; Dakovski, Georgi L.; Moeller, Stefan; Turner, Joshua J.; Alonso-Mori, Roberto; Nordlund, Dennis L.; Rehanek, Jens; Weniger, Christian; Firsov, Alexander; Brzhezinskaya, Maria; Chatterjee, Ruchira; Lassalle-Kaiser, Benedikt; Sierra, Raymond G.; Laksmono, Hartawan; Hill, Ethan; Borovik, Andrew; Erko, Alexei; Föhlisch, Alexander; Mitzner, Rolf; Yachandra, Vittal K.; Yano, Junko; Wernet, Philippe; Bergmann, Uwe

    2016-01-01

    X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) enable unprecedented new ways to study the electronic structure and dynamics of transition metal systems. L-edge absorption spectroscopy is a powerful technique for such studies and the feasibility of this method at XFELs for solutions and solids has been demonstrated. However, the required x-ray bandwidth is an order of magnitude narrower than that of self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), and additional monochromatization is needed. Here we compare L-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of a prototypical transition metal system based on monochromatizing the SASE radiation of the linac coherent light source (LCLS) with a new technique based on self-seeding of LCLS. We demonstrate how L-edge XAS can be performed using the self-seeding scheme without the need of an additional beam line monochromator. We show how the spectral shape and pulse energy depend on the undulator setup and how this affects the x-ray spectroscopy measurements. PMID:27828320

  8. Electron transport parameters in NF3

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lisovskiy, V.; Yegorenkov, V.; Ogloblina, P.; Booth, J.-P.; Martins, S.; Landry, K.; Douai, D.; Cassagne, V.

    2014-03-01

    We present electron transport parameters (the first Townsend coefficient, the dissociative attachment coefficient, the fraction of electron energy lost by collisions with NF3 molecules, the average and characteristic electron energy, the electron mobility and the drift velocity) in NF3 gas calculated from published elastic and inelastic electron-NF3 collision cross-sections using the BOLSIG+ code. Calculations were performed for the combined RB (Rescigno 1995 Phys. Rev. E 52 329, Boesten et al 1996 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 29 5475) momentum-transfer cross-section, as well as for the JB (Joucoski and Bettega 2002 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 35 783) momentum-transfer cross-section. In addition, we have measured the radio frequency (rf) breakdown curves for various inter-electrode gaps and rfs, and from these we have determined the electron drift velocity in NF3 from the location of the turning point in these curves. These drift velocity values are in satisfactory agreement with those calculated by the BOLSIG+ code employing the JB momentum-transfer cross-section.

  9. The electron transport mechanism in ester and its influence on bioactivity in the anticancer drug N-(6-ferrocenyl-2-naphthoyl)-L-alanine-glycine ethyl ester(FNLAGEE)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sudhi, Geethu; Rajina, S. R.; Praveen, S. G.; Xavier, T. S.; Kenny, Peter T. M.; Binoy, J.

    2018-05-01

    The reactivity of ester group plays key role in inducing bioactivity of many ferrocenyl biconjugated compounds. The ester reactivity can be explained, based on electron transport mechanism using vibrational spectroscopy, aided by DFT simulation. The FT IR and FT Raman spectral measurements have been carried out for N-(6-ferrocenyl-2-naphthoyl)-L-alanine-glycine ethyl ester (FNLAGEE) and the optimized geometry and vibrational spectra have been computed using DFT method, at B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of theory. The cis conformation of ester and electron transport mechanism, thus analyzed, has been correlated to the geometry and the spectral characteristics of ester. To investigate the bioactivity and binding interactions of the molecule, molecular docking simulations and UV-Vis absorption studies of FNLAGEE with BSA and DNA has been performed.

  10. The electronic states of cyclopropane studied by VUV absorption and electron energy-loss spectroscopies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gingell, M.; Mason, N. J.; Walker, I. C.; Marston, G.; Zhao, H.; Siggel, M. R. F.

    1999-06-01

    Absolute optical (VUV) absorption cross sections for cyclopropane have been measured from 5.0 to 11.2 and 20-40 eV using synchrotron radiation. Also, electron energy-loss (EEL) spectra have been obtained using incident electrons of (a) 150 eV energy scattered through small angles (energy loss 5.0-15 eV) and (b) near-threshold energies scattered through large angles (energy loss 0-10.5 eV). Taken together these confirm that the low-lying excited electronic states of cyclopropane are of Rydberg type and, although spectral bands are diffuse, a known Rydberg series has been extended. Recent computations (Galasso V 1996 Chem. Phys. 206 289) appear to give a good account of the experimental spectrum from threshold to about 11 eV, but these must be extended if valence-excited states are to be characterized. Particular attention has been directed at the evaluation of absolute optical cross sections. These are now believed to be established over the energy ranges 5-15 and 20-40 eV. In the gap region (15-20 eV) second-order radiation may affect the optical measurements. From consideration of second-order effects, and comparison of the present studies with earlier measurements, we propose a best-estimate cross section in this energy region also.

  11. Electron Transport through Porphyrin Molecular Junctions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhou, Qi

    The goal of this work is to study the properties that would affect the electron transport through a porphyrin molecular junction. This work contributes to the field of electron transport in molecular junctions in the following 3 aspects. First of all, by carrying out experiments comparing the conductance of the iron (III) porphyrin (protected) and the free base porphyrin (protected), it is confirmed that the molecular energy level broadening and shifting occurs for porphyrin molecules when coupled with the metal electrodes, and this level broadening and shifting plays an important role in the electron transport through molecular junctions. Secondly, by carrying out an in-situ deprotection of the acetyl-protected free base porphyrin molecules, it is found out that the presence of acetyl groups reduces the conductance. Thirdly, by incorporating the Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) spectrum and the in-situ deprotection prior to formation of molecular junctions, it allows a more precise understanding of the molecules involved in the formation of molecular junctions, and therefore allows an accurate analysis of the conductance histogram. The molecules are prepared by self-assembly and the junctions are formed using a Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) molecular break junction technique. The porphyrin molecules are characterized by MALDI in solution before self-assembly to a gold/mica substrate. The self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of porphyrins on gold are characterized by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) reflection spectroscopy to confirm that the molecules are attached to the substrate. The SAMs are then characterized by Angle-Resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) to determine the thickness and the average molecular orientation of the molecular layer. The electron transport is measured by conductance-displacement (G-S) experiments under a given bias (-0.4V). The conductance value of a single molecule is identified by a statistical analysis

  12. Control of electron transport routes through redox-regulated redistribution of respiratory complexes

    PubMed Central

    Liu, Lu-Ning; Bryan, Samantha J.; Huang, Fang; Yu, Jianfeng; Nixon, Peter J.; Rich, Peter R.; Mullineaux, Conrad W.

    2012-01-01

    In cyanobacteria, respiratory electron transport takes place in close proximity to photosynthetic electron transport, because the complexes required for both processes are located within the thylakoid membranes. The balance of electron transport routes is crucial for cell physiology, yet the factors that control the predominance of particular pathways are poorly understood. Here we use a combination of tagging with green fluorescent protein and confocal fluorescence microscopy in live cells of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 to investigate the distribution on submicron scales of two key respiratory electron donors, type-I NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH-1) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). When cells are grown under low light, both complexes are concentrated in discrete patches in the thylakoid membranes, about 100–300 nm in diameter and containing tens to hundreds of complexes. Exposure to moderate light leads to redistribution of both NDH-1 and SDH such that they become evenly distributed within the thylakoid membranes. The effects of electron transport inhibitors indicate that redistribution of respiratory complexes is triggered by changes in the redox state of an electron carrier close to plastoquinone. Redistribution does not depend on de novo protein synthesis, and it is accompanied by a major increase in the probability that respiratory electrons are transferred to photosystem I rather than to a terminal oxidase. These results indicate that the distribution of complexes on the scale of 100–300 nm controls the partitioning of reducing power and that redistribution of electron transport complexes on these scales is a physiological mechanism to regulate the pathways of electron flow. PMID:22733774

  13. Tuning of few-electron states and optical absorption anisotropy in GaAs quantum rings.

    PubMed

    Wu, Zhenhua; Li, Jian; Li, Jun; Yin, Huaxiang; Liu, Yu

    2017-11-15

    The electronic and optical properties of a GaAs quantum ring (QR) with few electrons in the presence of the Rashba spin-orbit interaction (RSOI) and the Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction (DSOI) have been investigated theoretically. The configuration interaction (CI) method is employed to calculate the eigenvalues and eigenstates of the multiple-electron QR accurately. Our numerical results demonstrate that the symmetry breaking induced by the RSOI and DSOI leads to an anisotropic distribution of multi-electron states. The Coulomb interaction offers additional modulation of the electron distribution and thus the optical absorption indices in the quantum rings. By tuning the magnetic/electric fields and/or electron numbers in a quantum ring, one can change its optical properties significantly. Our theory provides a new way to control the multi-electron states and optical properties of a QR by hybrid modulations or by electrical means only.

  14. Optical absorption, electron spin resonance, and electron spin echo studies of the photoionization of tetramethylbenzidine in cationic and anionic synthetic vesicles: comparison with analogous micellar systems

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Li, A.S.W.; Kevan, L.

    1983-09-07

    The photoionization of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in dihexadecylphosphate anionic vesicles and in dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride cationic vesicles has been studied by optical absorption and electron spin resonance in liquid and frozen solutions. The TMB cation has been observed to be stabilized in both types of vesicles. The photoionization efficiency is about twofold greater in the cationic vesicles compared to the anionic vesicles. Shifts in the optical absorption maximum between micellar and vesicle solutions indicate that TMB is in a less polar environment in the vesicle systems. Electron spin echo modulation spectrometry has been used to detect TMB cation-water interactions that are foundmore » to be weaker than in previously studied micellar solutions. This is consistent with the optical absorption results and with an asymmetric solubilization site for TMB and TMB/sup +/ within the vesicular structure. A new absorption in the photoionized vesicles is assigned to a nonparamagnetic diamine-diimine charge-transfer complex between two TMB cations in the same vesicle. This complex is not formed in micellar systems. 5 figures.« less

  15. Analysis of electron beam induced deposition (EBID) of residual hydrocarbons in electron microscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rykaczewski, Konrad; White, William B.; Fedorov, Andrei G.

    2007-03-01

    In this work we have developed a comprehensive dynamic model of electron beam induced deposition (EBID) of residual hydrocarbon coupling mass transport, electron transport and scattering, and species decomposition to predict the deposition of carbon nanopillars. The simulations predict the local species and electron density distributions, as well as the three-demensional morphology and the growth rate of the deposit. Since the process occurs in a high vacuum environment, surface diffusion is considered as the primary transport mode of surface-adsorbed hydrocarbon precursor. The governing surface transport equation (STE) of the adsorbed species is derived and solved numerically. The transport, scattering, and absorption of primary electron as well as secondary electron generation are treated using the Monte Carlo method. Low energy secondary electrons are the major contributors to hydrocarbon decomposition due to their energy range matching peak dissociation reaction cross section energies for precursor molecules. The deposit and substrate are treated as a continuous entity allowing the simulation of the growth of a realistically sized deposit rather than a large number of cells representing each individual atom as in previously published simulations [Mitsuishi et al., Ultramicroscopy 103, 17 (2005); Silvis-Cividjian, Ph.D. thesis, University of Delft, 2002]. Such formulation allows for simple coupling of the STE with the dynamic growth of the nanopillar. Three different growth regimes occurring in EBID are identified using scaling analysis, and simulations are used to describe the deposit morphology and precursor surface concentration specific for each growth regime.

  16. Time-dependent upregulation of electron transport with concomitant induction of regulated excitation dissipation in Haslea diatoms.

    PubMed

    Perkins, R; Williamson, C; Lavaud, J; Mouget, J-L; Campbell, D A

    2018-04-16

    Photoacclimation by strains of Haslea "blue" diatom species H. ostrearia and H. silbo sp. nov. ined. was investigated with rapid light curves and induction-recovery curves using fast repetition rate fluorescence. Cultures were grown to exponential phase under 50 µmol m -2  s -1 photosynthetic available radiation (PAR) and then exposed to non-sequential rapid light curves where, once electron transport rate (ETR) had reached saturation, light intensity was decreased and then further increased prior to returning to near growth light intensity. The non-sequential rapid light curve revealed that ETR was not proportional to the instantaneously applied light intensity, due to rapid photoacclimation. Changes in the effective absorption cross sections for open PSII reaction centres (σ PSII ') or reaction centre connectivity (ρ) did not account for the observed increases in ETR under extended high light. σ PSII ' in fact decreased as a function of a time-dependent induction of regulated excitation dissipation Y(NPQ), once cells were at or above a PAR coinciding with saturation of ETR. Instead, the observed increases in ETR under extended high light were explained by an increase in the rate of PSII reopening, i.e. Q A - oxidation. This acceleration of electron transport was strictly light dependent and relaxed within seconds after a return to low light or darkness. The time-dependent nature of ETR upregulation and regulated NPQ induction was verified using induction-recovery curves. Our findings show a time-dependent induction of excitation dissipation, in parallel with very rapid photoacclimation of electron transport, which combine to make ETR independent of short-term changes in PAR. This supports a selective advantage for these diatoms when exposed to fluctuating light in their environment.

  17. Loss of anion transport without increased sodium absorption characterizes newborn porcine cystic fibrosis airway epithelia

    PubMed Central

    Chen, Jeng-Haur; Stoltz, David A.; Karp, Philip H.; Ernst, Sarah E.; Pezzulo, Alejandro A.; Moninger, Thomas O.; Rector, Michael V.; Reznikov, Leah R.; Launspach, Janice L.; Chaloner, Kathryn; Zabner, Joseph; Welsh, Michael J.

    2011-01-01

    SUMMARY Defective transepithelial electrolyte transport is thought to initiate cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Yet, how loss of CFTR affects electrolyte transport remains uncertain. CFTR−/− pigs spontaneously develop lung disease resembling human CF. At birth, their airways exhibit a bacterial host defense defect, but are not inflamed. Therefore, we studied ion transport in newborn nasal and tracheal/bronchial epithelia in tissue, cultures, and in vivo. CFTR−/− epithelia showed markedly reduced Cl− and HCO3− transport. However, in contrast to a widely held view, lack of CFTR did not increase transepithelial Na+ or liquid absorption or reduce periciliary liquid depth. Like human CF, CFTR−/− pigs showed increased amiloride-sensitive voltage and current, but lack of apical Cl− conductance caused the change, not increased Na+ transport. These results indicate that CFTR provides the predominant transcellular pathway for Cl− and HCO3− in porcine airway epithelia, and reduced anion permeability may initiate CF airway disease. PMID:21145458

  18. [The H+/e- ratio in the photosynthetic electron transport chain].

    PubMed

    Ivanov, B N; Shmeleva, V L; Ovchinnikova, V I

    1983-06-01

    The number of protons adsorbed by tylakoids during one electron passage along the photosynthetic electron transport chain (i.e. the H+/e- ratio) was measured in isolated pea chloroplasts upon continuous illumination. Methylviologen was used as electron acceptor on the reducing side of PS I. It was found that at pH 6.0 upon illumination with red light (lambda greater than 620 nm) at an intensity of 2 . 10(5) erg/cm2 . s ("intensive" light) the H+/e- ratio is equal to 3. Upon illumination of dark-adapted chloroplasts with a "weak" light (900 erg/cm2 . s) the H+/e- ratio is equal to 2. Upon illumination of the chloroplasts with a "weak" after "intensive" light the value of this ratio is close to 3. Azide when added to the reaction mixture may interfere with the accuracy of measurements of the value of the H+/e- ratio by affecting proton exchange. Based on the changes in the H+/e- ratio induced by illumination it was assumed that at saturating intensity of the illuminating light the electron transport chain passes into a so-called "light" state when the mechanisms of proton-electron coupling differing from those of rare electron transfer ("weak" light, flashes) are triggered on. At pH 6.0 the "light" state of the electron transport chain is maintained for some time in the dark.

  19. Transport of Space Environment Electrons: A Simplified Rapid-Analysis Computational Procedure

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nealy, John E.; Anderson, Brooke M.; Cucinotta, Francis A.; Wilson, John W.; Katz, Robert; Chang, C. K.

    2002-01-01

    A computational procedure for describing transport of electrons in condensed media has been formulated for application to effects and exposures from spectral distributions typical of electrons trapped in planetary magnetic fields. The procedure is based on earlier parameterizations established from numerous electron beam experiments. New parameterizations have been derived that logically extend the domain of application to low molecular weight (high hydrogen content) materials and higher energies (approximately 50 MeV). The production and transport of high energy photons (bremsstrahlung) generated in the electron transport processes have also been modeled using tabulated values of photon production cross sections. A primary purpose for developing the procedure has been to provide a means for rapidly performing numerous repetitive calculations essential for electron radiation exposure assessments for complex space structures. Several favorable comparisons have been made with previous calculations for typical space environment spectra, which have indicated that accuracy has not been substantially compromised at the expense of computational speed.

  20. A long way to the electrode: how do Geobacter cells transport their electrons?

    PubMed

    Bonanni, Pablo Sebastián; Schrott, Germán David; Busalmen, Juan Pablo

    2012-12-01

    The mechanism of electron transport in Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms is a topic under intense study and debate. Although some proteins were found to be essential for current production, the specific role that each one plays in electron transport to the electrode remains to be elucidated and a consensus on the mechanism of electron transport has not been reached. In the present paper, to understand the state of the art in the topic, electron transport from inside of the cell to the electrode in Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms is analysed, reviewing genetic studies, biofilm conductivity assays and electrochemical and spectro-electrochemical experiments. Furthermore, crucial data still required to achieve a deeper understanding are highlighted.

  1. Distribution and dynamics of electron transport complexes in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes☆

    PubMed Central

    Liu, Lu-Ning

    2016-01-01

    The cyanobacterial thylakoid membrane represents a system that can carry out both oxygenic photosynthesis and respiration simultaneously. The organization, interactions and mobility of components of these two electron transport pathways are indispensable to the biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane modules and the optimization of bioenergetic electron flow in response to environmental changes. These are of fundamental importance to the metabolic robustness and plasticity of cyanobacteria. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the distribution and dynamics of electron transport components in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes. Global understanding of the principles that govern the dynamic regulation of electron transport pathways in nature will provide a framework for the design and synthetic engineering of new bioenergetic machinery to improve photosynthesis and biofuel production. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Organization and dynamics of bioenergetic systems in bacteria, edited by Conrad Mullineaux. PMID:26619924

  2. Carbon Nanotube-Based Membrane for Light-Driven, Simultaneous Proton and Electron Transport

    DOE PAGES

    Pilgrim, Gregory A.; Amori, Amanda R.; Hou, Zhentao; ...

    2016-12-07

    Here we discuss the photon driven transport of protons and electrons over hundreds of microns through a membrane based on vertically aligned single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Electrons are photogenerated in colloidal CdSe quantum dots that have been noncovalently attached to the carbon nanotube membrane and can be delivered at potentials capable of reducing earth-abundant molecular catalysts that perform proton reduction. Proton transport is driven by the electron photocurrent and is shown to be faster through the SWNT based membrane than through the commercial polymer Nafion. Furthermore, the potential utility of SWNT membranes for solar water splitting applications is demonstratedmore » through their excellent proton and electron transport properties as well as their ability to interact with other components of water splitting systems, such as small molecule electron acceptors.« less

  3. Helium, Iron and Electron Particle Transport and Energy Transport Studies on the TFTR Tokamak

    DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

    Synakowski, E. J.; Efthimion, P. C.; Rewoldt, G.; Stratton, B. C.; Tang, W. M.; Grek, B.; Hill, K. W.; Hulse, R. A.; Johnson, D .W.; Mansfield, D. K.; McCune, D.; Mikkelsen, D. R.; Park, H. K.; Ramsey, A. T.; Redi, M. H.; Scott, S. D.; Taylor, G.; Timberlake, J.; Zarnstorff, M. C. (Princeton Univ., NJ (United States). Plasma Physics Lab.); Kissick, M. W. (Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI (United States))

    1993-03-01

    Results from helium, iron, and electron transport on TFTR in L-mode and Supershot deuterium plasmas with the same toroidal field, plasma current, and neutral beam heating power are presented. They are compared to results from thermal transport analysis based on power balance. Particle diffusivities and thermal conductivities are radially hollow and larger than neoclassical values, except possibly near the magnetic axis. The ion channel dominates over the electron channel in both particle and thermal diffusion. A peaked helium profile, supported by inward convection that is stronger than predicted by neoclassical theory, is measured in the Supershot The helium profile shape is consistent with predictions from quasilinear electrostatic drift-wave theory. While the perturbative particle diffusion coefficients of all three species are similar in the Supershot, differences are found in the L-Mode. Quasilinear theory calculations of the ratios of impurity diffusivities are in good accord with measurements. Theory estimates indicate that the ion heat flux should be larger than the electron heat flux, consistent with power balance analysis. However, theoretical values of the ratio of the ion to electron heat flux can be more than a factor of three larger than experimental values. A correlation between helium diffusion and ion thermal transport is observed and has favorable implications for sustained ignition of a tokamak fusion reactor.

  4. Balanced electron-hole transport in spin-orbit semimetal SrIrO3 heterostructures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Manca, Nicola; Groenendijk, Dirk J.; Pallecchi, Ilaria; Autieri, Carmine; Tang, Lucas M. K.; Telesio, Francesca; Mattoni, Giordano; McCollam, Alix; Picozzi, Silvia; Caviglia, Andrea D.

    2018-02-01

    Relating the band structure of correlated semimetals to their transport properties is a complex and often open issue. The partial occupation of numerous electron and hole bands can result in properties that are seemingly in contrast with one another, complicating the extraction of the transport coefficients of different bands. The 5 d oxide SrIrO3 hosts parabolic bands of heavy holes and light electrons in gapped Dirac cones due to the interplay between electron-electron interactions and spin-orbit coupling. We present a multifold approach relying on different experimental techniques and theoretical calculations to disentangle its complex electronic properties. By combining magnetotransport and thermoelectric measurements in a field-effect geometry with first-principles calculations, we quantitatively determine the transport coefficients of different conduction channels. Despite their different dispersion relationships, electrons and holes are found to have strikingly similar transport coefficients, yielding a holelike response under field-effect and thermoelectric measurements and a linear electronlike Hall effect up to 33 T.

  5. Understanding charge transport in molecular electronics.

    PubMed

    Kushmerick, J J; Pollack, S K; Yang, J C; Naciri, J; Holt, D B; Ratner, M A; Shashidhar, R

    2003-12-01

    For molecular electronics to become a viable technology the factors that control charge transport across a metal-molecule-metal junction need to be elucidated. We use an experimentally simple crossed-wire tunnel junction to interrogate how factors such as metal-molecule coupling, molecular structure, and the choice of metal electrode influence the current-voltage characteristics of a molecular junction.

  6. Decoupled electron and phonon transports in hexagonal boron nitride-silicene bilayer heterostructure

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cai, Yongqing; Pei, Qing-Xiang, E-mail: peiqx@ihpc.a-star.edu.sg, E-mail: zhangg@ihpc.a-star.edu.sg; Zhang, Gang, E-mail: peiqx@ihpc.a-star.edu.sg, E-mail: zhangg@ihpc.a-star.edu.sg

    2016-02-14

    Calculations based on the density functional theory and empirical molecular dynamics are performed to investigate interlayer interaction, electronic structure and thermal transport of a bilayer heterostructure consisting of silicene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). In this heterostructure, the two layers are found to interact weakly via a non-covalent binding. As a result, the Dirac cone of silicene is preserved with the Dirac cone point being located exactly at the Fermi level, and only a small amount of electrons are transferred from h-BN to silicene, suggesting that silicene dominates the electronic transport. Molecular dynamics calculation results demonstrate that the heat currentmore » along h-BN is six times of that along silicene, suggesting that h-BN dominates the thermal transport. This decoupled role of h-BN and silicene in thermal and electronic transport suggests that the BN-silicene bilayer heterostructure is promising for thermoelectric applications.« less

  7. Ionic species produced on gamma radiolysis: Studies by matrix isolation technique—I. Electronic absorption spectra of perfluorosubstituted aromatic radical anions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shou-te, Lian C. T.; Mittal, Jai P.

    The absorption spectra of several perfluorosubstituted aromatic radical anions are compared with the corresponding perhydro compounds in which the various transitions involved have been assigned to those predicted theoretically. The electronic absorption spectra were obtained for pentafluorostyrene, pentafluorobenzaldehyde, pentafluorobenzoic acid, pentafluorobenzonitride, tetrafluorophthalic acid and pentafluoroaniline, by gamma radiolysis in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at 77 K. A general similarity in the absorption spectra between the perfluorinated and the corresponding perhydro radical anion is observed except for a shift in the absorption band.

  8. Effect of electron-electron scattering on the conductance of a quantum wire studied with the Boltzman transport equation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lyo, S. K.; Huang, Danhong

    2006-05-01

    Electron-electron scattering conserves total momentum and does not dissipate momentum directly in a low-density system where the umklapp process is forbidden. However, it can still affect the conductance through the energy relaxation of the electrons. We show here that this effect can be studied with arbitrary accuracy in a multisublevel one-dimensional (1D) single quantum wire system in the presence of roughness and phonon scattering using a formally exact solution of the Boltzmann transport equation. The intrasubband electron-electron scattering is found to yield no net effect on the transport of electrons in 1D with only one sublevel occupied. For a system with a multilevel occupation, however, we find a significant effect of intersublevel electron-electron scattering on the temperature and density dependence of the resistance at low temperatures.

  9. Electronic transport properties of nanostructured MnSi-films

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schroeter, D.; Steinki, N.; Scarioni, A. Fernández; Schumacher, H. W.; Süllow, S.; Menzel, D.

    2018-05-01

    MnSi, which crystallizes in the cubic B20 structure, shows intriguing magnetic properties involving the existence of skyrmions in the magnetic phase diagram. Bulk MnSi has been intensively investigated and thoroughly characterized, in contrast to MnSi thin film, which exhibits widely varying properties in particular with respect to electronic transport. In this situation, we have set out to reinvestigate the transport properties in MnSi thin films by means of studying nanostructure samples. In particular, Hall geometry nanostructures were produced to determine the intrinsic transport properties.

  10. Tracking Hole Transport in DNA Hairpins Using a Phenylethynylguanine Nucleobase.

    PubMed

    Brown, Kristen E; Singh, Arunoday P N; Wu, Yi-Lin; Mishra, Ashutosh Kumar; Zhou, Jiawang; Lewis, Frederick D; Young, Ryan M; Wasielewski, Michael R

    2017-08-30

    The hole transport dynamics of DNA hairpins possessing a stilbene electron acceptor and donor along with a modified guanine (G) nucleobase, specifically 8-(4'-phenylethynyl)deoxyguanosine, or EG, have been investigated. The nearly indistinguishable oxidation potentials of EG and G and unique spectroscopic characteristics of EG +• make it well-suited for directly observing transient hole occupation during charge transport between a stilbene electron donor and acceptor. In contrast to the cation radical G +• , EG +• possesses a strong absorption near 460 nm and has a distinct Raman-active ethynyl stretch. Both spectroscopic characteristics are easily distinguished from those of the stilbene donor/acceptor radical ion chromophores. Employing EG, we observe its role as a shallow hole trap, or as an intermediate hole transport site when a deeper trap state is present. Using a combination of ultrafast absorption and stimulated Raman spectroscopies, the hole-transport dynamics are observed to be similar in systems having EG vs G bases, with small perturbations to the charge transport rates and yields. These results show EG can be deployed at specified locations throughout the sequence to report on hole occupancy, thereby enabling detailed monitoring of the hole transport dynamics with base-site specificity.

  11. Comparative absorption, electroabsorption and electrochemical studies of intervalence electron transfer and electronic coupling in cyanide-bridged bimetallic systems: ancillary ligand effects

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vance, Fredrick W.; Slone, Robert V.; Stern, Charlotte L.; Hupp, Joseph T.

    2000-03-01

    Electroabsorption or Stark spectroscopy has been used to evaluate the systems (NC) 5M II-CN-Ru III(NH 3) 51- and (NC) 5M II-CN-Ru III(NH 3) 4py 1-, where M II=Fe II or Ru II. When a pyridine ligand is present in the axial position on the Ru III acceptor, the effective optical electron transfer distance - as measured by the change in dipole moment, |Δ μ| - is increased by more than 35% relative to the ammine substituted counterpart. Comparison of the charge transfer distances to the crystal structure of Na[(CN) 5Fe-CN-Ru(NH 3) 4py] · 6H 2O reveals that the Stark derived distances are ˜50% to ˜90% of the geometric separation of the metal centers. The differences result in an upward revision in the Hush delocalization parameter, c b2, and of the electronic coupling matrix element, H ab, relative to those parameters obtained exclusively from electronic absorption measurements. The revised parameters are compared to those, which are obtained via electrochemical techniques and found to be in only fair agreement. We conclude that the absorption/electroabsorption analysis likely yields a more reliable set of mixing and coupling parameters.

  12. Giant electron-hole transport asymmetry in ultra-short quantum transistors.

    PubMed

    McRae, A C; Tayari, V; Porter, J M; Champagne, A R

    2017-05-31

    Making use of bipolar transport in single-wall carbon nanotube quantum transistors would permit a single device to operate as both a quantum dot and a ballistic conductor or as two quantum dots with different charging energies. Here we report ultra-clean 10 to 100 nm scale suspended nanotube transistors with a large electron-hole transport asymmetry. The devices consist of naked nanotube channels contacted with sections of tube under annealed gold. The annealed gold acts as an n-doping top gate, allowing coherent quantum transport, and can create nanometre-sharp barriers. These tunnel barriers define a single quantum dot whose charging energies to add an electron or a hole are vastly different (e-h charging energy asymmetry). We parameterize the e-h transport asymmetry by the ratio of the hole and electron charging energies η e-h . This asymmetry is maximized for short channels and small band gap tubes. In a small band gap device, we demonstrate the fabrication of a dual functionality quantum device acting as a quantum dot for holes and a much longer quantum bus for electrons. In a 14 nm-long channel, η e-h reaches up to 2.6 for a device with a band gap of 270 meV. The charging energies in this device exceed 100 meV.

  13. Giant electron-hole transport asymmetry in ultra-short quantum transistors

    PubMed Central

    McRae, A. C.; Tayari, V.; Porter, J. M.; Champagne, A. R.

    2017-01-01

    Making use of bipolar transport in single-wall carbon nanotube quantum transistors would permit a single device to operate as both a quantum dot and a ballistic conductor or as two quantum dots with different charging energies. Here we report ultra-clean 10 to 100 nm scale suspended nanotube transistors with a large electron-hole transport asymmetry. The devices consist of naked nanotube channels contacted with sections of tube under annealed gold. The annealed gold acts as an n-doping top gate, allowing coherent quantum transport, and can create nanometre-sharp barriers. These tunnel barriers define a single quantum dot whose charging energies to add an electron or a hole are vastly different (e−h charging energy asymmetry). We parameterize the e−h transport asymmetry by the ratio of the hole and electron charging energies ηe−h. This asymmetry is maximized for short channels and small band gap tubes. In a small band gap device, we demonstrate the fabrication of a dual functionality quantum device acting as a quantum dot for holes and a much longer quantum bus for electrons. In a 14 nm-long channel, ηe−h reaches up to 2.6 for a device with a band gap of 270 meV. The charging energies in this device exceed 100 meV. PMID:28561024

  14. L-tryptophan-induced electron transport across supported lipid bilayers: an alkyl-chain tilt-angle, and bilayer-symmetry dependence.

    PubMed

    Sarangi, Nirod Kumar; Patnaik, Archita

    2012-12-21

    Molecular orientation-dependent electron transport across supported 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) lipid bilayers (SLBs) on semiconducting indium tin oxide (ITO) is reported with an aim towards potential nanobiotechnological applications. A bifunctional strategy is adopted to form symmetric and asymmetric bilayers of DPPC that interact with L-tryptophan, and are analyzed by surface manometry and atomic force microscopy. Polarization-dependent real-time Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS) analysis of these SLBs reveals electrostatic, hydrogen-bonding, and cation-π interactions between the polar head groups of the lipid and the indole side chains. Consequently, a molecular tilt arises from the effective interface dipole, facilitating electron transport across the ITO-anchored SLBs in the presence of an internal Fe(CN)(6)(4-/3-) redox probe. The incorporation of tryptophan enhances the voltammetric features of the SLBs. The estimated electron-transfer rate constants for symmetric and asymmetric bilayers (k(s) = 2.0×10(-2) and 2.8×10(-2) s(-1)) across the two-dimensional (2D) ordered DPPC/tryptophan SLBs are higher compared to pure DPPC SLBs (k(s) = 3.2×10(-3) and 3.9×10(-3) s(-1)). In addition, they are molecular tilt-dependent, as it is the case with the standard apparent rate constants k(app)(0), estimated from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and bipotentiostatic experiments with a Pt ultramicroelectrode. Lower magnitudes of k(s) and k(app)(0) imply that electrochemical reactions across the ITO-SLB electrodes are kinetically limited and consequently governed by electron tunneling across the SLBs. Standard theoretical rate constants (k(th)(0)) accrued upon electron tunneling comply with the potential-independent electron-tunneling coefficient β = 0.15 Å(-1). Insulator-semiconductor transitions moving from a liquid-expanded to a condensed 2D-phase state of the SLBs are noted, adding a new dimension

  15. Electron heat transport comparison in the Large Helical Device and TJ-II

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Garcia, J.; Dies, J.; Castejon, F.

    2007-10-15

    The electron heat transport in the Large Helical Device (LHD) [K. Ida, T. Shimozuma, H. Funaba et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 085003 (2003)] and TJ-II [F. Castejon, V. Tribaldos, I. Garcia-Cortes, E. de la Luna, J. Herranz, I. Pastor, T. Estrada, and TJ-II Team, Nucl. Fusion 42, 271 (2002)] is analyzed by means of the TOTAL [K. Yamazaki and T. Amano, Nucl. Fusion 32, 4 (1992)] and PRETOR-Stellarator [J. Dies, F. Castejon, J. M. Fontdecaba, J. Fontanet, J. Izquierdo, G. Cortes, and C. Alejaldre, Proceedings of the 29th European Physical Society Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Montreux,more » 2002, Europhysics Conference Abstracts, 2004, Vol. 26B, P-5.027] plasma simulation codes and assuming a global transport model mixing GyroBohm-like drift wave model and other drift wave model with shorter wavelength. The stabilization of the GyroBohm-like model by the ExB shear has been also taken into account. Results show how such kind of electron heat transport can simulate experimental evidence in both devices, leading to the electron internal transport barrier (eITB) formation in the LHD and to the so-called 'enhanced heat confinement regimes' in TJ-II when electron density is low enough. Therefore, two sources for the anomalous electron heat transport can coexist in plasmas with eITB; however, for each device the relative importance of anomalous and neoclassical transport can be different.« less

  16. Electron Trapping and Charge Transport by Large Amplitude Whistlers

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kellogg, P. J.; Cattell, C. A.; Goetz, K.; Monson, S. J.; Wilson, L. B., III

    2010-01-01

    Trapping of electrons by magnetospheric whistlers is investigated using data from the Waves experiment on Wind and the S/WAVES experiment on STEREO. Waveforms often show a characteristic distortion which is shown to be due to electrons trapped in the potential of the electrostatic part of oblique whistlers. The density of trapped electrons is significant, comparable to that of the unperturbed whistler. Transport of these trapped electrons to new regions can generate potentials of several kilovolts, Trapping and the associated potentials may play an important role in the acceleration of Earth's radiation belt electrons.

  17. Simulation of electron transport in quantum well devices

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Miller, D. R.; Gullapalli, K. K.; Reddy, V. R.; Neikirk, D. P.

    1992-01-01

    Double barrier resonant tunneling diodes (DBRTD) have received much attention as possible terahertz devices. Despite impressive experimental results, the specifics of the device physics (i.e., how the electrons propagate through the structure) are only qualitatively understood. Therefore, better transport models are warranted if this technology is to mature. In this paper, the Lattice Wigner function is used to explain the important transport issues associated with DBRTD device behavior.

  18. Benchmark solution for the Spencer-Lewis equation of electron transport theory

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ganapol, B.D.

    As integrated circuits become smaller, the shielding of these sensitive components against penetrating electrons becomes extremely critical. Monte Carlo methods have traditionally been the method of choice in shielding evaluations primarily because they can incorporate a wide variety of relevant physical processes. Recently, however, as a result of a more accurate numerical representation of the highly forward peaked scattering process, S/sub n/ methods for one-dimensional problems have been shown to be at least as cost-effective in comparison with Monte Carlo methods. With the development of these deterministic methods for electron transport, a need has arisen to assess the accuracy ofmore » proposed numerical algorithms and to ensure their proper coding. It is the purpose of this presentation to develop a benchmark to the Spencer-Lewis equation describing the transport of energetic electrons in solids. The solution will take advantage of the correspondence between the Spencer-Lewis equation and the transport equation describing one-group time-dependent neutron transport.« less

  19. Intrachain versus interchain electron transport in poly(fluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole): a quantum-chemical insight.

    PubMed

    Van Vooren, Antoine; Kim, Ji-Seon; Cornil, Jérôme

    2008-05-16

    Poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) [F8BT], displays very different charge-transport properties for holes versus electrons when comparing annealed and pristine thin films and transport parallel (intrachain) and perpendicular (interchain) to the polymer axes. The present theoretical contribution focuses on the electron-transport properties of F8BT chains and compares the efficiency of intrachain versus interchain transport in the hopping regime. The theoretical results rationalize significantly lowered electron mobility in annealed F8BT thin films and the smaller mobility anisotropy (mu( parallel)/mu( perpendicular)) measured for electrons in aligned films (i.e. 5-7 compared to 10-15 for holes).

  20. Diffusive transport of energetic electrons in the solar corona: X-ray and radio diagnostics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Musset, S.; Kontar, E. P.; Vilmer, N.

    2018-02-01

    Context. Imaging spectroscopy in X-rays with RHESSI provides the possibility to investigate the spatial evolution of X-ray emitting electron distribution and therefore, to study transport effects on energetic electrons during solar flares. Aims: We study the energy dependence of the scattering mean free path of energetic electrons in the solar corona. Methods: We used imaging spectroscopy with RHESSI to study the evolution of energetic electrons distribution in various parts of the magnetic loop during the 2004 May 21 flare. We compared these observations with the radio observations of the gyrosynchrotron radiation of the same flare and with the predictions of a diffusive transport model. Results: X-ray analysis shows a trapping of energetic electrons in the corona and a spectral hardening of the energetic electron distribution between the top of the loop and the footpoints. Coronal trapping of electrons is stronger for radio-emitting electrons than for X-ray-emitting electrons. These observations can be explained by a diffusive transport model. Conclusions: We show that the combination of X-ray and radio diagnostics is a powerful tool to study electron transport in the solar corona in different energy domains. We show that the diffusive transport model can explain our observations, and in the range 25-500 keV, the scattering mean free path of electrons decreases with electron energy. We can estimate for the first time the scattering mean free path dependence on energy in the corona.

  1. Electronic structure and transport properties of quasi-one-dimensional carbon nanomaterials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, Y. N.; Cheng, P.; Wu, M. J.; Zhu, H.; Xiang, Q.; Ni, J.

    2017-09-01

    Based on the density functional theory combined with the nonequilibrium Green's function, the influence of the wrinkle on the electronic structures and transport properties of quasi-one-dimensional carbon nanomaterials have been investigated, in which the wrinkled armchair graphene nanoribbons (wAGNRs) and the composite of AGNRs and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were considered with different connection of ripples. The wrinkle adjusts the electronic structures and transport properties of AGNRs. With the change of the strain, the wAGNRs for three width families reveal different electrical behavior. The band gap of AGNR(6) increases in the presence of the wrinkle, which is opposite to that of AGNR(5) and AGNR(7). The transport of AGNRs with the widths 6 or 7 has been modified by the wrinkle, especially by the number of isolated ripples, but it is insensitive to the strain. The nanojunctions constructed by AGNRs and SWCNTs can form the quantum wells, and some specific states are confined in wAGNRs. Although these nanojunctions exhibit the metallic, they have poor conductance due to the wrinkle. The filling of C20 into SWCNT has less influence on the electronic structure and transport of the junctions. The width and connection type of ripples have greatly influenced on the electronic structures and transport properties of quasi-one-dimensional nanomaterials.

  2. Distribution and dynamics of electron transport complexes in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes.

    PubMed

    Liu, Lu-Ning

    2016-03-01

    The cyanobacterial thylakoid membrane represents a system that can carry out both oxygenic photosynthesis and respiration simultaneously. The organization, interactions and mobility of components of these two electron transport pathways are indispensable to the biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane modules and the optimization of bioenergetic electron flow in response to environmental changes. These are of fundamental importance to the metabolic robustness and plasticity of cyanobacteria. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the distribution and dynamics of electron transport components in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes. Global understanding of the principles that govern the dynamic regulation of electron transport pathways in nature will provide a framework for the design and synthetic engineering of new bioenergetic machinery to improve photosynthesis and biofuel production. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Organization and dynamics of bioenergetic systems in bacteria, edited by Conrad Mullineaux. Copyright © 2015 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  3. L-Theanine Administration Modulates the Absorption of Dietary Nutrients and Expression of Transporters and Receptors in the Intestinal Mucosa of Rats.

    PubMed

    Yan, Qiongxian; Tong, Haiou; Tang, Shaoxun; Tan, Zhiliang; Han, Xuefeng; Zhou, Chuanshe

    2017-01-01

    L-theanine has various advantageous functions for human health; whether or not it could mediate the nutrients absorption is unknown yet. The effects of L-theanine on intestinal nutrients absorption were investigated using rats ingesting L-theanine solution (0, 50, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight) per day for two weeks. The decline of insulin secretion and glucose concentration in the serum was observed by L-theanine. Urea and high-density lipoprotein were also reduced by 50 mg/kg L-theanine. Jejunal and ileac basic amino acids transporters SLC7a1 and SLC7a9 , neutral SLC1a5 and SLC16a10 , and acidic SLC1a1 expression were upregulated. The expression of intestinal SGLT3 and GLUT5 responsible for carbohydrates uptake and GPR120 and FABP2 associated with fatty acids transport were inhibited. These results indicated that L-theanine could inhibit the glucose uptake by downregulating the related gene expression in the small intestine of rats. Intestinal gene expression of transporters responding to amino acids absorption was stimulated by L-theanine administration.

  4. Blue emitting 1,8-naphthalimides with electron transport properties for organic light emitting diode applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ulla, Hidayath; Kiran, M. Raveendra; Garudachari, B.; Ahipa, T. N.; Tarafder, Kartick; Adhikari, Airody Vasudeva; Umesh, G.; Satyanarayan, M. N.

    2017-09-01

    In this article, the synthesis, characterization and use of two novel naphthalimides as electron-transporting emitter materials for organic light emitting diode (OLED) applications are reported. The molecules were obtained by substituting electron donating chloro-phenoxy group at the C-4 position. A detailed optical, thermal, electrochemical and related properties were systematically studied. Furthermore, theoretical calculations (DFT) were performed to get a better understanding of the electronic structures. The synthesized molecules were used as electron transporters and emitters in OLEDs with three different device configurations. The devices with the molecules showed blue emission with efficiencies of 1.89 cdA-1, 0.98 lmW-1, 0.71% at 100 cdm-2. The phosphorescent devices with naphthalimides as electron transport materials displayed better performance in comparison to the device without any electron transporting material and were analogous with the device using standard electron transporting material, Alq3. The results demonstrate that the naphthalimides could play a significant part in the progress of OLEDs.

  5. Electron transport in biomolecular gaseous and liquid systems: theory, experiment and self-consistent cross-sections

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    White, R. D.; Cocks, D.; Boyle, G.; Casey, M.; Garland, N.; Konovalov, D.; Philippa, B.; Stokes, P.; de Urquijo, J.; González-Magaña, O.; McEachran, R. P.; Buckman, S. J.; Brunger, M. J.; Garcia, G.; Dujko, S.; Petrovic, Z. Lj

    2018-05-01

    Accurate modelling of electron transport in plasmas, plasma-liquid and plasma-tissue interactions requires (i) the existence of accurate and complete sets of cross-sections, and (ii) an accurate treatment of electron transport in these gaseous and soft-condensed phases. In this study we present progress towards the provision of self-consistent electron-biomolecule cross-section sets representative of tissue, including water and THF, by comparison of calculated transport coefficients with those measured using a pulsed-Townsend swarm experiment. Water–argon mixtures are used to assess the self-consistency of the electron-water vapour cross-section set proposed in de Urquijo et al (2014 J. Chem. Phys. 141 014308). Modelling of electron transport in liquids and soft-condensed matter is considered through appropriate generalisations of Boltzmann’s equation to account for spatial-temporal correlations and screening of the electron potential. The ab initio formalism is applied to electron transport in atomic liquids and compared with available experimental swarm data for these noble liquids. Issues on the applicability of the ab initio formalism for krypton are discussed and addressed through consideration of the background energy of the electron in liquid krypton. The presence of self-trapping (into bubble/cluster states/solvation) in some liquids requires a reformulation of the governing Boltzmann equation to account for the combined localised–delocalised nature of the resulting electron transport. A generalised Boltzmann equation is presented which is highlighted to produce dispersive transport observed in some liquid systems.

  6. Probing the electronic transport on the reconstructed Au/Ge(001) surface

    PubMed Central

    Krok, Franciszek; Kaspers, Mark R; Bernhart, Alexander M; Nikiel, Marek; Jany, Benedykt R; Indyka, Paulina; Wojtaszek, Mateusz; Möller, Rolf

    2014-01-01

    Summary By using scanning tunnelling potentiometry we characterized the lateral variation of the electrochemical potential µec on the gold-induced Ge(001)-c(8 × 2)-Au surface reconstruction while a lateral current flows through the sample. On the reconstruction and across domain boundaries we find that µec shows a constant gradient as a function of the position between the contacts. In addition, nanoscale Au clusters on the surface do not show an electronic coupling to the gold-induced surface reconstruction. In combination with high resolution scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we conclude that an additional transport channel buried about 2 nm underneath the surface represents a major transport channel for electrons. PMID:25247129

  7. [Anaerobic reduction of humus/Fe (III) and electron transport mechanism of Fontibacter sp. SgZ-2].

    PubMed

    Ma, Chen; Yang, Gui-qin; Lu, Qin; Zhou, Shun-gui

    2014-09-01

    Humus and Fe(III) respiration are important extracellular respiration metabolism. Electron transport pathway is the key issue of extracellular respiration. To understand the electron transport properties and the environmental behavior of a novel Fe(III)- reducing bacterium, Fontibacter sp. SgZ-2, capacities of anaerobic humus/Fe(III) reduction and electron transport mechanisms with four electron acceptors were investigated in this study. The results of anaerobic batch experiments indicated that strain SgZ-2 had the ability to reduce humus analog [ 9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid (AQDS) and 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (AQS)], humic acids (HA), soluble Fe(III) (Fe-EDTA and Fe-citrate) and Fe(III) oxides [hydrous ferric oxide (HFO)]. Fermentative sugars (glucose and sucrose) were the most effective electron donors in the humus/Fe(III) reduction by strain SgZ-2. Additionally, differences of electron carrier participating in the process of electron transport with different electron acceptors (i. e. , oxygen, AQS, Fe-EDTA and HFO) were investigated using respiratory inhibitors. The results suggested that similar respiratory chain components were involved in the reducing process of oxygen and Fe-EDTA, including dehydrogenase, quinones and cytochromes b-c. In comparison, only dehydrogenase was found to participate in the reduction of AQS and HFO. In conclusion, different electron transport pathways may be employed by strain SgZ-2 between insoluble and soluble electron acceptors or among soluble electron acceptors. Preliminary models of electron transport pathway with four electron acceptors were proposed for strain SgZ-2, and the study of electron transport mechanism was explored to the genus Fontibacter. All the results from this study are expected to help understand the electron transport properties and the environmental behavior of the genus Fontibacter.

  8. Electron transporting water-gated thin film transistors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Al Naim, Abdullah; Grell, Martin

    2012-10-01

    We demonstrate an electron-transporting water-gated thin film transistor, using thermally converted precursor-route zinc-oxide (ZnO) intrinsic semiconductors with hexamethyldisilazene (HMDS) hydrophobic surface modification. Water gated HMDS-ZnO thin film transistors (TFT) display low threshold and high electron mobility. ZnO films constitute an attractive alternative to organic semiconductors for TFT transducers in sensor applications for waterborne analytes. Despite the use of an electrolyte as gate medium, the gate geometry (shape of gate electrode and distance between gate electrode and TFT channel) is relevant for optimum performance of water-gated TFTs.

  9. Non-local Lateral electron heat transport from one or more hot spots.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Matte, Jean-Pierre; Alouani-Bibi, Fathallah

    2000-10-01

    Fokker-Planck simulations of collisional absorption and transport in long scale length, preformed, underdense plasmas heated by intense and narrow laser hot spots, as in certain recent LANL experiments [1], are presented. The temperature profiles compared with those obtained from flux limited or delocalized heat flow models. For the former, the temperature peaks can be matched only if a very low flux limiter is used, and even then, the scale length of the temperature profile is always overestimated. The electron distribution function will be characterized, and compared to the "DLM" shape, exp(-(v/u)^m), [2] and the best fit for m will be compared to older formulas for uniform plasmas [2]. Hydrodynamic effects are also addressed with simulations which include ion motion; both with and without the ponderomotive force. The enhancement of sound velocity due to the "DLM" shape [3] inside the hot spot will be quantified. [1] J.A. Cobble et al., Phys. Plasmas, 7, 323 (2000) [2] J.P. Matte et al., Plasma Phys. and Contr. Fusion, 30, 1665, (1988) [3] B. B. Afeyan et al., PRL 81, 2322 (1998).

  10. Study of transport of laser-driven relativistic electrons in solid materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Leblanc, Philippe

    With the ultra intense lasers available today, it is possible to generate very hot electron beams in solid density materials. These intense laser-matter interactions result in many applications which include the generation of ultrashort secondary sources of particles and radiation such as ions, neutrons, positrons, x-rays, or even laser-driven hadron therapy. For these applications to become reality, a comprehensive understanding of laser-driven energy transport including hot electron generation through the various mechanisms of ionization, and their subsequent transport in solid density media is required. This study will focus on the characterization of electron transport effects in solid density targets using the state-of- the-art particle-in-cell code PICLS. A number of simulation results will be presented on the topics of ionization propagation in insulator glass targets, non-equilibrium ionization modeling featuring electron impact ionization, and electron beam guiding by the self-generated resistive magnetic field. An empirically derived scaling relation for the resistive magnetic in terms of the laser parameters and material properties is presented and used to derive a guiding condition. This condition may prove useful for the design of future laser-matter interaction experiments.

  11. Simulations of electron transport and ignition for direct-drive fast-ignition targets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Solodov, A. A.; Anderson, K. S.; Betti, R.; Gotcheva, V.; Myatt, J.; Delettrez, J. A.; Skupsky, S.; Theobald, W.; Stoeckl, C.

    2008-11-01

    The performance of high-gain, fast-ignition fusion targets is investigated using one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of implosion and two-dimensional (2D) hybrid fluid-particle simulations of hot-electron transport, ignition, and burn. The 2D/3D hybrid-particle-in-cell code LSP [D. R. Welch et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 464, 134 (2001)] and the 2D fluid code DRACO [P. B. Radha et al., Phys. Plasmas 12, 056307 (2005)] are integrated to simulate the hot-electron transport and heating for direct-drive fast-ignition targets. LSP simulates the transport of hot electrons from the place where they are generated to the dense fuel core where their energy is absorbed. DRACO includes the physics required to simulate compression, ignition, and burn of fast-ignition targets. The self-generated resistive magnetic field is found to collimate the hot-electron beam, increase the coupling efficiency of hot electrons with the target, and reduce the minimum energy required for ignition. Resistive filamentation of the hot-electron beam is also observed. The minimum energy required for ignition is found for hot electrons with realistic angular spread and Maxwellian energy-distribution function.

  12. Stepping stones in the electron transport from cells to electrodes in Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms.

    PubMed

    Bonanni, Pablo Sebastián; Massazza, Diego; Busalmen, Juan Pablo

    2013-07-07

    Geobacter sulfurreducens bacteria grow on biofilms and have the particular ability of using polarized electrodes as the final electron acceptor of their respiratory chain. In these biofilms, electrons are transported through distances of more than 50 μm before reaching the electrode. The way in which electrons are transported across the biofilm matrix through such large distances remains under intense discussion. None of the two mechanisms proposed for explaining the process, electron hopping through outer membrane cytochromes and metallic like conduction through conductive PilA filaments, can account for all the experimental evidence collected so far. Aiming at providing new elements for understanding the basis for electron transport, in this perspective article we present a modelled structure of Geobacter pilus. Its analysis in combination with already existing experimental evidence gives support to the proposal of the "stepping stone" mechanism, in which the combined action of pili and cytochromes allows long range electron transport through the biofilm.

  13. Experimental Studies of Lateral Electron Transport in Gallium Arsenide-Aluminum Gallium Arsenide Heterostructures.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1982-12-01

    AD-A125 858 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF LATERAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN 1/3 GALLIUM ARSENIDE-RL..(U) ILLINOIS UNIV AT URBANA COORDINATED SCIENCE LAB N R...EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF LATERALXILECTRON TRANSPORT ,:g IN GALLIUM ARSENIDE -ALUMINUM GALLIUM ARSENIDE- -HETEROSTRUCTURES APRVE O PUBLICRLEAS.DSRBUINULMTE. 2...EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF LATERAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN GALLIUM ARSENIDE-ALUMINUM GALLIUM ARSENIDE Technical Report R-975 HETEROSTRUCTURES 6. PERFORMING ONG

  14. Counter anion effect on structural, opto-electronic and charge transport properties of fused π-conjugated imidazolium compound

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vinodha, M.; Senthilkumar, K.

    2018-05-01

    The structure-activity relationship of fused π-conjugated imidazolium cation with three counter anion molecules, BF4-, CF3SO3- and (CF3SO2)2N-, was studied using electronic structure calculations. The structural, opto-electronic and charge transport properties of these complexes were studied. The charge transfer from π-conjugated imidazolium(I) to counter anion was confirmed in all the studied complexes. Interaction energy varies significantly depending on the counter anion and the stability was found higher for I-BF4 complex than both I-CF3SO3 and I-(CF3SO2)2N complexes. The strong (C-H)+...F- hydrogen bond of length 1.95 Å between fused π-conjugated imidazolium and BF-4 anion is the driving force for the strongest interaction energy in I-BF4 complex. The energy decomposition analysis confirms that the interaction between imidazolium and counter anion is mainly driven by electrostatic and orbital interaction. It has been observed that the absorption spectra of the complex are independent of anion nature but the influence of anion character is observed on frontier molecular orbital pattern. The charge transport property of I-BF4 complex was studied by using tight-binding Hamiltonian approach and found that the hole mobility in I-BF4 is 1.13 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1.

  15. Quantum transport through disordered 1D wires: Conductance via localized and delocalized electrons

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gopar, Víctor A.

    Coherent electronic transport through disordered systems, like quantum wires, is a topic of fundamental and practical interest. In particular, the exponential localization of electron wave functions-Anderson localization-due to the presence of disorder has been widely studied. In fact, Anderson localization, is not an phenomenon exclusive to electrons but it has been observed in microwave and acoustic experiments, photonic materials, cold atoms, etc. Nowadays, many properties of electronic transport of quantum wires have been successfully described within a scaling approach to Anderson localization. On the other hand, anomalous localization or delocalization is, in relation to the Anderson problem, a less studiedmore » phenomenon. Although one can find signatures of anomalous localization in very different systems in nature. In the problem of electronic transport, a source of delocalization may come from symmetries present in the system and particular disorder configurations, like the so-called Lévy-type disorder. We have developed a theoretical model to describe the statistical properties of transport when electron wave functions are delocalized. In particular, we show that only two physical parameters determine the complete conductance distribution.« less

  16. Optical absorption and thermal transport of individual suspended carbon nanotube bundles.

    PubMed

    Hsu, I-Kai; Pettes, Michael T; Bushmaker, Adam; Aykol, Mehmet; Shi, Li; Cronin, Stephen B

    2009-02-01

    A focused laser beam is used to heat individual single-walled carbon nanotube bundles bridging two suspended microthermometers. By measurement of the temperature rise of the two thermometers, the optical absorption of 7.4-10.3 nm diameter bundles is found to be between 0.03 and 0.44% of the incident photons in the 0.4 microm diameter laser spot. The thermal conductance of the bundle is obtained with the additional measurement of the temperature rise of the nanotubes in the laser spot from shifts in the Raman G band frequency. According to the nanotube bundle diameter determined by transmission electron microscopy, the thermal conductivity is obtained.

  17. Color stable white phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes with red emissive electron transport layer

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wook Kim, Jin; Yoo, Seung Il; Sung Kang, Jin

    2015-06-28

    We analyzed the performance of multi-emissive white phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) in relation to various red emitting sites of hole and electron transport layers (HTL and ETL). The shift of the recombination zone producing stable white emission in PHOLEDs was utilized as luminance was increased with red emission in its electron transport layer. Multi-emissive white PHOLEDs including the red light emitting electron transport layer yielded maximum external quantum efficiency of 17.4% with CIE color coordinates (−0.030, +0.001) shifting only from 1000 to 10 000 cd/m{sup 2}. Additionally, we observed a reduction of energy loss in the white PHOLED via Ir(piq){submore » 3} as phosphorescent red dopant in electron transport layer.« less

  18. Electronic Structure, Optical and Transport Properties of Double Perovskite La2NbMnO6: A Theoretical Understanding from DFT Calculations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Parrey, Khursheed Ahmad; Khandy, Shakeel Ahmad; Islam, Ishtihadah; Laref, Amel; Gupta, Dinesh C.; Niazi, Asad; Aziz, Anver; Ansari, S. G.; Khenata, R.; Rubab, Seemin

    2018-03-01

    Double perovskite La2NbMnO6 was systematically studied using the first-principles calculations. The structural, electronic, optical and transport properties of this compound were calculated. Spin resolved band structure predicted this material as a half-metal with an energy gap of 3.75 eV in spin down state. The optical coefficients including optical conductivity, reflectivity and electron energy loss are calculated for photon energy up to 30.00 eV to understand the optical response of this perovskite. The strong absorption of all the ultraviolet and infrared frequencies of the spectrum by this material may suggest the potential application of this material for the optoelectronic devices in ultraviolet and infra-red region. Also, the thermoelectric properties with a speculation from the half-metallic electronic structure are reported. Subsequently, the Seebeck coefficient, electrical and thermal conductivity coefficients are calculated to predict the thermoelectric figure of merit (zT), the maximum of which is found out to be 0.14 at 800 K.

  19. Electronic structure measurements of metal-organic solar cell dyes using x-ray absorption spectroscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Johnson, Phillip S.

    The focus of this thesis is twofold: to report the results of X-ray absorption studies of metal-organic dye molecules for dye-sensitized solar cells and to provide a basic training manual on X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques and data analysis. The purpose of our research on solar cell dyes is to work toward an understanding of the factors influencing the electronic structure of the dye: the choice of the metal, its oxidation state, ligands, and cage structure. First we study the effect of replacing Ru in several common dye structures by Fe. First-principles calculations and X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the C 1s and N 1s edges are combined to investigate transition metal dyes in octahedral and square planar N cages. Octahedral molecules are found to have a downward shift in the N 1s-to-pi* transition energy and an upward shift in C 1s-to-pi* transition energy when Ru is replaced by Fe, explained by an extra transfer of negative charge from Fe to the N ligands compared to Ru. For the square planar molecules, the behavior is more complex because of the influence of axial ligands and oxidation state. Next the crystal field parameters for a series of phthalocyanine and porphyrins dyes are systematically determined using density functional calculations and atomic multiplet calculations with polarization-dependent X-ray absorption spectra. The polarization dependence of the spectra provides information on orbital symmetries which ensures the determination of the crystal field parameters is unique. A uniform downward scaling of the calculated crystal field parameters by 5-30% is found to be necessary to best fit the spectra. This work is a part of the ongoing effort to design and test new solar cell dyes. Replacing the rare metal Ru with abundant metals like Fe would be a significant advance for dye-sensitized solar cells. Understanding the effects of changing the metal centers in these dyes in terms of optical absorption, charge transfer, and electronic

  20. Electronic structure of some adenosine receptor antagonists. III. Quantitative investigation of the electronic absorption spectra of alkyl xanthines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moustafa, H.; Shalaby, Samia H.; El-sawy, K. M.; Hilal, Rifaat

    2002-07-01

    Quantitative and comparative investigation of the electronic absorption spectra of theophylline, caffeine and their derivatives is reported. The spectra of theophylline, caffeine and theobromine were compared to establish the predominant tautomeric species in solution. This comparison, analysis of solvent effects and assignments of the observed transitions via MO computations indicate the exits of only one tautomeric species in solution that is the N7 form. A low-lying triplet state was identified which corresponds to a HOMO-LUMO transition. This relatively long-lived T 1 state is always less polar than the ground state and may very well underlie the photochemical reactivity of alkyl xanthines. Substituents of different electron donating or withdrawing strengths and solvent effects are investigated and analyzed. The present analysis is facilitated via computer deconvolution of the observed spectra and MO computation.

  1. Contribution of Cyclic and Pseudo-cyclic Electron Transport to the Formation of Proton Motive Force in Chloroplasts.

    PubMed

    Shikanai, Toshiharu; Yamamoto, Hiroshi

    2017-01-09

    Photosynthetic electron transport is coupled to proton translocation across the thylakoid membrane, resulting in the formation of a trans-thylakoid proton gradient (ΔpH) and membrane potential (Δψ). Ion transporters and channels localized to the thylakoid membrane regulate the contribution of each component to the proton motive force (pmf). Although both ΔpH and Δψ contribute to ATP synthesis as pmf, only ΔpH downregulates photosynthetic electron transport via the acidification of the thylakoid lumen by inducing thermal dissipation of excessive absorbed light energy from photosystem II antennae and slowing down of the electron transport through the cytochrome b 6 f complex. To optimize the tradeoff between efficient light energy utilization and protection of both photosystems against photodamage, plants have to regulate the pmf amplitude and its components, ΔpH and Δψ. Cyclic electron transport around photosystem I (PSI) is a major regulator of the pmf amplitude by generating pmf independently of the net production of NADPH by linear electron transport. Chloroplast ATP synthase relaxes pmf for ATP synthesis, and its activity should be finely tuned for maintaining the size of the pmf during steady-state photosynthesis. Pseudo-cyclic electron transport mediated by flavodiiron protein (Flv) forms a large electron sink, which is essential for PSI photoprotection in fluctuating light in cyanobacteria. Flv is conserved from cyanobacteria to gymnosperms but not in angiosperms. The Arabidopsis proton gradient regulation 5 (pgr5) mutant is defective in the main pathway of PSI cyclic electron transport. By introducing Physcomitrella patens genes encoding Flvs, the function of PSI cyclic electron transport was substituted by that of Flv-dependent pseudo-cyclic electron transport. In transgenic plants, the size of the pmf was complemented to the wild-type level but the contribution of ΔpH to the total pmf was lower than that in the wild type. In the pgr5 mutant, the

  2. Electronic and transport properties of Cobalt-based valence tautomeric molecules and polymers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Yifeng; Calzolari, Arrigo; Buongiorno Nardelli, Marco

    2011-03-01

    The advancement of molecular spintronics requires further understandings of the fundamental electronic structures and transport properties of prototypical spintronics molecules and polymers. Here we present a density functional based theoretical study of the electronic structures of Cobalt-based valence tautomeric molecules Co III (SQ)(Cat)L Co II (SQ)2 L and their polymers, where SQ refers to the semiquinone ligand, and Cat the catecholate ligand, while L is a redox innocent backbone ligand. The conversion from low-spin Co III ground state to high-spin Co II excited state is realized by imposing an on-site potential U on the Co atom and elongating the Co-N bond. Transport properties are subsequently calculated by extracting electronic Wannier functions from these systems and computing the charge transport in the ballistic regime using a Non-Equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) approach. Our transport results show distinct charge transport properties between low-spin ground state and high-spin excited state, hence suggesting potential spintronics devices from these molecules and polymers such as spin valves.

  3. Cation-limited kinetic model for microbial extracellular electron transport via an outer membrane cytochrome C complex

    PubMed Central

    Okamoto, Akihiro; Tokunou, Yoshihide; Saito, Junki

    2016-01-01

    Outer-membrane c-type cytochrome (OM c-Cyt) complexes in several genera of iron-reducing bacteria, such as Shewanella and Geobacter, are capable of transporting electrons from the cell interior to extracellular solids as a terminal step of anaerobic respiration. The kinetics of this electron transport has implications for controlling the rate of microbial electron transport during bioenergy or biochemical production, iron corrosion, and natural mineral cycling. Herein, we review the findings from in-vivo and in-vitro studies examining electron transport kinetics through single OM c-Cyt complexes in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. In-vitro electron flux via a purified OM c-Cyt complex, comprised of MtrA, B, and C proteins from S. oneidensis MR-1, embedded in a proteoliposome system is reported to be 10- to 100-fold faster compared with in-vivo estimates based on measurements of electron flux per cell and OM c-Cyts density. As the proteoliposome system is estimated to have 10-fold higher cation flux via potassium channels than electrons, we speculate that the slower rate of electron-coupled cation transport across the OM is responsible for the significantly lower electron transport rate that is observed in-vivo. As most studies to date have primarily focused on the energetics or kinetics of interheme electron hopping in OM c-Cyts in this microbial electron transport mechanism, the proposed model involving cation transport provides new insight into the rate detemining step of EET, as well as the role of self-secreted flavin molecules bound to OM c-Cyt and proton management for energy conservation and production in S. oneidensis MR-1. PMID:27924259

  4. Effect of Phase-Breaking Events on Electron Transport in Mesoscopic and Nanodevices

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Meunier, Vincent; Mintmire, John W; Thushari, Jayasekera

    2008-01-01

    Existing ballistic models for electron transport in mesoscopic and nanoscale systems break down as the size of the device becomes longer than the phase coherence length of electrons in the system. Krstic et al. experimentally observed that the current in single-wall carbon nanotube systems can be regarded as a combination of a coherent part and a noncoherent part. In this article, we discuss the use of Buettiker phase-breaking technique to address partially coherent electron transport, generalize that to a multichannel problem, and then study the effect of phase-breaking events on the electron transport in two-terminal graphene nanoribbon devices. We alsomore » investigate the difference between the pure-phase randomization and phase/momentum randomization boundary conditions. While momentum randomization adds an extra resistance caused by backward scattering, pure-phase randomization smooths the conductance oscillations because of interference.« less

  5. Nonequilibrium distribution functions in electron transport: decoherence, energy redistribution and dissipation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stegmann, Thomas; Ujsághy, Orsolya; Wolf, Dietrich E.

    2018-04-01

    A new statistical model for the combined effects of decoherence, energy redistribution and dissipation on electron transport in large quantum systems is introduced. The essential idea is to consider the electron phase information to be lost only at randomly chosen regions with an average distance corresponding to the decoherence length. In these regions the electron's energy can be unchanged or redistributed within the electron system or dissipated to a heat bath. The different types of scattering and the decoherence leave distinct fingerprints in the energy distribution functions. They can be interpreted as a mixture of unthermalized and thermalized electrons. In the case of weak decoherence, the fraction of thermalized electrons show electrical and thermal contact resistances. In the regime of incoherent transport the proposed model is equivalent to a Boltzmann equation. The model is applied to experiments with carbon nanotubes. The excellent agreement of the model with the experimental data allows to determine the scattering lengths of the system.

  6. From hopping to ballistic transport in graphene-based electronic devices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Taychatanapat, Thiti

    This thesis describes electronic transport experiments in graphene from the hopping to the ballistic regime. The first experiment studies dual-gated bilayer graphene devices. By applying an electric field with these dual gates, we can open a band gap in bilayer graphene and observe an increase in resistance of over six orders of magnitude as well as a strongly non-linear behavior in the transport characteristics. A temperature-dependence study of resistance at large electric field at the charge neutrality point shows the change in the transport mechanism from a hopping dominated regime at low temperature to a diffusive regime at high temperature. The second experiment examines electronic properties of Bernal-stacked trilayer graphene. Due to the low mobility of trilayer graphene on SiO 2substrates, we employ hexagonal boron nitride as a local substrate to improve its mobility. This led us to observe a quantum Hall effect with multiple Landau level crossings, proving the coexistence of massless and massive Dirac fermions in Bernal-stacked trilayer graphene. From the position of these crossing points in magnetic field and electron density, we can deduce the band parameters used to model its band structure. At high magnetic field, we observe broken symmetry states via Landau level splittings as well as crossings among these broken-symmetry states. In the third experiment, we investigate transverse magnetic focusing (TMF) in mono-, bi-, and tri-layer graphene. The ability to tune density allows us to electronically modify focal points and investigate TMF continuously from hole to electron regimes. This also allows us to observe the change in band structure of trilayer graphene as a function of applied electric field. Finally, we also observe TMF at room temperature in monolayer graphene which unambiguously proves the existence of ballistic transport at room temperature.

  7. Intestinal absorption and activation of decitabine amino acid ester prodrugs mediated by peptide transporter PEPT1 and enterocyte enzymes.

    PubMed

    Tao, Wenhui; Zhao, Dongyang; Sun, Mengchi; Wang, Ziyu; Lin, Bin; Bao, Yu; Li, Yingying; He, Zhonggui; Sun, Yinghua; Sun, Jin

    2018-04-25

    Decitabine (DAC), a potent DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor, has a limited oral bioavailability. Its 5'-amino acid ester prodrugs could improve its oral delivery but the specific absorption mechanism is not yet fully understood. The aim of this present study was to investigate the in vivo absorption and activation mechanism of these prodrugs using in situ intestinal perfusion and pharmacokinetics studies in rats. Although PEPT1 transporter is pH dependent, there appeared to be no proton cotransport in the perfusion experiment with a preferable transport at pH 7.4 rather than pH 6.5. This suggested that the transport was mostly dependent on the dissociated state of the prodrugs and the proton gradient might play only a limited role. In pH 7.4 HEPES buffer, an increase in P eff was observed for L-val-DAC, D-val-DAC, L-phe-DAC and L-trp-DAC (2.89-fold, 1.2-fold, 2.73-fold, and 1.90-fold, respectively), compared with the parent drug. When co-perfusing the prodrug with Glysar, a known substrate of PEPT1, the permeabilities of the prodrugs were significantly inhibited compared with the control. To further investigate the absorption of the prodrugs, L-val-DAC was selected and found to be concentration-dependent and saturable, suggesting a carrier-mediated process (intrinsic K m : 7.80 ± 2.61 mM) along with passive transport. Determination of drug in intestinal homogenate after perfusion further confirmed that the metabolic activation mainly involved an intestinal first-pass effect. In a pharmacokinetic evaluation, the oral bioavailability of L-val-DAC, L-phe-DAC and L-trp-DAC were nearly 1.74-fold, 1.69-fold and 1.49-fold greater than that of DAC. The differences in membrane permeability and oral bioavailability might be due to the different stability in the intestinal lumen and the distinct PEPT1 affinity which is mainly caused by the stereochemistry, hydrophobicity and steric hindrance of the side chains. In summary, the detailed investigation of the

  8. Exciplex formation and electroluminescent absorption in ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Qi; Zhang, Hao; Zhang, Xiao-Wen; Xu, Tao; Wei, Bin

    2015-02-01

    We investigated the formation of exciplex and electroluminescent absorption in ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes (UV OLEDs) using different heterojunction structures. It is found that an energy barrier of over 0.3 eV between the emissive layer (EML) and adjacent transport layer facilitates exciplex formation. The electron blocking layer effectively confines electrons in the EML, which contributes to pure UV emission and enhances efficiency. The change in EML thickness generates tunable UV emission from 376 nm to 406 nm. In addition, the UV emission excites low-energy organic function layers and produces photoluminescent emission. In UV OLED, avoiding the exciplex formation and averting light absorption can effectively improve the purity and efficiency. A maximum external quantum efficiency of 1.2% with a UV emission peak of 376 nm is realized. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61136003 and 61275041) and the Guangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant No. 2012GXNSFBA053168).

  9. Increased expression of electron transport chain genes in uterine leiomyoma.

    PubMed

    Tuncal, Akile; Aydin, Hikmet Hakan; Askar, Niyazi; Ozkaya, Ali Burak; Ergenoglu, Ahmet Mete; Yeniel, Ahmet Ozgur; Akdemir, Ali; Ak, Handan

    2014-01-01

    The etiology and pathophysiology of uterine leiomyomas, benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus, are not well understood. To evaluate the role of mitochondria in uterine leiomyoma, we compared electron transport gene expressions of uterine leiomyoma tissue with myometrium tissue in six uterine leiomyoma patients by RT-PCR array. Our results showed an average of 1.562 (±0.445) fold increase in nuclear-encoded electron transport genes. These results might suggest an increase in size, number, or activity of mitochondria in uterine leiomyoma that, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported. © 2014 by the Association of Clinical Scientists, Inc.

  10. Impact of Absorption and Transport on Intelligent Therapeutics and Nano-scale Delivery of Protein Therapeutic Agents

    PubMed Central

    Peppas, Nicholas A.; Carr, Daniel A

    2009-01-01

    The combination of materials design and advances in nanotechnology has led to the development of new therapeutic protein delivery systems. The pulmonary, nasal, buccal and other routes have been investigated as delivery options for protein therapy, but none result in improved patient compliances and patient quality of life as the oral route. For the oral administration of these new systems, an understanding of protein transport is essential because of the dynamic nature of the gastrointestinal tract and the barriers to transport that exist. Models have been developed to describe the transport between the gastrointestinal lumen and the bloodstream, and laboratory techniques like cell culture provide a means to investigate the absorption and transport of many therapeutic agents. Biomaterials, including stimuli-sensitive complexation hydrogels, have been investigated as promising carriers for oral delivery. However, the need to develop models that accurately predict protein blood concentration as a function of the material structure and properties still exists. PMID:20161384

  11. Imaging electronic trap states in perovskite thin films with combined fluorescence and femtosecond transient absorption microscopy

    DOE PAGES

    Xiao, Kai; Ma, Ying -Zhong; Simpson, Mary Jane; ...

    2016-04-22

    Charge carrier trapping degrades the performance of organometallic halide perovskite solar cells. To characterize the locations of electronic trap states in a heterogeneous photoactive layer, a spatially resolved approach is essential. Here, we report a comparative study on methylammonium lead tri-iodide perovskite thin films subject to different thermal annealing times using a combined photoluminescence (PL) and femtosecond transient absorption microscopy (TAM) approach to spatially map trap states. This approach coregisters the initially populated electronic excited states with the regions that recombine radiatively. Although the TAM images are relatively homogeneous for both samples, the corresponding PL images are highly structured. Themore » remarkable variation in the PL intensities as compared to transient absorption signal amplitude suggests spatially dependent PL quantum efficiency, indicative of trapping events. Furthermore, detailed analysis enables identification of two trapping regimes: a densely packed trapping region and a sparse trapping area that appear as unique spatial features in scaled PL maps.« less

  12. Spatial interferences in the electron transport of heavy-fermion materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Shu-feng; Liu, Yu; Song, Hai-Feng; Yang, Yi-feng

    2016-08-01

    The scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and the point contact spectroscopy represent major progress in recent heavy-fermion research. Both have revealed important information on the composite nature of the emergent heavy-electron quasiparticles. However, a detailed and thorough microscopic understanding of the similarities and differences in the underlying physical processes of these techniques is still lacking. Here we study the electron transport in the normal state of the periodic Anderson lattice by using the Keldysh nonequilibrium Green's function technique. In addition to the well-known Fano interference between the conduction and f -electron channels, our results further reveal the effect of spatial interference between different spatial paths at the interface on the differential conductance and their interesting interplay with the band features such as the hybridization gap and the Van Hove singularity. We find that the spatial interference leads to a weighted average in the momentum space for the electron transport and could cause suppression of the electronic band features under certain circumstances. In particular, it reduces the capability of probing the f -electron spectral weight near the edges of the hybridization gap for large interface depending on the Fermi surface of the lead. Our results indicate an intrinsic inefficiency of the point contact spectroscopy in probing the f electrons.

  13. Correlating electronic transport to atomic structures in self-assembled quantum wires.

    PubMed

    Qin, Shengyong; Kim, Tae-Hwan; Zhang, Yanning; Ouyang, Wenjie; Weitering, Hanno H; Shih, Chih-Kang; Baddorf, Arthur P; Wu, Ruqian; Li, An-Ping

    2012-02-08

    Quantum wires, as a smallest electronic conductor, are expected to be a fundamental component in all quantum architectures. The electronic conductance in quantum wires, however, is often dictated by structural instabilities and electron localization at the atomic scale. Here we report on the evolutions of electronic transport as a function of temperature and interwire coupling as the quantum wires of GdSi(2) are self-assembled on Si(100) wire-by-wire. The correlation between structure, electronic properties, and electronic transport are examined by combining nanotransport measurements, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density functional theory calculations. A metal-insulator transition is revealed in isolated nanowires, while a robust metallic state is obtained in wire bundles at low temperature. The atomic defects lead to electron localizations in isolated nanowire, and interwire coupling stabilizes the structure and promotes the metallic states in wire bundles. This illustrates how the conductance nature of a one-dimensional system can be dramatically modified by the environmental change on the atomic scale. © 2012 American Chemical Society

  14. Enhancing light absorption within the carrier transport length in quantum junction solar cells.

    PubMed

    Fu, Yulan; Hara, Yukihiro; Miller, Christopher W; Lopez, Rene

    2015-09-10

    Colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells have attracted tremendous attention because of their tunable absorption spectrum window and potentially low processing cost. Recently reported quantum junction solar cells represent a promising approach to building a rectifying photovoltaic device that employs CQD layers on each side of the p-n junction. However, the ultimate efficiency of CQD solar cells is still highly limited by their high trap state density in both p- and n-type CQDs. By modeling photonic structures to enhance the light absorption within the carrier transport length and by ensuring that the carrier generation and collection efficiencies were both augmented, our work shows that overall device current density could be improved. We utilized a two-dimensional numerical model to calculate the characteristics of patterned CQD solar cells based on a simple grating structure. Our calculation predicts a short circuit current density as high as 31  mA/cm2, a value nearly 1.5 times larger than that of the conventional flat design, showing the great potential value of patterned quantum junction solar cells.

  15. Out-of-plane electron transport in finite layer MoS2

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Holzapfel, R.; Weber, J.; Lukashev, P. V.; Stollenwerk, A. J.

    2018-05-01

    Ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) has been used to study the processes affecting electron transport along the [0001] direction of finite layer MoS2 flakes deposited onto the surface of Au/Si(001) Schottky diodes. Prominent features present in the differential spectra from the MoS2 flakes are consistent with the density of states of finite layer MoS2 calculated using density functional theory. The ability to observe the electronic structure of the MoS2 appears to be due to the relatively smooth density of states of Si in this energy range and a substantial amount of elastic or quasi-elastic scattering along the MoS2/Au/Si(001) path. Demonstration of these measurements using BEEM suggests that this technique could potentially be used to study electron transport through van der Waals heterostructures, with applications in a number of electronic devices.

  16. Absorption, transport, and bioavailability of vitamin e and its role in pregnant women.

    PubMed

    Gagné, Amélie; Wei, Shu Qin; Fraser, William D; Julien, Pierre

    2009-03-01

    Vitamin E is an important lipophilic antioxidant. The term refers to eight essential naturally occurring fat-soluble nutrients called tocopherols or tocotrienols. Among these isomers, alpha-tocopherol has the highest biologically active form and is found in all lipoprotein fractions. Vitamin E deficiency during pregnancy may cause miscarriage, preterm birth, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction. This review highlights recent findings that have led to a better understanding of vitamin E absorption, transport, bioavailability, and its role in pregnancy, and that underline the need for re-evaluation of the potential benefits of vitamin E supplementation in pregnant women.

  17. An experimental study of the electronic absorption and fluorescence spectral properties of new p-substituted-N-phenylpyrroles and their electrosynthesized polymers.

    PubMed

    Diaw, A K D; Gningue-Sall, D; Yassar, A; Brochon, J-C; Henry, E; Aaron, J-J

    2015-01-25

    Electronic absorption and fluorescence spectral properties of new p-substituted-N-phenylpyrroles (N-PhPys), including HOPhPy, MeOPhPy, ThPhPy, PhDPy, DPhDPy, PyPhThThPhPy, and their available, electrosynthesized polymers were investigated. Electronic absorption spectra, fluorescence excitation and emission spectra, fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF) and lifetimes (τF), and other photophysical parameters of these N-PhPy derivatives and their polymers were measured in DMF, DMSO diluted solutions and/or solid state at room temperature. The electronic absorption spectra of N-PhPy derivatives and their polymers included one to several bands, located in the 270-395 nm region, according to the p-phenyl substituent electron-donating effect and conjugated heteroaromatic system length. The fluorescence excitation spectra were characterized by one broad main peak, with, in most cases, one (or more) poorly resolved shoulder (s), appearing in the 270-405 nm region, and their emission spectra were generally constituted of several bands located in the 330-480 nm region. No significant shift of the absorption, fluorescence excitation and emission spectra wavelengths was found upon going from the monomers to the corresponding polymers. ΦF values were high, varying between 0.11 and 0.63, according to the nature of substituents(s) and to the conjugated system extension. Fluorescence decays were mono-exponential for the monomers and poly-exponential for PyPhThThPhPy and for polymers. τF values were relatively short (0.35-5.17 ns), and markedly decreased with the electron-donor character of the phenyl group p-substituent and the conjugated system extension. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  18. Telegraph noise in Markovian master equation for electron transport through molecular junctions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kosov, Daniel S.

    2018-05-01

    We present a theoretical approach to solve the Markovian master equation for quantum transport with stochastic telegraph noise. Considering probabilities as functionals of a random telegraph process, we use Novikov's functional method to convert the stochastic master equation to a set of deterministic differential equations. The equations are then solved in the Laplace space, and the expression for the probability vector averaged over the ensemble of realisations of the stochastic process is obtained. We apply the theory to study the manifestations of telegraph noise in the transport properties of molecular junctions. We consider the quantum electron transport in a resonant-level molecule as well as polaronic regime transport in a molecular junction with electron-vibration interaction.

  19. Electronic transport behavior of diameter-graded Ag nanowires

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Xue Wei; Yuan, Zhi Hao

    2010-05-01

    Ag nanowires with a graded diameter in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes were fabricated by the direct-current electrodeposition. The Ag nanowires have a graded-change in diameter from 8 to 32 nm, which is matched with the graded-change of the AAO pore diameter. Electronic transport measurements show that there is a transport behavior similar to that of a metal-semiconductor junction along the axial direction in the diameter-graded Ag nanowires. Such a novel homogeneous nanojunction will be of great fundamental and practical significance.

  20. Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Biomolecule Interactions Influence Oral Absorption

    PubMed Central

    Jo, Mi-Rae; Yu, Jin; Kim, Hyoung-Jun; Song, Jae Ho; Kim, Kyoung-Min; Oh, Jae-Min; Choi, Soo-Jin

    2016-01-01

    Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely applied in various industrial fields, such as electronics, packaging, food, and cosmetics. Accordingly, concerns about the potential toxicity of TiO2 NPs have increased. In order to comprehend their in vivo behavior and potential toxicity, we must evaluate the interactions between TiO2 NPs and biomolecules, which can alter the physicochemical properties and the fate of NPs under physiological conditions. In the present study, in vivo solubility, oral absorption, tissue distribution, and excretion kinetics of food grade TiO2 (f-TiO2) NPs were evaluated following a single-dose oral administration to rats and were compared to those of general grade TiO2 (g-TiO2) NPs. The effect of the interactions between the TiO2 NPs and biomolecules, such as glucose and albumin, on oral absorption was also investigated, with the aim of determining the surface interactions between them. The intestinal transport pathway was also assessed using 3-dimensional culture systems. The results demonstrate that slightly higher oral absorption of f-TiO2 NPs compared to g-TiO2 NPs could be related to their intestinal transport mechanism by microfold (M) cells, however, most of the NPs were eliminated through the feces. Moreover, the biokinetics of f-TiO2 NPs was highly dependent on their interaction with biomolecules, and the dispersibility was affected by modified surface chemistry. PMID:28335354

  1. Electron effects in the Neutralized Transport Experiment (NTX)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Eylon, S.; Henestroza, E.; Roy, P. K.; Yu, S. S.

    2005-05-01

    The Neutralized Transport Experiment (NTX) at the Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory is exploring the performance of neutralized final focus systems for high-perveance heavy ion beams. To focus a high-intensity beam to a small spot requires a high-brightness beam. In the NTX experiment, a potassium ion beam of up to 400 keV and 80 mA is generated in a Pierce-type diode. At the diode exit, an aperture with variable opening provides the capability to vary the beam perveance. The beam is transported through four quadrupole magnets to a distance of 2.5 m. The beam can be neutralized and focused using a MEVVA plasma plug and a RF plasma source. We shall report on the measurement of the electron effects and the ways to mitigate the effects. Furthermore, we shall present the results of EGUN calculations consistent with the measurements effects of the electrons.

  2. Theory of Electron, Phonon and Spin Transport in Nanoscale Quantum Devices.

    PubMed

    Sadeghi, Hatef

    2018-06-21

    At the level of fundamental science, it was recently demonstrated that molecular wires can mediate long-range phase-coherent tunnelling with remarkably low attenuation over a few nanometre even at room temperature. Furthermore, a large mean free path has been observed in graphene and other graphene-like two-dimensional materials. These create the possibility of using quantum and phonon interference to engineer electron and phonon transport for wide range of applications such as molecular switches, sensors, piezoelectricity, thermoelectricity and thermal management. To understand transport properties of such devices, it is crucial to calculate their electronic and phononic transmission coefficients. The aim of this tutorial article is to review the state-of-art theoretical and mathematical techniques to treat electron, phonon and spin transport in nanoscale molecular junctions. This helps not only to explain new phenomenon observed experimentally but also provides a vital design tool to develop novel nanoscale quantum devices. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.

  3. Dispersive electron transport in tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) probed by impedance spectroscopy.

    PubMed

    Berleb, Stefan; Brütting, Wolfgang

    2002-12-31

    Electron transport in tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) is investigated by impedance spectroscopy under conditions of space-charge limited conduction (SCLC). Existing SCLC models are extended to include the field dependence of the charge carrier mobility and energetically distributed trap states. The dispersive nature of electron transport is revealed by a frequency-dependent mobility with a dispersion parameter alpha in the range 0.4-0.5, independent of temperature. This indicates that positional rather than energetic disorder is the dominant mechanism for the dispersive transport of electrons in Alq3.

  4. Using Adobe Flash Animations of Electron Transport Chain to Teach and Learn Biochemistry

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Teplá, Milada; Klímová, Helena

    2015-01-01

    Teaching the subject of the electron transport chain is one of the most challenging aspects of the chemistry curriculum at the high school level. This article presents an educational program called "Electron Transport Chain" which consists of 14 visual animations including a biochemistry quiz. The program was created in the Adobe Flash…

  5. Electronic Structure and Transport in Solids from First Principles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mustafa, Jamal Ibrahim

    The focus of this dissertation is the determination of the electronic structure and trans- port properties of solids. We first review some of the theory and computational methodology used in the calculation of electronic structure and materials properties. Throughout the dissertation, we make extensive use of state-of-the-art software packages that implement density functional theory, density functional perturbation theory, and the GW approximation, in addition to specialized methods for interpolating matrix elements for extremely accurate results. The first application of the computational framework introduced is the determination of band offsets in semiconductor heterojunctions using a theory of quantum dipoles at the interface. This method is applied to the case of heterojunction formed between a new metastable phase of silicon, with a rhombohedral structure, and cubic silicon. Next, we introduce a novel method for the construction of localized Wannier functions, which we have named the optimized projection functions method (OPFM). We illustrate the method on a variety of systems and find that it can reliably construct localized Wannier functions with minimal user intervention. We further develop the OPFM to investigate a class of materials called topological insulators, which are insulating in the bulk but have conductive surface states. These properties are a result of a nontrivial topology in their band structure, which has interesting effects on the character of the Wannier functions. In the last sections of the main text, the noble metals are studied in great detail, including their electronic properties and carrier dynamics. In particular, we investigate, the Fermi surface properties of the noble metals, specifically electron-phonon scattering lifetimes, and subsequently the transport properties determined by carriers on the Fermi surface. To achieve this, a novel sampling technique is developed, with wide applicability to transport calculations

  6. Structural control of mixed ionic and electronic transport in conducting polymers

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Rivnay, Jonathan; Inal, Sahika; Collins, Brian A.

    Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate), PEDOT:PSS, has been utilized for over two decades as a stable, solution-processable hole conductor. While its hole transport properties have been the subject of intense investigation, recent work has turned to PEDOT:PSS as a mixed ionic/electronic conductor in applications including bioelectronics, energy storage and management, and soft robotics. Conducting polymers can efficiently transport both holes and ions when sufficiently hydrated, however, little is known about the role of morphology on mixed conduction. Here, we show that bulk ionic and electronic mobilities are simultaneously affected by processing-induced changes in nano- and meso-scale structure in PEDOT:PSS films. Wemore » quantify domain composition, and find that domain purification on addition of dispersion co-solvents limits ion mobility, even while electronic conductivity improves. We show that an optimal morphology allows for the balanced ionic and electronic transport that is critical for prototypical mixed conductor devices. As a result, these findings may pave the way for the rational design of polymeric materials and processing routes to enhance devices reliant on mixed conduction.« less

  7. Structural control of mixed ionic and electronic transport in conducting polymers

    DOE PAGES

    Rivnay, Jonathan; Inal, Sahika; Collins, Brian A.; ...

    2016-04-19

    Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate), PEDOT:PSS, has been utilized for over two decades as a stable, solution-processable hole conductor. While its hole transport properties have been the subject of intense investigation, recent work has turned to PEDOT:PSS as a mixed ionic/electronic conductor in applications including bioelectronics, energy storage and management, and soft robotics. Conducting polymers can efficiently transport both holes and ions when sufficiently hydrated, however, little is known about the role of morphology on mixed conduction. Here, we show that bulk ionic and electronic mobilities are simultaneously affected by processing-induced changes in nano- and meso-scale structure in PEDOT:PSS films. Wemore » quantify domain composition, and find that domain purification on addition of dispersion co-solvents limits ion mobility, even while electronic conductivity improves. We show that an optimal morphology allows for the balanced ionic and electronic transport that is critical for prototypical mixed conductor devices. As a result, these findings may pave the way for the rational design of polymeric materials and processing routes to enhance devices reliant on mixed conduction.« less

  8. Electronic transport characterization of silicon wafers by spatially resolved steady-state photocarrier radiometric imaging

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wang, Qian; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039; Li, Bincheng, E-mail: bcli@ioe.ac.cn

    2015-09-28

    Spatially resolved steady-state photocarrier radiometric (PCR) imaging technique is developed to characterize the electronic transport properties of silicon wafers. Based on a nonlinear PCR theory, simulations are performed to investigate the effects of electronic transport parameters (the carrier lifetime, the carrier diffusion coefficient, and the front surface recombination velocity) on the steady-state PCR intensity profiles. The electronic transport parameters of an n-type silicon wafer are simultaneously determined by fitting the measured steady-state PCR intensity profiles to the three-dimensional nonlinear PCR model. The determined transport parameters are in good agreement with the results obtained by the conventional modulated PCR technique withmore » multiple pump beam radii.« less

  9. Electron transport in ferromagnetic nanostructures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Sungbae

    As the size of a physical system decreases toward the nanoscale, quantum mechanical effects such as the discretization of energy levels and the interactions of the electronic spins become readily observable. To understand what happens within submicrometer scale samples is one of the goals of modern condensed matter physics. Electron transport phenomena drew a lot of attention over the past two decades or so, not only because quantum corrections to the classical transport theory, but also they allow us to probe deeply into the microscopic nature of the system put to test. Although a significant amount of research was done in the past and thus extended our understanding in this field, most of these works were concentrated on simpler examples. Electron transport in strongly correlated systems is still a field that needs to be explored more thoroughly. In fact, experimental works that have been done so far to characterize coherence physics in correlated systems such as ferromagnetic metals are far from conclusive. One reason ferromagnetic samples draw such attention is that there exist correlations that lead to excitations (e.g. spin waves, domain wall motions) not present in normal metals, and these new environmental degrees of freedom can have profound effects on decoherence processes. In this thesis, three different types of magnetic samples were examined: a band ferromagnetism based metallic ferromagnet, permalloy, a III-V diluted ferromagnetic semiconductor with ferromagnetism from a hole-mediated exchange interaction, and magnetite nanocrystals and films. The first observation of time-dependent universal conductance fluctuations (TD-UCF) in permalloy is presented and our observations lead to three major conclusions. First, the cooperon contribution to the conductance is suppressed in this material. This is consistent with some theoretical expectations, and implies that weak localization will be suppressed as well. Second, we see evidence that domain wall motion

  10. Electron transport in gold colloidal nanoparticle-based strain gauges.

    PubMed

    Moreira, Helena; Grisolia, Jérémie; Sangeetha, Neralagatta M; Decorde, Nicolas; Farcau, Cosmin; Viallet, Benoit; Chen, Ke; Viau, Guillaume; Ressier, Laurence

    2013-03-08

    A systematic approach for understanding the electron transport mechanisms in resistive strain gauges based on assemblies of gold colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) protected by organic ligands is described. The strain gauges were fabricated from parallel micrometer wide wires made of 14 nm gold (Au) colloidal NPs on polyethylene terephthalate substrates, elaborated by convective self-assembly. Electron transport in such devices occurs by inter-particle electron tunneling through the tunnel barrier imposed by the organic ligands protecting the NPs. This tunnel barrier was varied by changing the nature of organic ligands coating the nanoparticles: citrate (CIT), phosphines (BSPP, TDSP) and thiols (MPA, MUDA). Electro-mechanical tests indicate that only the gold NPs protected by phosphine and thiol ligands yield high gauge sensitivity. Temperature-dependent resistance measurements are explained using the 'regular island array model' that extracts transport parameters, i.e., the tunneling decay constant β and the Coulomb charging energy E(C). This reveals that the Au@CIT nanoparticle assemblies exhibit a behavior characteristic of a strong-coupling regime, whereas those of Au@BSPP, Au@TDSP, Au@MPA and Au@MUDA nanoparticles manifest a weak-coupling regime. A comparison of the parameters extracted from the two methods indicates that the most sensitive gauges in the weak-coupling regime feature the highest β. Moreover, the E(C) values of these 14 nm NPs cannot be neglected in determining the β values.

  11. Electron transport in gold colloidal nanoparticle-based strain gauges

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moreira, Helena; Grisolia, Jérémie; Sangeetha, Neralagatta M.; Decorde, Nicolas; Farcau, Cosmin; Viallet, Benoit; Chen, Ke; Viau, Guillaume; Ressier, Laurence

    2013-03-01

    A systematic approach for understanding the electron transport mechanisms in resistive strain gauges based on assemblies of gold colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) protected by organic ligands is described. The strain gauges were fabricated from parallel micrometer wide wires made of 14 nm gold (Au) colloidal NPs on polyethylene terephthalate substrates, elaborated by convective self-assembly. Electron transport in such devices occurs by inter-particle electron tunneling through the tunnel barrier imposed by the organic ligands protecting the NPs. This tunnel barrier was varied by changing the nature of organic ligands coating the nanoparticles: citrate (CIT), phosphines (BSPP, TDSP) and thiols (MPA, MUDA). Electro-mechanical tests indicate that only the gold NPs protected by phosphine and thiol ligands yield high gauge sensitivity. Temperature-dependent resistance measurements are explained using the ‘regular island array model’ that extracts transport parameters, i.e., the tunneling decay constant β and the Coulomb charging energy EC. This reveals that the Au@CIT nanoparticle assemblies exhibit a behavior characteristic of a strong-coupling regime, whereas those of Au@BSPP, Au@TDSP, Au@MPA and Au@MUDA nanoparticles manifest a weak-coupling regime. A comparison of the parameters extracted from the two methods indicates that the most sensitive gauges in the weak-coupling regime feature the highest β. Moreover, the EC values of these 14 nm NPs cannot be neglected in determining the β values.

  12. The Impacts of Phosphorus Deficiency on the Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain.

    PubMed

    Carstensen, Andreas; Herdean, Andrei; Schmidt, Sidsel Birkelund; Sharma, Anurag; Spetea, Cornelia; Pribil, Mathias; Husted, Søren

    2018-05-01

    Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient, and P deficiency limits plant productivity. Recent work showed that P deficiency affects electron transport to photosystem I (PSI), but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we present a comprehensive biological model describing how P deficiency disrupts the photosynthetic machinery and the electron transport chain through a series of sequential events in barley ( Hordeum vulgare ). P deficiency reduces the orthophosphate concentration in the chloroplast stroma to levels that inhibit ATP synthase activity. Consequently, protons accumulate in the thylakoids and cause lumen acidification, which inhibits linear electron flow. Limited plastoquinol oxidation retards electron transport to the cytochrome b 6 f complex, yet the electron transfer rate of PSI is increased under steady-state growth light and is limited under high-light conditions. Under P deficiency, the enhanced electron flow through PSI increases the levels of NADPH, whereas ATP production remains restricted and, hence, reduces CO 2 fixation. In parallel, lumen acidification activates the energy-dependent quenching component of the nonphotochemical quenching mechanism and prevents the overexcitation of photosystem II and damage to the leaf tissue. Consequently, plants can be severely affected by P deficiency for weeks without displaying any visual leaf symptoms. All of the processes in the photosynthetic machinery influenced by P deficiency appear to be fully reversible and can be restored in less than 60 min after resupply of orthophosphate to the leaf tissue. © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists. All Rights Reserved.

  13. Advanced electronic displays and their potential in future transport aircraft

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hatfield, J. J.

    1981-01-01

    It is pointed out that electronic displays represent one of the keys to continued integration and improvement of the effectiveness of avionic systems in future transport aircraft. An employment of modern electronic display media and generation has become vital in connection with the increases in modes and functions of modern aircraft. Requirements for electronic systems of future transports are examined, and a description is provided of the tools which are available for cockpit integration, taking into account trends in information processing and presentation, trends in integrated display devices, and trends concerning input/output devices. Developments related to display media, display generation, and I/O devices are considered, giving attention to a comparison of CRT and flat-panel display technology, advanced HUD technology and multifunction controls. Integrated display formats are discussed along with integrated systems and cockpit configurations.

  14. Unravelling the progressive role of rattlers in thermoelectric clathrate and strategies for performance improvement: Concurrently enhancing electronic transport and blocking phononic transport

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Jia-Yue; Cheng, Long; Hu, Ming

    2017-12-01

    Intermetallic clathrates, one class of guest-host systems with perfectly crystalline structures, hold great potential to be the "phonon glass - electron crystal" thermoelectric materials. Previous studies focus on revealing the atomistic origins of blocked phononic transport, yet little attention is drawn to the enhanced electronic transport. In this work, we investigate the binary type-I M8Si46 (M = Sr, Ba, Tl, and Pb) clathrates and unravel how rattlers concurrently block phononic transport and enhance electronic transport from first-principles. By comparing the empty and filled clathrates, the lattice thermal conductivity is greatly reduced by a factor of 21 due to the decrease in phonon relaxation time for propagative phonons over 0-6 THz by 1.5 orders of magnitude. On the other hand, rattlers bridge charge gaps among cages by donating electrons and thus drastically increase electrical conductivity. The concurrent realization of blocked phononic transport and enhanced electronic transport boosts the figure-of-merit (ZT) of empty clathrate by 4 orders of magnitude. Furthermore, by manipulating metallic rattlers and n-type doping, the power factor is markedly improved and ZT can reach 0.55 at 800 K. These results provide a quantitative description of the guest-host interaction and coupling dynamics from first-principles. The proposed strategy of manipulating ratting atoms and in-situ doping offers important guidance to engineer clathrates with high thermoelectric performance.

  15. Electronic thermal transport in strongly correlated multilayered nanostructures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Freericks, J. K.; Zlatić, V.; Shvaika, A. M.

    2007-01-01

    The formalism for a linear-response many-body treatment of the electronic contributions to thermal transport is developed for multilayered nanostructures. By properly determining the local heat-current operator, it is possible to show that the Jonson-Mahan theorem for the bulk can be extended to inhomogeneous problems, so the various thermal-transport coefficient integrands are related by powers of frequency (including all effects of vertex corrections when appropriate). We illustrate how to use this formalism by showing how it applies to measurements of the Peltier effect, the Seebeck effect, and the thermal conductance.

  16. Using Adobe Flash animations of electron transport chain to teach and learn biochemistry.

    PubMed

    Teplá, Milada; Klímová, Helena

    2015-01-01

    Teaching the subject of the electron transport chain is one of the most challenging aspects of the chemistry curriculum at the high school level. This article presents an educational program called "Electron Transport Chain" which consists of 14 visual animations including a biochemistry quiz. The program was created in the Adobe Flash CS3 Professional animation program and is designed for high school chemistry students. Our goal is to develop educational materials that facilitate the comprehension of this complex subject through dynamic animations which show the course of the electron transport chain and simultaneously explain its nature. We record the process of the electron transport chain, including connections with oxidative phosphorylation, in such a way as to minimize the occurrence of discrepancies in interpretation. The educational program was evaluated in high schools through the administration of a questionnaire, which contained 12 opened-ended items and which required participants to evaluate the graphics of the animations, chemical content, student preferences, and its suitability for high school biochemistry teaching. © 2015 The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

  17. Geometric effects in the electronic transport of deformed nanotubes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Santos, Fernando; Fumeron, Sébastien; Berche, Bertrand; Moraes, Fernando

    2016-04-01

    Quasi-two-dimensional systems may exibit curvature, which adds three-dimensional influence to their internal properties. As shown by da Costa (1981 Phys. Rev. A 23 1982-7), charged particles moving on a curved surface experience a curvature-dependent potential which greatly influence their dynamics. In this paper, we study the electronic ballistic transport in deformed nanotubes. The one-electron Schrödinger equation with open boundary conditions is solved numerically with a flexible MAPLE code made available as supplementary data. We find that the curvature of the deformations indeed has strong effects on the electron dynamics, suggesting its use in the design of nanotube-based electronic devices.

  18. Understanding the Electronic Structure of the a-B5C:Hx-to-Metal Interface

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-06-01

    investigating electronic structure is optical absorption spectroscopy, where the absorbance spectrum represents a superposition of optical transitions...6201 Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-6201 T E C H N IC A L R E P O R T DTRA-TR-16-63 Understanding the Electronic Structure of the a-B5C:Hx-to...42 4.4. Electronic Structure and Charge Transport Models

  19. Observation of ultrahigh-energy electrons by resonance absorption of high-power microwaves in a pulsed plasma.

    PubMed

    Rajyaguru, C; Fuji, T; Ito, H; Yugami, N; Nishida, Y

    2001-07-01

    The interaction of high power microwave with collisionless unmagnetized plasma is studied. Investigation on the generation of superthermal electrons near the critical layer, by the resonance absorption phenomenon, is extended to very high microwave power levels (eta=E(2)(0)/4 pi n(e)kT(e) approximately 0.3). Here E0, n(e), and T(e) are the vacuum electric field, electron density, and electron temperature, respectively. Successive generation of electron bunches having maximum energy of about 2 keV, due to nonlinear wave breaking, is observed. The electron energy epsilon scales as a function of the incident microwave power P, according to epsilon proportional to P0.5 up to 250 kW. The two-dimensional spatial distribution of high energy electrons reveals that they are generated near the critical layer. However, the lower energy component is again produced in the subcritical density region indicating the possibility of other electron heating mechanisms.

  20. Optical activity and electronic absorption spectra of some simple nucleosides related to cytidine and uridine: all-valence-shell molecular orbital calculations.

    PubMed Central

    Miles, D W; Redington, P K; Miles, D L; Eyring, H

    1981-01-01

    The circular dichroism and electronic absorption of three simple model systems for cytidine and uridine have been measured to 190 nm. The molecular spectral properties (excitation wavelengths, oscillator strengths, rotational strengths, and polarization directions) and electronic transitional patterns were investigated by using wave functions of the entire nucleoside with the goal of establishing the reliability of the theoretical method. The computed electronic absorption quantities were shown to be in satisfactory agreement with experimental data. It was found that the computed optical rotatory strengths of the B2u and E1u electronic transitions and lowest observed n-pi transition are in good agreement with experimental values. Electronic transitions were characterized by their electronic transitional patterns derived from population analysis of the transition density matrix. The theoretical rotational strengths associated with the B2u and E1u transitions stabilize after the use of just a few singly excited configurations in the configuration interaction basis and, hypothetically, are more reliable as indicators of conformation in pyrimidine nucleosides related to cytidine. PMID:6950393

  1. Plasmonic hot electron transport drives nano-localized chemistry

    PubMed Central

    Cortés, Emiliano; Xie, Wei; Cambiasso, Javier; Jermyn, Adam S.; Sundararaman, Ravishankar; Narang, Prineha; Schlücker, Sebastian; Maier, Stefan A.

    2017-01-01

    Nanoscale localization of electromagnetic fields near metallic nanostructures underpins the fundamentals and applications of plasmonics. The unavoidable energy loss from plasmon decay, initially seen as a detriment, has now expanded the scope of plasmonic applications to exploit the generated hot carriers. However, quantitative understanding of the spatial localization of these hot carriers, akin to electromagnetic near-field maps, has been elusive. Here we spatially map hot-electron-driven reduction chemistry with 15 nm resolution as a function of time and electromagnetic field polarization for different plasmonic nanostructures. We combine experiments employing a six-electron photo-recycling process that modify the terminal group of a self-assembled monolayer on plasmonic silver nanoantennas, with theoretical predictions from first-principles calculations of non-equilibrium hot-carrier transport in these systems. The resulting localization of reactive regions, determined by hot-carrier transport from high-field regions, paves the way for improving efficiency in hot-carrier extraction science and nanoscale regio-selective surface chemistry. PMID:28348402

  2. Electronic and transport properties of BCN alloy nanoribbons

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Darvishi Gilan, Mahdi; Chegel, Raad

    2018-03-01

    The dependence of the carbon (C) concentration on the electronic and transport properties of boron carbonitride (BCN) alloy nanoribbons have been investigated using surface Green's functions technique and random Hamiltonian model by considering random hopping parameters including first and second nearest neighbors. Our calculations indicate that substituting boron (nitrogen) sites with carbon atoms induces a new band close to conduction (valence) band and carbon atoms behave like a donor (acceptor) dopants. Also, while both nitrogen and boron sites are substituted randomly by carbon atoms, new bands are induced close to both valence and conduction bands. The band gap decreases with C substituting and the number of charge carriers increases in low bias voltage. Far from Fermi level in the higher range of energy, transmission coefficient and current of the system are reduced by increasing the C concentration. Based on our results, tuning the electronic and transport properties of BCN alloy nanoribbons by random carbon dopants could be applicable to design nanoelectronics devices.

  3. Defect control of conventional and anomalous electron transport at complex oxide interfaces

    DOE PAGES

    Gunkel, F.; Bell, Chris; Inoue, Hisashi; ...

    2016-08-30

    Using low-temperature electrical measurements, the interrelation between electron transport, magnetic properties, and ionic defect structure in complex oxide interface systems is investigated, focusing on NdGaO 3/SrTiO 3 (100) interfaces. Field-dependent Hall characteristics (2–300 K) are obtained for samples grown at various growth pressures. In addition to multiple electron transport, interfacial magnetism is tracked exploiting the anomalous Hall effect (AHE). These two properties both contribute to a nonlinearity in the field dependence of the Hall resistance, with multiple carrier conduction evident below 30 K and AHE at temperatures ≲10 K. Considering these two sources of nonlinearity, we suggest a phenomenological modelmore » capturing the complex field dependence of the Hall characteristics in the low-temperature regime. Our model allows the extraction of the conventional transport parameters and a qualitative analysis of the magnetization. The electron mobility is found to decrease systematically with increasing growth pressure. This suggests dominant electron scattering by acceptor-type strontium vacancies incorporated during growth. The AHE scales with growth pressure. In conclusion, the most pronounced AHE is found at increased growth pressure and, thus, in the most defective, low-mobility samples, indicating a correlation between transport, magnetism, and cation defect concentration.« less

  4. Light-induced electronic non-equilibrium in plasmonic particles.

    PubMed

    Kornbluth, Mordechai; Nitzan, Abraham; Seideman, Tamar

    2013-05-07

    We consider the transient non-equilibrium electronic distribution that is created in a metal nanoparticle upon plasmon excitation. Following light absorption, the created plasmons decohere within a few femtoseconds, producing uncorrelated electron-hole pairs. The corresponding non-thermal electronic distribution evolves in response to the photo-exciting pulse and to subsequent relaxation processes. First, on the femtosecond timescale, the electronic subsystem relaxes to a Fermi-Dirac distribution characterized by an electronic temperature. Next, within picoseconds, thermalization with the underlying lattice phonons leads to a hot particle in internal equilibrium that subsequently equilibrates with the environment. Here we focus on the early stage of this multistep relaxation process, and on the properties of the ensuing non-equilibrium electronic distribution. We consider the form of this distribution as derived from the balance between the optical absorption and the subsequent relaxation processes, and discuss its implication for (a) heating of illuminated plasmonic particles, (b) the possibility to optically induce current in junctions, and (c) the prospect for experimental observation of such light-driven transport phenomena.

  5. Temperature dependence of the hydrated electron's excited-state relaxation. II. Elucidating the relaxation mechanism through ultrafast transient absorption and stimulated emission spectroscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Farr, Erik P.; Zho, Chen-Chen; Challa, Jagannadha R.; Schwartz, Benjamin J.

    2017-08-01

    The structure of the hydrated electron, particularly whether it exists primarily within a cavity or encompasses interior water molecules, has been the subject of much recent debate. In Paper I [C.-C. Zho et al., J. Chem. Phys. 147, 074503 (2017)], we found that mixed quantum/classical simulations with cavity and non-cavity pseudopotentials gave different predictions for the temperature dependence of the rate of the photoexcited hydrated electron's relaxation back to the ground state. In this paper, we measure the ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy of the photoexcited hydrated electron as a function of temperature to confront the predictions of our simulations. The ultrafast spectroscopy clearly shows faster relaxation dynamics at higher temperatures. In particular, the transient absorption data show a clear excess bleach beyond that of the equilibrium hydrated electron's ground-state absorption that can only be explained by stimulated emission. This stimulated emission component, which is consistent with the experimentally known fluorescence spectrum of the hydrated electron, decreases in both amplitude and lifetime as the temperature is increased. We use a kinetic model to globally fit the temperature-dependent transient absorption data at multiple temperatures ranging from 0 to 45 °C. We find the room-temperature lifetime of the excited-state hydrated electron to be 137 ±40 fs, in close agreement with recent time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) experiments and in strong support of the "non-adiabatic" picture of the hydrated electron's excited-state relaxation. Moreover, we find that the excited-state lifetime is strongly temperature dependent, changing by slightly more than a factor of two over the 45 °C temperature range explored. This temperature dependence of the lifetime, along with a faster rate of ground-state cooling with increasing bulk temperature, should be directly observable by future TRPES experiments. Our data also suggest

  6. Modeling Electronic Quantum Transport with Machine Learning

    DOE PAGES

    Lopez Bezanilla, Alejandro; von Lilienfeld Toal, Otto A.

    2014-06-11

    We present a machine learning approach to solve electronic quantum transport equations of one-dimensional nanostructures. The transmission coefficients of disordered systems were computed to provide training and test data sets to the machine. The system’s representation encodes energetic as well as geometrical information to characterize similarities between disordered configurations, while the Euclidean norm is used as a measure of similarity. Errors for out-of-sample predictions systematically decrease with training set size, enabling the accurate and fast prediction of new transmission coefficients. The remarkable performance of our model to capture the complexity of interference phenomena lends further support to its viability inmore » dealing with transport problems of undulatory nature.« less

  7. Dependence of the electronic absorption spectra of aqueous solutions of iodine monochloride on the conditions of dilution and storage time

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Klyubin, V. V.; Klyubina, K. A.; Makovetskaya, K. N.

    2017-04-01

    The electronic absorption spectra of aqueous solutions of iodine monochloride ICl are studied. The spectra of as-prepared solutions display the absorption band associated with hydrated ICl molecules. An additional band indicating that molecular iodine was formed in the solution emerges in the spectrum as dissolution takes place. Only the band belonging to iodine monochloride remains in the absorption spectra, and no additional bands appear after chloride anions Cl- are added to the solution. The absorption spectrum becomes more complex when ICl is dissolved in an alkaline medium. The band belonging to molecular iodine emerges in the spectra at low alkali concentrations, while being transformed to other shorter-wavelength bands at high alkali concentrations (pH ≥ 12).

  8. Charge transport and electron-hole asymmetry in low-mobility graphene/hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Jiayu; Lin, Li; Huang, Guang-Yao; Kang, N.; Zhang, Jincan; Peng, Hailin; Liu, Zhongfan; Xu, H. Q.

    2018-02-01

    Graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (G/h-BN) heterostructures offer an excellent platform for developing nanoelectronic devices and for exploring correlated states in graphene under modulation by a periodic superlattice potential. Here, we report on transport measurements of nearly 0 ° -twisted G/h-BN heterostructures. The heterostructures investigated are prepared by dry transfer and thermally annealing processes and are in the low mobility regime (approximately 3000 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 1.9 K). The replica Dirac spectra and Hofstadter butterfly spectra are observed on the hole transport side, but not on the electron transport side, of the heterostructures. We associate the observed electron-hole asymmetry with the presence of a large difference between the opened gaps in the conduction and valence bands and a strong enhancement in the interband contribution to the conductivity on the electron transport side in the low-mobility G/h-BN heterostructures. We also show that the gaps opened at the central Dirac point and the hole-branch secondary Dirac point are large, suggesting the presence of strong graphene-substrate interaction and electron-electron interaction in our G/h-BN heterostructures. Our results provide additional helpful insight into the transport mechanism in G/h-BN heterostructures.

  9. Dependency of magnetic microwave absorption on surface architecture of Co20Ni80 hierarchical structures studied by electron holography

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Qinhe; Xu, Xianhui; Xia, Weixing; Che, Renchao; Chen, Chen; Cao, Qi; He, Jingang

    2015-01-01

    To design and fabricate rational surface architecture of individual particles is one of the key factors that affect their magnetic properties and microwave absorption capability, which is still a great challenge. Herein, a series of Co20Ni80 hierarchical structures with different surface morphologies, including flower-, urchin-, ball-, and chain-like morphologies, were obtained using structure-directing templates via a facile one-step solvothermal treatment. The microwave reflection loss (RL) of urchin-like Co20Ni80 hierarchical structures reaches as high as -33.5 dB at 3 GHz, with almost twice the RL intensity of the ball- and chain-like structures, and the absorption bandwidth (<-10 dB) is about 5.5 GHz for the flower-like morphology, indicating that the surface nanospikes and nanoflakes on the Co20Ni80 microsphere surfaces have great influences on their magnetic microwave absorption properties. Electron holography analysis reveals that the surface nanospikes and nanoflakes could generate a high density of stray magnetic flux lines and contribute a large saturation magnetization (105.62 emu g-1 for urchin-like and 96.41 emu g-1 for flower-like morphology), leading the urchin-like and flower-like Co20Ni80 to possess stronger microwave RL compared with the ball-like and chain-like Co20Ni80 alloys. The eddy-current absorption mechanism μ''(μ')-2(f)-1 is dominant in the frequency region above 8 GHz, implying that eddy-current loss is a vital factor for microwave RL in the high frequency range. It can be supposed from our findings that different surface morphologies of magnetic hierarchical structures might become an effective path to achieve high-performance microwave absorption for electromagnetic shielding and stealth camouflage applications.To design and fabricate rational surface architecture of individual particles is one of the key factors that affect their magnetic properties and microwave absorption capability, which is still a great challenge. Herein, a

  10. Non-local electron transport validation using 2D DRACO simulations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cao, Duc; Chenhall, Jeff; Moll, Eli; Prochaska, Alex; Moses, Gregory; Delettrez, Jacques; Collins, Tim

    2012-10-01

    Comparison of 2D DRACO simulations, using a modified versionfootnotetextprivate communications with M. Marinak and G. Zimmerman, LLNL. of the Schurtz, Nicolai and Busquet (SNB) algorithmfootnotetextSchurtz, Nicolai and Busquet, ``A nonlocal electron conduction model for multidimensional radiation hydrodynamics codes,'' Phys. Plasmas 7, 4238(2000). for non-local electron transport, with direct drive shock timing experimentsfootnotetextT. Boehly, et. al., ``Multiple spherically converging shock waves in liquid deuterium,'' Phys. Plasmas 18, 092706(2011). and with the Goncharov non-local modelfootnotetextV. Goncharov, et. al., ``Early stage of implosion in inertial confinement fusion: Shock timing and perturbation evolution,'' Phys. Plasmas 13, 012702(2006). in 1D LILAC will be presented. Addition of an improved SNB non-local electron transport algorithm in DRACO allows direct drive simulations with no need for an electron conduction flux limiter. Validation with shock timing experiments that mimic the laser pulse profile of direct drive ignition targets gives a higher confidence level in the predictive capability of the DRACO code. This research was supported by the University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics.

  11. Convenient determination of luminescence quantum yield using a combined electronic absorption and emission spectrometer

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Prakash, John; Mishra, Ashok Kumar

    2016-01-15

    It is possible to measure luminescence quantum yield in a facile way, by designing an optical spectrometer capable of obtaining electronic absorption as well as luminescence spectra, with a setup that uses the same light source and detector for both the spectral measurements. Employment of a single light source and single detector enables use of the same correction factor profile for spectral corrections. A suitable instrumental scaling factor is used for adjusting spectral losses.

  12. An Electronic Structure Approach to Charge Transfer and Transport in Molecular Building Blocks for Organic Optoelectronics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hendrickson, Heidi Phillips

    A fundamental understanding of charge separation in organic materials is necessary for the rational design of optoelectronic devices suited for renewable energy applications and requires a combination of theoretical, computational, and experimental methods. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD)DFT are cost effective ab-initio approaches for calculating fundamental properties of large molecular systems, however conventional DFT methods have been known to fail in accurately characterizing frontier orbital gaps and charge transfer states in molecular systems. In this dissertation, these shortcomings are addressed by implementing an optimally-tuned range-separated hybrid (OT-RSH) functional approach within DFT and TDDFT. The first part of this thesis presents the way in which RSH-DFT addresses the shortcomings in conventional DFT. Environmentally-corrected RSH-DFT frontier orbital energies are shown to correspond to thin film measurements for a set of organic semiconducting molecules. Likewise, the improved RSH-TDDFT description of charge transfer excitations is benchmarked using a model ethene dimer and silsesquioxane molecules. In the second part of this thesis, RSH-DFT is applied to chromophore-functionalized silsesquioxanes, which are currently investigated as candidates for building blocks in optoelectronic applications. RSH-DFT provides insight into the nature of absorptive and emissive states in silsesquioxanes. While absorption primarily involves transitions localized on one chromophore, charge transfer between chromophores and between chromophore and silsesquioxane cage have been identified. The RSH-DFT approach, including a protocol accounting for complex environmental effects on charge transfer energies, was tested and validated against experimental measurements. The third part of this thesis addresses quantum transport through nano-scale junctions. The ability to quantify a molecular junction via spectroscopic methods is crucial to their

  13. Dependence of magnetic field and electronic transport of Mn4 Single-molecule magnet in a Single-Electron Transistor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rodriguez, Alvar; Singh, Simranjeet; Haque, Firoze; Del Barco, Enrique; Nguyen, Tu; Christou, George

    2012-02-01

    Dependence of magnetic field and electronic transport of Mn4 Single-molecule magnet in a Single-Electron Transistor A. Rodriguez, S. Singh, F. Haque and E. del Barco Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, Florida 32816 USA T. Nguyen and G. Christou Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA Abstract We have performed single-electron transport measurements on a series of Mn-based low-nuclearity single-molecule magnets (SMM) observing Coulomb blockade. SMMs with well isolated and low ground spin states, i.e. S = 9/2 (Mn4) and S = 6 (Mn3) were chosen for these studies, such that the ground spin multiplet does not mix with levels of other excited spin states for the magnetic fields (H = 0-8 T) employed in the experiments. Different functionalization groups were employed to change the mechanical, geometrical and transport characteristics of the molecules when deposited from liquid solution on the transistors. Electromigration-broken three-terminal single-electron transistors were used. Results obtained at temperatures down to 240 mK and in the presence of high magnetic fields will be shown.

  14. Nonadiabatic small-polaron hopping electron transport in diphenoquinone-doped polycarbonate

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yamaguchi, Yasuhiro; Yokoyama, Masaaki

    1991-10-01

    The dependences of electron mobility on the electric field F, temperature T, and hopping site distance R have been characterized in 3,5-dimethyl-3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4,4'-diphenoquinone dispersed molecularly in a polycarbonate according to Schein's analytical technique. The electron mobility can be described in the form a0R2 exp(-2R/R0) exp(-E0/kT) × exp[β(1/kT-1/kT0)F1/2], where a0, R0, β, and T0 are constants. Moreover, it is found that the zero-field activation energy E0 is independent of R. The invariable E0 and the exponential dependence of the Arrhenius prefactor on R strongly suggest that the electron transport therein is due to nonadiabatic small-polaron hopping. Based on the small-polaron theory, the transport properties are qualitatively discussed in terms of molecular properties.

  15. Aerosol Sources, Absorption, and Intercontinental Transport: Synergies among Models, Remote Sensing, and Atmospheric Measurements

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chin, Mian; Ginoux, Paul; Dubovik, Oleg; Holben, Brent; Kaufman, Yoram; chu, Allen; Anderson, Tad; Quinn, Patricia

    2003-01-01

    Aerosol climate forcing is one of the largest uncertainties in assessing the anthropogenic impact on the global climate system. This uncertainty arises from the poorly quantified aerosol sources, especially black carbon emissions, our limited knowledge of aerosol mixing state and optical properties, and the consequences of intercontinental transport of aerosols and their precursors. Here we use a global model GOCART to simulate atmospheric aerosols, including sulfate, black carbon, organic carbon, dust, and sea salt, from anthropogenic, biomass burning, and natural sources. We compare the model calculated aerosol extinction and absorption with those quantities from the ground-based sun photometer measurements from AERONET at several different wavelengths and the field observations from ACE-Asia, and model calculated total aerosol optical depth and fine mode fractions with the MODIS satellite retrieval. We will also estimate the intercontinental transport of pollution and dust aerosols from their source regions to other areas in different seasons.

  16. Aerosol Sources, Absorption, and Intercontinental Transport: Synergies Among Models, Remote Sensing, and Atmospheric Measurements

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chin, Mian; Chu, Allen; Levy, Robert; Remer, Lorraine; Kaufman, Yoram; Dubovik, Oleg; Holben, Brent; Eck, Tom; Anderson, Tad; Quinn, Patricia

    2004-01-01

    Aerosol climate forcing is one of the largest uncertainties in assessing the anthropogenic impact on the global climate system. This uncertainty arises from the poorly quantified aerosol sources, especially black carbon emissions, our limited knowledge of aerosol mixing state and optical properties, and the consequences of intercontinental transport of aerosols and their precursors. Here we use a global model GOCART to simulate atmospheric aerosols, including sulfate, black carbon, organic carbon, dust, and sea salt, from anthropogenic, .biomass burning, and natural sources. We compare the model calculated aerosol extinction and absorption with those quantities from the ground-based sun photometer measurements from AERON" at several different wavelengths and the field observations from ACE-Asia, and model calculated total aerosol optical depth and fine mode fractions with the MODIS satellite retrieval. We will also estimate the intercontinental transport of pollution and dust aerosols from their source regions to other areas in different seasons.

  17. Near UV-Visible electronic absorption originating from charged amino acids in a monomeric protein† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00880e

    PubMed Central

    Prasad, Saumya; Mandal, Imon; Singh, Shubham; Paul, Ashim; Mandal, Bhubaneswar

    2017-01-01

    Electronic absorption spectra of proteins are primarily characterized over the ultraviolet region (185–320 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum. While recent studies on peptide aggregates have revealed absorption beyond 350 nm, monomeric proteins lacking aromatic amino acids, disulphide bonds, and active site prosthetic groups are expected to remain optically silent beyond 250 nm. Here, in a joint theoretical and experimental investigation, we report the distinctive UV-Vis absorption spectrum between 250 nm [ε = 7338 M–1 cm–1] and 800 nm [ε = 501 M–1 cm–1] in a synthetic 67 residue protein (α3C), in monomeric form, devoid of aromatic amino acids. Systematic control studies with high concentration non-aromatic amino acid solutions revealed significant absorption beyond 250 nm for charged amino acids which constitute over 50% of the sequence composition in α3C. Classical atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of α3C reveal dynamic interactions between multiple charged sidechains of Lys and Glu residues present in α3C. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations on charged amino acid residues sampled from the MD trajectories of α3C reveal that the distinctive absorption features of α3C may arise from two different types of charge transfer (CT) transitions involving spatially proximal Lys/Glu amino acids. Specifically, we show that the charged amino (NH3+)/carboxylate (COO–) groups of Lys/Glu sidechains act as electronic charge acceptors/donors for photoinduced electron transfer either from/to the polypeptide backbone or to each other. Further, the sensitivity of the CT spectra to close/far/intermediate range of encounters between sidechains of Lys/Glu owing to the three dimensional protein fold can create the long tail in the α3C absorption profile between 300 and 800 nm. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate the sensitivity of α3C absorption spectrum to temperature and pH-induced changes in protein structure. Taken together, our

  18. Physiological Evidence for Isopotential Tunneling in the Electron Transport Chain of Methane-Producing Archaea

    PubMed Central

    Duszenko, Nikolas

    2017-01-01

    ABSTRACT Many, but not all, organisms use quinones to conserve energy in their electron transport chains. Fermentative bacteria and methane-producing archaea (methanogens) do not produce quinones but have devised other ways to generate ATP. Methanophenazine (MPh) is a unique membrane electron carrier found in Methanosarcina species that plays the same role as quinones in the electron transport chain. To extend the analogy between quinones and MPh, we compared the MPh pool sizes between two well-studied Methanosarcina species, Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A and Methanosarcina barkeri Fusaro, to the quinone pool size in the bacterium Escherichia coli. We found the quantity of MPh per cell increases as cultures transition from exponential growth to stationary phase, and absolute quantities of MPh were 3-fold higher in M. acetivorans than in M. barkeri. The concentration of MPh suggests the cell membrane of M. acetivorans, but not of M. barkeri, is electrically quantized as if it were a single conductive metal sheet and near optimal for rate of electron transport. Similarly, stationary (but not exponentially growing) E. coli cells also have electrically quantized membranes on the basis of quinone content. Consistent with our hypothesis, we demonstrated that the exogenous addition of phenazine increases the growth rate of M. barkeri three times that of M. acetivorans. Our work suggests electron flux through MPh is naturally higher in M. acetivorans than in M. barkeri and that hydrogen cycling is less efficient at conserving energy than scalar proton translocation using MPh. IMPORTANCE Can we grow more from less? The ability to optimize and manipulate metabolic efficiency in cells is the difference between commercially viable and nonviable renewable technologies. Much can be learned from methane-producing archaea (methanogens) which evolved a successful metabolic lifestyle under extreme thermodynamic constraints. Methanogens use highly efficient electron transport

  19. Electron/Ion Transport Enhancer in High Capacity Li-Ion Battery Anodes

    DOE PAGES

    Kwon, Yo Han; Minnici, Krysten; Huie, Matthew M.; ...

    2016-08-30

    In this paper, magnetite (Fe 3O 4) was used as a model high capacity metal oxide active material to demonstrate advantages derived from consideration of both electron and ion transport in the design of composite battery electrodes. The conjugated polymer, poly[3-(potassium-4-butanoate) thiophene] (PPBT), was introduced as a binder component, while polyethylene glycol (PEG) was coated onto the surface of Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles. The introduction of PEG reduced aggregate size, enabled effective dispersion of the active materials and facilitated ionic conduction. As a binder for the composite electrode, PPBT underwent electrochemical doping which enabled the formation of effective electrical bridgesmore » between the carbon and Fe 3O 4 components, allowing for more efficient electron transport. Additionally, the PPBT carboxylic moieties effect a porous structure, and stable electrode performance. Finally, the methodical consideration of both enhanced electron and ion transport by introducing a carboxylated PPBT binder and PEG surface treatment leads to effectively reduced electrode resistance, which improved cycle life performance and rate capabilities.« less

  20. Impact of the electron-transport layer on the performance of solution-processed small-molecule organic solar cells.

    PubMed

    Long, Guankui; Wan, Xiangjian; Kan, Bin; Hu, Zhicheng; Yang, Xuan; Zhang, Yi; Zhang, Mingtao; Wu, Hongbing; Huang, Fei; Su, Shijian; Cao, Yong; Chen, Yongsheng

    2014-08-01

    Although the performance of polymer solar cells has been improved significantly recently through careful optimization with different interlayers for the same materials, more improvement is needed in this respect for small-molecule-based solar cells, particularly for the electron-transport layers (ETLs). In this work, three different solution-processed ETLs, PFN, ZnO nanoparticles, and LiF, were investigated and compared in the performance of small-molecule-based devices, and power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 8.32, 7.30, and 7.38% were achieved, respectively. The mechanism for the ETL-induced enhancement has been studied, and different ETLs have a significantly different impact on the device performance. The clearly improved performance of PFN is attributed to the combination of reduced bimolecular recombination and increased effective photon absorption in the active layer. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  1. Microbial electron transport and energy conservation – the foundation for optimizing bioelectrochemical systems

    PubMed Central

    Kracke, Frauke; Vassilev, Igor; Krömer, Jens O.

    2015-01-01

    Microbial electrochemical techniques describe a variety of emerging technologies that use electrode–bacteria interactions for biotechnology applications including the production of electricity, waste and wastewater treatment, bioremediation and the production of valuable products. Central in each application is the ability of the microbial catalyst to interact with external electron acceptors and/or donors and its metabolic properties that enable the combination of electron transport and carbon metabolism. And here also lies the key challenge. A wide range of microbes has been discovered to be able to exchange electrons with solid surfaces or mediators but only a few have been studied in depth. Especially electron transfer mechanisms from cathodes towards the microbial organism are poorly understood but are essential for many applications such as microbial electrosynthesis. We analyze the different electron transport chains that nature offers for organisms such as metal respiring bacteria and acetogens, but also standard biotechnological organisms currently used in bio-production. Special focus lies on the essential connection of redox and energy metabolism, which is often ignored when studying bioelectrochemical systems. The possibility of extracellular electron exchange at different points in each organism is discussed regarding required redox potentials and effect on cellular redox and energy levels. Key compounds such as electron carriers (e.g., cytochromes, ferredoxin, quinones, flavins) are identified and analyzed regarding their possible role in electrode–microbe interactions. This work summarizes our current knowledge on electron transport processes and uses a theoretical approach to predict the impact of different modes of transfer on the energy metabolism. As such it adds an important piece of fundamental understanding of microbial electron transport possibilities to the research community and will help to optimize and advance bioelectrochemical

  2. Mechanisms of electron transport and recombination in ZnO nanostructures for dye-sensitized solar cells.

    PubMed

    Vega-Poot, Alberto G; Macías-Montero, Manuel; Idígoras, Jesus; Borrás, Ana; Barranco, Angel; Gonzalez-Elipe, Agustín R; Lizama-Tzec, Francisco I; Oskam, Gerko; Anta, Juan A

    2014-04-14

    ZnO is an attractive material for applications in dye-sensitized solar cells and related devices. This material has excellent electron-transport properties in the bulk but its electron diffusion coefficient is much smaller in mesoporous films. In this work the electron-transport properties of two different kinds of dye-sensitized ZnO nanostructures are investigated by small-perturbation electrochemical techniques. For nanoparticulate ZnO photoanodes prepared via a wet-chemistry technique, the diffusion coefficient is found to reproduce the typical behavior predicted by the multiple-trapping and the hopping models, with an exponential increase with respect to the applied bias. In contrast, in ZnO nanostructured thin films of controlled texture and crystallinity prepared via a plasma chemical vapor deposition method, the diffusion coefficient is found to be independent of the electrochemical bias. This observation suggests a different transport mechanism not controlled by trapping and electron accumulation. In spite of the quite different transport features, the recombination kinetics, the electron-collection efficiency and the photoconversion efficiency are very similar for both kinds of photoanodes, an observation that indicates that surface properties rather than electron transport is the main efficiency-determining factor in solar cells based on ZnO nanostructured photoanodes. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  3. Discrete Diffusion Monte Carlo for Electron Thermal Transport

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chenhall, Jeffrey; Cao, Duc; Wollaeger, Ryan; Moses, Gregory

    2014-10-01

    The iSNB (implicit Schurtz Nicolai Busquet electron thermal transport method of Cao et al. is adapted to a Discrete Diffusion Monte Carlo (DDMC) solution method for eventual inclusion in a hybrid IMC-DDMC (Implicit Monte Carlo) method. The hybrid method will combine the efficiency of a diffusion method in short mean free path regions with the accuracy of a transport method in long mean free path regions. The Monte Carlo nature of the approach allows the algorithm to be massively parallelized. Work to date on the iSNB-DDMC method will be presented. This work was supported by Sandia National Laboratory - Albuquerque.

  4. Photosensitized electron transport across lipid vesicle walls: quantum yield dependence on sensitizer concentration.

    PubMed Central

    Ford, W E; Otvos, J W; Calvin, M

    1979-01-01

    An amphiphilic tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(2+) derivative that is incorporated into the walls of phosphatidylcholine vesicles photosensitizes the irreversible oxidation of ethylenediaminetetraacetate(3-) dissolved in the inner aqueous compartments of the vesicle suspension and the one-electron reduction of heptylviologen(2+) dissolved in the continuous aqueous phase. The quantum yield of viologen radical production depends on the phospholipid-to-ruthenium complex mole ratios. A kinetic model is used to derive an order-of-magnitude estimate for the rate constant of electron transport across the vesicle walls. The results are inconsistent with a diffusional mechanism for electron transport and are interpreted in terms of electron exchange. PMID:291027

  5. Quantum quench of Kondo correlations in optical absorption

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Weichselbaum, Andreas

    2013-03-01

    Absorption spectra of individual semiconductor quantum dots tunnel-coupled to a degenerate electron gas in the Kondo regime have recently become accessible to the experiment. The absorption of a single photon leads to an abrupt change in the system Hamiltonian, which can be tailored such that it results in a quantum quench of the Kondo correlations. This is accompanied by a clear signature in the form of an Anderson orthogonality catastrophe, induced by a vanishing overlap between initial and final many-body wave functions and with power-law exponents that can be tuned by an applied magnetic field. We have modeled the experiment in terms of an Anderson impurity model undergoing an optically induced quench, and studied this Kondo exciton in detail using both analytical methods and the Numerical Renormalization Group (NRG). Our NRG results reproduce the measured absorption line shapes very well, showing that NRG is ideally suited for the study of Kondo excitons. In summary, the experiments demonstrate that optical measurements on single artificial atoms offer new perspectives on many-body phenomena previously studied using transport spectroscopy only. Co-authors: Andreas Weichselbaum, Markus Hanl, and Jan von Delft, Ludwig Maximilians University.

  6. Electronic transport properties of graphene doped by gallium.

    PubMed

    Mach, J; Procházka, P; Bartošík, M; Nezval, D; Piastek, J; Hulva, J; Švarc, V; Konečný, M; Kormoš, L; Šikola, T

    2017-10-13

    In this work we present the effect of low dose gallium (Ga) deposition (<4 ML) performed in UHV (10 -7 Pa) on the electronic doping and charge carrier scattering in graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. In situ graphene transport measurements performed with a graphene field-effect transistor structure show that at low Ga coverages a graphene layer tends to be strongly n-doped with an efficiency of 0.64 electrons per one Ga atom, while the further deposition and Ga cluster formation results in removing electrons from graphene (less n-doping). The experimental results are supported by the density functional theory calculations and explained as a consequence of distinct interaction between graphene and Ga atoms in case of individual atoms, layers, or clusters.

  7. Electronic transport properties of graphene doped by gallium

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mach, J.; Procházka, P.; Bartošík, M.; Nezval, D.; Piastek, J.; Hulva, J.; Švarc, V.; Konečný, M.; Kormoš, L.; Šikola, T.

    2017-10-01

    In this work we present the effect of low dose gallium (Ga) deposition (<4 ML) performed in UHV (10-7 Pa) on the electronic doping and charge carrier scattering in graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. In situ graphene transport measurements performed with a graphene field-effect transistor structure show that at low Ga coverages a graphene layer tends to be strongly n-doped with an efficiency of 0.64 electrons per one Ga atom, while the further deposition and Ga cluster formation results in removing electrons from graphene (less n-doping). The experimental results are supported by the density functional theory calculations and explained as a consequence of distinct interaction between graphene and Ga atoms in case of individual atoms, layers, or clusters.

  8. Revealing electronic structure changes in Chevrel phase cathodes upon Mg insertion using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wan, Liwen F.; Wright, Joshua; Perdue, Brian R.

    Following previous work predicting the electronic response of the Chevrel phase Mo6S8 upon Mg insertion (Thole et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2015, 17, 22548), we provide the experimental proof, evident in X-ray absorption spectroscopy, to illustrate the charge compensation mechanism of the Chevrel phase compound during Mg insertion and de-insertion processes.

  9. Alcohol-Soluble Electron-Transport Materials for Fully Solution-Processed Green PhOLEDs.

    PubMed

    Chen, Fudong; Wang, Shirong; Xiao, Yin; Peng, Feng; Zhou, Nonglin; Ying, Lei; Li, Xianggao

    2018-05-18

    Two alcohol-soluble electron-transport materials (ETMs), diphenyl(4-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)phosphine oxide (pPBIPO) and (3,5-bis(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (mBPBIPO), have been synthesized. The physical properties of these ETMs were investigated and they both exhibited high electron-transport mobilities (1.67×10 -4 and 2.15×10 -4  cm 2  V -1  s -1 ), high glass-transition temperatures (81 and 110 °C), and low LUMO energy levels (-2.87 and -2.82 eV, respectively). The solubility of PBIPO in n-butyl alcohol was more than 20 mg mL -1 , which meets the requirement for fully solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Fully solution-processed green-phosphorescent OLEDs were fabricated by using alcohol-soluble PBIPO as electron-transport layers (ETLs), and they exhibited high current efficiencies, power efficiencies, and external quantum efficiencies of up to 38.43 cd A -1 , 26.64 lm W -1 , and 10.87 %, respectively. Compared with devices that did not contain PBIPO as an ETM, the performance of these devices was much improved, which indicated the excellent electron-transport properties of PBIPO. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  10. X-ray absorption investigation of the electronic structure of the CuI@SWCNT nanocomposite

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Generalov, A. V.; Brzhezinskaya, M. M.; Vinogradov, A. S.; Püttner, R.; Chernysheva, M. V.; Lukashin, A. V.; Eliseev, A. A.

    2011-03-01

    The Cu 2 p, I 3 d, and C 1 sX-ray absorption spectra of the CuI@SWCNT nanocomposite prepared by filling single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with the CuI melt by the capillary technique have been measured with a high-energy resolution using the equipment of the Russian-German beamline at the BESSY electron storage ring. In order to characterize the electronic structure of the nanocomposite and possible changes in the atomic and electronic structures of CuI and SWCNTs in the CuI@SWCNT nanocomposite, the spectra obtained have been analyzed in the framework of the quasi-molecular approach by comparing with the spectra of the pristine (CuI and SWCNT) and reference (CuO) systems. It has been revealed that the encapsulation of the CuI compound inside SWCNTs is accompanied by changes in the electronic structure of CuI and SWCNTs due to the chemical interaction between the filler and carbon nanotubes and the change in the atomic structure of CuI.

  11. Pivotal Role of Iron in the Regulation of Cyanobacterial Electron Transport.

    PubMed

    González, A; Sevilla, E; Bes, M T; Peleato, M L; Fillat, M F

    2016-01-01

    Iron-containing metalloproteins are the main cornerstones for efficient electron transport in biological systems. The abundance and diversity of iron-dependent proteins in cyanobacteria makes those organisms highly dependent of this micronutrient. To cope with iron imbalance, cyanobacteria have developed a survey of adaptation strategies that are strongly related to the regulation of photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and other central electron transfer pathways. Furthermore, either in its ferrous form or as a component of the haem group, iron plays a crucial role as regulatory signalling molecule that directly or indirectly modulates the composition and efficiency of cyanobacterial redox reactions. We present here the major mechanism used by cyanobacteria to couple iron homeostasis to the regulation of electron transport, making special emphasis in processes specific in those organisms. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  12. Electron transport fluxes in potato plateau regime

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shaing, K. C.; Hazeltine, R. D.

    1997-12-01

    Electron transport fluxes in the potato plateau regime are calculated from the solutions of the drift kinetic equation and fluid equations. It is found that the bootstrap current density remains finite in the region close to the magnetic axis, although it decreases with increasing collision frequency. This finite amount of the bootstrap current in the relatively collisional regime is important in modeling tokamak startup with 100% bootstrap current.

  13. Potential-dependent recombination kinetics of photogenerated electrons in n- and p-type GaN photoelectrodes studied by time-resolved IR absorption spectroscopy.

    PubMed

    Yamakata, Akira; Yoshida, Masaaki; Kubota, Jun; Osawa, Masatoshi; Domen, Kazunari

    2011-07-27

    Recombination kinetics of photogenerated electrons in n-type and p-type GaN photoelectrodes active for H(2) and O(2) evolution, respectively, from water was examined by time-resolved IR absorption (TR-IR) spectroscopy. Illumination of a GaN film with UV pulse (355 nm and 6 ns in duration) gives transient interference spectra in both transmittance and reflection modes. Simulation shows that the interference spectra are caused by photogenerated electrons. We observed that recombination in the microsecond region is greatly affected by the applied potentials, the lifetime becoming longer at negative and positive potentials for n- and p-type GaN electrodes, respectively. There is a good correlation between potential dependence of the steady-state reaction efficiency and that of the number of surviving electrons in the millisecond region. We also performed potential jump measurement to examine the shift in Fermi level by photogenerated charge carriers. In the case of n-type GaN, the electrode potential jumps to the negative side by accumulation of electrons in the bulk. However, in the case of p-type GaN, the electrode potential first jumps to the negative side within 20 μs and gradually shifts to the positive side in a few milliseconds, while the number of charge carriers is constant at >0.2 ms. This two-step process is ascribed to electron transport from the bulk to the surface of GaN, because the electrode potential is sensitive to the number of electrons in the bulk. The results confirm that TR-IR combined with potential jump measurement provides useful information for understanding the behavior of charge carriers in photoelectrochemical systems.

  14. Influence of low-temperature resistivity on fast electron transport in solids: scaling to fast ignition electron beam parameters

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McKenna, P.; MacLellan, D. A.; Butler, N. M. H.; Dance, R. J.; Gray, R. J.; Robinson, A. P. L.; Neely, D.; Desjarlais, M. P.

    2015-06-01

    The role of low-temperature electrical resistivity in defining the transport properties of mega-Ampere currents of fast (MeV) electrons in solids is investigated using 3D hybrid particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. By considering resistivity profiles intermediate to the ordered (lattice) and disordered forms of two example materials, lithium and silicon, it is shown that both the magnitude of the resistivity and the shape of the resistivity-temperature profile at low temperatures strongly affect the self-generated resistive magnetic fields and the onset of resistive instabilities, and thus the overall fast electron beam transport pattern. The scaling of these effects to the giga-Ampere electron currents required for the fast ignition scheme for inertial fusion is also explored.

  15. Improvement of intestinal transport, absorption and anti-diabetic efficacy of berberine by using Gelucire44/14: In vitro, in situ and in vivo studies.

    PubMed

    Sun, Jianmei; Bao, He; Peng, Yajie; Zhang, Haimin; Sun, Ya; Qi, Jiajun; Zhang, Hailong; Gao, Yang

    2018-06-10

    This study aims to evaluate the effects of Gelucire44/14 on the in vitro transport, in situ intestinal absorption, as well as in vivo antidiabetic efficacy of berberine (BBR). In the in vitro study, Gelucire44/14 (0.1%, v/v) increased the absorptive transport of BBR across the intestinal membrane of a rat and reduced the relative transport in the secretory direction, thus demonstrating its potential inhibitory effect on intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp). In the in situ absorption study, Gelucire44/14 (0.1%, v/v) increased BBR absorption, and this enhancing effect was more significant in the ileum than in the colon of a rat. Oral delivery of BBR with Gelucire44/14 (0.1%, v/v) to diabetic mice, compared with the BBR group, induced a significant hypoglycemic effect on day 7 and day 12 after administration. This result was well correlated with the results of the in vitro study, indicating the important contribution of the P-gp inhibitory effect of Gelucire44/14 to the improvement of the antidiabetic efficacy in vivo. In addition, Gelucire44/14 (0.1%, v/v) neither increased the levels of protein and lactate dehydrogenase in intestinal perfusion nor changed the morphology of the rat intestinal epithelium relative to those of the negative control. This finding suggested that 0.1% (v/v) Gelucire44/14 caused no apparent membrane damage to rat intestine. In conclusion, Gelucire44/14 exhibited potential for enhancing the oral absorption of BBR, thereby improving the antidiabetic efficacy of BBR. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  16. Transport of sennosides and sennidines from Cassia angustifolia and Cassia senna across Caco-2 monolayers--an in vitro model for intestinal absorption.

    PubMed

    Waltenberger, B; Avula, B; Ganzera, M; Khan, I A; Stuppner, H; Khan, S I

    2008-05-01

    Laxative effects of Senna preparations are mainly mediated by rheinanthrone, a metabolite formed in the intestinal flora from dianthrones. Nevertheless, it was not clear whether dianthrones are bioavailable at all and contribute to the overall effects of this important medicinal plant. Using the Caco-2 human colonic cell line as an in vitro model of the human intestinal mucosal barrier, the bioavailability of dianthrones was studied in apical to basolateral (absorptive) and basolateral to apical (secretive) direction. Permeability coefficients (P(c)) and percent transport were calculated based on quantitations by HPLC. From the data obtained it was concluded that sennosides A and B, as well as their aglycones sennidine A and B are transported through the Caco-2 monolayers in a concentration-dependent manner and their transport was linear with time. The absorption in apical to basolateral direction was poor and P(c) values were comparable to mannitol. The transport was higher in the secretory direction, indicating a significant efflux (e.g. by efflux pumps) of the (poorly) absorbed compounds in the intestinal lumen again. Our findings support the general understanding that the laxative effects of Senna are explainable mainly by metabolites and not by the natively present dianthrones.

  17. Tuning electronic transport in epitaxial graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lin, Yu-Chuan; Li, Jun; de La Barrera, Sergio C.; Eichfeld, Sarah M.; Nie, Yifan; Addou, Rafik; Mende, Patrick C.; Wallace, Robert M.; Cho, Kyeongjae; Feenstra, Randall M.; Robinson, Joshua A.

    2016-04-01

    Two-dimensional tungsten diselenide (WSe2) has been used as a component in atomically thin photovoltaic devices, field effect transistors, and tunneling diodes in tandem with graphene. In some applications it is necessary to achieve efficient charge transport across the interface of layered WSe2-graphene, a semiconductor to semimetal junction with a van der Waals (vdW) gap. In such cases, band alignment engineering is required to ensure a low-resistance, ohmic contact. In this work, we investigate the impact of graphene electronic properties on the transport at the WSe2-graphene interface. Electrical transport measurements reveal a lower resistance between WSe2 and fully hydrogenated epitaxial graphene (EGFH) compared to WSe2 grown on partially hydrogenated epitaxial graphene (EGPH). Using low-energy electron microscopy and reflectivity on these samples, we extract the work function difference between the WSe2 and graphene and employ a charge transfer model to determine the WSe2 carrier density in both cases. The results indicate that WSe2-EGFH displays ohmic behavior at small biases due to a large hole density in the WSe2, whereas WSe2-EGPH forms a Schottky barrier junction.Two-dimensional tungsten diselenide (WSe2) has been used as a component in atomically thin photovoltaic devices, field effect transistors, and tunneling diodes in tandem with graphene. In some applications it is necessary to achieve efficient charge transport across the interface of layered WSe2-graphene, a semiconductor to semimetal junction with a van der Waals (vdW) gap. In such cases, band alignment engineering is required to ensure a low-resistance, ohmic contact. In this work, we investigate the impact of graphene electronic properties on the transport at the WSe2-graphene interface. Electrical transport measurements reveal a lower resistance between WSe2 and fully hydrogenated epitaxial graphene (EGFH) compared to WSe2 grown on partially hydrogenated epitaxial graphene (EGPH). Using low

  18. ecode - Electron Transport Algorithm Testing v. 1.0

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Franke, Brian C.; Olson, Aaron J.; Bruss, Donald Eugene

    2016-10-05

    ecode is a Monte Carlo code used for testing algorithms related to electron transport. The code can read basic physics parameters, such as energy-dependent stopping powers and screening parameters. The code permits simple planar geometries of slabs or cubes. Parallelization consists of domain replication, with work distributed at the start of the calculation and statistical results gathered at the end of the calculation. Some basic routines (such as input parsing, random number generation, and statistics processing) are shared with the Integrated Tiger Series codes. A variety of algorithms for uncertainty propagation are incorporated based on the stochastic collocation and stochasticmore » Galerkin methods. These permit uncertainty only in the total and angular scattering cross sections. The code contains algorithms for simulating stochastic mixtures of two materials. The physics is approximate, ranging from mono-energetic and isotropic scattering to screened Rutherford angular scattering and Rutherford energy-loss scattering (simple electron transport models). No production of secondary particles is implemented, and no photon physics is implemented.« less

  19. Electronic transport in disordered MoS2 nanoribbons

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ridolfi, Emilia; Lima, Leandro R. F.; Mucciolo, Eduardo R.; Lewenkopf, Caio H.

    2017-01-01

    We study the electronic structure and transport properties of zigzag and armchair monolayer molybdenum disulfide nanoribbons using an 11-band tight-binding model that accurately reproduces the material's bulk band structure near the band gap. We study the electronic properties of pristine zigzag and armchair nanoribbons, paying particular attention to the edges states that appear within the MoS2 bulk gap. By analyzing both their orbital composition and their local density of states, we find that in zigzag-terminated nanoribbons these states can be localized at a single edge for certain energies independent of the nanoribbon width. We also study the effects of disorder in these systems using the recursive Green's function technique. We show that for the zigzag nanoribbons, the conductance due to the edge states is strongly suppressed by short-range disorder such as vacancies. In contrast, the local density of states still shows edge localization. We also show that long-range disorder has a small effect on the transport properties of nanoribbons within the bulk gap energy window.

  20. Electronic structure of transition metal-cysteine complexes from X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

    PubMed

    Leung, Bonnie O; Jalilehvand, Farideh; Szilagyi, Robert K

    2008-04-17

    The electronic structures of HgII, NiII, CrIII, and MoV complexes with cysteine were investigated by sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and density functional theory. The covalency in the metal-sulfur bond was determined by analyzing the intensities of the electric-dipole allowed pre-edge features appearing in the XANES spectra below the ionization threshold. Because of the well-defined structures of the selected cysteine complexes, the current work provides a reference set for further sulfur K-edge XAS studies of bioinorganic active sites with transition metal-sulfur bonds from cysteine residues as well as more complex coordination compounds with thiolate ligands.

  1. Short-term regulation and alternative pathways of photosynthetic electron transport in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves.

    PubMed

    Trubitsin, Boris V; Vershubskii, Alexey V; Priklonskii, Vladimir I; Tikhonov, Alexander N

    2015-11-01

    In this work, using the EPR and PAM-fluorometry methods, we have studied induction events of photosynthetic electron transport in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves. The methods used are complementary, providing efficient tools for in situ monitoring of P700 redox transients and photochemical activity of photosystem II (PSII). The induction of P700(+) in dark-adapted leaves is characterized by the multiphase kinetics with a lag-phase, which duration elongates with the dark-adaptation time. Analyzing effects of the uncoupler monensin and artificial electron carrier methylviologen (MV) on photooxidation of P700 and slow induction of chlorophyll a fluorescence (SIF), we could ascribe different phases of transient kinetics of electron transport processes in dark-adapted leaves to the following regulatory mechanisms: (i) acceleration of electron transfer on the acceptor side of PSI, (ii) pH-dependent modulation of the intersystem electron flow, and (iii) re-distribution of electron fluxes between alternative (linear, cyclic, and pseudocyclic) pathways. Monensin significantly decreases a level of P700(+) and inhibits SIF. MV, which mediates electron flow from PSI to O2 with consequent formation of H2O2, promotes a rapid photooxidation of P700 without any lag-phase peculiar to untreated leaves. MV-mediated water-water cycle (H2O→PSII→PSI→MV→O2→H2O2→H2O) is accompanied by generation of ascorbate free radicals. This suggests that the ascorbate peroxidase system of defense against reactive oxygen species is active in chloroplasts of H. rosa-sinensis leaves. In DCMU-treated chloroplasts with inhibited PSII, the contribution of cyclic electron flow is insignificant as compared to linear electron flow. For analysis of induction events, we have simulated electron transport processes within the framework of our generalized mathematical model of oxygenic photosynthesis, which takes into account pH-dependent mechanisms of electron transport control and re-distribution of

  2. Long-distance electron transport occurs globally in marine sediments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Burdorf, Laurine D. W.; Tramper, Anton; Seitaj, Dorina; Meire, Lorenz; Hidalgo-Martinez, Silvia; Zetsche, Eva-Maria; Boschker, Henricus T. S.; Meysman, Filip J. R.

    2017-02-01

    Recently, long filamentous bacteria have been reported conducting electrons over centimetre distances in marine sediments. These so-called cable bacteria perform an electrogenic form of sulfur oxidation, whereby long-distance electron transport links sulfide oxidation in deeper sediment horizons to oxygen reduction in the upper millimetres of the sediment. Electrogenic sulfur oxidation exerts a strong impact on the local sediment biogeochemistry, but it is currently unknown how prevalent the process is within the seafloor. Here we provide a state-of-the-art assessment of its global distribution by combining new field observations with previous reports from the literature. This synthesis demonstrates that electrogenic sulfur oxidation, and hence microbial long-distance electron transport, is a widespread phenomenon in the present-day seafloor. The process is found in coastal sediments within different climate zones (off the Netherlands, Greenland, the USA, Australia) and thrives on a range of different coastal habitats (estuaries, salt marshes, mangroves, coastal hypoxic basins, intertidal flats). The combination of a widespread occurrence and a strong local geochemical imprint suggests that electrogenic sulfur oxidation could be an important, and hitherto overlooked, component of the marine cycle of carbon, sulfur and other elements.

  3. Physiological Evidence for Isopotential Tunneling in the Electron Transport Chain of Methane-Producing Archaea.

    PubMed

    Duszenko, Nikolas; Buan, Nicole R

    2017-09-15

    Many, but not all, organisms use quinones to conserve energy in their electron transport chains. Fermentative bacteria and methane-producing archaea (methanogens) do not produce quinones but have devised other ways to generate ATP. Methanophenazine (MPh) is a unique membrane electron carrier found in Methanosarcina species that plays the same role as quinones in the electron transport chain. To extend the analogy between quinones and MPh, we compared the MPh pool sizes between two well-studied Methanosarcina species, Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A and Methanosarcina barkeri Fusaro, to the quinone pool size in the bacterium Escherichia coli We found the quantity of MPh per cell increases as cultures transition from exponential growth to stationary phase, and absolute quantities of MPh were 3-fold higher in M. acetivorans than in M. barkeri The concentration of MPh suggests the cell membrane of M. acetivorans , but not of M. barkeri , is electrically quantized as if it were a single conductive metal sheet and near optimal for rate of electron transport. Similarly, stationary (but not exponentially growing) E. coli cells also have electrically quantized membranes on the basis of quinone content. Consistent with our hypothesis, we demonstrated that the exogenous addition of phenazine increases the growth rate of M. barkeri three times that of M. acetivorans Our work suggests electron flux through MPh is naturally higher in M. acetivorans than in M. barkeri and that hydrogen cycling is less efficient at conserving energy than scalar proton translocation using MPh. IMPORTANCE Can we grow more from less? The ability to optimize and manipulate metabolic efficiency in cells is the difference between commercially viable and nonviable renewable technologies. Much can be learned from methane-producing archaea (methanogens) which evolved a successful metabolic lifestyle under extreme thermodynamic constraints. Methanogens use highly efficient electron transport systems and

  4. Absorption fluids data survey

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Macriss, R. A.; Zawacki, T. S.

    Development of improved data for the thermodynamic, transport and physical properties of absorption fluids were studied. A specific objective of this phase of the study is to compile, catalog and coarse screen the available US data of known absorption fluid systems and publish it as a first edition document to be distributed to manufacturers, researchers and others active in absorption heat pump activities. The methodology and findings of the compilation, cataloguing and coarse screening of the available US data on absorption fluid properties and presents current status and future work on this project are summarized. Both in house file and literature searches were undertaken to obtain available US publications with pertinent physical, thermodynamic and transport properties data for absorption fluids. Cross checks of literature searches were also made, using available published bibliographies and literature review articles, to eliminate secondary sources for the data and include only original sources and manuscripts. The properties of these fluids relate to the liquid and/or vapor state, as encountered in normal operation of absorption equipment employing such fluids, and to the crystallization boundary of the liquid phase, where applicable. The actual data were systematically classified according to the type of fluid and property, as well as temperature, pressure and concentration ranges over which data were available. Data were sought for 14 different properties: Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Crystallization Temperature, Corrosion Characteristics, Heat of Mixing, Liquid-Phase-Densities, Vapor-Liquid-Phase Enthalpies, Specific Heat, Stability, Viscosity, Mass Transfer Rate, Heat Transfer Rate, Thermal Conductivity, Flammability, and Toxicity.

  5. Assessment of wavelength-dependent parameters of photosynthetic electron transport with a new type of multi-color PAM chlorophyll fluorometer.

    PubMed

    Schreiber, Ulrich; Klughammer, Christof; Kolbowski, Jörg

    2012-09-01

    Technical features of a novel multi-color pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) chlorophyll fluorometer as well as the applied methodology and some typical examples of its practical application with suspensions of Chlorella vulgaris and Synechocystis PCC 6803 are presented. The multi-color PAM provides six colors of pulse-modulated measuring light (peak-wavelengths at 400, 440, 480, 540, 590, and 625 nm) and six colors of actinic light (AL), peaking at 440, 480, 540, 590, 625 and 420-640 nm (white). The AL can be used for continuous illumination, maximal intensity single-turnover pulses, high intensity multiple-turnover pulses, and saturation pulses. In addition, far-red light (peaking at 725 nm) is provided for preferential excitation of PS I. Analysis of the fast fluorescence rise kinetics in saturating light allows determination of the wavelength- and sample-specific functional absorption cross section of PS II, Sigma(II)(λ), with which the PS II turnover rate at a given incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) can be calculated. Sigma(II)(λ) is defined for a quasi-dark reference state, thus differing from σ(PSII) used in limnology and oceanography. Vastly different light response curves for Chlorella are obtained with light of different colors, when the usual PAR-scale is used. Based on Sigma(II)(λ) the PAR, in units of μmol quanta/(m(2) s), can be converted into PAR(II) (in units of PS II effective quanta/s) and a fluorescence-based electron transport rate ETR(II) = PAR(II) · Y(II)/Y(II)(max) can be defined. ETR(II) in contrast to rel.ETR qualifies for quantifying the absolute rate of electron transport in optically thin suspensions of unicellular algae and cyanobacteria. Plots of ETR(II) versus PAR(II) for Chlorella are almost identical using either 440 or 625 nm light. Photoinhibition data are presented suggesting that a lower value of ETR(II)(max) with 440 nm possibly reflects photodamage via absorption by the Mn-cluster of the oxygen

  6. Study of electron transport in a Hall thruster by axial–radial fully kinetic particle simulation

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cho, Shinatora, E-mail: choh.shinatora@jaxa.jp; Kubota, Kenichi; Funaki, Ikkoh

    2015-10-15

    Electron transport across a magnetic field in a magnetic-layer-type Hall thruster was numerically investigated for the future predictive modeling of Hall thrusters. The discharge of a 1-kW-class magnetic-layer-type Hall thruster designed for high-specific-impulse operation was modeled using an r-z two-dimensional fully kinetic particle code with and without artificial electron-diffusion models. The thruster performance results showed that both electron transport models captured the experimental result within discrepancies less than 20% in thrust and discharge current for all the simulated operation conditions. The electron cross-field transport mechanism of the so-called anomalous diffusion was self-consistently observed in the simulation without artificial diffusion models;more » the effective electron mobility was two orders of magnitude higher than the value obtained using the classical diffusion theory. To account for the self-consistently observed anomalous transport, the oscillation of plasma properties was speculated. It was suggested that the enhanced random-walk diffusion due to the velocity oscillation of low-frequency electron flow could explain the observed anomalous diffusion within an order of magnitude. The dominant oscillation mode of the electron flow velocity was found to be 20 kHz, which was coupled to electrostatic oscillation excited by global ionization instability.« less

  7. Specific Interaction between Redox Phospholipid Polymers and Plastoquinone in Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain.

    PubMed

    Tanaka, Kenya; Kaneko, Masahiro; Ishikawa, Masahito; Kato, Souichiro; Ito, Hidehiro; Kamachi, Toshiaki; Kamiya, Kazuhide; Nakanishi, Shuji

    2017-04-19

    Redox phospholipid polymers added in culture media are known to be capable of extracting electrons from living photosynthetic cells across bacterial cell membranes with high cytocompatibility. In the present study, we identify the intracellular redox species that transfers electrons to the polymers. The open-circuit electrochemical potential of an electrolyte containing the redox polymer and extracted thylakoid membranes shift to positive (or negative) under light irradiation, when an electron transport inhibitor specific to plastoquinone is added upstream (or downstream) in the photosynthetic electron transport chain. The same trend is also observed for a medium containing living photosynthetic cells of Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. These results clearly indicate that the phospholipid redox polymers extract photosynthetic electrons mainly from plastoquinone. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  8. DNA replication depends on photosynthetic electron transport in cyanobacteria.

    PubMed

    Ohbayashi, Ryudo; Watanabe, Satoru; Kanesaki, Yu; Narikawa, Rei; Chibazakura, Taku; Ikeuchi, Masahiko; Yoshikawa, Hirofumi

    2013-07-01

    The freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 exhibits light-dependent growth. Although it has been reported that DNA replication also depends on light irradiation in S. elongatus 7942, the involvement of the light in the regulation of DNA replication remains unclear. To elucidate the regulatory pathway of DNA replication by light, we studied the effect of several inhibitors, including two electron transport inhibitors, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB), on DNA replication in S. elongatus 7942. DCMU inhibited only DNA replication initiation, whereas DBMIB blocked both the initiation and progression of DNA replication. These results suggest that DNA replication depends on the photosynthetic electron transport activity and initiation and progression of DNA replication are regulated in different ways. © 2013 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Electron transport in doped fullerene molecular junctions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kaur, Milanpreet; Sawhney, Ravinder Singh; Engles, Derick

    The effect of doping on the electron transport of molecular junctions is analyzed in this paper. The doped fullerene molecules are stringed to two semi-infinite gold electrodes and analyzed at equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions of these device configurations. The contemplation is done using nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF)-density functional theory (DFT) to evaluate its density of states (DOS), transmission coefficient, molecular orbitals, electron density, charge transfer, current, and conductance. We conclude from the elucidated results that Au-C16Li4-Au and Au-C16Ne4-Au devices behave as an ordinary p-n junction diode and a Zener diode, respectively. Moreover, these doped fullerene molecules do not lose their metallic nature when sandwiched between the pair of gold electrodes.

  10. Basic concepts of quantum interference and electron transport in single-molecule electronics.

    PubMed

    Lambert, C J

    2015-02-21

    This tutorial outlines the basic theoretical concepts and tools which underpin the fundamentals of phase-coherent electron transport through single molecules. The key quantity of interest is the transmission coefficient T(E), which yields the electrical conductance, current-voltage relations, the thermopower S and the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of single-molecule devices. Since T(E) is strongly affected by quantum interference (QI), three manifestations of QI in single-molecules are discussed, namely Mach-Zehnder interferometry, Breit-Wigner resonances and Fano resonances. A simple MATLAB code is provided, which allows the novice reader to explore QI in multi-branched structures described by a tight-binding (Hückel) Hamiltonian. More generally, the strengths and limitations of materials-specific transport modelling based on density functional theory are discussed.

  11. The Role of Diffusion in the Transport of Energetic Electrons during Solar Flares

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bian, Nicolas H.; Kontar, Eduard P.; Emslie, A. Gordon, E-mail: nicolas.bian@glasgow.gla.ac.uk, E-mail: emslieg@wku.edu

    2017-02-01

    The transport of the energy contained in suprathermal electrons in solar flares plays a key role in our understanding of many aspects of flare physics, from the spatial distributions of hard X-ray emission and energy deposition in the ambient atmosphere to global energetics. Historically the transport of these particles has been largely treated through a deterministic approach, in which first-order secular energy loss to electrons in the ambient target is treated as the dominant effect, with second-order diffusive terms (in both energy and angle) generally being either treated as a small correction or even neglected. Here, we critically analyze thismore » approach, and we show that spatial diffusion through pitch-angle scattering necessarily plays a very significant role in the transport of electrons. We further show that a satisfactory treatment of the diffusion process requires consideration of non-local effects, so that the electron flux depends not just on the local gradient of the electron distribution function but on the value of this gradient within an extended region encompassing a significant fraction of a mean free path. Our analysis applies generally to pitch-angle scattering by a variety of mechanisms, from Coulomb collisions to turbulent scattering. We further show that the spatial transport of electrons along the magnetic field of a flaring loop can be modeled rather effectively as a Continuous Time Random Walk with velocity-dependent probability distribution functions of jump sizes and occurrences, both of which can be expressed in terms of the scattering mean free path.« less

  12. Vertical electron transport in van der Waals heterostructures with graphene layers

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ryzhii, V., E-mail: v-ryzhii@riec.tohoku.ac.jp; Center for Photonics and Infrared Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University and Institute of Ultra High Frequency Semiconductor Electronics of RAS, Moscow 111005; Otsuji, T.

    We propose and analyze an analytical model for the self-consistent description of the vertical electron transport in van der Waals graphene-layer (GL) heterostructures with the GLs separated by the barriers layers. The top and bottom GLs serve as the structure emitter and collector. The vertical electron transport in such structures is associated with the propagation of the electrons thermionically emitted from GLs above the inter-GL barriers. The model under consideration describes the processes of the electron thermionic emission from and the electron capture to GLs. It accounts for the nonuniformity of the self-consistent electric field governed by the Poisson equationmore » which accounts for the variation of the electron population in GLs. The model takes also under consideration the cooling of electrons in the emitter layer due to the Peltier effect. We find the spatial distributions of the electric field and potential with the high-electric-field domain near the emitter GL in the GL heterostructures with different numbers of GLs. Using the obtained spatial distributions of the electric field, we calculate the current-voltage characteristics. We demonstrate that the Peltier cooling of the two-dimensional electron gas in the emitter GL can strongly affect the current-voltage characteristics resulting in their saturation. The obtained results can be important for the optimization of the hot-electron bolometric terahertz detectors and different devices based on GL heterostructures.« less

  13. Oxalate and Sucralose Absorption in Idiopathic Calcium Oxalate Stone Formers

    PubMed Central

    Knight, John; Jiang, Juquan; Wood, Kyle D.; Holmes, Ross P.; Assimos, Dean G.

    2011-01-01

    Objectives Oxalate has been hypothesized to undergo absorption in the large and small intestine by both paracellular and transepithelial transport. Sucralose is a chlorinated sugar that is absorbed by paracellular mechanisms. This study's objective was to better understand intestinal oxalate transport by correlating oxalate and sucralose absorption in idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers. Methods Idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers were recruited to provide urine specimens on both a self-selected diet and following a meal containing 90 mg of 13C2-oxalate and 5 grams of sucralose, and a stool sample for determination of Oxalobacter formigenes colonization. The 24 hour urine collections were fractionated into the first 6 hours and the subsequent 18 hours. Sucralose and oxalate excretion were measured during these periods and used to estimate absorption. Results A total of 38 subjects were evaluated. The majority of both the 13C2-oxalate and sucralose absorption occurred within the 0-6 hour collection. The 13C2-oxalate and sucralose absorptions were significantly correlated at the 0-6 hour, the 6-24 hour, and the total 24 hour time periods (p<0.04). All five oxalate hyperabsorbers(> 15% absorption) also absorbed significantly more sucralose during the 0-6 hour and whole 24 hour time points (p<0.04). Oxalobacter formigenes colonization did not significantly alter oxalate absorption. Conclusion The results suggest that the majority of oxalate is absorbed in the proximal portion of the gastrointestinal tract and that paracelluar transport is involved. Augmented paracellular transport, as evidenced by increased sucralose absorption, may also influence oxalate absorption. PMID:21676449

  14. Development and application of a 2-electron reduced density matrix approach to electron transport via molecular junctions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hoy, Erik P.; Mazziotti, David A.; Seideman, Tamar

    2017-11-01

    Can an electronic device be constructed using only a single molecule? Since this question was first asked by Aviram and Ratner in the 1970s [Chem. Phys. Lett. 29, 277 (1974)], the field of molecular electronics has exploded with significant experimental advancements in the understanding of the charge transport properties of single molecule devices. Efforts to explain the results of these experiments and identify promising new candidate molecules for molecular devices have led to the development of numerous new theoretical methods including the current standard theoretical approach for studying single molecule charge transport, i.e., the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism (NEGF). By pairing this formalism with density functional theory (DFT), a wide variety of transport problems in molecular junctions have been successfully treated. For some systems though, the conductance and current-voltage curves predicted by common DFT functionals can be several orders of magnitude above experimental results. In addition, since density functional theory relies on approximations to the exact exchange-correlation functional, the predicted transport properties can show significant variation depending on the functional chosen. As a first step to addressing this issue, the authors have replaced density functional theory in the NEGF formalism with a 2-electron reduced density matrix (2-RDM) method, creating a new approach known as the NEGF-RDM method. 2-RDM methods provide a more accurate description of electron correlation compared to density functional theory, and they have lower computational scaling compared to wavefunction based methods of similar accuracy. Additionally, 2-RDM methods are capable of capturing static electron correlation which is untreatable by existing NEGF-DFT methods. When studying dithiol alkane chains and dithiol benzene in model junctions, the authors found that the NEGF-RDM predicts conductances and currents that are 1-2 orders of magnitude below

  15. Extensive electron transport and energization via multiple, localized dipolarizing flux bundles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gabrielse, Christine; Angelopoulos, Vassilis; Harris, Camilla; Artemyev, Anton; Kepko, Larry; Runov, Andrei

    2017-05-01

    Using an analytical model of multiple dipolarizing flux bundles (DFBs) embedded in earthward traveling bursty bulk flows, we demonstrate how equatorially mirroring electrons can travel long distances and gain hundreds of keV from betatron acceleration. The model parameters are constrained by four Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellite observations, putting limits on the DFBs' speed, location, and magnetic and electric field magnitudes. We find that the sharp, localized peaks in magnetic field have such strong spatial gradients that energetic electrons ∇B drift in closed paths around the peaks as those peaks travel earthward. This is understood in terms of the third adiabatic invariant, which remains constant when the field changes on timescales longer than the electron's drift timescale: An energetic electron encircles a sharp peak in magnetic field in a closed path subtending an area of approximately constant flux. As the flux bundle magnetic field increases the electron's drift path area shrinks and the electron is prevented from escaping to the ambient plasma sheet, while it continues to gain energy via betatron acceleration. When the flux bundles arrive at and merge with the inner magnetosphere, where the background field is strong, the electrons suddenly gain access to previously closed drift paths around the Earth. DFBs are therefore instrumental in transporting and energizing energetic electrons over long distances along the magnetotail, bringing them to the inner magnetosphere and energizing them by hundreds of keV.Plain Language SummaryScientists have wondered how narrow flow channels in space could <span class="hlt">transport</span> and energize <span class="hlt">electrons</span> enough before the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> escape the channel. They also wondered how narrow, localized magnetic field peaks (and their electric fields) contribute to <span class="hlt">electron</span> energization in comparison to wide, large-scale electromagnetic fields. We show</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076553','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076553"><span>Involvement of concentrative nucleoside <span class="hlt">transporter</span> 1 in intestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of trifluorothymidine, a novel antitumor nucleoside, in rats.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Okayama, Takashige; Yoshisue, Kunihiro; Kuwata, Keizo; Komuro, Masahito; Ohta, Shigeru; Nagayama, Sekio</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>ααα-Trifluorothymidine (TFT), an anticancer nucleoside analog, is a potent thymidylate synthase inhibitor. TFT exerts its antitumor activity primarily by inducing DNA fragmentation after incorporation of the triphosphate form of TFT into the DNA. Although an oral combination of TFT and a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor has been clinically developed, there is little information regarding TFT <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Therefore, we investigated TFT <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the rat small intestine. After oral administration of TFT in rats, more than 75% of the TFT was absorbed. To identify the uptake <span class="hlt">transport</span> system, uptake studies were conducted by using everted sacs prepared from rat small intestines. TFT uptake was saturable, significantly reduced under Na(+)-free conditions, and strongly inhibited by the addition of an endogenous pyrimidine nucleoside. From these results, we suggested the involvement of concentrative nucleoside <span class="hlt">transporters</span> (CNTs) in TFT <span class="hlt">absorption</span> into rat small intestine. In rat small intestines, the mRNAs coding for rat CNT1 (rCNT1) and rCNT2, but not for rCNT3, were predominantly expressed. To investigate the roles of rCNT1 and rCNT2 in TFT uptake, we conducted uptake assays by using Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with rCNT1 complementary RNA (cRNA) and rCNT2 cRNA. TFT uptake by X. laevis oocytes injected with rCNT1 cRNA, and not rCNT2 cRNA, was significantly greater than that by water-injected oocytes. In addition, in situ single-pass perfusion experiments performed using rat jejunum regions showed that thymidine, a substrate for CNT1, strongly inhibited TFT uptake. In conclusion, TFT is absorbed via rCNT1 in the intestinal lumen in rats.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AcSpA..89..238M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AcSpA..89..238M"><span>Synthesis and evaluation of changes induced by solvent and substituent in <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of some azo disperse dyes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mohammadi, Asadollah; Yazdanbakhsh, Mohammad Reza; Farahnak, Lahya</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Five azo disperse dyes were prepared by diazotizing 4'-aminoacetophenone and p-anisidine and coupling with varies N-alkylated aromatic amines. Characterization of the dyes was carried out by using UV-vis, FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. The <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of dyes are determined at room temperature in fifteen solvents with different polarities. The solvent dependent maximum <span class="hlt">absorption</span> band shifts, were investigated using dielectric constant (ɛ), refractive index (n) and Kamlet-Taft polarity parameters (hydrogen bond donating ability (α), hydrogen bond accepting ability (β) and dipolarity/polarizability polarity scale (π*)). Acceptable agreement was found between the maximum <span class="hlt">absorption</span> band of dyes and solvent polarity parameters especially with π*. The effect of substituents of coupler and/or diazo component on the color of dyes was investigated. The effects of acid and base on the visible <span class="hlt">absorption</span> maxima of the dyes are also reported.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PCM....25..393F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PCM....25..393F"><span>Polarized <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of Cr2SiO4 single crystals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Furche, A.; Langer, K.</p> <p></p> <p>Polarized <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra, E∥a(∥X), E∥b(∥Y) and E∥c(∥Z), in the energy range 3000-5000 cm-1 were obtained for the orthorhombic thenardite-type phase Cr2SiO4, unique in its Cr2+-allocation suggesting some metal-metal bonding in Cr2+Cr2+ pairs with Cr-Cr distance 2.75 Å along [001]. The spectra were scanned at 273 and 120 K on single crystal platelets ∥(100), containing optical Y and Z, and ∥(010), containing optical X and Z, with thicknesses 12.3 and 15.6 μm, respectively. Microscope-spectrometric techniques with a spatial resolution of 20 μm and 1 nm spectral resolution were used. The orientations were obtained by means of X-ray precession photographs. The xenomorphic, strongly pleochroic crystal fragments (X deeply greenish-blue, Y faint blue almost colourless, Z deeply purple almost opaque) were extracted from polycrystalline Cr2SiO4, synthesized at 35 kbar, above 1440 °C from high purity Cr2O3, Cr (10% excess) and SiO2 in chromium capsules. The Cr2SiO4-phase was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Four strongly polarized bands, at about 13500 (I), 15700 (II), 18700 (III) and 19700 (IV) cm-1, in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of Cr2SiO4 single crystals show properties (temperature behaviour of linear and integral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients, polarization behaviour, molar <span class="hlt">absorptivities</span>) which are compatible with an assignment to localized spin-allowed transitions of Cr2+ in a distorted square planar coordination of point symmetry C2. The crystal field parameter of Cr2+ is estimated to be 10 Dq =10700 cm-1. A relatively intense, sharp band at 18400 cm-1 and three other minor features can, from their small half widths, be assigned to spin-forbidden dd-transitions of Cr2+. The intensity of such bands strongly decreases on decreasing temperature. The large half widths, near 5000 cm-1 of band III are indicative of some Cr-Cr interactions, i.e. δ-δ* transitions of Cr24+, whereas the latter alone would be in conflict with the strong</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/828205','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/828205"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> and Ion Acceleration in a Low-power Cylindrical Hall Thruster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>A. Smirnov; Y. Raitses; N.J. Fisch</p> <p>2004-06-24</p> <p>Conventional annular Hall thrusters become inefficient when scaled to low power. Cylindrical Hall thrusters, which have lower surface-to-volume ratio, are therefore more promising for scaling down. They presently exhibit performance comparable with conventional annular Hall thrusters. <span class="hlt">Electron</span> cross-field <span class="hlt">transport</span> in a 2.6 cm miniaturized cylindrical Hall thruster (100 W power level) has been studied through the analysis of experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations of <span class="hlt">electron</span> dynamics in the thruster channel. The numerical model takes into account elastic and inelastic <span class="hlt">electron</span> collisions with atoms, <span class="hlt">electron</span>-wall collisions, including secondary <span class="hlt">electron</span> emission, and Bohm diffusion. We show that in order to explainmore » the observed discharge current, the <span class="hlt">electron</span> anomalous collision frequency {nu}{sub B} has to be on the order of the Bohm value, {nu}{sub B} {approx} {omega}{sub c}/16. The contribution of <span class="hlt">electron</span>-wall collisions to cross-field <span class="hlt">transport</span> is found to be insignificant. The plasma density peak observed at the axis of the 2.6 cm cylindrical Hall thruster is likely to be due to the convergent flux of ions, which are born in the annular part of the channel and accelerated towards the thruster axis.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1214334-operando-ray-absorption-epr-evidence-single-electron-redox-process-copper-catalysis','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1214334-operando-ray-absorption-epr-evidence-single-electron-redox-process-copper-catalysis"><span>Operando X-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and EPR evidence for a single <span class="hlt">electron</span> redox process in copper catalysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Lu, Qingquan; Zhang, Jian; Peng, Pan; ...</p> <p>2015-05-26</p> <p>An unprecedented single <span class="hlt">electron</span> redox process in copper catalysis is confirmed using operando X-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and EPR spectroscopies. The oxidation state of the copper species in the interaction between Cu(II) and a sulfinic acid at room temperature, and the accurate characterization of the formed Cu(I) are clearly shown using operando X-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and EPR evidence. Further investigation of anion effects on Cu(II) discloses that bromine ions can dramatically increase the rate of the redox process. Moreover, it is proven that the sulfinic acids are converted into sulfonyl radicals, which can be trapped by 2-arylacrylic acids and various valuable β-keto sulfonesmore » are synthesized with good to excellent yields under mild conditions.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29650960','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29650960"><span>Two-dimensional <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and surface <span class="hlt">electron</span> accumulation in MoS2.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Siao, M D; Shen, W C; Chen, R S; Chang, Z W; Shih, M C; Chiu, Y P; Cheng, C-M</p> <p>2018-04-12</p> <p>Because the surface-to-volume ratio of quasi-two-dimensional materials is extremely high, understanding their surface characteristics is crucial for practically controlling their intrinsic properties and fabricating p-type and n-type layered semiconductors. Van der Waals crystals are expected to have an inert surface because of the absence of dangling bonds. However, here we show that the surface of high-quality synthesized molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) is a major n-doping source. The surface <span class="hlt">electron</span> concentration of MoS 2 is nearly four orders of magnitude higher than that of its inner bulk. Substantial thickness-dependent conductivity in MoS 2 nanoflakes was observed. The transfer length method suggested the current <span class="hlt">transport</span> in MoS 2 following a two-dimensional behavior rather than the conventional three-dimensional mode. Scanning tunneling microscopy and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements confirmed the presence of surface <span class="hlt">electron</span> accumulation in this layered material. Notably, the in situ-cleaved surface exhibited a nearly intrinsic state without <span class="hlt">electron</span> accumulation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title41-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title41-vol3-sec102-118-80.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title41-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title41-vol3-sec102-118-80.pdf"><span>41 CFR 102-118.80 - Who is responsible for keeping my agency's <span class="hlt">electronic</span> commerce <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing records?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing documents to: General Services Administration <span class="hlt">Transportation</span> Audit Division... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Who is responsible for keeping my agency's <span class="hlt">electronic</span> commerce <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing records? 102-118.80 Section 102-118.80...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title41-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title41-vol3-sec102-118-80.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title41-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title41-vol3-sec102-118-80.pdf"><span>41 CFR 102-118.80 - Who is responsible for keeping my agency's <span class="hlt">electronic</span> commerce <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing records?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing documents to: General Services Administration <span class="hlt">Transportation</span> Audit Division... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Who is responsible for keeping my agency's <span class="hlt">electronic</span> commerce <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing records? 102-118.80 Section 102-118.80...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title41-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title41-vol3-sec102-118-80.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title41-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title41-vol3-sec102-118-80.pdf"><span>41 CFR 102-118.80 - Who is responsible for keeping my agency's <span class="hlt">electronic</span> commerce <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing records?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing documents to: General Services Administration <span class="hlt">Transportation</span> Audit Division... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Who is responsible for keeping my agency's <span class="hlt">electronic</span> commerce <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing records? 102-118.80 Section 102-118.80...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title41-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title41-vol3-sec102-118-80.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title41-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title41-vol3-sec102-118-80.pdf"><span>41 CFR 102-118.80 - Who is responsible for keeping my agency's <span class="hlt">electronic</span> commerce <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing records?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing documents to: General Services Administration <span class="hlt">Transportation</span> Audit Division... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Who is responsible for keeping my agency's <span class="hlt">electronic</span> commerce <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing records? 102-118.80 Section 102-118.80...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title41-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title41-vol3-sec102-118-80.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title41-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title41-vol3-sec102-118-80.pdf"><span>41 CFR 102-118.80 - Who is responsible for keeping my agency's <span class="hlt">electronic</span> commerce <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing records?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing documents to: General Services Administration <span class="hlt">Transportation</span> Audit Division... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Who is responsible for keeping my agency's <span class="hlt">electronic</span> commerce <span class="hlt">transportation</span> billing records? 102-118.80 Section 102-118.80...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.425..490N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.425..490N"><span>Theoretical infrared and <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of C16H10 isomers, their ions and doubly ions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Naganathappa, Mahadevappa; Chaudhari, Ajay</p> <p>2012-09-01</p> <p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or PAH-related molecules are considered to be responsible for the unidentified infrared (UIR) emission features at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6 and 11.2 μm. However, the exact identification of PAH or PAH-related molecules is difficult. There have been several investigations on the spectroscopic characterization of PAH molecules. But none of them compared the spectra of isomers of PAHs, which might have help in the identification of the UIR emission features. This work presents the infrared and <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of isomers of C16H10. The aim of the present work is to compare infrared and <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of four isomers of C16H10 PAH viz. pyrene, aceanthrylene, acephenanthrylene and fluoranthene, their ions and doubly ions. We also compare the spectra of pyrene in the gas-phase and in H2O ice. We have used the density functional theory with B3LYP exchange and correlation functional and 6-311++g** basis set to study the infrared spectra. The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) has been used to obtain the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra. Significant difference in the CC stretching, CH in-plane bending and CH out-of-plane bending vibration modes is observed for the isomers of C16H10 whereas there is no large difference in the CH stretching vibration band. A significant change in the vibrational band is observed for pyrene in H2O ice compared to gas-phase pyrene. Though isomers of C16H10 PAH have the same number of carbon and hydrogen atoms, their spectroscopic characteristics are different. This study should help in identifying the isomers of C16H10, their ions and doubly cation in the interstellar medium.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhL.112e3104J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhL.112e3104J"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> and magneto-<span class="hlt">transport</span> in chirality sorted carbon nanotube films</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Janas, Dawid; Czechowski, Nikodem; Adamus, Zbigniew; GiŻewski, Tomasz</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>This research details <span class="hlt">electronic</span> and magneto-<span class="hlt">transport</span> in unsorted and chirality-enriched carbon nanotube (CNT) films. By measuring the electrical conductivity from 4 K to 297 K, we were able to assign the governing mechanism of <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>. Fluctuation-induced tunnelling was in accordance with the obtained data and very well matched the underlying physics. We demonstrated how a change in the type of CNT to make the film affects its electrical performance. As the temperature was decreased down to cryogenic conditions, up to a 56-fold increase in resistance was noted. Moreover, the measurement of magnetoresistance (MR) revealed a non-monotonic dependence on the applied magnetic field. The initial negative component of MR was eventually overpowered by the positive MR component as the field strength was increased beyond a certain threshold.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28920464','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28920464"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> sites of orally administered drugs in the small intestine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Murakami, Teruo</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In pharmacotherapy, drugs are mostly taken orally to be absorbed systemically from the small intestine, and some drugs are known to have preferential <span class="hlt">absorption</span> sites in the small intestine. It would therefore be valuable to know the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> sites of orally administered drugs and the influencing factors. Areas covered:In this review, the author summarizes the reported <span class="hlt">absorption</span> sites of orally administered drugs, as well as, influencing factors and experimental techniques. Information on the main <span class="hlt">absorption</span> sites and influencing factors can help to develop ideal drug delivery systems and more effective pharmacotherapies. Expert opinion: Various factors including: the solubility, lipophilicity, luminal concentration, pKa value, <span class="hlt">transporter</span> substrate specificity, <span class="hlt">transporter</span> expression, luminal fluid pH, gastrointestinal transit time, and intestinal metabolism determine the site-dependent intestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. However, most of the dissolved fraction of orally administered drugs including substrates for ABC and SLC <span class="hlt">transporters</span>, except for some weakly basic drugs with higher pKa values, are considered to be absorbed sequentially from the proximal small intestine. Securing the solubility and stability of drugs prior to reaching to the main <span class="hlt">absorption</span> sites and appropriate delivery rates of drugs at <span class="hlt">absorption</span> sites are important goals for achieving effective pharmacotherapy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPCM...30k5001J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPCM...30k5001J"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> property in Weyl semimetal with local Weyl cone tilt</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jiang, Liwei; Feng, Lanting; Yao, Haibo; Zheng, Yisong</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>In realistic materials of Weyl semimetal (WSM), the Weyl cone tilt (WCT) is allowed due to the absence of Lorentz invariance in condensed matter physics. In this context, we theoretically study the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> property in WSM with the local WCT as the scattering mechanism. In so doing, we establish an <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> structure of WSM with the WCT occurring only in the central region sandwiched between two pieces of semi-infinite WSM without the WCT. By means of two complementary theoretical approaches, i.e. the continuum-model method and the lattice-model method, the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> transmission probability, the conductivity and the Fano factor as functions of the incident <span class="hlt">electron</span> energy are calculated respectively. We find that the WCT can give rise to nontrivial intervalley scattering, as a result, the Klein tunneling is notably suppressed. More importantly, the minimal conductivity of a WSM shifts in energy from the Weyl nodal point. The Fano factor of the shot noise deviates obviously from the sub-Poissonian value in a two dimensional WSM with the WCT.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22486107-electronic-transport-methylated-fragments-dna','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22486107-electronic-transport-methylated-fragments-dna"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in methylated fragments of DNA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Almeida, M. L. de; Oliveira, J. I. N.; Lima Neto, J. X.</p> <p>2015-11-16</p> <p>We investigate the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of methylated deoxyribonucleic-acid (DNA) strands, a biological system in which methyl groups are added to DNA (a major epigenetic modification in gene expression), sandwiched between two metallic platinum electrodes. Our theoretical simulations apply an effective Hamiltonian based on a tight-binding model to obtain current-voltage curves related to the non-methylated/methylated DNA strands. The results suggest potential applications in the development of novel biosensors for molecular diagnostics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApPhL.107t3701D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApPhL.107t3701D"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in methylated fragments of DNA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>de Almeida, M. L.; Oliveira, J. I. N.; Lima Neto, J. X.; Gomes, C. E. M.; Fulco, U. L.; Albuquerque, E. L.; Freire, V. N.; Caetano, E. W. S.; de Moura, F. A. B. F.; Lyra, M. L.</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>We investigate the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of methylated deoxyribonucleic-acid (DNA) strands, a biological system in which methyl groups are added to DNA (a major epigenetic modification in gene expression), sandwiched between two metallic platinum electrodes. Our theoretical simulations apply an effective Hamiltonian based on a tight-binding model to obtain current-voltage curves related to the non-methylated/methylated DNA strands. The results suggest potential applications in the development of novel biosensors for molecular diagnostics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22288572','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22288572"><span>Molecular design of photovoltaic materials for polymer solar cells: toward suitable <span class="hlt">electronic</span> energy levels and broad <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Yongfang</p> <p>2012-05-15</p> <p>Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs) sandwich a blend layer of conjugated polymer donor and fullerene derivative acceptor between a transparent ITO positive electrode and a low work function metal negative electrode. In comparison with traditional inorganic semiconductor solar cells, PSCs offer a simpler device structure, easier fabrication, lower cost, and lighter weight, and these structures can be fabricated into flexible devices. But currently the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSCs is not sufficient for future commercialization. The polymer donors and fullerene derivative acceptors are the key photovoltaic materials that will need to be optimized for high-performance PSCs. In this Account, I discuss the basic requirements and scientific issues in the molecular design of high efficiency photovoltaic molecules. I also summarize recent progress in <span class="hlt">electronic</span> energy level engineering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectral broadening of the donor and acceptor photovoltaic materials by my research group and others. For high-efficiency conjugated polymer donors, key requirements are a narrower energy bandgap (E(g)) and broad <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, relatively lower-lying HOMO (the highest occupied molecular orbital) level, and higher hole mobility. There are three strategies to meet these requirements: D-A copolymerization for narrower E(g) and lower-lying HOMO, substitution with <span class="hlt">electron</span>-withdrawing groups for lower-lying HOMO, and two-dimensional conjugation for broad <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and higher hole mobility. Moreover, better main chain planarity and less side chain steric hindrance could strengthen π-π stacking and increase hole mobility. Furthermore, the molecular weight of the polymers also influences their photovoltaic performance. To produce high efficiency photovoltaic polymers, researchers should attempt to increase molecular weight while maintaining solubility. High-efficiency D-A copolymers have been obtained by using benzodithiophene (BDT), dithienosilole</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CoPhC.203..268R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CoPhC.203..268R"><span>METHES: A Monte Carlo collision code for the simulation of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in low temperature plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rabie, M.; Franck, C. M.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>We present a freely available MATLAB code for the simulation of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in arbitrary gas mixtures in the presence of uniform electric fields. For steady-state <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>, the program provides the <span class="hlt">transport</span> coefficients, reaction rates and the <span class="hlt">electron</span> energy distribution function. The program uses established Monte Carlo techniques and is compatible with the <span class="hlt">electron</span> scattering cross section files from the open-access Plasma Data Exchange Project LXCat. The code is written in object-oriented design, allowing the tracing and visualization of the spatiotemporal evolution of <span class="hlt">electron</span> swarms and the temporal development of the mean energy and the <span class="hlt">electron</span> number due to attachment and/or ionization processes. We benchmark our code with well-known model gases as well as the real gases argon, N2, O2, CF4, SF6 and mixtures of N2 and O2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/194801-monte-carlo-method-using-octree-structure-photon-electron-transport','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/194801-monte-carlo-method-using-octree-structure-photon-electron-transport"><span>A Monte Carlo method using octree structure in photon and <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ogawa, K.; Maeda, S.</p> <p></p> <p>Most of the early Monte Carlo calculations in medical physics were used to calculate absorbed dose distributions, and detector responses and efficiencies. Recently, data acquisition in Single Photon Emission CT (SPECT) has been simulated by a Monte Carlo method to evaluate scatter photons generated in a human body and a collimator. Monte Carlo simulations in SPECT data acquisition are generally based on the <span class="hlt">transport</span> of photons only because the photons being simulated are low energy, and therefore the bremsstrahlung productions by the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> generated are negligible. Since the <span class="hlt">transport</span> calculation of photons without <span class="hlt">electrons</span> is much simpler than that withmore » <span class="hlt">electrons</span>, it is possible to accomplish the high-speed simulation in a simple object with one medium. Here, object description is important in performing the photon and/or <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> using a Monte Carlo method efficiently. The authors propose a new description method using an octree representation of an object. Thus even if the boundaries of each medium are represented accurately, high-speed calculation of photon <span class="hlt">transport</span> can be accomplished because the number of voxels is much fewer than that of the voxel-based approach which represents an object by a union of the voxels of the same size. This Monte Carlo code using the octree representation of an object first establishes the simulation geometry by reading octree string, which is produced by forming an octree structure from a set of serial sections for the object before the simulation; then it <span class="hlt">transports</span> photons in the geometry. Using the code, if the user just prepares a set of serial sections for the object in which he or she wants to simulate photon trajectories, he or she can perform the simulation automatically using the suboptimal geometry simplified by the octree representation without forming the optimal geometry by handwriting.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26203038','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26203038"><span>Role of direct <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon coupling across metal-semiconductor interfaces in thermal <span class="hlt">transport</span> via molecular dynamics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lin, Keng-Hua; Strachan, Alejandro</p> <p>2015-07-21</p> <p>Motivated by significant interest in metal-semiconductor and metal-insulator interfaces and superlattices for energy conversion applications, we developed a molecular dynamics-based model that captures the thermal <span class="hlt">transport</span> role of conduction <span class="hlt">electrons</span> in metals and heat <span class="hlt">transport</span> across these types of interface. Key features of our model, denoted eleDID (<span class="hlt">electronic</span> version of dynamics with implicit degrees of freedom), are the natural description of interfaces and free surfaces and the ability to control the spatial extent of <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon (e-ph) coupling. Non-local e-ph coupling enables the energy of conduction <span class="hlt">electrons</span> to be transferred directly to the semiconductor/insulator phonons (as opposed to having to first couple to the phonons in the metal). We characterize the effect of the spatial e-ph coupling range on interface resistance by simulating heat <span class="hlt">transport</span> through a metal-semiconductor interface to mimic the conditions of ultrafast laser heating experiments. Direct energy transfer from the conduction <span class="hlt">electrons</span> to the semiconductor phonons not only decreases interfacial resistance but also increases the ballistic <span class="hlt">transport</span> behavior in the semiconductor layer. These results provide new insight for experiments designed to characterize e-ph coupling and thermal <span class="hlt">transport</span> at the metal-semiconductor/insulator interfaces.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25a3527C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25a3527C"><span>Computation of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and relaxation properties in gases based on improved multi-term approximation of Boltzmann equation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cai, X. J.; Wang, X. X.; Zou, X. B.; Lu, Z. W.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>An understanding of <span class="hlt">electron</span> kinetics is of importance in various applications of low temperature plasmas. We employ a series of model and real gases to investigate <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and relaxation properties based on improved multi-term approximation of the Boltzmann equation. First, a comparison of different methods to calculate the interaction integrals has been carried out; the effects of free parameters, such as vmax, lmax, and the arbitrary temperature Tb, on the convergence of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> coefficients are analyzed. Then, the modified attachment model of Ness et al. and SF6 are considered to investigate the effect of attachment on the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties. The deficiency of the pulsed Townsend technique to measure the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and reaction coefficients in electronegative gases is highlighted when the reduced electric field is small. In order to investigate the effect of external magnetic field on the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties, Ar plasmas in high power impulse sputtering devices are considered. In the end, the <span class="hlt">electron</span> relaxation properties of the Reid model under the influence of electric and magnetic fields are demonstrated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/870515','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/870515"><span>Electroluminescent devices formed using semiconductor nanocrystals as an <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> media and method of making such electroluminescent devices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Alivisatos, A. Paul; Colvin, Vickie</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>An electroluminescent device is described, as well as a method of making same, wherein the device is characterized by a semiconductor nanocrystal <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> layer capable of emitting visible light in response to a voltage applied to the device. The wavelength of the light emitted by the device may be changed by changing either the size or the type of semiconductor nanocrystals used in forming the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> layer. In a preferred embodiment the device is further characterized by the capability of emitting visible light of varying wavelengths in response to changes in the voltage applied to the device. The device comprises a hole processing structure capable of injecting and <span class="hlt">transporting</span> holes, and usually comprising a hole injecting layer and a hole <span class="hlt">transporting</span> layer; an <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> layer in contact with the hole processing structure and comprising one or more layers of semiconductor nanocrystals; and an <span class="hlt">electron</span> injecting layer in contact with the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> layer for injecting <span class="hlt">electrons</span> into the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> layer. The capability of emitting visible light of various wavelengths is principally based on the variations in voltage applied thereto, but the type of semiconductor nanocrystals used and the size of the semiconductor nanocrystals in the layers of semiconductor nanometer crystals may also play a role in color change, in combination with the change in voltage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21466681-collisionless-absorption-intense-laser-radiation-nanoplasma','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21466681-collisionless-absorption-intense-laser-radiation-nanoplasma"><span>Collisionless <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of intense laser radiation in nanoplasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zaretsky, D F; Korneev, Philipp A; Popruzhenko, Sergei V</p> <p></p> <p>The rate of linear collisionless <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of an electromagnetic radiation in a nanoplasma - classical <span class="hlt">electron</span> gas localised in a heated ionised nanosystem (thin film or cluster) irradiated by an intense femtosecond laser pulse - is calculated. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is caused by the inelastic <span class="hlt">electron</span> scattering from the self-consistent potential of the system in the presence of a laser field. The effect proves to be appreciable because of a small size of the systems. General expressions are obtained for the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> rate as a function of the parameters of the single-particle self-consistent potential and <span class="hlt">electron</span> distribution function in the regimemore » linear in field. For the simplest cases, where the self-consistent field is created by an infinitely deep well or an infinite charged plane, closed analytic expressions are obtained for the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> rate. Estimates presented in the paper demonstrate that, over a wide range of the parameters of laser pulses and nanostructures, the collisionless mechanism of heating <span class="hlt">electron</span> subsystem can be dominant. The possibility of experimental observation of the collisionless <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of intense laser radiation in nanoplasma is also discussed. (interaction of laser radiation with matter)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20057039','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20057039"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> and <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of a molecular junction with asymmetric contacts.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tsai, M-H; Lu, T-H</p> <p>2010-02-10</p> <p>Asymmetric molecular junctions have been shown experimentally to exhibit a dual-conductance <span class="hlt">transport</span> property with a pulse-like current-voltage characteristic, by Reed and co-workers. Using a recently developed first-principles integrated piecewise thermal equilibrium current calculation method and a gold-benzene-1-olate-4-thiolate-gold model molecular junction, this unusual <span class="hlt">transport</span> property has been reproduced. Analysis of the electrostatics and the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> structure reveals that the high-current state results from subtle bias induced charge transfer at the electrode-molecule contacts that raises molecular orbital energies and enhances the current-contributing molecular density of states and the probabilities of resonance tunneling of conduction <span class="hlt">electrons</span> from one electrode to another.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DMP.K1190S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DMP.K1190S"><span>Computing Rydberg <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> Rates Using Periodic Orbits</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sattari, Sulimon; Mitchel, Kevin</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> rates in chaotic atomic systems are computable from classical periodic orbits. This technique allows for replacing a Monte Carlo simulation launching millions of orbits with a sum over tens or hundreds of properly chosen periodic orbits using a formula called the spectral determiant. A firm grasp of the structure of the periodic orbits is required to obtain accurate <span class="hlt">transport</span> rates. We apply a technique called homotopic lobe dynamics (HLD) to understand the structure of periodic orbits to compute the ionization rate in a classically chaotic atomic system, namely the hydrogen atom in strong parallel electric and magnetic fields. HLD uses information encoded in the intersections of stable and unstable manifolds of a few orbits to compute relevant periodic orbits in the system. All unstable periodic orbits are computed up to a given period, and the ionization rate computed from periodic orbits converges exponentially to the true value as a function of the period used. Using periodic orbit continuation, the ionization rate is computed over a range of <span class="hlt">electron</span> energy and magnetic field values. The future goal of this work is to semiclassically compute quantum resonances using periodic orbits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28112947','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28112947"><span>Too Hot for Photon-Assisted <span class="hlt">Transport</span>: Hot-<span class="hlt">Electrons</span> Dominate Conductance Enhancement in Illuminated Single-Molecule Junctions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fung, E-Dean; Adak, Olgun; Lovat, Giacomo; Scarabelli, Diego; Venkataraman, Latha</p> <p>2017-02-08</p> <p>We investigate light-induced conductance enhancement in single-molecule junctions via photon-assisted <span class="hlt">transport</span> and hot-<span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>. Using 4,4'-bipyridine bound to Au electrodes as a prototypical single-molecule junction, we report a 20-40% enhancement in conductance under illumination with 980 nm wavelength radiation. We probe the effects of subtle changes in the transmission function on light-enhanced current and show that discrete variations in the binding geometry result in a 10% change in enhancement. Importantly, we prove theoretically that the steady-state behavior of photon-assisted <span class="hlt">transport</span> and hot-<span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> is identical but that hot-<span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> is the dominant mechanism for optically induced conductance enhancement in single-molecule junctions when the wavelength used is absorbed by the electrodes and the hot-<span class="hlt">electron</span> relaxation time is long. We confirm this experimentally by performing polarization-dependent conductance measurements of illuminated 4,4'-bipyridine junctions. Finally, we perform lock-in type measurements of optical current and conclude that currents due to laser-induced thermal expansion mask optical currents. This work provides a robust experimental framework for studying mechanisms of light-enhanced <span class="hlt">transport</span> in single-molecule junctions and offers tools for tuning the performance of organic optoelectronic devices by analyzing detailed <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of the molecules involved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26650977','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26650977"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> and thermal <span class="hlt">transport</span> study of sinusoidally corrugated nanowires aiming to improve thermoelectric efficiency.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Park, K H; Martin, P N; Ravaioli, U</p> <p>2016-01-22</p> <p>Improvement of thermoelectric efficiency has been very challenging in the solid-state industry due to the interplay among <span class="hlt">transport</span> coefficients which measure the efficiency. In this work, we modulate the geometry of nanowires to interrupt thermal <span class="hlt">transport</span> with causing only a minimal impact on <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties, thereby maximizing the thermoelectric power generation. As it is essential to scrutinize comprehensively both <span class="hlt">electronic</span> and thermal <span class="hlt">transport</span> behaviors for nano-scale thermoelectric devices, we investigate the Seebeck coefficient, the electrical conductance, and the thermal conductivity of sinusoidally corrugated silicon nanowires and eventually look into an enhancement of the thermoelectric figure-of-merit [Formula: see text] from the modulated nanowires over typical straight nanowires. A loss in the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> coefficient is calculated with the recursive Green function along with the Landauer formalism, and the thermal <span class="hlt">transport</span> is simulated with the molecular dynamics. In contrast to a small influence on the thermopower and the electrical conductance of the geometry-modulated nanowires, a large reduction of the thermal conductivity yields an enhancement of the efficiency by 10% to 35% from the typical nanowires. We find that this approach can be easily extended to various structures and materials as we consider the geometrical modulation as a sole source of perturbation to the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPC11098L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPC11098L"><span>Development of a 1.5D plasma <span class="hlt">transport</span> code for coupling to full orbit runaway <span class="hlt">electron</span> simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lore, J. D.; Del Castillo-Negrete, D.; Baylor, L.; Carbajal, L.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>A 1.5D (1D radial <span class="hlt">transport</span> + 2D equilibrium geometry) plasma <span class="hlt">transport</span> code is being developed to simulate runaway <span class="hlt">electron</span> generation, mitigation, and avoidance by coupling to the full-orbit kinetic <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> code KORC. The 1.5D code solves the time-dependent 1D flux surface averaged <span class="hlt">transport</span> equations with sources for plasma density, pressure, and poloidal magnetic flux, along with the Grad-Shafranov equilibrium equation for the 2D flux surface geometry. Disruption mitigation is simulated by introducing an impurity neutral gas `pellet', with impurity densities and <span class="hlt">electron</span> cooling calculated from ionization, recombination, and line emission rate coefficients. Rapid cooling of the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> increases the resistivity, inducing an electric field which can be used as an input to KORC. The runaway <span class="hlt">electron</span> current is then included in the parallel Ohm's law in the <span class="hlt">transport</span> equations. The 1.5D solver will act as a driver for coupled simulations to model effects such as timescales for thermal quench, runaway <span class="hlt">electron</span> generation, and pellet impurity mixtures for runaway avoidance. Current progress on the code and details of the numerical algorithms will be presented. Work supported by the US DOE under DE-AC05-00OR22725.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4910091','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4910091"><span>Design and engineering of a man-made diffusive <span class="hlt">electron-transport</span> protein</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fry, Bryan A.; Solomon, Lee A.; Dutton, P. Leslie</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Maquettes are man-made cofactor-binding oxidoreductases designed from first principles with minimal reference to natural protein sequences. Here we focus on water-soluble maquettes designed and engineered to perform diffusive <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> of the kind typically carried out by cytochromes, ferredoxins and flavodoxins and other small proteins in photosynthetic and respiratory energy conversion and oxido-reductive metabolism. Our designs were tested by analysis of <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer between heme maquettes and the well-known natural <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transporter</span>, cytochrome c. <span class="hlt">Electron</span>-transfer kinetics were measured from seconds to milliseconds by stopped-flow, while sub-millisecond resolution was achieved through laser photolysis of the carbon monoxide maquette heme complex. These measurements demonstrate <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer from the maquette to cytochrome c, reproducing the timescales and charge complementarity modulation observed in natural systems. The ionic strength dependence of inter-protein <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer from 9.7 × 106 M−1s−1 to 1.2 × 109 M−1s−1 follows a simple Debye-Hückel model for attraction between +8 net charged oxidized cytochrome c and −19 net charged heme maquette, with no indication of significant protein dipole moment steering. Successfully recreating essential components of energy conversion and downstream metabolism in man-made proteins holds promise for in vivo clinical intervention and for the production of fuel or other industrial products. PMID:26423266</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MARE34008H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MARE34008H"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span> phonon couplings in 2D perovskite probed by ultrafast photoinduced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huynh, Uyen; Ni, Limeng; Rao, Akshay</p> <p></p> <p>We use the time-resolved photoinduced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (PIA) spectroscopy with 20fs time resolution to investigate the <span class="hlt">electron</span> phonon coupling in the self-assembled hybrid organic layered perovskite, the hexyl ammonium lead iodide compound (C6H13NH3)2 (PbI4) . The coupling results in the broadening and asymmetry of its temperature-dependence photoluminescence spectra. The exact time scale of this coupling, however, wasn't reported experimentally. Here we show that using an ultrashort excitation pulse allows us to resolve from PIA kinetics the oscillation of coherent longitudinal optical phonons that relaxes and self-traps <span class="hlt">electrons</span> to lower energy states within 200 fs. The 200fs relaxation time is equivalent to a coupling strength of 40meV. Two coupled phonon modes are also identified as about 100 cm-1 and 300 cm-1 from the FFT spectrum of the PIA kinetics. The lower energy mode is consistent with previous reports and Raman spectrum but the higher energy one hasn't been observed before.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Nanos...5.8022Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Nanos...5.8022Z"><span>Microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> enhancement, magnetic coupling and ab initio <span class="hlt">electronic</span> structure of monodispersed (Mn1-xCox)3O4 nanoparticles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, Pengfei; Liang, Chongyun; Gong, Xiwen; Gao, Ran; Liu, Jiwei; Wang, Min; Che, Renchao</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Monodispersed manganese oxide (Mn1-xCox)3O4 (0 <= x <= 0.5) nanoparticles, less than 10 nm size, are respectively synthesized via a facile thermolysis method at a rather low temperature, ranging from 90 to 100 °C, without any inertia gas for protection. The influences of the Co dopant content on the critical reaction temperature required for the nanoparticle formation, <span class="hlt">electronic</span> band structures, magnetic properties, and the microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> capability of (Mn1-xCox)3O4 are comprehensively investigated by means of both experimental and theoretical approaches including powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), <span class="hlt">electron</span> energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), super conductivity quantum interference device (SQUID) examination, and first-principle simulations. Co is successfully doped into the Mn atomic sites of the (Mn1-xCox)3O4 lattice, which is further confirmed by EELS data acquired from one individual nanoparticle. Therefore, continuous solid solutions of well-crystallized (Mn1-xCox)3O4 products are achieved without any impurity phase or phase separation. With increases in the Co dopant concentration x from 0 to 0.5, the lattice parameters change systemically, where the overall saturation magnetization at 30 K increases due to the more intense coupling of the 3d <span class="hlt">electrons</span> between Mn and Co, as revealed by simulations. The microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties of the (Mn1-xCox)3O4 nanoparticles are examined between 2 and 18 GHz. The maximum <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peak -11.0 dB of the x = 0 sample is enhanced to -11.5 dB for x = 0.2, -12.7 dB for x = 0.25, -15.6 dB for x = 0.33, and -24.0 dB for x = 0.5 respectively, suggesting the Co doping effects. Our results might provide novel insights into the understanding of the influences of metallic ion doping on the electromagnetic properties of metallic oxide nanomaterials.Monodispersed manganese oxide (Mn1-xCox)3O4 (0 <= x <= 0.5) nanoparticles, less than 10 nm size, are respectively synthesized via a facile thermolysis method at a rather low</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4957113','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4957113"><span>Dynamic defect correlations dominate activated <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in SrTiO3</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Snijders, Paul C.; Şen, Cengiz; McConnell, Michael P.; Ma, Ying-Zhong; May, Andrew F.; Herklotz, Andreas; Wong, Anthony T.; Ward, T. Zac</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Strontium titanate (SrTiO3, STO) is a critically important material for the study of emergent <span class="hlt">electronic</span> phases in complex oxides, as well as for the development of applications based on their heterostructures. Despite the large body of knowledge on STO, there are still many uncertainties regarding the role of defects in the properties of STO, including their influence on ferroelectricity in bulk STO and ferromagnetism in STO-based heterostructures. We present a detailed analysis of the decay of persistent photoconductivity in STO single crystals with defect concentrations that are relatively low but significantly affect their <span class="hlt">electronic</span> properties. The results show that photo-activated <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> cannot be described by a superposition of the properties due to independent point defects as current models suggest but is, instead, governed by defect complexes that interact through dynamic correlations. These results emphasize the importance of defect correlations for activated <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of semiconducting and insulating perovskite oxides. PMID:27443503</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1271865-dynamic-defect-correlations-dominate-activated-electronic-transport-srtio3','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1271865-dynamic-defect-correlations-dominate-activated-electronic-transport-srtio3"><span>Dynamic defect correlations dominate activated <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in SrTiO 3</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Snijders, Paul C.; Sen, Cengiz; McConnell, Michael P.; ...</p> <p>2016-07-22</p> <p>Strontium titanate (SrTiO 3, STO) is a critically important material for the study of emergent <span class="hlt">electronic</span> phases in complex oxides, as well as for the development of applications based on their heterostructures. Despite the large body of knowledge on STO, there are still many uncertainties regarding the role of defects in the properties of STO, including their influence on ferroelectricity in bulk STO and ferromagnetism in STO-based heterostructures. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of the decay of persistent photoconductivity in STO single crystals with defect concentrations that are relatively low but significantly affect their <span class="hlt">electronic</span> properties. Themore » results show that photo-activated <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> cannot be described by a superposition of the properties due to independent point defects as current models suggest but is, instead, governed by defect complexes that interact through dynamic correlations. In conclusion, these results emphasize the importance of defect correlations for activated <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of semiconducting and insulating perovskite oxides.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27183191','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27183191"><span>High-Efficiency Selective <span class="hlt">Electron</span> Tunnelling in a Heterostructure Photovoltaic Diode.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jia, Chuancheng; Ma, Wei; Gu, Chunhui; Chen, Hongliang; Yu, Haomiao; Li, Xinxi; Zhang, Fan; Gu, Lin; Xia, Andong; Hou, Xiaoyuan; Meng, Sheng; Guo, Xuefeng</p> <p>2016-06-08</p> <p>A heterostructure photovoltaic diode featuring an all-solid-state TiO2/graphene/dye ternary interface with high-efficiency photogenerated charge separation/<span class="hlt">transport</span> is described here. Light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is accomplished by dye molecules deposited on the outside surface of graphene as photoreceptors to produce photoexcited <span class="hlt">electron</span>-hole pairs. Unlike conventional photovoltaic conversion, in this heterostructure both photoexcited <span class="hlt">electrons</span> and holes tunnel along the same direction into graphene, but only <span class="hlt">electrons</span> display efficient ballistic <span class="hlt">transport</span> toward the TiO2 <span class="hlt">transport</span> layer, thus leading to effective photon-to-electricity conversion. On the basis of this ipsilateral selective <span class="hlt">electron</span> tunnelling (ISET) mechanism, a model monolayer photovoltaic device (PVD) possessing a TiO2/graphene/acridine orange ternary interface showed ∼86.8% interfacial separation/collection efficiency, which guaranteed an ultrahigh absorbed photon-to-current efficiency (APCE, ∼80%). Such an ISET-based PVD may become a fundamental device architecture for photovoltaic solar cells, photoelectric detectors, and other novel optoelectronic applications with obvious advantages, such as high efficiency, easy fabrication, scalability, and universal availability of cost-effective materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Nanot..29z4001P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Nanot..29z4001P"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> structure and charge <span class="hlt">transport</span> in nonstoichiometric tantalum oxide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Perevalov, T. V.; Gritsenko, V. A.; Gismatulin, A. A.; Voronkovskii, V. A.; Gerasimova, A. K.; Aliev, V. Sh; Prosvirin, I. A.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The atomic and <span class="hlt">electronic</span> structure of nonstoichiometric oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide TaO x<2.5 grown by ion beam sputtering deposition was studied. The TaO x film content was analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and by quantum-chemistry simulation. TaO x is composed of Ta2O5, metallic tantalum clusters and tantalum suboxides. A method for evaluating the stoichiometry parameter of TaO x from the comparison of experimental and theoretical photoelectron valence band spectra is proposed. The charge <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of TaO x were experimentally studied and the <span class="hlt">transport</span> mechanism was quantitatively analyzed with four theoretical dielectric conductivity models. It was found that the charge <span class="hlt">transport</span> in almost stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric tantalum oxide can be consistently described by the phonon-assisted tunneling between traps.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381112','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381112"><span>Insights into Solid-State <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> through Proteins from Inelastic Tunneling Spectroscopy: The Case of Azurin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yu, Xi; Lovrincic, Robert; Sepunaru, Lior; Li, Wenjie; Vilan, Ayelet; Pecht, Israel; Sheves, Mordechai; Cahen, David</p> <p>2015-10-27</p> <p>Surprisingly efficient solid-state <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> has recently been demonstrated through "dry" proteins (with only structural, tightly bound H2O left), suggesting proteins as promising candidates for molecular (bio)<span class="hlt">electronics</span>. Using inelastic <span class="hlt">electron</span> tunneling spectroscopy (IETS), we explored <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon interaction in metal/protein/metal junctions, to help understand solid-state <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> across the redox protein azurin. To that end an oriented azurin monolayer on Au is contacted by soft Au electrodes. Characteristic vibrational modes of amide and amino acid side groups as well as of the azurin-electrode contact were observed, revealing the azurin native conformation in the junction and the critical role of side groups in the charge <span class="hlt">transport</span>. The lack of abrupt changes in the conductance and the line shape of IETS point to far off-resonance tunneling as the dominant <span class="hlt">transport</span> mechanism across azurin, in line with previously reported (and herein confirmed) azurin junctions. The inelastic current and hence <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon interaction appear to be rather weak and comparable in magnitude with the inelastic fraction of tunneling current via alkyl chains, which may reflect the known structural rigidity of azurin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MARF34013K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MARF34013K"><span>Localized magnetoplasmons in quantum dots: Magneto-optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, Raman scattering, and inelastic <span class="hlt">electron</span> scattering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kushwaha, M. S.</p> <p></p> <p>We investigate a one-component, quasi-zero dimensional, quantum plasma exposed to a parabolic potential and an applied magnetic field in the symmetric gauge. If the size of such a system as can be realized in the semiconducting quantum dots is on the order of the de-Broglie wavelength, the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> and optical properties become highly tunable. Then the quantum size effects challenge the observation of many-particle phenomena such as the magneto-optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, Raman intensity, and <span class="hlt">electron</span>-energy-loss spectrum. An exact analytical solution of the problem leads us to infer that these many-particle phenomena are, in fact, dictated by the generalized Kohn's theorem in the long-wavelength limit. Maneuvering the confinement and/or the magnetic field furnishes the resonance energy capable of being explored with the FIR, Raman, or <span class="hlt">electron</span>-energy-loss spectroscopy. This implies that either of these probes should be competent in observing the localized magnetoplasmons in the system. A deeper insight into the physics of quantum dots is paving the way for their implementation in such diverse fields as quantum computing and medical imaging.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AIPA....4c1307Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AIPA....4c1307Q"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> characteristics of silicon nanowires by metal-assisted chemical etching</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Qi, Yangyang; Wang, Zhen; Zhang, Mingliang; Wang, Xiaodong; Ji, An; Yang, Fuhua</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> characteristics of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) fabricated by metal-assisted chemical etching with different doping concentrations were studied. By increasing the doping concentration of the starting Si wafer, the resulting SiNWs were prone to have a rough surface, which had important effects on the contact and the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>. A metal-semiconductor-metal model and a thermionic field emission theory were used to analyse the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. Asymmetric, rectifying and symmetric I-V curves were obtained. The diversity of the I-V curves originated from the different barrier heights at the two sides of the SiNWs. For heavily doped SiNWs, the critical voltage was one order of magnitude larger than that of the lightly doped, and the resistance obtained by differentiating the I-V curves at large bias was also higher. These were attributed to the lower <span class="hlt">electron</span> tunnelling possibility and higher contact barrier, due to the rough surface and the reduced doping concentration during the etching process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22303660','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22303660"><span>[Regulation effects of short sunlight on two <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> pathways in nectarine flower bud during dormancy induction].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Dong-Mei; Zhang, Hai-Sen; Tan, Qiu-Ping; Li, Ling; Yu, Qin; Gao, Dong-Sheng</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>Taking the nectarine variety 'Shuguang' (Prunus persica var. nectariana cv. Shuguang) as test material, and by using respiration inhibitors KCN and SHAM, this paper studied the cytochrome <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> pathway and the alternative respiration pathway in nectarine flower bud during dormancy induction under the effects of short sunlight. Both the total respiration rate (V(t)) and the cytochrome <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> pathway respiration rate (rho' V(cyt)) presented double hump-shaped variation. Short sunlight brought the first-hump of V(t) and rho' V(cyt), forward and delayed the second-hump synchronously, inhibited the rho' V(cyt), but had no significant effects on the V(t). The capacity (V(alt)) and activity (rho V (alt)) of alternative respiration pathway also varied in double hump-shape, and the variation was basically in synchronous. Short sunlight made the first climax of V(alt) and rhoV(alt) advanced, but had little effects on the later period climax. The inhibition of cytochrome <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> pathway and the enhancement of alternative respiration pathway were the important features of nectarine flower bud during dormancy induction, and according to the respective contributions of the two <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> pathways to the total respiration rate, the cytochrome <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> pathway was still the main pathway of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>, whereas the alternative respiration pathway played an auxiliary and branched role.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvB..88h5305P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvB..88h5305P"><span>Electrical <span class="hlt">transport</span>, electrothermal <span class="hlt">transport</span>, and effective <span class="hlt">electron</span> mass in single-crystalline In2O3 films</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Preissler, Natalie; Bierwagen, Oliver; Ramu, Ashok T.; Speck, James S.</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>A comprehensive study of the room-temperature electrical and electrothermal <span class="hlt">transport</span> of single-crystalline indium oxide (In2O3) and indium tin oxide (ITO) films over a wide range of <span class="hlt">electron</span> concentrations is reported. We measured the room-temperature Hall mobility μH and Seebeck coefficient S of unintentionally doped and Sn-doped high-quality, plasma-assisted molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown In2O3 for volume Hall <span class="hlt">electron</span> concentrations nH from 7×1016 cm-3 (unintentionally doped) to 1×1021 cm-3 (highly Sn-doped, ITO). The resulting empirical S(nH) relation can be directly used in other In2O3 samples to estimate the volume <span class="hlt">electron</span> concentration from simple Seebeck coefficient measurements. The mobility and Seebeck coefficient were modeled by a numerical solution of the Boltzmann <span class="hlt">transport</span> equation. Ionized impurity scattering and polar optical phonon scattering were found to be the dominant scattering mechanisms. Acoustic phonon scattering was found to be negligible. Fitting the temperature-dependent mobility above room temperature of an In2O3 film with high mobility allowed us to find the effective Debye temperature (ΘD=700 K) and number of phonon modes (NOPML=1.33) that best describe the polar optical phonon scattering. The modeling also yielded the Hall scattering factor rH as a function of <span class="hlt">electron</span> concentration, which is not negligible (rH≈1.4) at nondegenerate <span class="hlt">electron</span> concentrations. Fitting the Hall-scattering-factor corrected concentration-dependent Seebeck coefficient S(n) for nondegenerate samples to the numerical solution of the Boltzmann <span class="hlt">transport</span> equation and to widely used, simplified equations allowed us to extract an effective <span class="hlt">electron</span> mass of m*=(0.30±0.03)me (with free <span class="hlt">electron</span> mass me). The modeled mobility and Seebeck coefficient based on polar optical phonon and ionized impurity scattering describes the experimental results very accurately up to <span class="hlt">electron</span> concentrations of 1019 cm-3, and qualitatively explains a mobility plateau or local</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JAP....68.6309Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JAP....68.6309Z"><span>Electric microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> for the study of GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zappe, Hans P.; Jantz, Wolfgang</p> <p>1990-12-01</p> <p>The use of magnetic-field-dependent microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> as a nondestructive and contact-free means to study <span class="hlt">transport</span> behavior in GaAs/AlGaAs devices is explored. This technique allows quick measurement of resistance, mobility, and carrier concentration in bulk substrates as well as in the two-dimensional <span class="hlt">electron</span> gas of heterostructure quantum wells. The two- and three-dimensional conductivities may be separably evaluated, allowing detailed study of conduction in the active layer of high-<span class="hlt">electron</span>-mobility devices. A brief theoretical foundation is provided, followed by application of the approach to examination of device structural dependencies, carrier-density conduction behavior, and the effects of etch processing on quantum-well integrity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPS...353..123C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPS...353..123C"><span>Enhanced interfacial <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer of inverted perovskite solar cells by introduction of CoSe into the <span class="hlt">electron-transporting</span>-layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Shanshan; Yang, Songwang; Sun, Hong; Zhang, Lu; Peng, Jiajun; Liang, Ziqi; Wang, Zhong-Sheng</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>To improve the <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer at the interface between the perovskite film and the <span class="hlt">electron-transporting</span>-material (ETM) layer, CoSe doped [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is employed as the ETM layer for the inverted planar perovskite solar cell with NiO as the hole-<span class="hlt">transporting</span>-material layer. Introduction of CoSe (5.8 wt%) into the PCBM layer improves the conductivity of the ETM layer and decreases the photoluminescence intensity, thus enhancing the interfacial <span class="hlt">electron</span> extraction and reducing the <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer resistance at the perovskite/ETM interface. As a consequence, the power conversion efficiency is enhanced from 11.43% to 14.91% by 30% due to the noted increases in short-circuit current density from 17.95 mA cm-2 to 19.85 mA cm-2 and fill factor from 0.60 to 0.70. This work provides a new strategy to improve the performance of inverted perovskite solar cells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1953n0140D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1953n0140D"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in ethanol & methanol absorbed defected graphene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dandeliya, Sushmita; Srivastava, Anurag</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>In the present paper, the sensitivity of ethanol and methanol molecules on surface of single vacancy defected graphene has been investigated using density functional theory (DFT). The changes in structural and <span class="hlt">electronic</span> properties before and after adsorption of ethanol and methanol were analyzed and the obtained results show high adsorption energy and charge transfer. High adsorption happens at the active site with monovacancy defect on graphene surface. Present work confirms that the defected graphene increases the surface reactivity towards ethanol and methanol molecules. The presence of molecules near the active site affects the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> and <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of defected graphene which makes it a promising choice for designing methanol and ethanol sensor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1193820','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1193820"><span>Intestinal fluid <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in spontaneously hypertensive rats.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dorey, P G; King, J; Munday, K A; Parsons, B J; Poat, J A</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>A comparison has been made of intestinal fluid <span class="hlt">absorption</span> between male Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive rats (s.h.r.) and normotensive male Wistar controls. S.h.r. show enhanced fluid <span class="hlt">absorption</span> both in hypertensive adults and in young s.h.r. before hypertension has developed. Several potential causes for increased fluid <span class="hlt">transport</span> in s.h.r. were tested using pharmacological antagonists. It is unlikely that enhanced fluid <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is due to high sympathetic nervous activity, the renin-angiotensin system or is secondary to hypertension. Intestine from s.h.r. have a high short-circuit current indicating a change in ion pump activity. These results are discussed in relation to the possible causes of increased fluid (ion) <span class="hlt">transport</span> by the intestine of s.h.r. PMID:6361232</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25407785','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25407785"><span>Length dependence of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> through molecular wires--a first principles perspective.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Khoo, Khoong Hong; Chen, Yifeng; Li, Suchun; Quek, Su Ying</p> <p>2015-01-07</p> <p>One-dimensional wires constitute a fundamental building block in nanoscale <span class="hlt">electronics</span>. However, truly one-dimensional metallic wires do not exist due to Peierls distortion. Molecular wires come close to being stable one-dimensional wires, but are typically semiconductors, with charge <span class="hlt">transport</span> occurring via tunneling or thermally-activated hopping. In this review, we discuss <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> through molecular wires, from a theoretical, quantum mechanical perspective based on first principles. We focus specifically on the off-resonant tunneling regime, applicable to shorter molecular wires (<∼4-5 nm) where quantum mechanics dictates <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>. Here, conductance decays exponentially with the wire length, with an exponential decay constant, beta, that is independent of temperature. Different levels of first principles theory are discussed, starting with the computational workhorse - density functional theory (DFT), and moving on to many-<span class="hlt">electron</span> GW methods as well as GW-inspired DFT + Sigma calculations. These different levels of theory are applied in two major computational frameworks - complex band structure (CBS) calculations to estimate the tunneling decay constant, beta, and Landauer-Buttiker <span class="hlt">transport</span> calculations that consider explicitly the effects of contact geometry, and compute the transmission spectra directly. In general, for the same level of theory, the Landauer-Buttiker calculations give more quantitative values of beta than the CBS calculations. However, the CBS calculations have a long history and are particularly useful for quick estimates of beta. Comparing different levels of theory, it is clear that GW and DFT + Sigma calculations give significantly improved agreement with experiment compared to DFT, especially for the conductance values. Quantitative agreement can also be obtained for the Seebeck coefficient - another independent probe of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>. This excellent agreement provides confirmative evidence of off</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2924693','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2924693"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chains of lactic acid bacteria - walking on crutches is part of their lifestyle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Brooijmans, Rob; Hugenholtz, Jeroen</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>A variety of lactic acid bacteria contain rudimentary <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chains that can be reconstituted by the addition of heme and menaquinone to the growth medium. These activated <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chains lead to higher biomass production and increased robustness, which is beneficial for industrial applications, but a major concern when dealing with pathogenic lactic acid bacteria. PMID:20948651</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007APS..DPPBO5010F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007APS..DPPBO5010F"><span>Fluctuations, <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span>, and Flow Shear in 2D Axial, Azimuthal (z-θ) Hybrid Hall Thruster Simulations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fernandez, Eduardo; Gascon, Nicolas; Knoll, Aaron; Scharfe, Michelle; Cappelli, Mark</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>Motivated by the inability of radial-axial (r-z) simulations to properly treat cross-field <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in Hall thrusters, a novel 2D z-θ model has been implemented. In common with many r-z descriptions, the simulation is hybrid in nature and assumes quasi-neutrality. Unlike r-z models, <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> is not enhanced with an ad-hoc mobility coefficient; instead it is given by collisional or ``classical'' terms as well as ``anomalous'' contributions associated with azimuthal electric field fluctuations. Results indicate that anomalous <span class="hlt">transport</span> dominates classical <span class="hlt">transport</span> for most of the channel and near field, except in a strong <span class="hlt">electron</span> flow shear region near the channel exit. The correlation between flow shear, fluctuation behavior, and <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> will be examined, along with experimental data from the Stanford Hall Thruster. Our findings make a strong link to the turbulent <span class="hlt">transport</span> suppression mechanism by flow shear seen in fusion devices. The scheme for combining the r-z and z-θ descriptions into an upcoming 3D hybrid model will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18047127','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18047127"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span>-phonon interaction model and prediction of thermal energy <span class="hlt">transport</span> in SOI transistor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jin, Jae Sik; Lee, Joon Sik</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon interaction model is proposed and applied to thermal <span class="hlt">transport</span> in semiconductors at micro/nanoscales. The high <span class="hlt">electron</span> energy induced by the electric field in a transistor is transferred to the phonon system through <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon interaction in the high field region of the transistor. Due to this fact, a hot spot occurs, which is much smaller than the phonon mean free path in the Si-layer. The full phonon dispersion model based on the Boltzmann <span class="hlt">transport</span> equation (BTE) with the relaxation time approximation is applied for the interactions among different phonon branches and different phonon frequencies. The Joule heating by the <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon scattering is modeled through the intervalley and intravalley processes for silicon by introducing average <span class="hlt">electron</span> energy. The simulation results are compared with those obtained by the full phonon dispersion model which treats the <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon scattering as a volumetric heat source. The comparison shows that the peak temperature in the hot spot region is considerably higher and more localized than the previous results. The thermal characteristics of each phonon mode are useful to explain the above phenomena. The optical mode phonons of negligible group velocity obtain the highest energy density from <span class="hlt">electrons</span>, and resides in the hot spot region without any contribution to heat <span class="hlt">transport</span>, which results in a higher temperature in that region. Since the acoustic phonons with low group velocity show the higher energy density after <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon scattering, they induce more localized heating near the hot spot region. The ballistic features are strongly observed when phonon-phonon scattering rates are lower than 4 x 10(10) S(-1).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec29-727.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec29-727.pdf"><span>14 CFR 29.727 - Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. 29.727 Section 29.727 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">TRANSPORTATION</span>....727 Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. The reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test must be conducted as...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec27-727.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec27-727.pdf"><span>14 CFR 27.727 - Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. 27.727 Section 27.727 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">TRANSPORTATION</span>... Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. The reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test must be conducted as follows...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec27-727.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec27-727.pdf"><span>14 CFR 27.727 - Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. 27.727 Section 27.727 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">TRANSPORTATION</span>... Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. The reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test must be conducted as follows...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec27-727.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec27-727.pdf"><span>14 CFR 27.727 - Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. 27.727 Section 27.727 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">TRANSPORTATION</span>... Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. The reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test must be conducted as follows...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec29-727.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec29-727.pdf"><span>14 CFR 29.727 - Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. 29.727 Section 29.727 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">TRANSPORTATION</span>....727 Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. The reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test must be conducted as...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec27-727.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec27-727.pdf"><span>14 CFR 27.727 - Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. 27.727 Section 27.727 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">TRANSPORTATION</span>... Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. The reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test must be conducted as follows...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec27-727.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec27-727.pdf"><span>14 CFR 27.727 - Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. 27.727 Section 27.727 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">TRANSPORTATION</span>... Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. The reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test must be conducted as follows...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec29-727.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title14-vol1-sec29-727.pdf"><span>14 CFR 29.727 - Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. 29.727 Section 29.727 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">TRANSPORTATION</span>....727 Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. The reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test must be conducted as...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec29-727.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title14-vol1-sec29-727.pdf"><span>14 CFR 29.727 - Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. 29.727 Section 29.727 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">TRANSPORTATION</span>....727 Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. The reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test must be conducted as...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec29-727.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec29-727.pdf"><span>14 CFR 29.727 - Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. 29.727 Section 29.727 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF <span class="hlt">TRANSPORTATION</span>....727 Reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test. The reserve energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> drop test must be conducted as...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvB..61.4850Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvB..61.4850Z"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of single-crystal bismuth nanowire arrays</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Zhibo; Sun, Xiangzhong; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Ying, Jackie Y.; Heremans, J.</p> <p>2000-02-01</p> <p>We present here a detailed study of the electrical <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of single-crystal bismuth nanowire arrays embedded in a dielectric matrix. Measurements of the resistance of Bi nanowire arrays with different wire diameters (60-110 nm) have been carried out over a wide range of temperatures (2.0-300 K) and magnetic fields (0-5.4 T). The <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of a heavily Te-doped Bi nanowire array have also been studied. At low temperatures, we show that the wire boundary scattering is the dominant scattering process for carriers in the undoped single-crystal Bi nanowires, while boundary scattering is less important for a heavily Te-doped sample, consistent with general theoretical considerations. The temperature dependences of the zero-field resistivity and of the longitudinal magneto-coefficient of the Bi nanowires were also studied and were found to be sensitive to the wire diameter. The quantum confinement of carriers is believed to play an important role in determining the overall temperature dependence of the zero-field resistivity. Theoretical considerations of the quantum confinement effects on the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> band structure and on the <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of Bi nanowires are discussed. Despite the evidence for localization effects and diffusive <span class="hlt">electron</span> interactions at low temperatures (T<=4.0 K), localization effects are not the dominant mechanisms affecting the resistivity or the magnetoresistance in the temperature range of this study.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5933119','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5933119"><span>The Impacts of Phosphorus Deficiency on the Photosynthetic <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> Chain1[OPEN</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient, and P deficiency limits plant productivity. Recent work showed that P deficiency affects <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> to photosystem I (PSI), but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we present a comprehensive biological model describing how P deficiency disrupts the photosynthetic machinery and the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain through a series of sequential events in barley (Hordeum vulgare). P deficiency reduces the orthophosphate concentration in the chloroplast stroma to levels that inhibit ATP synthase activity. Consequently, protons accumulate in the thylakoids and cause lumen acidification, which inhibits linear <span class="hlt">electron</span> flow. Limited plastoquinol oxidation retards <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> to the cytochrome b6f complex, yet the <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer rate of PSI is increased under steady-state growth light and is limited under high-light conditions. Under P deficiency, the enhanced <span class="hlt">electron</span> flow through PSI increases the levels of NADPH, whereas ATP production remains restricted and, hence, reduces CO2 fixation. In parallel, lumen acidification activates the energy-dependent quenching component of the nonphotochemical quenching mechanism and prevents the overexcitation of photosystem II and damage to the leaf tissue. Consequently, plants can be severely affected by P deficiency for weeks without displaying any visual leaf symptoms. All of the processes in the photosynthetic machinery influenced by P deficiency appear to be fully reversible and can be restored in less than 60 min after resupply of orthophosphate to the leaf tissue. PMID:29540590</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928623','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928623"><span>On the Monte Carlo simulation of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in the sub-1 keV energy range.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thomson, Rowan M; Kawrakow, Iwan</p> <p>2011-08-01</p> <p>The validity of "classic" Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of <span class="hlt">electron</span> and positron <span class="hlt">transport</span> at sub-1 keV energies is investigated in the context of quantum theory. Quantum theory dictates that uncertainties on the position and energy-momentum four-vectors of radiation quanta obey Heisenberg's uncertainty relation; however, these uncertainties are neglected in "classical" MC simulations of radiation <span class="hlt">transport</span> in which position and momentum are known precisely. Using the quantum uncertainty relation and <span class="hlt">electron</span> mean free path, the magnitudes of uncertainties on <span class="hlt">electron</span> position and momentum are calculated for different kinetic energies; a validity bound on the classical simulation of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> is derived. In order to satisfy the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, uncertainties of 5% must be assigned to position and momentum for 1 keV <span class="hlt">electrons</span> in water; at 100 eV, these uncertainties are 17 to 20% and are even larger at lower energies. In gaseous media such as air, these uncertainties are much smaller (less than 1% for <span class="hlt">electrons</span> with energy 20 eV or greater). The classical Monte Carlo <span class="hlt">transport</span> treatment is questionable for sub-1 keV <span class="hlt">electrons</span> in condensed water as uncertainties on position and momentum must be large (relative to <span class="hlt">electron</span> momentum and mean free path) to satisfy the quantum uncertainty principle. Simulations which do not account for these uncertainties are not faithful representations of the physical processes, calling into question the results of MC track structure codes simulating sub-1 keV <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>. Further, the large difference in the scale at which quantum effects are important in gaseous and condensed media suggests that track structure measurements in gases are not necessarily representative of track structure in condensed materials on a micrometer or a nanometer scale.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4791957','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4791957"><span>Nanoscale <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> Measurements of Immobilized Cytochrome P450 Proteins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bostick, Christopher D.; Flora, Darcy R.; Gannett, Peter M.; Tracy, Timothy S.; Lederman, David</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Gold nanopillars, functionalized with an organic self-assembled monolayer, can be used to measure the electrical conductance properties of immobilized proteins without aggregation. Measurements of the conductance of nanopillars with cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) proteins using conducting probe atomic force microscopy demonstrate that a correlation exists between the energy barrier height between hopping sites and CYP2C9 metabolic activity. Measurements performed as a function of tip force indicate that, when subjected to a large force, the protein is more stable in the presence of a substrate. This agrees with the hypothesis that substrate entry into the active site helps to stabilize the enzyme. The relative distance between hopping sites also increases with increasing force, possibly because protein functional groups responsible for <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> depend on the structure of the protein. The inhibitor sulfaphenazole, in addition to the previously studied aniline, increased the barrier height for <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer and thereby makes CYP2C9 reduction more difficult and inhibits metabolism. This suggests that P450 Type II binders may decrease the ease of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> processes in the enzyme, in addition to occupying the active site. PMID:25804257</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhDT.......140K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhDT.......140K"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span> tunneling <span class="hlt">transport</span> across heterojunctions between europium sulfide and indium arsenide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kallaher, Raymond L.</p> <p></p> <p>This dissertation presents research done on utilizing the ferromagnetic semiconductor europium sulfide (EuS) to inject spin polarized <span class="hlt">electrons</span> into the non-magnetic semiconductor indium arsenide (InAs). There is great interest in expanding the functionality of modern day <span class="hlt">electronic</span> circuits by creating devices that depend not only on the flow of charge in the device, but also on the <span class="hlt">transport</span> of spin through the device. Within this mindset, there is a concerted effort to establish an efficient means of injecting and detecting spin polarized <span class="hlt">electrons</span> in a two dimensional <span class="hlt">electron</span> system (2DES) as the first step in developing a spin based field effect transistor. Thus, the research presented in this thesis has focused on the feasibility of using EuS, in direct electrical contact with InAs, as a spin injecting electrode into an InAs 2DES. Doped EuS is a concentrated ferromagnetic semiconductor, whose conduction band undergoes a giant Zeeman splitting when the material becomes ferromagnetic. The concomitant difference in energy between the spin-up and spin-down energy bands makes the itinerant <span class="hlt">electrons</span> in EuS highly spin polarized. Thus, in principle, EuS is a good candidate to be used as an injector of spin polarized <span class="hlt">electrons</span> into non-magnetic materials. In addition, the ability to adjust the conductivity of EuS by varying the doping level in the material makes EuS particularly suited for injecting spins into non-magnetic semiconductors and 2DES. For this research, thin films of EuS have been grown via e-beam evaporation of EuS powder. This growth technique produces EuS films that are sulfur deficient; these sulfur vacancies act as intrinsic <span class="hlt">electron</span> donors and the resulting EuS films behave like heavily doped ferromagnetic semiconductors. The growth parameters and deposition procedures were varied and optimized in order to fabricate films that have minimal crystalline defects. Various properties and characteristics of these EuS films were measured and compared to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Nanos...810415L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Nanos...810415L"><span>Unusual continuous dual <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peaks in Ca-doped BiFeO3 nanostructures for broadened microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Zhong-Jun; Hou, Zhi-Ling; Song, Wei-Li; Liu, Xing-Da; Cao, Wen-Qiang; Shao, Xiao-Hong; Cao, Mao-Sheng</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Electromagnetic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> materials have received increasing attention owing to their wide applications in aerospace, communication and the <span class="hlt">electronics</span> industry, and multiferroic materials with both polarization and magnetic properties are considered promising ceramics for microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> application. However, the insufficient <span class="hlt">absorption</span> intensity coupled with the narrow effective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bandwidth has limited the development of high-performance multiferroic materials for practical microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. To address such issues, in the present work, we utilize interfacial engineering in BiFeO3 nanoparticles via Ca doping, with the purpose of tailoring the phase boundary. Upon Ca-substitution, the co-existence of both R3c and P4mm phases has been confirmed to massively enhance both dielectric and magnetic properties via manipulating the phase boundary and the destruction of the spiral spin structure. Unlike the commonly reported magnetic/dielectric hybrid microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> composites, Bi0.95Ca0.05FeO3 has been found to deliver unusual continuous dual <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peaks at a small thickness (1.56 mm), which has remarkably broadened the effective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bandwidth (8.7-12.1 GHz). The fundamental mechanisms based on the phase boundary engineering have been discussed, suggesting a novel platform for designing advanced multiferroic materials with wide applications.Electromagnetic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> materials have received increasing attention owing to their wide applications in aerospace, communication and the <span class="hlt">electronics</span> industry, and multiferroic materials with both polarization and magnetic properties are considered promising ceramics for microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> application. However, the insufficient <span class="hlt">absorption</span> intensity coupled with the narrow effective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bandwidth has limited the development of high-performance multiferroic materials for practical microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. To address such issues, in the present work, we utilize interfacial engineering in BiFeO3</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........44S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........44S"><span>First-Principles Calculations of <span class="hlt">Electronic</span>, Optical, and <span class="hlt">Transport</span> Properties of Materials for Energy Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shi, Guangsha</p> <p></p> <p>Solar electricity is a reliable and environmentally friendly method of sustainable energy production and a realistic alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Moreover, thermoelectric energy conversion is a promising technology for solid-state refrigeration and efficient waste-heat recovery. Predicting and optimizing new photovoltaic and thermoelectric materials composed of Earth-abundant elements that exceed the current state of the art, and understanding how nanoscale structuring and ordering improves their energy conversion efficiency pose a challenge for materials scientists. I approach this challenge by developing and applying predictive high-performance computing methods to guide research and development of new materials for energy-conversion applications. Advances in computer-simulation algorithms and high-performance computing resources promise to speed up the development of new compounds with desirable properties and significantly shorten the time delay between the discovery of new materials and their commercial deployment. I present my calculated results on the extraordinary properties of nanostructured semiconductor materials, including strong visible-light absorbance in nanoporous silicon and few-layer SnSe and GeSe. These findings highlight the capability of nanoscale structuring and ordering to improve the performance of Earth-abundant materials compared to their bulk counterparts for solar-cell applications. I also successfully identified the dominant mechanisms contributing to free-carrier <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in n-type silicon. My findings help evaluate the impact of the energy loss from this <span class="hlt">absorption</span> mechanism in doped silicon and are thus important for the design of silicon solar cells. In addition, I calculated the thermoelectric <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of p-type SnSe, a bulk material with a record thermoelectric figure of merit. I predicted the optimal temperatures and free-carrier concentrations for thermoelectric energy conversion, as well the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26423266','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26423266"><span>Design and engineering of a man-made diffusive <span class="hlt">electron-transport</span> protein.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fry, Bryan A; Solomon, Lee A; Leslie Dutton, P; Moser, Christopher C</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Maquettes are man-made cofactor-binding oxidoreductases designed from first principles with minimal reference to natural protein sequences. Here we focus on water-soluble maquettes designed and engineered to perform diffusive <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> of the kind typically carried out by cytochromes, ferredoxins and flavodoxins and other small proteins in photosynthetic and respiratory energy conversion and oxido-reductive metabolism. Our designs were tested by analysis of <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer between heme maquettes and the well-known natural <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transporter</span>, cytochrome c. <span class="hlt">Electron</span>-transfer kinetics were measured from seconds to milliseconds by stopped-flow, while sub-millisecond resolution was achieved through laser photolysis of the carbon monoxide maquette heme complex. These measurements demonstrate <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer from the maquette to cytochrome c, reproducing the timescales and charge complementarity modulation observed in natural systems. The ionic strength dependence of inter-protein <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer from 9.7×10(6) M(-1) s(-1) to 1.2×10(9) M(-1) s(-1) follows a simple Debye-Hückel model for attraction between +8 net charged oxidized cytochrome c and -19 net charged heme maquette, with no indication of significant protein dipole moment steering. Successfully recreating essential components of energy conversion and downstream metabolism in man-made proteins holds promise for in vivo clinical intervention and for the production of fuel or other industrial products. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biodesign for Bioenergetics--the design and engineering of <span class="hlt">electronic</span> transfer cofactors, proteins and protein networks, edited by Ronald L. Koder and J.L. Ross Anderson. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21428837-transport-non-invasive-position-detection-electron-beams-from-laser-plasma-accelerators','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21428837-transport-non-invasive-position-detection-electron-beams-from-laser-plasma-accelerators"><span><span class="hlt">Transport</span> and Non-Invasive Position Detection of <span class="hlt">Electron</span> Beams from Laser-Plasma Accelerators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Osterhoff, J.; Nakamura, K.; Bakeman, M.</p> <p></p> <p>The controlled imaging and <span class="hlt">transport</span> of ultra-relativistic <span class="hlt">electrons</span> from laser-plasma accelerators is of crucial importance to further use of these beams, e.g. in high peak-brightness light sources. We present our plans to realize beam <span class="hlt">transport</span> with miniature permanent quadrupole magnets from the <span class="hlt">electron</span> source through our THUNDER undulator. Simulation results demonstrate the importance of beam imaging by investigating the generated XUV-photon flux. In addition, first experimental findings of utilizing cavity-based monitors for non-invasive beam-position measurements in a noisy electromagnetic laser-plasma environment are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22215491-electronic-absorption-band-broadening-surface-roughening-phthalocyanine-double-layers-saturated-solvent-vapor-treatment','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22215491-electronic-absorption-band-broadening-surface-roughening-phthalocyanine-double-layers-saturated-solvent-vapor-treatment"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> <span class="hlt">absorption</span> band broadening and surface roughening of phthalocyanine double layers by saturated solvent vapor treatment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kim, Jinhyun; Yim, Sanggyu, E-mail: sgyim@kookmin.ac.kr</p> <p>2012-10-15</p> <p>Variations in the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (EA) and surface morphology of three types of phthalocyanine (Pc) thin film systems, i.e. copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) single layer, zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) single layer, and ZnPc on CuPc (CuPc/ZnPc) double layer film, treated with saturated acetone vapor were investigated. For the treated CuPc single layer film, the surface roughness slightly increased and bundles of nanorods were formed, while the EA varied little. In contrast, for the ZnPc single layer film, the relatively high solubility of ZnPc led to a considerable shift in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bands as well as a large increase in the surface roughnessmore » and formation of long and wide nano-beams, indicating a part of the ZnPc molecules dissolved in acetone, which altered their molecular stacking. For the CuPc/ZnPc film, the saturated acetone vapor treatment resulted in morphological changes in mainly the upper ZnPc layer due to the significantly low solubility of the underlying CuPc layer. The treatment also broadened the EA band, which involved a combination of unchanged CuPc and changed ZnPc <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23000927','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23000927"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span> Spin Resonance and optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopic studies of manganese centers in aluminium lead borate glasses.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>SivaRamaiah, G; LakshmanaRao, J</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Electron</span> Spin Resonance (ESR) and optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> studies of 5Al(2)O(3)+75H(3)BO(3)+(20-x)PbO+xMnSO(4) (where x=0.5, 1,1.5 and 2 mol% of MnSO(4)) glasses at room temperature have been studied. The ESR spectrum of all the glasses exhibits resonance signals with effective isotropic g values at ≈2.0, 3.3 and 4.3. The ESR resonance signal at isotropic g≈2.0 has been attributed to Mn(2+) centers in an octahedral symmetry. The ESR resonance signals at isotropic g≈3.3 and 4.3 have been attributed to the rhombic symmetry of the Mn(2+) ions. The zero-field splitting parameter (zfs) has been calculated from the intensities of the allowed hyperfine lines. The optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum exhibits an intense band in the visible region and it has been attributed to (5)E(g)→(5)T(2g) transition of Mn(3+)centers in an octahedral environment. The optical band gap and the Urbach energies have been calculated from the ultraviolet <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edges. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27475771','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27475771"><span>Prediction of FAD binding sites in <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins according to efficient radial basis function networks and significant amino acid pairs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Le, Nguyen-Quoc-Khanh; Ou, Yu-Yen</p> <p>2016-07-30</p> <p>Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is the most efficient process through which cells harvest energy from consumed food. When cells undergo cellular respiration, they require a pathway to keep and transfer <span class="hlt">electrons</span> (i.e., the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain). Due to oxidation-reduction reactions, the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain produces a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient. In case protons flow back through this membrane, this mechanical energy is converted into chemical energy by ATP synthase. The convert process is involved in producing ATP which provides energy in a lot of cellular processes. In the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain process, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is one of the most vital molecules for carrying and transferring <span class="hlt">electrons</span>. Therefore, predicting FAD binding sites in the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain is vital for helping biologists understand the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain process and energy production in cells. We used an independent data set to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, which had an accuracy of 69.84 %. We compared the performance of the proposed method in analyzing two newly discovered <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> protein sequences with that of the general FAD binding predictor presented by Mishra and Raghava and determined that the accuracy of the proposed method improved by 9-45 % and its Matthew's correlation coefficient was 0.14-0.5. Furthermore, the proposed method enabled reducing the number of false positives significantly and can provide useful information for biologists. We developed a method that is based on PSSM profiles and SAAPs for identifying FAD binding sites in newly discovered <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> protein sequences. This approach achieved a significant improvement after we added SAAPs to PSSM features to analyze FAD binding proteins in the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain. The proposed method can serve as an effective tool for predicting FAD binding sites in <span class="hlt">electron</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996APS..GECTUPB11W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996APS..GECTUPB11W"><span>Boltzmann Calculations of <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> in CF4 and CF_4/Ar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Yicheng; van Brunt, R. J.</p> <p>1996-10-01</p> <p>A new set of <span class="hlt">electron</span> collisional cross sections(L. G. Christophorou, J. K. Olthoff, and M. V. V. S. Rao, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, submitted (May 1996)) for CF4 has been proposed, based primarily upon available experimental measurements. In this paper we present the results of calculations of the drift velocity, ionization coefficient, and attachment coefficient for <span class="hlt">electrons</span> in CF4 based upon the new cross section set, using a two-term Boltzmann calculation. Comparison of results with experimental determinations of the <span class="hlt">transport</span> parameters, such as drift velocity, are presented, along with comparison of results obtained using two previously pubished(M. Hyashi, in Swarm Studies and Elastic <span class="hlt">Electron</span>-Molecule Collisions) (1987); and Y. Nakamura in Gaseous <span class="hlt">Electronics</span> and Their Applications (1991) <span class="hlt">electron</span> impact cross section sets for CF_4. Additions and adjustments to the cross section sets required for the model to achieve consitency with <span class="hlt">transport</span> data are discussed. - Research sponsored in part by the U.S. Air Force Wright Laboratory under contract F33615-96-C-2600 with the University of Tennessee. Also, Department of Physics, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRA..11612217D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRA..11612217D"><span>Convective and diffusive ULF wave driven radiation belt <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Degeling, A. W.; Rankin, R.; Elkington, S. R.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>The process of magnetospheric radiation belt <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> driven by ULF waves is studied using a 2-D ideal MHD model for ULF waves in the equatorial plane including day/night asymmetry and a magnetopause boundary, and a test kinetic model for equatorially mirroring <span class="hlt">electrons</span>. We find that ULF wave disturbances originating along the magnetopause flanks in the afternoon sector can act to periodically inject phase space density from these regions into the magnetosphere. Closely spaced drift-resonant surfaces for <span class="hlt">electrons</span> with a given magnetic moment in the presence of the ULF waves create a layer of stochastic dynamics for L-shells above 6.5-7 in the cases examined, extending to the magnetopause. The phase decorrelation time scale for the stochastic region is estimated by the relaxation time for the diffusion coefficient to reach a steady value. This is found to be of the order of 10-15 wave periods, which is commensurate with the typical duration of observed ULF wave packets in the magnetosphere. For L-shells earthward of the stochastic layer, <span class="hlt">transport</span> is limited to isolated drift-resonant islands in the case of narrowband ULF waves. We examine the effect of increasing the bandwidth of the ULF wave driver by summing together wave components produced by a set of independent runs of the ULF wave model. The wave source spectrum is given a flat-top amplitude of variable width (adjusted for constant power) and random phase. We find that increasing bandwidth can significantly enhance convective <span class="hlt">transport</span> earthward of the stochastic layer and extend the stochastic layer to lower L-shells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvB..89h5412S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvB..89h5412S"><span>Dressed tunneling approximation for <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> through molecular transistors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Seoane Souto, R.; Yeyati, A. Levy; Martín-Rodero, A.; Monreal, R. C.</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>A theoretical approach for the nonequilibrium <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of nanoscale systems coupled to metallic electrodes with strong <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon interactions is presented. It consists of a resummation of the dominant Feynman diagrams from the perturbative expansion in the coupling to the leads. We show that this scheme eliminates the main pathologies found in previous simple analytical approaches for the polaronic regime. The results for the spectral and <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties are compared with those from several other approaches for a wide range of parameters. The method can be formulated in a simple way to obtain the full counting statistics. Results for the shot and thermal noise are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1951c0021P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1951c0021P"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of 4f shell elements of liquid metal using hard sphere Yukawa system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Patel, H. P.; Sonvane, Y. A.; Thakor, P. B.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties are analyzed for 4f shell elements of liquid metals. To examine the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties like electrical resistivity (ρ), thermal conductivity (σ) and thermo electrical power (Q), we used our own parameter free model potential with the Hard Sphere Yukawa (HSY) reference system. The screening effect on aforesaid properties has been examined by using different screening functions like Hartree (H), Taylor (T) and Sarkar (S). The correlations of our resultsand other data with available experimental values are intensely promising. Also, we conclude that our newly constructed parameter free model potential is capable of explaining the above mentioned <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1259467-landauers-formula-finite-time-relaxation-kramers-crossover-electronic-transport','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1259467-landauers-formula-finite-time-relaxation-kramers-crossover-electronic-transport"><span>Landauer’s formula with finite-time relaxation: Kramers’ crossover in <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Gruss, Daniel; Velizhanin, Kirill A.; Zwolak, Michael</p> <p>2016-04-20</p> <p>Landauer’s formula is the standard theoretical tool to examine ballistic <span class="hlt">transport</span> in nano- and meso-scale junctions, but it necessitates that any variation of the junction with time must be slow compared to characteristic times of the system, e.g., the relaxation time of local excitations. <span class="hlt">Transport</span> through structurally dynamic junctions is, however, increasingly of interest for sensing, harnessing fluctuations, and real-time control. Here, we calculate the steady-state current when relaxation of <span class="hlt">electrons</span> in the reservoirs is present and demonstrate that it gives rise to three regimes of behavior: weak relaxation gives a contact-limited current; strong relaxation localizes <span class="hlt">electrons</span>, distorting their naturalmore » dynamics and reducing the current; and in an intermediate regime the Landauer view of the system only is recovered. Lastly, we also demonstrate that a simple equation of motion emerges, which is suitable for efficiently simulating time-dependent <span class="hlt">transport</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Nanos...8.4628X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Nanos...8.4628X"><span>Photoelectron <span class="hlt">transport</span> tuning of self-assembled subbands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xiong, Zhengwei; Wang, Xinmin; Wu, Weidong; Wang, Xuemin; Peng, Liping; Zhao, Yan; Yan, Dawei; Jiang, Tao; Shen, Changle; Zhan, Zhiqiang; Cao, Linhong; Li, Weihua</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>-assembled QDA discretely located in the matrix. Changing the spacing between the quantum dots leads to the variation of subband spacing. Artificially manipulating the microcosmic QDA system can bring interesting macroscopic effects, such as an enhanced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> intensity in the ultraviolet range, a blue-shift of the surface plasmon resonance peak and nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> changed from two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> to saturated <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. The intrinsic mechanism of the subband optical response was revealed due to the strong quantum confinement effect and dominant intraband transitions. The weak surface plasmon resonance <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of Ni QDA gave an excellent figure of merit of the order of 10-10. The composite films are expectation enough to become a prime candidate for nonlinear applications near 532 nm. Therefore with interplay of the weak optical field and subbands, we achieved a tunable photoelectron <span class="hlt">transport</span> process. <span class="hlt">Electronic</span> supplementary information (ESI) available: Tables 1 and 2. See DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07861j</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PSST...27b4002G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PSST...27b4002G"><span>Approximating the nonlinear density dependence of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> coefficients and scattering rates across the gas-liquid interface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Garland, N. A.; Boyle, G. J.; Cocks, D. G.; White, R. D.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>This study reviews the neutral density dependence of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in gases and liquids and develops a method to determine the nonlinear medium density dependence of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> coefficients and scattering rates required for modeling <span class="hlt">transport</span> in the vicinity of gas-liquid interfaces. The method has its foundations in Blanc’s law for gas-mixtures and adapts the theory of Garland et al (2017 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 26) to extract <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> data across the gas-liquid transition region using known data from the gas and liquid phases only. The method is systematically benchmarked against multi-term Boltzmann equation solutions for Percus-Yevick model liquids. Application to atomic liquids highlights the utility and accuracy of the derived method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21137712','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21137712"><span>Molecular <span class="hlt">electronics</span>--resonant <span class="hlt">transport</span> through single molecules.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lörtscher, Emanuel; Riel, Heike</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The mechanically controllable break-junction technique (MCBJ) enables us to investigate charge <span class="hlt">transport</span> through an individually contacted and addressed molecule in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment at variable temperature ranging from room temperature down to 4 K. Using a statistical measurement and analysis approach, we acquire current-voltage (I-V) characteristics during the repeated formation, manipulation, and breaking of a molecular junction. At low temperatures, voltages accessing the first molecular orbitals in resonance can be applied, providing spectroscopic information about the junction's energy landscape, in particular about the molecular level alignment in respect to the Fermi energy of the electrodes. Thereby, we can investigate the non-linear <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of various types of functional molecules and explore their potential use as functional building blocks for future nano-<span class="hlt">electronics</span>. An example will be given by the reversible and controllable switching between two distinct conductive states of a single molecule. As a proof-of-principle for functional molecular devices, a single-molecule memory element will be demonstrated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhRvB..76t5432I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhRvB..76t5432I"><span>Quantum <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors with <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon coupling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ishii, Hiroyuki; Kobayashi, Nobuhiko; Hirose, Kenji</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>We investigated the <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon coupling effects on the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of metallic (5,5)- and semiconducting (10,0)-carbon nanotube devices. We calculated the conductance and mobility of the carbon nanotubes with micron-order lengths at room temperature, using the time-dependent wave-packet approach based on the Kubo-Greenwood formula within a tight-binding approximation. We investigated the scattering effects of both longitudinal acoustic and optical phonon modes on the <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties. The <span class="hlt">electron</span>-optical phonon coupling decreases the conductance around the Fermi energy for the metallic carbon nanotubes, while the conductance of semiconductor nanotubes is decreased around the band edges by the acoustic phonons. Furthermore, we studied the Schottky-barrier effects on the mobility of the semiconducting carbon nanotube field-effect transistors for various gate voltages. We clarified how the <span class="hlt">electron</span> mobilities of the devices are changed by the acoustic phonon.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT........16Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT........16Z"><span>Nonlinear <span class="hlt">transport</span> behavior of low dimensional <span class="hlt">electron</span> systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Jingqiao</p> <p></p> <p>The nonlinear behavior of low-dimensional <span class="hlt">electron</span> systems attracts a great deal of attention for its fundamental interest as well as for potentially important applications in nanoelectronics. In response to microwave radiation and dc bias, strongly nonlinear <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> that gives rise to unusual <span class="hlt">electron</span> states has been reported in two-dimensional systems of <span class="hlt">electrons</span> in high magnetic fields. There has also been great interest in the nonlinear response of quantum ballistic constrictions, where the effects of quantum interference, spatial dispersion and <span class="hlt">electron-electron</span> interactions play crucial roles. In this thesis, experimental results of the research of low dimensional <span class="hlt">electron</span> gas systems are presented. The first nonlinear phenomena were observed in samples of highly mobile two dimensional <span class="hlt">electrons</span> in GaAs heavily doped quantum wells at different magnitudes of DC and AC (10 KHz to 20 GHz) excitations. We found that in the DC excitation regime the differential resistance oscillates with the DC current and external magnetic field, similar behavior was observed earlier in AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures [C.L. Yang et al. ]. At external AC excitations the resistance is found to be also oscillating as a function of the magnetic field. However the form of the oscillations is considerably different from the DC case. We show that at frequencies below 100 KHz the difference is a result of a specific average of the DC differential resistance during the period of the external AC excitations. Secondly, in similar samples, strong suppression of the resistance by the electric field is observed in magnetic fields at which the Landau quantization of <span class="hlt">electron</span> motion occurs. The phenomenon survives at high temperatures at which the Shubnikov de Haas oscillations are absent. The scale of the electric fields essential for the effect, is found to be proportional to temperature in the low temperature limit. We suggest that the strong reduction of the longitudinal resistance</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29587345','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29587345"><span>Multifunctional Fischer Aminocarbene Complexes as Hole or <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transporting</span> Layers in Organic Solar Cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vidal-García, Pablo; Sánchez-Vergara, María Elena; Corona-Sánchez, Ricardo; Jiménez-Sandoval, Omar; Mercado, Efraín Gutiérrez-Rivas; Toscano, Rubén A; Álvarez-Toledano, Cecilio</p> <p>2018-03-24</p> <p>A new series of Fischer carbenes have been synthetized and examined as hole-<span class="hlt">transporting</span> or <span class="hlt">electron-transporting</span> layers (HTLs or ETLs) in the fabrication of organic solar cells (OSCs). The synthesis of three Fischer aminocarbene complexes with the general formula [Cr(CO)₅{C(NHCH₂)Ar}] (Ar = 2-pyridyl ( 3a ), 3-pyridyl ( 3b ) and 4-pyridyl ( 3c )) is reported. The molecular structure of complex 3b has been confirmed by X-ray analysis. In order to study the possible applications of the three Fischer aminocarbenes in OSCs, thin films of these complexes were prepared using a vacuum deposition process. These organometallic films were chemically and morphologically characterized by IR spectroscopy, SEM, AFM and XRD. According to the IR and Tauc analysis, the vacuum deposition process generates thin films free of impurities with an activation energy of 4.0, 2.7 and 2.1 eV for 3a , 3b y 3c, respectively. The UV-vis spectra of the amorphous aminocarbene films show that they are practically transparent to the visible radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is due to the fact that their <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is located mainly in the ultraviolet range. Two OSCs with bulk-heterojunction configuration were manufactured in order to prove the use of the aminocarbenes as ETL o HTL. The aminocarbene [Cr(CO)₅{C(NHCH₂) 4-pyridyl}] ( 3c ) proved to be suitable as ETL with a fill factor (FF) of 0.23 and a short circuit current density ( J SC ) of 1.037 mA/cm².</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009APS..MARZ25011B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009APS..MARZ25011B"><span>First-principles calculations of <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> through graphene with realistic metallic leads</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barraza-Lopez, Salvador; Chou, M. Y.</p> <p>2009-03-01</p> <p>We present transmission characteristics for <span class="hlt">electrons</span> through graphene with realistic metallic contacts. The methodology relies on an in-house version of the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> SMEAGOL code [1], in which the memory required to allocate for the matrices of contact leads and the graphene sheet in the Green's function solver is distributed into more than one processor, for a given <span class="hlt">electron</span> energy. We are able to accommodate for commensurate graphene-metal supercells which have the correct atomic structure (namely, stress caused by contracting/extending the metal contacts to match the periodicity of graphene is avoided). In addition, and despite of the large size of the leads, the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> properties and <span class="hlt">transport</span> are computed at the density-functional theory level [2] within a double-zeta plus polarization basis[3], ensuring the accuracy of the atomic forces in the system, as well as on the final transmission characteristics. [1] A. R. Rocha et al, PRB. 73, 085414 (2006); [2] J. M. Soler et al, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14, 2745-2779 (2002); [3] J. Junquera et al, PRB 64, 235111 (2001).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PhRvB..39.1140G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PhRvB..39.1140G"><span>Temperature dependence of the Urbach optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge: A theory of multiple phonon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and emission sidebands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grein, C. H.; John, Sajeev</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>The optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient for subgap <span class="hlt">electronic</span> transitions in crystalline and disordered semiconductors is calculated by first-principles means with use of a variational principle based on the Feynman path-integral representation of the transition amplitude. This incorporates the synergetic interplay of static disorder and the nonadiabatic quantum dynamics of the coupled <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon system. Over photon-energy ranges of experimental interest, this method predicts accurate linear exponential Urbach behavior of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient. At finite temperatures the nonlinear <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon interaction gives rise to multiple phonon emission and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> sidebands which accompany the optically induced <span class="hlt">electronic</span> transition. These sidebands dominate the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the Urbach regime and account for the temperature dependence of the Urbach slope and energy gap. The physical picture which emerges is that the phonons absorbed from the heat bath are then reemitted into a dynamical polaronlike potential well which localizes the <span class="hlt">electron</span>. At zero temperature we recover the usual polaron theory. At high temperatures the calculated tail is qualitatively similar to that of a static Gaussian random potential. This leads to a linear relationship between the Urbach slope and the downshift of the extrapolated continuum band edge as well as a temperature-independent Urbach focus. At very low temperatures, deviations from these rules are predicted arising from the true quantum dynamics of the lattice. Excellent agreement is found with experimental data on c-Si, a-Si:H, a-As2Se3, and a-As2S3. Results are compared with a simple physical argument based on the most-probable-potential-well method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16656451','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16656451"><span>Photosynthetic <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> Chain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. IV. Purification and Properties of Plastocyanin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gorman, D S; Levine, R P</p> <p>1966-12-01</p> <p>The copper protein plastocyanin has been found to be an essential component of the photosynthetic <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi, and in this paper we describe a method for its isolation and purification from the wild-type strain. In addition, we describe some of its properties and compare them with those reported for spinach plastocyanin.The plastocyanin was extracted from acetone powders prepared from intact cells, and it was purified by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. The yield of the purified protein ranged from plastocyanin equivalent to 2.0 to 2.5 mug atoms copper per 1000 mumoles chlorophyll. In general the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum of plastocyanin from C. reinhardi resembled that of the plastocyanin from spinach. Some spectral differences were found in the ultraviolet region where, in contrast to spinach plastocyanin, that of C. reinhardi had a greater absorbance (relative to peaks in the visible) and less evidence for phenylalanine fine structure. The normal oxidation-reduction potential of C. reinhardi plastocyanin was found to be + 0.37 volts, the same as reported for spinach plastocyanin. The molecular weight of C. reinhardi plastocyanin has been estimated to be 13,000 +/- 2000. In contrast, the value for spinach plastocyanin has been found to be 21,000.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhRvL.100v6604P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhRvL.100v6604P"><span>Unified Description of Inelastic Propensity Rules for <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> through Nanoscale Junctions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Paulsson, Magnus; Frederiksen, Thomas; Ueba, Hiromu; Lorente, Nicolás; Brandbyge, Mads</p> <p>2008-06-01</p> <p>We present a method to analyze the results of first-principles based calculations of <span class="hlt">electronic</span> currents including inelastic <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon effects. This method allows us to determine the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> and vibrational symmetries in play, and hence to obtain the so-called propensity rules for the studied systems. We show that only a few scattering states—namely those belonging to the most transmitting eigenchannels—need to be considered for a complete description of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>. We apply the method on first-principles calculations of four different systems and obtain the propensity rules in each case.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=329993','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=329993"><span>Hyperoxic sheep pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells generate free radicals via mitochondrial <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sanders, S P; Zweier, J L; Kuppusamy, P; Harrison, S J; Bassett, D J; Gabrielson, E W; Sylvester, J T</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Free radical generation by hyperoxic endothelial cells was studied using <span class="hlt">electron</span> paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). Studies were performed to determine the radical species produced, whether mitochondrial <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> was involved, and the effect of the radical generation on cell mortality. Sheep pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell suspensions exposed to 100% O2 for 30 min exhibited prominent DMPO-OH and, occasionally, additional smaller DMPO-R signals thought to arise from the trapping of superoxide anion (O2-.), hydroxyl (.OH), and alkyl (.R) radicals. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) quenched both signals suggesting that the observed radicals were derived from O2-.. Studies with deferoxamine suggested that the generation of .R occurred secondary to the formation of .OH from O2-. via an iron-mediated Fenton reaction. Blocking mitochondrial <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> with rotenone (20 microM) markedly decreased radical generation. Cell mortality increased slightly in oxygen-exposed cells. This increase was not significantly altered by SOD or deferoxamine, nor was it different from the mortality observed in air-exposed cells. These results suggest that endothelial cells exposed to hyperoxia for 30 min produce free radicals via mitochondrial <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>, but under the conditions of these experiments, this radical generation did not appear cause cell death. PMID:8380815</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.111m3107L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.111m3107L"><span>Effect of room temperature lattice vibration on the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in graphene nanoribbons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Yue-Yang; Li, Bo-Lin; Chen, Shi-Zhang; Jiang, Xiangwei; Chen, Ke-Qiu</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>We observe directly the lattice vibration and its multifold effect on <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in zigzag graphene nanoribbons in simulation by utilizing an efficient combined method. The results show that the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> fluctuates greatly due to the incessant lattice vibration of the nanoribbons. More interestingly, the lattice vibration behaves like a double-edged sword that it boosts the conductance of symmetric zigzag nanoribbons (containing an even number of zigzag chains along the width direction) while weakens the conductance of asymmetric nanoribbons. As a result, the reported large disparity between the conductances of the two kinds of nanoribbons at 0 K is in fact much smaller at room temperature (300 K). We also find that the spin filter effect that exists in perfect two-dimensional symmetric zigzag graphene nanoribbons is destroyed to some extent by lattice vibrations. Since lattice vibrations or phonons are usually inevitable in experiments, the research is very meaningful for revealing the important role of lattice vibrations play in the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of two-dimensional materials and guiding the application of ZGNRs in reality.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-03-29/pdf/2011-7302.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-03-29/pdf/2011-7302.pdf"><span>76 FR 17470 - Notice of <span class="hlt">Transportation</span> Services' Transition From Paper to <span class="hlt">Electronic</span> Fare Media</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-03-29</p> <p>...] Notice of <span class="hlt">Transportation</span> Services' Transition From Paper to <span class="hlt">Electronic</span> Fare Media AGENCY: Office of the... planning to shift to <span class="hlt">electronic</span> fare media in particular areas, beginning in New York and parts of the... to <span class="hlt">electronic</span> fare media; thus, compelling the shift from a paper based system (vouchers) to an...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CP....490...29G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CP....490...29G"><span>A theoretical study for <span class="hlt">electronic</span> and <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of covalent functionalized MoS2 monolayer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gao, Lijuan; Yang, Zhao-Di; Zhang, Guiling</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The geometries, <span class="hlt">electronic</span> and <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of a series of functionalized MoS2 monolayers were investigated using density-functional theory (DFT) and the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) methods. n-Propyl, n-trisilicyl, phenyl, p-nitrophenyl and p-methoxyphenyl are chosen as <span class="hlt">electron</span>-donating groups. The results show covalent functionalization with <span class="hlt">electron</span>-donating groups could make a transformation from typical semiconducting to metallic properties for appearance of midgap level across the Fermi level (Ef). The calculations of <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties for two-probe devices indicate that conductivities of functionalized systems are obviously enhanced relative to pristine MoS2 monolayer. Grafted groups contribute to the major <span class="hlt">transport</span> path and play an important role in enhancing conductivity. The NDR effect is found. The influence of grafted density is also studied. Larger grafted density leads to wider bandwidth of midgap level, larger current response of I-V curves and larger current difference between peak and valley.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvE..96b2102B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvE..96b2102B"><span>Diffusive <span class="hlt">transport</span> in the presence of stochastically gated <span class="hlt">absorption</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bressloff, Paul C.; Karamched, Bhargav R.; Lawley, Sean D.; Levien, Ethan</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>We analyze a population of Brownian particles moving in a spatially uniform environment with stochastically gated <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. The state of the environment at time t is represented by a discrete stochastic variable k (t )∈{0 ,1 } such that the rate of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is γ [1 -k (t )] , with γ a positive constant. The variable k (t ) evolves according to a two-state Markov chain. We focus on how stochastic gating affects the attenuation of particle <span class="hlt">absorption</span> with distance from a localized source in a one-dimensional domain. In the static case (no gating), the steady-state attenuation is given by an exponential with length constant √{D /γ }, where D is the diffusivity. We show that gating leads to slower, nonexponential attenuation. We also explore statistical correlations between particles due to the fact that they all diffuse in the same switching environment. Such correlations can be determined in terms of moments of the solution to a corresponding stochastic Fokker-Planck equation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992umd..rept.....S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992umd..rept.....S"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span>-phonon interaction, <span class="hlt">transport</span> and ultrafast processes in semiconductor microstructures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sarma, Sankar D.</p> <p>1992-08-01</p> <p>We have fulfilled our contract obligations completely by doing theoretical research on <span class="hlt">electron</span>-phonon interaction and <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties in submicron semiconductor structures with the emphasis on ultrafast processes and many-body effects. Fifty-five papers have been published based on our research during the contract period.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5059142','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5059142"><span>Diabetes regulates fructose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> through thioredoxin-interacting protein</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dotimas, James R; Lee, Austin W; Schmider, Angela B; Carroll, Shannon H; Shah, Anu; Bilen, Julide; Elliott, Kayla R; Myers, Ronald B; Soberman, Roy J; Yoshioka, Jun; Lee, Richard T</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Metabolic studies suggest that the <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> capacity of the small intestine for fructose is limited, though the molecular mechanisms controlling this process remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip), which regulates glucose homeostasis in mammals, binds to fructose <span class="hlt">transporters</span> and promotes fructose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by the small intestine. Deletion of Txnip in mice reduced fructose <span class="hlt">transport</span> into the peripheral bloodstream and liver, as well as the severity of adverse metabolic outcomes resulting from long-term fructose consumption. We also demonstrate that fructose consumption induces expression of Txnip in the small intestine. Diabetic mice had increased expression of Txnip in the small intestine as well as enhanced fructose uptake and <span class="hlt">transport</span> into the hepatic portal circulation. The deletion of Txnip in mice abolished the diabetes-induced increase in fructose <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Our results indicate that Txnip is a critical regulator of fructose metabolism and suggest that a diabetic state can promote fructose uptake. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18313.001 PMID:27725089</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27725089','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27725089"><span>Diabetes regulates fructose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> through thioredoxin-interacting protein.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dotimas, James R; Lee, Austin W; Schmider, Angela B; Carroll, Shannon H; Shah, Anu; Bilen, Julide; Elliott, Kayla R; Myers, Ronald B; Soberman, Roy J; Yoshioka, Jun; Lee, Richard T</p> <p>2016-10-11</p> <p>Metabolic studies suggest that the <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> capacity of the small intestine for fructose is limited, though the molecular mechanisms controlling this process remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip), which regulates glucose homeostasis in mammals, binds to fructose <span class="hlt">transporters</span> and promotes fructose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by the small intestine. Deletion of Txnip in mice reduced fructose <span class="hlt">transport</span> into the peripheral bloodstream and liver, as well as the severity of adverse metabolic outcomes resulting from long-term fructose consumption. We also demonstrate that fructose consumption induces expression of Txnip in the small intestine. Diabetic mice had increased expression of Txnip in the small intestine as well as enhanced fructose uptake and <span class="hlt">transport</span> into the hepatic portal circulation. The deletion of Txnip in mice abolished the diabetes-induced increase in fructose <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Our results indicate that Txnip is a critical regulator of fructose metabolism and suggest that a diabetic state can promote fructose uptake.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhPl...17d3111W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhPl...17d3111W"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span> beam <span class="hlt">transport</span> analysis of W-band sheet beam klystron</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Jian-Xun; Barnett, Larry R.; Luhmann, Neville C.; Shin, Young-Min; Humphries, Stanley</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>The formation and <span class="hlt">transport</span> of high-current density <span class="hlt">electron</span> beams are of critical importance for the success of a number of millimeter wave and terahertz vacuum devices. To elucidate design issues and constraints, the <span class="hlt">electron</span> gun and periodically cusped magnet stack of the original Stanford Linear Accelerator Center designed W-band sheet beam klystron circuit, which exhibited poor beam transmission (≤55%), have been carefully investigated through theoretical and numerical analyses taking advantage of three-dimensional particle tracking solvers. The re-designed <span class="hlt">transport</span> system is predicted to exhibit 99.76% (cold) and 97.38% (thermal) beam transmission, respectively, under space-charge-limited emission simulations. The optimized design produces the required high aspect ratio (10:1) sheet beam with 3.2 A emission current with highly stable propagation. In the completely redesigned model containing all the circuit elements, more than 99% beam transmission is experimentally observed at the collector located about 160 mm distant from the cathode surface. Results are in agreement of the predictions of two ray-tracing simulators, CST PARTICLE STUDIO and OMNITRAK which also predict the observed poor transmission in the original design. The quantitative analysis presents practical factors in the modeling process to design a magnetic lens structure to stably <span class="hlt">transport</span> the elliptical beam along the long drift tube.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009APS..MAR.S1150E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009APS..MAR.S1150E"><span><span class="hlt">Transport</span> Measurements and Synchrotron-Based X-Ray <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Spectroscopy of Iron Silicon Germanide Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Elmarhoumi, Nader; Cottier, Ryan; Merchan, Greg; Roy, Amitava; Lohn, Chris; Geisler, Heike; Ventrice, Carl, Jr.; Golding, Terry</p> <p>2009-03-01</p> <p>Some of the iron-based metal silicide and germanide phases have been predicted to be direct band gap semiconductors. Therefore, they show promise for use as optoelectronic materials. We have used synchrotron-based x-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy to study the structure of iron silicon germanide films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. A series of Fe(Si1-xGex)2 thin films (2000 -- 8000å) with a nominal Ge concentration of up to x = 0.04 have been grown. X-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> near edge structure (XANES) and extended x-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> fine structure (EXAFS) measurements have been performed on the films. The nearest neighbor co-ordination corresponding to the β-FeSi2 phase of iron silicide provides the best fit with the EXAFS data. Temperature dependent (20 < T < 350 K) magneto <span class="hlt">transport</span> measurements were done on the Fe(Si1-xGex)2 thin films via Van Der Paw (VDP) Hall configuration using a 0.5-1T magnetic field and a current of 10-200 μA through indium ohmic contacts, the Hall coefficient was calculated. Results suggest semiconducting behavior of the films which is consistent with the EXAFS results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23405059','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23405059"><span>ETMB-RBF: discrimination of metal-binding sites in <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transporters</span> based on RBF networks with PSSM profiles and significant amino acid pairs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ou, Yu-Yen; Chen, Shu-An; Wu, Sheng-Cheng</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Cellular respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose and is a very important biological process in living cell. As cells do cellular respiration, they need a pathway to store and <span class="hlt">transport</span> <span class="hlt">electrons</span>, the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain. The function of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain is to produce a trans-membrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of oxidation-reduction reactions. In these oxidation-reduction reactions in <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chains, metal ions play very important role as <span class="hlt">electron</span> donor and acceptor. For example, Fe ions are in complex I and complex II, and Cu ions are in complex IV. Therefore, to identify metal-binding sites in <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transporters</span> is an important issue in helping biologists better understand the workings of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain. We propose a method based on Position Specific Scoring Matrix (PSSM) profiles and significant amino acid pairs to identify metal-binding residues in <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins. We have selected a non-redundant set of 55 metal-binding <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins as our dataset. The proposed method can predict metal-binding sites in <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins with an average 10-fold cross-validation accuracy of 93.2% and 93.1% for metal-binding cysteine and histidine, respectively. Compared with the general metal-binding predictor from A. Passerini et al., the proposed method can improve over 9% of sensitivity, and 14% specificity on the independent dataset in identifying metal-binding cysteines. The proposed method can also improve almost 76% sensitivity with same specificity in metal-binding histidine, and MCC is also improved from 0.28 to 0.88. We have developed a novel approach based on PSSM profiles and significant amino acid pairs for identifying metal-binding sites from <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins. The proposed approach achieved a significant improvement with independent test set of metal-binding <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3566168','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3566168"><span>ETMB-RBF: Discrimination of Metal-Binding Sites in <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transporters</span> Based on RBF Networks with PSSM Profiles and Significant Amino Acid Pairs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ou, Yu-Yen; Chen, Shu-An; Wu, Sheng-Cheng</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background Cellular respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose and is a very important biological process in living cell. As cells do cellular respiration, they need a pathway to store and <span class="hlt">transport</span> <span class="hlt">electrons</span>, the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain. The function of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain is to produce a trans-membrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of oxidation–reduction reactions. In these oxidation–reduction reactions in <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chains, metal ions play very important role as <span class="hlt">electron</span> donor and acceptor. For example, Fe ions are in complex I and complex II, and Cu ions are in complex IV. Therefore, to identify metal-binding sites in <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transporters</span> is an important issue in helping biologists better understand the workings of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain. Methods We propose a method based on Position Specific Scoring Matrix (PSSM) profiles and significant amino acid pairs to identify metal-binding residues in <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins. Results We have selected a non-redundant set of 55 metal-binding <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins as our dataset. The proposed method can predict metal-binding sites in <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins with an average 10-fold cross-validation accuracy of 93.2% and 93.1% for metal-binding cysteine and histidine, respectively. Compared with the general metal-binding predictor from A. Passerini et al., the proposed method can improve over 9% of sensitivity, and 14% specificity on the independent dataset in identifying metal-binding cysteines. The proposed method can also improve almost 76% sensitivity with same specificity in metal-binding histidine, and MCC is also improved from 0.28 to 0.88. Conclusions We have developed a novel approach based on PSSM profiles and significant amino acid pairs for identifying metal-binding sites from <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins. The proposed approach achieved a significant improvement with independent test set of metal-binding <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27098939','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27098939"><span>Nanoscale <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> at the surface of a topological insulator.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bauer, Sebastian; Bobisch, Christian A</p> <p>2016-04-21</p> <p>The use of three-dimensional topological insulators for disruptive technologies critically depends on the dissipationless <span class="hlt">transport</span> of <span class="hlt">electrons</span> at the surface, because of the suppression of backscattering at defects. However, in real devices, defects are unavoidable and scattering at angles other than 180° is allowed for such materials. Until now, this has been studied indirectly by bulk measurements and by the analysis of the local density of states in close vicinity to defect sites. Here, we directly measure the nanoscale voltage drop caused by the scattering at step edges, which occurs if a lateral current flows along a three-dimensional topological insulator. The experiments were performed using scanning tunnelling potentiometry for thin Bi2Se3 films. So far, the observed voltage drops are small because of large contributions of the bulk to the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>. However, for the use of ideal topological insulating thin films in devices, these contributions would play a significant role.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...711381B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...711381B"><span>Nanoscale <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> at the surface of a topological insulator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bauer, Sebastian; Bobisch, Christian A.</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The use of three-dimensional topological insulators for disruptive technologies critically depends on the dissipationless <span class="hlt">transport</span> of <span class="hlt">electrons</span> at the surface, because of the suppression of backscattering at defects. However, in real devices, defects are unavoidable and scattering at angles other than 180° is allowed for such materials. Until now, this has been studied indirectly by bulk measurements and by the analysis of the local density of states in close vicinity to defect sites. Here, we directly measure the nanoscale voltage drop caused by the scattering at step edges, which occurs if a lateral current flows along a three-dimensional topological insulator. The experiments were performed using scanning tunnelling potentiometry for thin Bi2Se3 films. So far, the observed voltage drops are small because of large contributions of the bulk to the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>. However, for the use of ideal topological insulating thin films in devices, these contributions would play a significant role.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27610871','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27610871"><span>Micrometer-Scale Ballistic <span class="hlt">Transport</span> of <span class="hlt">Electron</span> Pairs in LaAlO_{3}/SrTiO_{3} Nanowires.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tomczyk, Michelle; Cheng, Guanglei; Lee, Hyungwoo; Lu, Shicheng; Annadi, Anil; Veazey, Joshua P; Huang, Mengchen; Irvin, Patrick; Ryu, Sangwoo; Eom, Chang-Beom; Levy, Jeremy</p> <p>2016-08-26</p> <p>High-mobility complex-oxide heterostructures and nanostructures offer new opportunities for extending the paradigm of quantum <span class="hlt">transport</span> beyond the realm of traditional III-V or carbon-based materials. Recent quantum <span class="hlt">transport</span> investigations with LaAlO_{3}/SrTiO_{3}-based quantum dots reveal the existence of a strongly correlated phase in which <span class="hlt">electrons</span> form spin-singlet pairs without becoming superconducting. Here, we report evidence for the micrometer-scale ballistic <span class="hlt">transport</span> of <span class="hlt">electron</span> pairs in quasi-1D LaAlO_{3}/SrTiO_{3} nanowire cavities. In the paired phase, Fabry-Perot-like quantum interference is observed, in sync with conductance oscillations observed in the superconducting regime (at a zero magnetic field). Above a critical magnetic field B_{p}, the <span class="hlt">electron</span> pairs unbind and the conductance oscillations shift with the magnetic field. These experimental observations extend the regime of ballistic <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> to strongly correlated phases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27621456','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27621456"><span>Tuning <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> via hepta-alanine peptides junction by tryptophan doping.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Guo, Cunlan; Yu, Xi; Refaely-Abramson, Sivan; Sepunaru, Lior; Bendikov, Tatyana; Pecht, Israel; Kronik, Leeor; Vilan, Ayelet; Sheves, Mordechai; Cahen, David</p> <p>2016-09-27</p> <p>Charge migration for <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer via the polypeptide matrix of proteins is a key process in biological energy conversion and signaling systems. It is sensitive to the sequence of amino acids composing the protein and, therefore, offers a tool for chemical control of charge <span class="hlt">transport</span> across biomaterial-based devices. We designed a series of linear oligoalanine peptides with a single tryptophan substitution that acts as a "dopant," introducing an energy level closer to the electrodes' Fermi level than that of the alanine homopeptide. We investigated the solid-state <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> (ETp) across a self-assembled monolayer of these peptides between gold contacts. The single tryptophan "doping" markedly increased the conductance of the peptide chain, especially when its location in the sequence is close to the electrodes. Combining inelastic tunneling spectroscopy, UV photoelectron spectroscopy, <span class="hlt">electronic</span> structure calculations by advanced density-functional theory, and dc current-voltage analysis, the role of tryptophan in ETp is rationalized by charge tunneling across a heterogeneous energy barrier, via <span class="hlt">electronic</span> states of alanine and tryptophan, and by relatively efficient direct coupling of tryptophan to a Au electrode. These results reveal a controlled way of modulating the electrical properties of molecular junctions by tailor-made "building block" peptides.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3322810','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3322810"><span>Model-based Confirmation of Alternative Substrates of Mitochondrial <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> Chain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kleessen, Sabrina; Araújo, Wagner L.; Fernie, Alisdair R.; Nikoloski, Zoran</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Discrimination of metabolic models based on high throughput metabolomics data, reflecting various internal and external perturbations, is essential for identifying the components that contribute to the emerging behavior of metabolic processes. Here, we investigate 12 different models of the mitochondrial <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain (ETC) in Arabidopsis thaliana during dark-induced senescence in order to elucidate the alternative substrates to this metabolic pathway. Our findings demonstrate that the coupling of the proposed computational approach, based on dynamic flux balance analysis, with time-resolved metabolomics data results in model-based confirmations of the hypotheses that, during dark-induced senescence in Arabidopsis, (i) under conditions where the main substrate for the ETC are not fully available, isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase and 2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase are able to donate <span class="hlt">electrons</span> to the ETC, (ii) phytanoyl-CoA does not act even as an indirect substrate of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer flavoprotein/<span class="hlt">electron</span>-transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex, and (iii) the mitochondrial γ-aminobutyric acid <span class="hlt">transporter</span> has functional significance in maintaining mitochondrial metabolism. Our study provides a basic framework for future in silico studies of alternative pathways in mitochondrial metabolism under extended darkness whereby the role of its components can be computationally discriminated based on available molecular profile data. PMID:22334689</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22334689','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22334689"><span>Model-based confirmation of alternative substrates of mitochondrial <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kleessen, Sabrina; Araújo, Wagner L; Fernie, Alisdair R; Nikoloski, Zoran</p> <p>2012-03-30</p> <p>Discrimination of metabolic models based on high throughput metabolomics data, reflecting various internal and external perturbations, is essential for identifying the components that contribute to the emerging behavior of metabolic processes. Here, we investigate 12 different models of the mitochondrial <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain (ETC) in Arabidopsis thaliana during dark-induced senescence in order to elucidate the alternative substrates to this metabolic pathway. Our findings demonstrate that the coupling of the proposed computational approach, based on dynamic flux balance analysis, with time-resolved metabolomics data results in model-based confirmations of the hypotheses that, during dark-induced senescence in Arabidopsis, (i) under conditions where the main substrate for the ETC are not fully available, isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase and 2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase are able to donate <span class="hlt">electrons</span> to the ETC, (ii) phytanoyl-CoA does not act even as an indirect substrate of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> transfer flavoprotein/<span class="hlt">electron</span>-transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex, and (iii) the mitochondrial γ-aminobutyric acid <span class="hlt">transporter</span> has functional significance in maintaining mitochondrial metabolism. Our study provides a basic framework for future in silico studies of alternative pathways in mitochondrial metabolism under extended darkness whereby the role of its components can be computationally discriminated based on available molecular profile data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011HPR....31..367C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011HPR....31..367C"><span>Measuring the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of individual nano-objects under high pressures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Caillier, C.; Ayari, A.; Le Floch, S.; Féret, H.; Guiraud, G.; San-Miguel, A.</p> <p>2011-09-01</p> <p>We describe a setup to carry out <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> measurements under high pressures on individual nano-objects. It is based on a home-automated three-stage gas compressor working with argon or helium up to 1 GPa. The setup was successfully tested on contacted individual nanotubes, for which we evidence strong evolutions of the <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties. These evolutions are related to fundamental issues such as the modification of the nano-object contact resistance, the pressure-induced modification of the nano-object geometry or pressure-induced changes in the intrinsic <span class="hlt">electronic</span> properties of the nanosystem. A cryostat has also been adapted to the pressure cell, allowing combined pressure and temperature experiments down to 12 K.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10167E..1HS','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10167E..1HS"><span>Photo-<span class="hlt">electronic</span> current <span class="hlt">transport</span> in back-gated graphene transistor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Srivastava, Ashok; Chen, Xinlu; Pradhan, Aswini K.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>In this work, we have studied photo-<span class="hlt">electronic</span> current <span class="hlt">transport</span> in a back-gated graphene field-effect transistor. Under the light illumination, band bending at the metal/graphene interface develops a built-in potential which generates photonic current at varying back-gate biases. A typical MOSFET type back-gated transistor structure uses a monolayer graphene as the channel layer formed over the silicon dioxide/silicon substrate. It is shown that the photo-<span class="hlt">electronic</span> current consists of current contributions from photovoltaic, photo-thermoelectric and photo-bolometric effects. A maximum external responsivity close to 0.0009A/W is achieved at 30μW laser power source and 633nm wavelength.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1048799','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1048799"><span>Thermal <span class="hlt">Transport</span> in Diamond Films for <span class="hlt">Electronics</span> Thermal Management</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>AFRL-RY-WP-TR-2017-0219 THERMAL <span class="hlt">TRANSPORT</span> IN DIAMOND FILMS FOR <span class="hlt">ELECTRONICS</span> THERMAL MANAGEMENT Samuel Graham Georgia Institute of Technology MARCH...general public, including foreign nationals. Copies may be obtained from the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (http://www.dtic.mil...Signature// JOHN D. BLEVINS, Program Manager ROSS W. DETTMER, Chief Devices for Sensing Branch Devices for Sensing Branch Aerospace Components</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1953j0045Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1953j0045Y"><span>Role of interface states on <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in a-Si:H/nc-Si:H multilayer structures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yadav, Asha; Kumari, Juhi; Agarwal, Pratima</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>In this paper we report, I-V characteristic of a-Si:H/nc-Si:H multilayer structures in lateral as well as transverse direction. In lateral geometry, where the interfaces are parallel to the direction of <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>, residual photo conductivity (persistent photoconductivity) is observed after the light was turned off. On the other hand, in transverse geometry, where interfaces are along the direction of <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>, the space charge limited currents are affected and higher density of states is obtained. The PPC was more in the structures where numbers of such interface were more. These results have been understood in terms of the charge carriers trapped at the interface, which influence the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3660331','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3660331"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> of Manganese and Iron in a Mouse Model of Hemochromatosis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kim, Jonghan; Buckett, Peter D.; Wessling-Resnick, Marianne</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Hereditary hemochromatosis, an iron overload disease associated with excessive intestinal iron <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, is commonly caused by loss of HFE gene function. Both iron and manganese <span class="hlt">absorption</span> are regulated by iron status, but the relationships between the <span class="hlt">transport</span> pathways of these metals and how they are affected by HFE-associated hemochromatosis remain poorly understood. Loss of HFE function is known to alter the intestinal expression of DMT1 (divalent metal <span class="hlt">transporter</span>-1) and Fpn (ferroportin), <span class="hlt">transporters</span> that have been implicated in <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of both iron and manganese. Although the influence of HFE deficiency on dietary iron <span class="hlt">absorption</span> has been characterized, potential effects on manganese metabolism have yet to be explored. To investigate the role of HFE in manganese <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, we characterized the uptake and distribution of the metal in Hfe −/− knockout mice after intravenous, intragastric, and intranasal administration of 54Mn. These values were compared to intravenous and intragastric administration of 59Fe. Intestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of 59Fe was increased and clearance of injected 59Fe was also increased in Hfe−/− mice compared to controls. Hfe −/− mice displayed greater intestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of 54Mn compared to wild-type Hfe+/+ control mice. After intravenous injection, the distribution of 59Fe to heart and liver was greater in Hfe −/− mice but no remarkable differences were observed for 54Mn. Although olfactory <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of 54Mn into blood was unchanged in Hfe −/− mice, higher levels of intranasally-instilled 54Mn were associated with Hfe−/− brain compared to controls. These results show that manganese <span class="hlt">transport</span> and metabolism can be modified by HFE deficiency. PMID:23705020</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PhDT.......190L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PhDT.......190L"><span>Probing the <span class="hlt">Electronic</span> Structure of - and <span class="hlt">Electron</span>-Doped High-Temperature Superconductors with Photoemission and X-Ray <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Spectroscopies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lederman, Eli R.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">electronic</span> structures of hole- and <span class="hlt">electron</span> -doped high temperature superconductors have been probed using x-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and photoelectron emission spectroscopy (PES). These measurements have been performed on RBa_2Cu _3O_{rm 7-y} , La_{rm 2-x}Sr _{rm x}CuO _4 and Ln_{rm 2 -x}Ce_{rm x} CuO_{rm 4} for R = Y, Eu and Ln = Nd, Pr and Sm. The parameters x and y have been varied to include a range of hole and <span class="hlt">electron</span> carrier densities and the undoped parent compounds. Previous XANES and PES results have indicated that unoccupied states of O 2p character can be associated with the carriers in the materials RBa_2 Cu_3O_{ rm 7-y} and La_{ rm 2-x}Sr_{rm x}CuO_4 and that the density of holes increases with O and Sr content, respectively. Conduction was hole-based in all known high-T_{ rm c} cuprates until the recent discovery of superconductivity in Ln_{rm 2-x}Ce_{rm x} CuO_4. Hall coefficient measurements have suggested that the carriers in this system are <span class="hlt">electrons</span> added with Ce doping. It has been anticipated that these <span class="hlt">electron</span>-doped materials will provide an important test for models of high temperature superconductivity. PES measurements are presented that show significant Cu 3d character in the valence band of these <span class="hlt">electron</span>-based materials, but that the Cu^{2+} /Cu^{1+} ratio is unchanged by the level of Ce doping, indicating that doped <span class="hlt">electrons</span> are itinerant rather than highly correlated. Resonant photoemission from the valence band indicates the presence of unoccupied O 2p states, but these holes are less abundant than in the hole-doped materials. Measurements of XANES at the O 1s edge suggest that unoccupied states of O 2p character in the <span class="hlt">electron</span> -doped materials are not related to conduction in a simple way. The density of these holes is shown to decrease upon Ce doping and the process of reduction, despite the fact that both are necessary of superconductivity. Furthermore, whereas the O 2p holes are at E_{rm F} in the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123..993G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123..993G"><span>A Comparative Study of Spectral Auroral Intensity Predictions From Multiple <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grubbs, Guy; Michell, Robert; Samara, Marilia; Hampton, Donald; Hecht, James; Solomon, Stanley; Jahn, Jorg-Micha</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>It is important to routinely examine and update models used to predict auroral emissions resulting from precipitating <span class="hlt">electrons</span> in Earth's magnetotail. These models are commonly used to invert spectral auroral ground-based images to infer characteristics about incident <span class="hlt">electron</span> populations when in situ measurements are unavailable. In this work, we examine and compare auroral emission intensities predicted by three commonly used <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> models using varying <span class="hlt">electron</span> population characteristics. We then compare model predictions to same-volume in situ <span class="hlt">electron</span> measurements and ground-based imaging to qualitatively examine modeling prediction error. Initial comparisons showed differences in predictions by the GLobal airglOW (GLOW) model and the other <span class="hlt">transport</span> models examined. Chemical reaction rates and radiative rates in GLOW were updated using recent publications, and predictions showed better agreement with the other models and the same-volume data, stressing that these rates are important to consider when modeling auroral processes. Predictions by each model exhibit similar behavior for varying atmospheric constants, energies, and energy fluxes. Same-volume <span class="hlt">electron</span> data and images are highly correlated with predictions by each model, showing that these models can be used to accurately derive <span class="hlt">electron</span> characteristics and ionospheric parameters based solely on multispectral optical imaging data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..MARD51003A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..MARD51003A"><span>Effect of interfaces on <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of MoS2-Au Contacts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aminpour, Maral; Hapala, Prokop; Le, Duy; Jelinek, Pavel; Rahman, Talat S.; Rahman's Group Collaboration; Nanosurf Lab Collaboration</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>Single layer MoS2 is a promising material for future <span class="hlt">electronic</span> devices such as transistors since it has good <span class="hlt">transport</span> characteristics with mobility greater than 200 cm-1V-1s-1 and on-off current ratios up to 108. However, before MoS2 can become a mainstream <span class="hlt">electronic</span> material for the semiconductor industry, the design of low resistive metal-semiconductor junctions as contacts of the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> devices needs to be addressed and studied systematically. We have examined the effect of Au contacts on the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of single layer MoS2 using density functional theory in combination with the non-equilibrium Green's function method. The Schottky barrier between Au contact and MoS2, transmission spectra, and I-V curves will be reported and discussed as a function of MoS2 and Au interfaces of varying geometry. This work is supported in part by the US Department of Energy under grant DE-FG02-07ER15842.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22324341','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22324341"><span>Long-range <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> of ruthenium-centered multilayer films via a stepping-stone mechanism.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Terada, Kei-ichi; Nakamura, Hisao; Kanaizuka, Katsuhiko; Haga, Masa-aki; Asai, Yoshihiro; Ishida, Takao</p> <p>2012-03-27</p> <p>We studied <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> of Ru complex multilayer films, whose structure resembles redox-active complex films known in the literature to have long-range <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> abilities. Hydrogen bond formation in terms of pH control was used to induce spontaneous growth of a Ru complex multilayer. We made a cross-check between electrochemical measurements and I-V measurements using PEDOT:PSS to eliminate the risk of pinhole contributions to the mechanism and have found small β values of 0.012-0.021 Å(-1). Our Ru complex layers exhibit long-range <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> but with low conductance. On the basis of the results of our theoretical-experimental collaboration, we propose a modified tunneling mechanism named the "stepping-stone mechanism", where the alignment of site potentials forms a narrow band around E(F), making resonant tunneling possible. Our observations may support Tuccito et al.'s proposed mechanism. © 2012 American Chemical Society</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10924908','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10924908"><span>Control of the photosynthetic <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> by PQ diffusion microdomains in thylakoids of higher plants.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kirchhoff, H; Horstmann, S; Weis, E</p> <p>2000-07-20</p> <p>We investigate the role of plastoquinone (PQ) diffusion in the control of the photosynthetic <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>. A control analysis reveals an unexpected flux control of the whole chain <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> by photosystem (PS) II. The contribution of PSII to the flux control of whole chain <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> was high in stacked thylakoids (control coefficient, CJ(PSII) =0.85), but decreased after destacking (CJ(PSII)=0.25). From an '<span class="hlt">electron</span> storage' experiment, we conclude that in stacked thylakoids only about 50 to 60% of photoreducable PQ is involved in the light-saturated linear <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>. No redox equilibration throughout the membrane between fixed redox groups at PSII and cytochrome (cyt) bf complexes, and the diffusable carrier PQ is achieved. The data support the PQ diffusion microdomain concept by Lavergne et al. [J. Lavergne, J.-P. Bouchaud, P. Joliot, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1101 (1992) 13-22], but we come to different conclusions about size, structure and size distribution of domains. From an analysis of cyt b6 reduction, as a function of PSII inhibition, we conclude that in stacked thylakoids about 70% of PSII is located in small domains, where only 1 to 2 PSII share a local pool of a few PQ molecules. Thirty percent of PSII is located in larger domains. No small domains were found in destacked thylakoids. We present a structural model assuming a hierarchy of specific, strong and weak interactions between PSII core, light harvesting complexes (LHC) II and cyt bf. Peripheral LHCII's may serve to connect PSII-LHCII supercomplexes to a flexible protein network, by which small closed lipid diffusion compartments are formed. Within each domain, PQ moves rapidly and shuttles <span class="hlt">electrons</span> between PSII and cyt bf complexes in the close vicinity. At the same time, long range diffusion is slow. We conclude, that in high light, cyt bfcomplexes located in distant stromal lamellae (20 to 30%) are not involved in the linear <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhLA..382.1171M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhLA..382.1171M"><span>Band gap opening and optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> enhancement in graphene using ZnO nanocluster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Monshi, M. M.; Aghaei, S. M.; Calizo, I.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Electronic</span>, optical and <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of the graphene/ZnO heterostructure have been explored using first-principles density functional theory. The results show that Zn12O12 can open a band gap of 14.5 meV in graphene, increase its optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by 1.67 times covering the visible spectrum which extends to the infra-red (IR) range, and exhibits a slight non-linear I-V characteristic depending on the applied bias. These findings envisage that a graphene/Zn12O12 heterostructure can be appropriate for energy harvesting, photodetection, and photochemical devices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApPhL..82.3907K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApPhL..82.3907K"><span>Morphology and <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> of polycrystalline pentacene thin-film transistors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Knipp, D.; Street, R. A.; Völkel, A. R.</p> <p>2003-06-01</p> <p>Temperature-dependent measurements of thin-film transistors were performed to gain insight in the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> of polycrystalline pentacene. Devices were fabricated with plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited silicon nitride gate dielectrics. The influence of the dielectric roughness and the deposition temperature of the thermally evaporated pentacene films were studied. Although films on rougher gate dielectrics and films prepared at low deposition temperatures exhibit similar grain size, the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> properties are different. Increasing the dielectric roughness reduces the free carrier mobility, while low substrate temperature leads to more and deeper hole traps.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3374801','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3374801"><span>Artemisinin Inhibits Chloroplast <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> Activity: Mode of Action</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bharati, Adyasha; Kar, Monaranjan; Sabat, Surendra Chandra</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Artemisinin, a secondary metabolite produced in Artemisia plant species, besides having antimalarial properties is also phytotoxic. Although, the phytotoxic activity of the compound has been long recognized, no information is available on the mechanism of action of the compound on photosynthetic activity of the plant. In this report, we have evaluated the effect of artemisinin on photoelectron <span class="hlt">transport</span> activity of chloroplast thylakoid membrane. The inhibitory effect of the compound, under in vitro condition, was pronounced in loosely and fully coupled thylakoids; being strong in the former. The extent of inhibition was drastically reduced in the presence of uncouplers like ammonium chloride or gramicidin; a characteristic feature described for energy transfer inhibitors. The compound, on the other hand, when applied to plants (in vivo), behaved as a potent inhibitor of photosynthetic <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>. The major site of its action was identified to be the QB; the secondary quinone moiety of photosystemII complex. Analysis of photoreduction kinetics of para-benzoquinone and duroquinone suggest that the inhibition leads to formation of low pool of plastoquinol, which becomes limiting for <span class="hlt">electron</span> flow through photosystemI. Further it was ascertained that the in vivo inhibitory effect appeared as a consequence of the formation of an unidentified artemisinin-metabolite rather than by the interaction of the compound per se. The putative metabolite of artemisinin is highly reactive in instituting the inhibition of photosynthetic <span class="hlt">electron</span> flow eventually reducing the plant growth. PMID:22719995</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26444978','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26444978"><span>The proton-coupled oligopeptide <span class="hlt">transporter</span> 1 plays a major role in the intestinal permeability and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of 5-aminolevulinic acid.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xie, Yehua; Hu, Yongjun; Smith, David E</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has been widely used in photodynamic therapy and immunofluorescence of tumours. In the present study, the intestinal permeability and oral pharmacokinetics of 5-ALA were evaluated to probe the contribution of the proton-coupled oligopeptide <span class="hlt">transporter</span> 1 (PEPT1) to the oral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and systemic exposure of this substrate. In situ single-pass intestinal perfusions and in vivo oral pharmacokinetic studies were performed in wildtype and Pept1 knockout mice. Perfusion studies were performed as a function of concentration dependence, specificity and permeability of 5-ALA in different intestinal segments. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed after 0.2 and 2.0 μmoL·g(-1) doses of 5-ALA. The permeability of 5-ALA was substantial in duodenal, jejunal and ileal regions of wildtype mice, but the residual permeability of 5-ALA in the small intestine from Pept1 knockout mice was only about 10% of that in wildtype animals. The permeability of 5-ALA in jejunum was specific for PEPT1 with no apparent contribution of other <span class="hlt">transporters</span>, including the proton-coupled amino acid <span class="hlt">transporter</span> 1 (PAT1). After oral dosing, the systemic exposure of 5-ALA was reduced by about twofold during PEPT1 ablation, and the pharmacokinetics were dose-proportional after the 0.2 and 2.0 µmol·g(-1) doses. PEPT1 had a minor effect on the disposition and peripheral tissue distribution of 5-ALA. Our findings suggested a major role of PEPT1 in the intestinal permeability and oral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of 5-ALA. In contrast, another proton-coupled <span class="hlt">transporter</span>, PAT1, appeared to play a limited role, at best. © 2015 The British Pharmacological Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19805232','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19805232"><span>Hydrogen is a preferred intermediate in the energy-conserving <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain of Methanosarcina barkeri.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kulkarni, Gargi; Kridelbaugh, Donna M; Guss, Adam M; Metcalf, William W</p> <p>2009-09-15</p> <p>Methanogens use an unusual energy-conserving <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain that involves reduction of a limited number of <span class="hlt">electron</span> acceptors to methane gas. Previous biochemical studies suggested that the proton-pumping F(420)H(2) dehydrogenase (Fpo) plays a crucial role in this process during growth on methanol. However, Methanosarcina barkeri Delta fpo mutants constructed in this study display no measurable phenotype on this substrate, indicating that Fpo plays a minor role, if any. In contrast, Delta frh mutants lacking the cytoplasmic F(420)-reducing hydrogenase (Frh) are severely affected in their ability to grow and make methane from methanol, and double Delta fpo/Delta frh mutants are completely unable to use this substrate. These data suggest that the preferred <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain involves production of hydrogen gas in the cytoplasm, which then diffuses out of the cell, where it is reoxidized with transfer of <span class="hlt">electrons</span> into the energy-conserving <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain. This hydrogen-cycling metabolism leads directly to production of a proton motive force that can be used by the cell for ATP synthesis. Nevertheless, M. barkeri does have the flexibility to use the Fpo-dependent <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain when needed, as shown by the poor growth of the Delta frh mutant. Our data suggest that the rapid enzymatic turnover of hydrogenases may allow a competitive advantage via faster growth rates in this freshwater organism. The mutant analysis also confirms the proposed role of Frh in growth on hydrogen/carbon dioxide and suggests that either Frh or Fpo is needed for aceticlastic growth of M. barkeri.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......169H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......169H"><span>Nanoscale <span class="hlt">Electronic</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> Studies of Novel Strongly Correlated Materials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hardy, Will J.</p> <p></p> <p>Strongly correlated materials are those in which the <span class="hlt">electron-electron</span> and <span class="hlt">electron</span>-lattice interactions play pivotal roles in determining many aspects of observable physical behavior, including the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> and magnetic properties. In this thesis, I describe <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> studies of novel strongly correlated materials at the nanoscale. After introducing some basic concepts, briefly reviewing historical development of the field, and discussing the process of making measurements on small length scales, I detail experimental results from studies of four specific materials: two transition metal oxide systems, and two layered transition metal dichalcogenides with intercalated magnetic moments. The first system is a modified version of a classic strongly correlated material, vanadium dioxide (VO2), which here is doped with hydrogen to suppress its metal-insulator transition and stabilize a poorly metallic phase down to liquid helium temperatures. Doped VO2 nanowires, micron flakes, and thin films display magnetoresistance (MR) consistent with weak localization physics, along with mesoscopic resistance fluctuations over short distances, raising questions about how to model <span class="hlt">transport</span> in bad-metal correlated systems. A second transition metal oxide system is considered next: Quantum wells in SrTiO3 sandwiched between layers of SmTiO3, in which anomalous voltage fluctuation behavior is observed in etched nanostructures at low temperatures. After well-understood alternative origins are ruled out, an explanation is proposed involving a time-varying thermopower due to two-level fluctuations of etching-induced defects. Next, I shift to the topic of layered itinerant magnetic materials with intercalated moments, starting with Fe0.28TaS 2, a hard ferromagnet (FM) with strong spin-orbit coupling. Here, a surprisingly large MR of nearly 70% is observed, an especially striking feature given that the closely related compounds at Fe intercalation fractions of 1/4 or 1/3 have</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4257584','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4257584"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Substituted Aryldimesityl Boranes: A DFT Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Pandith, Altaf Hussain; Islam, Nasarul</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A comprehensive theoretical study was carried out on a series of aryldimesityl borane (DMB) derivatives using Density Functional theory. Optimized geometries and <span class="hlt">electronic</span> parameters like <span class="hlt">electron</span> affinity, reorganization energy, frontiers molecular contours, polarizability and hyperpolarizability have been calculated by employing B3PW91/6-311++G (d, p) level of theory. Our results show that the Hammett function and geometrical parameters correlates well with the reorganization energies and hyperpolarizability for the series of DMB derivatives studied in this work. The orbital energy study reveals that the <span class="hlt">electron</span> releasing substituents increase the LUMO energies and <span class="hlt">electron</span> withdrawing substituents decrease the LUMO energies, reflecting the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> character of aryldimesityl borane derivatives. From frontier molecular orbitals diagram it is evident that mesityl rings act as the donor, while the phenylene and Boron atom appear as acceptors in these systems. The calculated hyperpolarizability of secondary amine derivative of DMB is 40 times higher than DMB (1). The <span class="hlt">electronic</span> excitation contributions to the hyperpolarizability studied by using TDDFT calculation shows that hyperpolarizability correlates well with dipole moment in ground and excited state and excitation energy in terms of the two-level model. Thus the results of these calculations can be helpful in designing the DMB derivatives for efficient <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and nonlinear optical material by appropriate substitution with <span class="hlt">electron</span> releasing or withdrawing substituents on phenyl ring of DMB system. PMID:25479382</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28643394','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28643394"><span>Incorporating deep learning with convolutional neural networks and position specific scoring matrices for identifying <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Le, Nguyen-Quoc-Khanh; Ho, Quang-Thai; Ou, Yu-Yen</p> <p>2017-09-05</p> <p>In several years, deep learning is a modern machine learning technique using in a variety of fields with state-of-the-art performance. Therefore, utilization of deep learning to enhance performance is also an important solution for current bioinformatics field. In this study, we try to use deep learning via convolutional neural networks and position specific scoring matrices to identify <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins, which is an important molecular function in transmembrane proteins. Our deep learning method can approach a precise model for identifying of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins with achieved sensitivity of 80.3%, specificity of 94.4%, and accuracy of 92.3%, with MCC of 0.71 for independent dataset. The proposed technique can serve as a powerful tool for identifying <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins and can help biologists understand the function of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> proteins. Moreover, this study provides a basis for further research that can enrich a field of applying deep learning in bioinformatics. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990071231','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990071231"><span>Inner Magnetospheric Superthermal <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span>: Photoelectron and Plasma Sheet <span class="hlt">Electron</span> Sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Khazanov, G. V.; Liemohn, M. W.; Kozyra, J. U.; Moore, T. E.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Two time-dependent kinetic models of superthermal <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> are combined to conduct global calculations of the nonthermal <span class="hlt">electron</span> distribution function throughout the inner magnetosphere. It is shown that the energy range of validity for this combined model extends down to the superthermal-thermal intersection at a few eV, allowing for the calculation of the en- tire distribution function and thus an accurate heating rate to the thermal plasma. Because of the linearity of the formulas, the source terms are separated to calculate the distributions from the various populations, namely photoelectrons (PEs) and plasma sheet <span class="hlt">electrons</span> (PSEs). These distributions are discussed in detail, examining the processes responsible for their formation in the various regions of the inner magnetosphere. It is shown that convection, corotation, and Coulomb collisions are the dominant processes in the formation of the PE distribution function and that PSEs are dominated by the interplay between the drift terms. Of note is that the PEs propagate around the nightside in a narrow channel at the edge of the plasmasphere as Coulomb collisions reduce the fluxes inside of this and convection compresses the flux tubes inward. These distributions are then recombined to show the development of the total superthermal <span class="hlt">electron</span> distribution function in the inner magnetosphere and their influence on the thermal plasma. PEs usually dominate the dayside heating, with integral energy fluxes to the ionosphere reaching 10(exp 10) eV/sq cm/s in the plasmasphere, while heating from the PSEs typically does not exceed 10(exp 8) eV/sq cm/s. On the nightside, the inner plasmasphere is usually unheated by superthermal <span class="hlt">electrons</span>. A feature of these combined spectra is that the distribution often has upward slopes with energy, particularly at the crossover from PE to PSE dominance, indicating that instabilities are possible.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26506109','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26506109"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> and Possible Superconductivity at Van Hove Singularities in Carbon Nanotubes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yang, Y; Fedorov, G; Shafranjuk, S E; Klapwijk, T M; Cooper, B K; Lewis, R M; Lobb, C J; Barbara, P</p> <p>2015-12-09</p> <p>Van Hove singularities (VHSs) are a hallmark of reduced dimensionality, leading to a divergent density of states in one and two dimensions and predictions of new <span class="hlt">electronic</span> properties when the Fermi energy is close to these divergences. In carbon nanotubes, VHSs mark the onset of new subbands. They are elusive in standard <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> characterization measurements because they do not typically appear as notable features and therefore their effect on the nanotube conductance is largely unexplored. Here we report conductance measurements of carbon nanotubes where VHSs are clearly revealed by interference patterns of the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> wave functions, showing both a sharp increase of quantum capacitance, and a sharp reduction of energy level spacing, consistent with an upsurge of density of states. At VHSs, we also measure an anomalous increase of conductance below a temperature of about 30 K. We argue that this <span class="hlt">transport</span> feature is consistent with the formation of Cooper pairs in the nanotube.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0282258','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0282258"><span>BASIC STUDIES IN PERCUTANEOUS <span class="hlt">ABSORPTION</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>FATTY ACIDS, *SKIN(ANATOMY), <span class="hlt">ABSORPTION</span>, ALKYL RADICALS, AMIDES, DIFFUSION, <span class="hlt">ELECTRON</span> MICROSCOPY, HUMIDITY, LABORATORY ANIMALS, LIPIDS, ORGANIC SOLVENTS, PENETRATION, PRIVATION, PROTEINS, RATS, TEMPERATURE, WATER</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3797585','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3797585"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> transitions and heterogeneity of the bacteriophytochrome Pr <span class="hlt">absorption</span> band: An angle balanced polarization resolved femtosecond VIS pump–IR probe study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Linke, Martin; Yang, Yang; Zienicke, Benjamin; Hammam, Mostafa A.S.; von Haimberger, Theodore; Zacarias, Angelica; Inomata, Katsuhiko; Lamparter, Tilman; Heyne, Karsten</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Photoisomerization of biliverdin (BV) chromophore triggers the photoresponse in native Agp1 bacteriophytochrome. We discuss heterogeneity in phytochrome Pr form to account for the shape of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> profile. We investigated different regions of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> profile by angle balanced polarization resolved femtosecond VIS pump–IR probe spectroscopy. We studied the Pr form of Agp1 with its natural chromophore and with a sterically locked 18Et-BV (locked Agp1). We followed the dynamics and orientations of the carbonyl stretching vibrations of ring D and ring A in their ground and <span class="hlt">electronically</span> excited states. Photoisomerization of ring D is reflected by strong signals of the ring D carbonyl vibration. In contrast, orientational data on ring A show no rotation of ring A upon photoexcitation. Orientational data allow excluding a ZZZasa geometry and corroborates a nontwisted ZZZssa geometry of the chromophore. We found no proof for heterogeneity but identified a new, to our knowledge, <span class="hlt">electronic</span> transition in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> profile at 644 nm (S0→S2). Excitation of the S0→S2 transition will introduce a more complex photodynamics compared with S0→S1 transition. Our approach provides fundamental information on disentanglement of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> profiles, identification of chromophore structures, and determination of molecular groups involved in the photoisomerization process of photoreceptors. PMID:24138851</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JPhD...39.4304S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JPhD...39.4304S"><span>Magnetic, <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and magneto-<span class="hlt">transport</span> behaviours of (Co1-xMnx)2P compounds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sun, N. K.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Li, Y. B.; Li, D.; Li, W. F.; Liu, W.; Zhao, X. G.; Zhang, Z. D.</p> <p>2006-10-01</p> <p>Magnetic, <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and magneto-<span class="hlt">transport</span> behaviours of (Co1-xMnx)2P (0.55 <= x <= 0.675) compounds have been systematically investigated. A typical metallic-conductivity behaviour is observed in the ferromagnetic compound (Co0.45Mn0.55)2P. The increase in the Mn concentration gives rise to dramatic changes in magnetic, <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and magneto-<span class="hlt">transport</span> behaviours. With increasing temperature, a first-order phase transition from antiferromagnetism to ferromagnetism takes place at about 145 K, 185 K and 240 K for x = 0.60, 0.625 and 0.65, respectively. (Co0.4Mn0.6)2P and (Co0.375Mn0.625)2P compounds experience a metal-insulator transition (Anderson transition) with decreasing temperature. An external magnetic field of 5 T strongly influences the Anderson transition, lowering the transition temperature from 80 to 55 K for (Co0.4Mn0.6)2P and from 115 to 70 K for (Co0.375Mn0.625)2P. In contrast with this metal-insulator transition, an insulating behaviour appears in the temperature range from 10 to 300 K for (Co0.35Mn0.65)2P and (Co0.325Mn0.675)2P compounds. Below the antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic transition temperature TAF-F, a metamagnetic transition can be induced by an external magnetic field. The metamagnetic transition is accompanied by a maximum magnetoresistance ratio of -7%, -6.3% or -3.7% at 5 T in the (Co0.4Mn0.6)2P, (Co0.375Mn0.625)2P or (Co0.35Mn0.65)2P compound at 10 K. The mechanisms of magnetoresistive behaviours are discussed in terms of the formation of a super-zone gap in the antiferromagnetic state.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28594455','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28594455"><span>Broadband Light <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> and Efficient Charge Separation Using a Light Scattering Layer with Mixed Cavities for High-Performance Perovskite Photovoltaic Cells with Stability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Moon, Byeong Cheul; Park, Jung Hyo; Lee, Dong Ki; Tsvetkov, Nikolai; Ock, Ilwoo; Choi, Kyung Min; Kang, Jeung Ku</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 is one of the promising light sensitizers for perovskite photovoltaic cells, but a thick layer is required to enhance light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the long-wavelength regime ranging from PbI 2 <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge (500 nm) to its optical band-gap edge (780 nm) in visible light. Meanwhile, the thick perovskite layer suppresses visible-light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the short wavelengths below 500 nm and charge extraction capability of <span class="hlt">electron</span>-hole pairs produced upon light <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Herein, we find that a new light scattering layer with the mixed cavities of sizes in 100 and 200 nm between transparent fluorine-doped tin oxide and mesoporous titanium dioxide <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> layer enables full <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of short-wavelength photons (λ < 500 nm) to the perovskite along with enhanced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of long-wavelength photons (500 nm < λ < 780 nm). Moreover, the light-driven electric field is proven to allow efficient charge extraction upon light <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, thereby leading to the increased photocurrent density as well as the fill factor prompted by the slow recombination rate. Additionally, the photocurrent density of the cell with a light scattering layer of mixed cavities is stabilized due to suppressed charge accumulation. Consequently, this work provides a new route to realize broadband light harvesting of visible light for high-performance perovskite photovoltaic cells. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRA..115.7303T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRA..115.7303T"><span>Variance of transionospheric VLF wave power <span class="hlt">absorption</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tao, X.; Bortnik, J.; Friedrich, M.</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>To investigate the effects of D-region <span class="hlt">electron</span>-density variance on wave power <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, we calculate the power reduction of very low frequency (VLF) waves propagating through the ionosphere with a full wave method using the standard ionospheric model IRI and in situ observational data. We first verify the classic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> curves of Helliwell's using our full wave code. Then we show that the IRI model gives overall smaller wave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> compared with Helliwell's. Using D-region <span class="hlt">electron</span> densities measured by rockets during the past 60 years, we demonstrate that the power <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of VLF waves is subject to large variance, even though Helliwell's <span class="hlt">absorption</span> curves are within ±1 standard deviation of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> values calculated from data. Finally, we use a subset of the rocket data that are more representative of the D region of middle- and low-latitude VLF wave transmitters and show that the average quiet time wave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is smaller than that of Helliwell's by up to 100 dB at 20 kHz and 60 dB at 2 kHz, which would make the model-observation discrepancy shown by previous work even larger. This result suggests that additional processes may be needed to explain the discrepancy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptCo.413...73C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptCo.413...73C"><span>Tunable electromagnetically induced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> based on graphene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cao, Maoyong; Wang, Tongling; Zhang, Huiyun; Zhang, Yuping</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>In this paper, an <span class="hlt">electronically</span> induced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (EIA) structure based on graphene at the infrared frequency is proposed. A pair of nanorods is coupled to a ring resonator, resulting in <span class="hlt">electronically</span> induced transparency (EIT), and then, Babinet's principle is applied to transform the EIT structure into an EIA structure. Based on the bright and dark modes of the coupling schemes, the adjustment of the coupling strength between the dark and bright modes can be achieved by changing the asymmetry degree. In addition, the transparency window and the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peak can be tuned by changing the Fermi energy of graphene. This graphene-based EIA structure can develop the path in narrow-band filtering and, <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> switching in the future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JApSp..81..161A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JApSp..81..161A"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> Structure and <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Spectra of Sodium 2-Hydroxy-5-({2-Methoxy-4[(4-Sulfophenyl)Diazenyl]Phenyl}Diazenyl)Benzoate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Almodarresiyeh, H. A.; Shahab, S. N.; Zelenkovsky, V. M.; Agabekov, V. E.</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">electronic</span> structure and geometry of the synthesized azodye sodium 2-hydroxy-5-({2-methoxy-4[(4-sulfophenyl) diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzoate (M12) were calculated theoretically by an ab initio Hartree-Fock method in basis set 6-31G. The nature of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bands in the visible and near-UV spectral regions was interpreted.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM52A..09M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM52A..09M"><span>Diffusive <span class="hlt">transport</span> of several hundred keV <span class="hlt">electrons</span> in the Earth's slot region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ma, Q.; Li, W.; Thorne, R. M.; Bortnik, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We investigate the gradual diffusion of energetic <span class="hlt">electrons</span> from the inner edge of the outer radiation belt into the slot region. The Van Allen Probes observed slow inward diffusion and decay of 200-600 keV <span class="hlt">electrons</span> following the intense geomagnetic storm that occurred on 17 March 2013. During the 10-day non-disturbed period following the storm, the peak of <span class="hlt">electron</span> fluxes gradually moved from L 2.7 to L 2.4, and the flux levels decreased by a factor of 2-4 depending on the <span class="hlt">electron</span> energy. We simulated the radial intrusion and decay of <span class="hlt">electrons</span> using a 3-dimentional diffusion code, which reproduced the energy-dependent <span class="hlt">transport</span> of <span class="hlt">electrons</span> from 100 keV to 1 MeV in the slot region. At energies of 100-200 keV, the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> experience fast <span class="hlt">transport</span> across the slot region due to the dominance of radial diffusion; at energies of 200-600 keV, the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> gradually diffuse and decay in the slot region due to the comparable radial diffusion rate and pitch angle scattering rate by plasmaspheric hiss; at energies of E > 700 keV, the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> stopped diffusing near the inner edge of outer radiation belt due to the dominant pitch angle scattering loss. In addition to plasmaspheric hiss, magnetosonic waves and VLF waves can cause the loss of high pitch angle <span class="hlt">electrons</span>, relaxing the sharp `top-hat' shaped pitch angle distributions created by plasmaspheric hiss. Our simulation indicates the importance of radial diffusion and pitch angle scattering in forming the diffusive intrusion of energetic <span class="hlt">electrons</span> across the slot region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1858650','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1858650"><span>Differentiation between <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> sensing and proton motive force sensing by the Aer and Tsr receptors for aerotaxis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Edwards, Jessica C.; Johnson, Mark S.; Taylor, Barry L.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>SUMMARY Aerotaxis (oxygen-seeking) behavior in Escherichia coli is a response to changes in the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> system and not oxygen per se. Because changes in proton motive force (PMF) are coupled to respiratory <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>, it is difficult to differentiate between PMF, <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> or redox, all primary candidates for the signal sensed by the aerotaxis receptors, Aer and Tsr. We constructed <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> mutants that produced different respiratory H+/e- stoichiometries. These strains expressed binary combinations of one NADH dehydrogenase and one quinol oxidase. We then introduced either an aer or tsr mutation into each mutant to create two sets of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> mutants. In vivo H+/e- ratios for strains grown in glycerol medium ranged from 1.46 ± 0.18 to 3.04 ± 0.47, but rates of respiration and growth were similar. The PMF jump in response to oxygen was proportional to the H+/e- ratio in each set of mutants (r2 = 0.986 to 0.996). The length of Tsr-mediated aerotaxis responses increased with the PMF jump (r2 = 0.988), but Aer-mediated responses did not correlate with either PMF changes (r2 = 0.297) or the rate of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> (r2 = 0.066). Aer-mediated responses were linked to NADH dehydrogenase I, although there was no absolute requirement. The data indicate that Tsr responds to changes in PMF, but strong Aer responses to oxygen are associated with redox changes in NADH dehydrogenase I PMID:16995896</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SSCom.252...46R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SSCom.252...46R"><span>Enhancing and optimizing <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in biphenyl derivative single-molecule junctions attached to carbon nanotubes electrodes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Reis-Silva, J. C.; Ferreira, D. F. S.; Leal, J. F. P.; Pinheiro, F. A.; Del Nero, J.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>We investigate, by means of ab initio calculations based on non-equilibrium Green's function method coupled to density function theory, <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in molecular junctions composed of biphenyl (BP) and biphenyl within (-2H+) defect (BP2D) molecules attached to metallic (9,0) carbon nanotubes. We demonstrate that the BP2D junction exhibits unprecedented <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties, and that its conductance can be up to three orders of magnitude higher than biphenyl single-molecule junctions. These findings are explained in terms of the non-planar molecular conformation of BP2D, and of the stronger <span class="hlt">electronic</span> coupling between the BP2D molecule and the organic electrodes, which confers high stability to the junction. Our results suggest that BP2D attached to carbon nanotubes can be explored as an efficient and highly stable platform in single-molecule <span class="hlt">electronics</span> with extraordinary <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5239486','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5239486"><span>Biguanides sensitize leukemia cells to ABT-737-induced apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Velez, Juliana; Pan, Rongqing; Lee, Jason T.C.; Enciso, Leonardo; Suarez, Marta; Duque, Jorge Eduardo; Jaramillo, Daniel; Lopez, Catalina; Morales, Ludis; Bornmann, William; Konopleva, Marina; Krystal, Gerald; Andreeff, Michael; Samudio, Ismael</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Metformin displays antileukemic effects partly due to activation of AMPK and subsequent inhibition of mTOR signaling. Nevertheless, Metformin also inhibits mitochondrial <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> at complex I in an AMPK-independent manner, Here we report that Metformin and rotenone inhibit mitochondrial <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and increase triglyceride levels in leukemia cell lines, suggesting impairment of fatty acid oxidation (FAO). We also report that, like other FAO inhibitors, both agents and the related biguanide, Phenformin, increase sensitivity to apoptosis induction by the bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737 supporting the notion that <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> antagonizes activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in leukemia cells. Both biguanides and rotenone induce superoxide generation in leukemia cells, indicating that oxidative damage may sensitize toABT-737 induced apoptosis. In addition, we demonstrate that Metformin sensitizes leukemia cells to the oligomerization of Bak, suggesting that the observed synergy with ABT-737 is mediated, at least in part, by enhanced outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Notably, Phenformin was at least 10-fold more potent than Metformin in abrogating <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and increasing sensitivity to ABT-737, suggesting that this agent may be better suited for targeting hematological malignancies. Taken together, our results suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism by Metformin or Phenformin is associated with increased leukemia cell susceptibility to induction of intrinsic apoptosis, and provide a rationale for clinical studies exploring the efficacy of combining biguanides with the orally bioavailable derivative of ABT-737, Venetoclax. PMID:27283492</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27283492','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27283492"><span>Biguanides sensitize leukemia cells to ABT-737-induced apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Velez, Juliana; Pan, Rongqing; Lee, Jason T C; Enciso, Leonardo; Suarez, Marta; Duque, Jorge Eduardo; Jaramillo, Daniel; Lopez, Catalina; Morales, Ludis; Bornmann, William; Konopleva, Marina; Krystal, Gerald; Andreeff, Michael; Samudio, Ismael</p> <p>2016-08-09</p> <p>Metformin displays antileukemic effects partly due to activation of AMPK and subsequent inhibition of mTOR signaling. Nevertheless, Metformin also inhibits mitochondrial <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> at complex I in an AMPK-independent manner, Here we report that Metformin and rotenone inhibit mitochondrial <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and increase triglyceride levels in leukemia cell lines, suggesting impairment of fatty acid oxidation (FAO). We also report that, like other FAO inhibitors, both agents and the related biguanide, Phenformin, increase sensitivity to apoptosis induction by the bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737 supporting the notion that <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> antagonizes activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in leukemia cells. Both biguanides and rotenone induce superoxide generation in leukemia cells, indicating that oxidative damage may sensitize toABT-737 induced apoptosis. In addition, we demonstrate that Metformin sensitizes leukemia cells to the oligomerization of Bak, suggesting that the observed synergy with ABT-737 is mediated, at least in part, by enhanced outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Notably, Phenformin was at least 10-fold more potent than Metformin in abrogating <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and increasing sensitivity to ABT-737, suggesting that this agent may be better suited for targeting hematological malignancies. Taken together, our results suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism by Metformin or Phenformin is associated with increased leukemia cell susceptibility to induction of intrinsic apoptosis, and provide a rationale for clinical studies exploring the efficacy of combining biguanides with the orally bioavailable derivative of ABT-737, Venetoclax.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1942n0039T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1942n0039T"><span>Moss-Burstein shift in La-doped BaSnO3; A novel <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> layer material for hybrid halide perovskite solar cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Taya, Ankur; Rani, Priti; Kashyap, Manish K.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Highly efficient hybrid (organic-inorganic) halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) employ TiO2 as <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> layer (ETL) but it impedes the device stability under solar illumination. Therefore, there is an imperative need to study the materials that can be the ideal replacement for TiO2 as ETL. With its growth at mild conditions recently by Shin et al. [Science, 356, 167 (2017)], La-doped BaSnO3 (LBSO) emerges out as an efficient candidate for ETL in PSCs. In this direction, we represent first-principles <span class="hlt">electronic</span> properties and optical response of pristine and La-doped BaSnO3 using full potential linear augmented plane wave (FPLAPW) method within time efficient orbital independent modified Becke Johnson (mBJ) approach. Post La-doping, Moss-Burtsein shift is observed in BaSnO3 that establishes it as an excellent n-type transparent conducting oxide. The optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of LBSO has been analyzed to prove almost full transmittivity for energy ≤ 4eV which affirms LBSO as an ideal material for ETL in various PSCs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MsT.........22T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MsT.........22T"><span>Numerical Study of Current Driven Instabilities and Anomalous <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> in Hall-effect Thrusters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tran, Jonathan</p> <p></p> <p>Plasma turbulence and the resulting anomalous <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> due to azimuthal current driven instabilities in Hall-effect thrusters is a promising candidate for developing predictive models for the observed anomalous <span class="hlt">transport</span>. A theory for anomalous <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and current driven instabilities has been recently studied by [Lafluer et al., 2016a]. Due to the extreme cost of fully resolving the Debye length and plasma frequency, hybrid plasma simulations utilizing kinetic ions and quasi-steady state fluid <span class="hlt">electrons</span> have long been the principle workhorse methodology for Hall-effect thruster modeling. Using a reduced dimension particle in cell simulation implemented in the Thermophysics Universal Research Framework developed by the Air Force Research Lab, we show collective <span class="hlt">electron</span>-wave scattering due to large amplitude azimuthal fluctuations of the electric field and the plasma density. These high-frequency and short wavelength fluctuations can lead to an effective cross-field mobility many orders of magnitude larger than what is expected from classical <span class="hlt">electron</span>-neutral momentum collisions in the low neutral density regime. We further adapt the previous study by [Lampe et al., 1971] and [Stringer, 1964] for related current driven instabilities to electric propulsion relevant mass ratios and conditions. Finally, we conduct a preliminary study of resolving this instability with a modified hybrid simulation with the hope of integration with established hybrid Hall-effect thruster simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3798507','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3798507"><span>Lipid <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Defects in Intestine-specific Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein and ATP-binding Cassette <span class="hlt">Transporter</span> A1-deficient Mice*</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Iqbal, Jahangir; Parks, John S.; Hussain, M. Mahmood</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>We have previously described apolipoprotein B (apoB)-dependent and -independent cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> pathways and the role of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and ATP-binding cassette <span class="hlt">transporter</span> A1 (ABCA1) in these pathways. To assess the contribution of these pathways to cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and to determine whether there are other pathways, we generated mice that lack MTP and ABCA1, individually and in combination, in the intestine. Intestinal deletions of Mttp and Abca1 decreased plasma cholesterol concentrations by 45 and 24%, respectively, whereas their combined deletion reduced it by 59%. Acute cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was reduced by 28% in the absence of ABCA1, and it was reduced by 92–95% when MTP was deleted in the intestine alone or together with ABCA1. MTP deficiency significantly reduced triglyceride <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, although ABCA1 deficiency had no effect. ABCA1 deficiency did not affect cellular lipids, but Mttp deficiency significantly increased intestinal levels of triglycerides and free fatty acids. Accumulation of intestinal free fatty acids, but not triglycerides, in Mttp-deficient intestines was prevented when mice were also deficient in intestinal ABCA1. Combined deficiency of these genes increased intestinal fatty acid oxidation as a consequence of increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α (CPT1α). These studies show that intestinal MTP and ABCA1 are critical for lipid <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and are the main determinants of plasma and intestinal lipid levels. Reducing their activities might lower plasma lipid concentrations. PMID:24019513</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16917073','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16917073"><span>Epithelial organic cation <span class="hlt">transporters</span> ensure pH-dependent drug <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the airway.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Horvath, Gabor; Schmid, Nathalie; Fragoso, Miryam A; Schmid, Andreas; Conner, Gregory E; Salathe, Matthias; Wanner, Adam</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Most inhaled beta(2)-adrenergic agonist and anticholinergic bronchodilators have low lipid solubility because of their transient or permanent positive net charge at physiologic pH. Airway <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of these cationic drugs is incompletely understood. We examined carrier-mediated mechanisms of cationic drug uptake by human airway epithelia. Airway tissues and epithelial cells, obtained from lung donors without preexisting lung disease, were evaluated for organic cation <span class="hlt">transporter</span> expression by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. For in vitro functional studies on primary airway epithelial cells, uptake of the cationic fluorophore 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium (ASP+) was characterized. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated high mRNA levels for two polyspecific organic cation/carnitine <span class="hlt">transporters</span>, OCTN1 and OCTN2, in human airway epithelia. Immunofluorescence of human airway sections confirmed OCTN1/2 protein expression, with a predominant localization to the apical portion of epithelial cells. Primary airway epithelial cells showed a carrier-mediated, temperature-sensitive and saturable uptake of ASP(+). Seventy-five to eighty percent of ASP(+) uptake was inhibited by L-carnitine, an OCTN2-carried zwitterion. The uptake was pH dependent, with approximately 3-fold lower rates at acidic (pH 5.7) than at alkaline (pH 8.2) extracellular pH. Albuterol and formoterol inhibited ASP(+) uptake, suggesting that all these molecules are carried by the same <span class="hlt">transport</span> mechanism. These findings demonstrate the existence and functional role of a pH-dependent organic cation uptake machinery, namely OCTN1 and OCTN2, in human airway epithelia. We suggest that epithelial OCTN1/2 are involved in the delivery of inhaled cationic bronchodilators to the airway tissue.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150008464&hterms=discrete+charge+simulation&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddiscrete%2Bcharge%2Bsimulation','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150008464&hterms=discrete+charge+simulation&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddiscrete%2Bcharge%2Bsimulation"><span>Hall-Effect Thruster Simulations with 2-D <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> and Hydrodynamic Ions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mikellides, Ioannis G.; Katz, Ira; Hofer, Richard H.; Goebel, Dan M.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>A computational approach that has been used extensively in the last two decades for Hall thruster simulations is to solve a diffusion equation and energy conservation law for the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> in a direction that is perpendicular to the magnetic field, and use discrete-particle methods for the heavy species. This "hybrid" approach has allowed for the capture of bulk plasma phenomena inside these thrusters within reasonable computational times. Regions of the thruster with complex magnetic field arrangements (such as those near eroded walls and magnets) and/or reduced Hall parameter (such as those near the anode and the cathode plume) challenge the validity of the quasi-one-dimensional assumption for the <span class="hlt">electrons</span>. This paper reports on the development of a computer code that solves numerically the 2-D axisymmetric vector form of Ohm's law, with no assumptions regarding the rate of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in the parallel and perpendicular directions. The numerical challenges related to the large disparity of the <span class="hlt">transport</span> coefficients in the two directions are met by solving the equations in a computational mesh that is aligned with the magnetic field. The fully-2D approach allows for a large physical domain that extends more than five times the thruster channel length in the axial direction, and encompasses the cathode boundary. Ions are treated as an isothermal, cold (relative to the <span class="hlt">electrons</span>) fluid, accounting for charge-exchange and multiple-ionization collisions in the momentum equations. A first series of simulations of two Hall thrusters, namely the BPT-4000 and a 6-kW laboratory thruster, quantifies the significance of ion diffusion in the anode region and the importance of the extended physical domain on studies related to the impact of the <span class="hlt">transport</span> coefficients on the <span class="hlt">electron</span> flow field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1265537-electron-transport-graphene-graphene-side-contact-junction-plane-wave-multiple-scattering-method','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1265537-electron-transport-graphene-graphene-side-contact-junction-plane-wave-multiple-scattering-method"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in graphene/graphene side-contact junction by plane-wave multiple-scattering method</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Li, Xiang-Guo; Chu, Iek-Heng; Zhang, X. -G.; ...</p> <p>2015-05-28</p> <p><span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in graphene is along the sheet but junction devices are often made by stacking different sheets together in a “side-contact” geometry which causes the current to flow perpendicular to the sheets within the device. Such geometry presents a challenge to first-principles <span class="hlt">transport</span> methods. We solve this problem by implementing a plane-wave-based multiple-scattering theory for <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span>. In this study, this implementation improves the computational efficiency over the existing plane-wave <span class="hlt">transport</span> code, scales better for parallelization over large number of nodes, and does not require the current direction to be along a lattice axis. As a first application, wemore » calculate the tunneling current through a side-contact graphene junction formed by two separate graphene sheets with the edges overlapping each other. We find that <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of this junction depend strongly on the AA or AB stacking within the overlapping region as well as the vacuum gap between two graphene sheets. Finally, such <span class="hlt">transport</span> behaviors are explained in terms of carbon orbital orientation, hybridization, and delocalization as the geometry is varied.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4738282','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4738282"><span>Control of <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in graphene by electromagnetic dressing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kristinsson, K.; Kibis, O. V.; Morina, S.; Shelykh, I. A.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>We demonstrated theoretically that the renormalization of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> energy spectrum near the Dirac point of graphene by a strong high-frequency electromagnetic field (dressing field) drastically depends on polarization of the field. Namely, linear polarization results in an anisotropic gapless energy spectrum, whereas circular polarization leads to an isotropic gapped one. As a consequence, the stationary (dc) <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in graphene strongly depends on parameters of the dressing field: A circularly polarized field monotonically decreases the isotropic conductivity of graphene, whereas a linearly polarized one results in both giant anisotropy of conductivity (which can reach thousands of percents) and the oscillating behavior of the conductivity as a function of the field intensity. Since the predicted phenomena can be observed in a graphene layer irradiated by a monochromatic electromagnetic wave, the elaborated theory opens a substantially new way to control <span class="hlt">electronic</span> properties of graphene with light. PMID:26838371</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26838371','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26838371"><span>Control of <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in graphene by electromagnetic dressing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kristinsson, K; Kibis, O V; Morina, S; Shelykh, I A</p> <p>2016-02-03</p> <p>We demonstrated theoretically that the renormalization of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> energy spectrum near the Dirac point of graphene by a strong high-frequency electromagnetic field (dressing field) drastically depends on polarization of the field. Namely, linear polarization results in an anisotropic gapless energy spectrum, whereas circular polarization leads to an isotropic gapped one. As a consequence, the stationary (dc) <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in graphene strongly depends on parameters of the dressing field: A circularly polarized field monotonically decreases the isotropic conductivity of graphene, whereas a linearly polarized one results in both giant anisotropy of conductivity (which can reach thousands of percents) and the oscillating behavior of the conductivity as a function of the field intensity. Since the predicted phenomena can be observed in a graphene layer irradiated by a monochromatic electromagnetic wave, the elaborated theory opens a substantially new way to control <span class="hlt">electronic</span> properties of graphene with light.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CPL...691..224E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CPL...691..224E"><span>The Effect of the <span class="hlt">Electron</span> Tunneling on the Photoelectric Hot <span class="hlt">Electrons</span> Generation in Metallic-Semiconductor Nanostructures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Elsharif, Asma M.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Semiconductor photonic crystals (MSPhC) were used to convert solar energy into hot <span class="hlt">electrons</span>. An experimental model was designed by using metallic semiconductor photonic crystals (MSPhC). The designed MSPhC is based on TiO2/Au schottky contact. The model has similar nanocavity structure for broad gold <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, but the materials on top of the cavity were changed to a metal and a semiconductor in order to collect the hot <span class="hlt">electrons</span>. Detailed design steps and characterization have shown a broadband sub-bandgap photoresponse at a wavelength of 590 nm. This is due to the surface plasmon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by the wafer-scale Au/TiO2 metallic-semiconductor photonic crystal. Analytical calculation of the hot <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> from the Au thin layer to the TiO2 conduction band is discussed. This theoretical study is based on the quantum tunneling effect. The photo generation of the hot <span class="hlt">electrons</span> was undertaken at different wavelengths in Au absorber followed by tunneling through a schottky barrier into a TiO2 collector. The presence of a tunnel current from the absorber to the collector under illumination, offers a method to extract carriers from a hot-<span class="hlt">electron</span> distribution at few bias voltages is presented in this study. The effects of doping different concentrations of the semiconductor on the evolution of the current characteristics were also investigated and discussed. The electrical characteristics were found to be sensitive to any change in the thickness of the barrier.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28432257','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28432257"><span>Excess Diffuse Light <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> in Upper Mesophyll Limits CO2 Drawdown and Depresses Photosynthesis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Earles, J Mason; Théroux-Rancourt, Guillaume; Gilbert, Matthew E; McElrone, Andrew J; Brodersen, Craig R</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>In agricultural and natural systems, diffuse light can enhance plant primary productivity due to deeper penetration into and greater irradiance of the entire canopy. However, for individual sun-grown leaves from three species, photosynthesis is actually less efficient under diffuse compared with direct light. Despite its potential impact on canopy-level productivity, the mechanism for this leaf-level diffuse light photosynthetic depression effect is unknown. Here, we investigate if the spatial distribution of light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> relative to <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> capacity in sun- and shade-grown sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ) leaves underlies its previously observed diffuse light photosynthetic depression. Using a new one-dimensional porous medium finite element gas-exchange model parameterized with light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> profiles, we found that weaker penetration of diffuse versus direct light into the mesophyll of sun-grown sunflower leaves led to a more heterogenous saturation of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> capacity and lowered its CO 2 concentration drawdown capacity in the intercellular airspace and chloroplast stroma. This decoupling of light availability from photosynthetic capacity under diffuse light is sufficient to generate an 11% decline in photosynthesis in sun-grown but not shade-grown leaves, primarily because thin shade-grown leaves similarly distribute diffuse and direct light throughout the mesophyll. Finally, we illustrate how diffuse light photosynthetic depression could overcome enhancement in canopies with low light extinction coefficients and/or leaf area, pointing toward a novel direction for future research. © 2017 American Society of Plant Biologists. All Rights Reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992REDS..124..239R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992REDS..124..239R"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span> <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum of copper-doped magnesium potassium phosphate hexahydrate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rao, S. N.; Sivaprasad, P.; Reddy, Y. P.; Rao, P. S.</p> <p>1992-04-01</p> <p>The optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and EPR spectra of magnesium potassium phosphate hexahydrate (MPPH) doped with copper ions are recorded both at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. The spectrum is characteristic of Cu2+ in tetragonal symmetry. The spin-Hamiltonian parameters and molecular orbital coefficients are evaluated. A correlation between EPR and optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> studies is drawn.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApSS..419..540R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApSS..419..540R"><span>Graphene for amino acid biosensing: Theoretical study of the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rodríguez, S. J.; Makinistian, L.; Albanesi, E. A.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The study of biosensors based on graphene has increased in the last years, the combination of excellent electrical properties and low noise makes graphene a material for next generation <span class="hlt">electronic</span> devices. This work discusses the application of a graphene-based biosensor for the detection of amino acids histidine (His), alanine (Ala), aspartic acid (Asp), and tyrosine (Tyr). First, we present the results of modeling from first principles the adsorption of the four amino acids on a graphene sheet, we calculate adsorption energy, substrate-adsorbate distance, equilibrium geometrical configurations (upon relaxation) and densities of states (DOS) for each biomolecule adsorbed. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the effects of amino acid adsorption on the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> of graphene, we modeled a device using first-principles calculations with a combination of Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Nonequilibrium Greens Functions (NEGF). We provide with a detailed discussion in terms of transmission, current-voltage curves, and charge transfer. We found evidence of differences in the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> through the graphene sheet due to amino acid adsorption, reinforcing the possibility of graphene-based sensors for amino acid sequencing of proteins.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110008233&hterms=Heavy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DHeavy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110008233&hterms=Heavy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DHeavy"><span>A Deterministic <span class="hlt">Electron</span>, Photon, Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation <span class="hlt">Transport</span> Suite for the Study of the Jovian System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Norman, Ryan B.; Badavi, Francis F.; Blattnig, Steve R.; Atwell, William</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>A deterministic suite of radiation <span class="hlt">transport</span> codes, developed at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC), which describe the <span class="hlt">transport</span> of <span class="hlt">electrons</span>, photons, protons, and heavy ions in condensed media is used to simulate exposures from spectral distributions typical of <span class="hlt">electrons</span>, protons and carbon-oxygen-sulfur (C-O-S) trapped heavy ions in the Jovian radiation environment. The particle <span class="hlt">transport</span> suite consists of a coupled <span class="hlt">electron</span> and photon deterministic <span class="hlt">transport</span> algorithm (CEPTRN) and a coupled light particle and heavy ion deterministic <span class="hlt">transport</span> algorithm (HZETRN). The primary purpose for the development of the <span class="hlt">transport</span> suite is to provide a means for the spacecraft design community to rapidly perform numerous repetitive calculations essential for <span class="hlt">electron</span>, proton and heavy ion radiation exposure assessments in complex space structures. In this paper, the radiation environment of the Galilean satellite Europa is used as a representative boundary condition to show the capabilities of the <span class="hlt">transport</span> suite. While the <span class="hlt">transport</span> suite can directly access the output <span class="hlt">electron</span> spectra of the Jovian environment as generated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Galileo Interim Radiation <span class="hlt">Electron</span> (GIRE) model of 2003; for the sake of relevance to the upcoming Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM), the 105 days at Europa mission fluence energy spectra provided by JPL is used to produce the corresponding dose-depth curve in silicon behind an aluminum shield of 100 mils ( 0.7 g/sq cm). The <span class="hlt">transport</span> suite can also accept ray-traced thickness files from a computer-aided design (CAD) package and calculate the total ionizing dose (TID) at a specific target point. In that regard, using a low-fidelity CAD model of the Galileo probe, the <span class="hlt">transport</span> suite was verified by comparing with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for orbits JOI--J35 of the Galileo extended mission (1996-2001). For the upcoming EJSM mission with a potential launch date of 2020, the <span class="hlt">transport</span> suite is used to compute</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28585269','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28585269"><span>Piezo-Phototronic Effect on Selective <span class="hlt">Electron</span> or Hole <span class="hlt">Transport</span> through Depletion Region of Vis-NIR Broadband Photodiode.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zou, Haiyang; Li, Xiaogan; Peng, Wenbo; Wu, Wenzhuo; Yu, Ruomeng; Wu, Changsheng; Ding, Wenbo; Hu, Fei; Liu, Ruiyuan; Zi, Yunlong; Wang, Zhong Lin</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Silicon underpins nearly all microelectronics today and will continue to do so for some decades to come. However, for silicon photonics, the indirect band gap of silicon and lack of adjustability severely limit its use in applications such as broadband photodiodes. Here, a high-performance p-Si/n-ZnO broadband photodiode working in a wide wavelength range from visible to near-infrared light with high sensitivity, fast response, and good stability is reported. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of near-infrared wavelength light is significantly enhanced due to the nanostructured/textured top surface. The general performance of the broadband photodiodes can be further improved by the piezo-phototronic effect. The enhancement of responsivity can reach a maximum of 78% to 442 nm illumination, the linearity and saturation limit to 1060 nm light are also significantly increased by applying external strains. The photodiode is illuminated with different wavelength lights to selectively choose the photogenerated charge carriers (either <span class="hlt">electrons</span> or holes) passing through the depletion region, to investigate the piezo-phototronic effect on <span class="hlt">electron</span> or hole <span class="hlt">transport</span> separately for the first time. This is essential for studying the basic principles in order to develop a full understanding about piezotronics and it also enables the development of the better performance of optoelectronics. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29476422','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29476422"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span> requirements for carbon incorporation along a diel light cycle in three marine diatom species.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Morelle, Jérôme; Claquin, Pascal</p> <p>2018-02-23</p> <p>Diatoms account for about 40% of primary production in highly productive ecosystems. The development of a new generation of fluorometers has made it possible to improve estimation of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> rate from photosystem II, which, when coupled with the carbon incorporation rate enables estimation of the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> required for carbon fixation. The aim of this study was to investigate the daily dynamics of these <span class="hlt">electron</span> requirements as a function of the diel light cycle in three relevant diatom species and to apprehend if the method of estimating the <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> rate can lead to different pictures of the dynamics. The results confirmed the species-dependent capacity for photoacclimation under increasing light levels. Despite daily variations in the photosynthetic parameters, the results of this study underline the low daily variability of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> requirements estimated using functional <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the photosystem II compared to an estimation based on a specific <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cross section of chlorophyll a. The stability of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> requirements throughout the day would suggest it is potentially possible to estimate high-frequency primary production by using autonomous variable fluorescence measurements from ships-of-opportunity or moorings, without taking potential daily variation in this parameter into consideration, but this result has to be confirmed on natural phytoplankton assemblages. The results obtained in this study confirm the low <span class="hlt">electron</span> requirements of diatoms to perform photosynthesis, and suggest a potential additional source of energy for carbon fixation, as recently described in the literature for this class.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017KARJ...29..241Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017KARJ...29..241Z"><span>Improved diffusing wave spectroscopy based on the automatized determination of the optical <span class="hlt">transport</span> and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> mean free path</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Chi; Reufer, Mathias; Gaudino, Danila; Scheffold, Frank</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) can be employed as an optical rheology tool with numerous applications for studying the structure, dynamics and linear viscoelastic properties of complex fluids, foams, glasses and gels. To carry out DWS measurements, one first needs to quantify the static optical properties of the sample under investigation, i.e. the <span class="hlt">transport</span> mean free path l * and the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> length l a. In the absence of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> this can be done by comparing the diffuse optical transmission to a calibration sample whose l * is known. Performing this comparison however is cumbersome, time consuming, and prone to mistakes by the operator. Moreover, already weak <span class="hlt">absorption</span> can lead to significant errors. In this paper, we demonstrate the implementation of an automatized approach, based on which the DWS measurement procedure can be simplified significantly. By comparison with a comprehensive set of calibration measurements we cover the entire parameter space relating measured count rates ( CR t , CR b ) to ( l *, l a). Based on this approach we can determine l * and la of an unknown sample accurately thus making the additional measurement of a calibration sample obsolete. We illustrate the use of this approach by monitoring the coarsening of a commercially available shaving foam with DWS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Nanot..25l0201D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Nanot..25l0201D"><span>Ion age <span class="hlt">transport</span>: developing devices beyond <span class="hlt">electronics</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Demming, Anna</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>There is more to current devices than conventional <span class="hlt">electronics</span>. Increasingly research into the controlled movement of ions and molecules is enabling a range of new technologies. For example, as Weihua Guan, Sylvia Xin Li and Mark Reed at Yale University explain, 'It offers a unique opportunity to integrate wet ionics with dry <span class="hlt">electronics</span> seamlessly'. In this issue they provide an overview of voltage-gated ion and molecule <span class="hlt">transport</span> in engineered nanochannels. They cover the theory governing these systems and fabrication techniques, as well as applications, including biological and chemical analysis, and energy conversion [1]. Studying the movement of particles in nanochannels is not new. The <span class="hlt">transport</span> of materials in rock pores led Klinkenberg to describe an analogy between diffusion and electrical conductivity in porous rocks back in 1951 [2]. And already in 1940, Harold Abramson and Manuel Gorin noted that 'When an electric current is applied across the living human skin, the skin may be considered to act like a system of pores through which transfer of substances like ragweed pollen extract may be achieved both by electrophoretic and by diffusion phenomena' [3]. <span class="hlt">Transport</span> in living systems through pore structures on a much smaller scale has attracted a great deal of research in recent years as well. The selective <span class="hlt">transport</span> of ions and small organic molecules across the cell membrane facilitates a number of functions including communication between cells, nerve conduction and signal transmission. Understanding these processes may benefit a wide range of potential applications such as selective separation, biochemical sensing, and controlled release and drug delivery processes. In Germany researchers have successfully demonstrated controlled ionic <span class="hlt">transport</span> through nanopores functionalized with amine-terminated polymer brushes [4]. The polymer nanobrushes swell and shrink in response to changes in temperature, thus opening and closing the nanopore passage to ionic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11843001','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11843001"><span>The babel of the ABCs: novel <span class="hlt">transporters</span> involved in the regulation of sterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and excretion.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ordovas, Jose M; Tai, E Shyong</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Hypercholesterolaemia is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, the reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is one of the primary targets of the current recommendations to decrease CHD risk in the population. Whereas, the mechanisms involved in de novo cholesterol synthesis and its uptake by cells via the LDL receptor are well known, we still need better understanding about the mechanisms involved in intestinal cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and excretion. The recent discovery of ABCG5 and ABCG8 <span class="hlt">transporters</span> will significantly improve our understanding of cholesterol trafficking and it will lead to better and new therapeutic strategies to maintain cholesterol homeostasis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1942k0001A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1942k0001A"><span><span class="hlt">Electronic</span>, thermoelectric and <span class="hlt">transport</span> properties of cesium cadmium trifluoride: A DFT study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Abraham, Jisha Annie; Pagare, G.; Sanyal, Sankar P.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The full potential linearized augmented plane wave method based on density functional theory is employed to investigate the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> structure of CsCdF3. The <span class="hlt">electronic</span> properties of this compound have been studied from the band structure plot and density of states. The presence of indirect energy gap reveals its insulating nature. Using constant relaxation time, the electrical conductivity, <span class="hlt">electronic</span> thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and figure of merit are calculated by using Boltzmann <span class="hlt">transport</span> theory. We have also studied the temperature dependence of thermoelectric properties of this compound.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2806741','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2806741"><span>Electrokinesis is a microbial behavior that requires extracellular <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Harris, H. W.; El-Naggar, M. Y.; Bretschger, O.; Ward, M. J.; Romine, M. F.; Obraztsova, A. Y.; Nealson, K. H.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>We report a previously undescribed bacterial behavior termed electrokinesis. This behavior was initially observed as a dramatic increase in cell swimming speed during reduction of solid MnO2 particles by the dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. The same behavioral response was observed when cells were exposed to small positive applied potentials at the working electrode of a microelectrochemical cell and could be tuned by adjusting the potential on the working electrode. Electrokinesis was found to be different from both chemotaxis and galvanotaxis but was absent in mutants defective in <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> to solid metal oxides. Using in situ video microscopy and cell tracking algorithms, we have quantified the response for different strains of Shewanella and shown that the response correlates with current-generating capacity in microbial fuel cells. The electrokinetic response was only exhibited by a subpopulation of cells closest to the MnO2 particles or electrodes. In contrast, the addition of 1 mM 9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid, a soluble <span class="hlt">electron</span> shuttle, led to increases in motility in the entire population. Electrokinesis is defined as a behavioral response that requires functional extracellular <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and that is observed as an increase in cell swimming speeds and lengthened paths of motion that occur in the proximity of a redox active mineral surface or the working electrode of an electrochemical cell. PMID:20018675</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SuMi..100..596K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SuMi..100..596K"><span><span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in nanocrystalline SiC films obtained by direct ion deposition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kozlovskyi, A.; Semenov, A.; Skorik, S.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Electrical conductivity of nanocrystalline SiC films obtained by direct ion deposition was investigated within the temperature interval from 2 to 770 K. It were investigated the samples of films with 3С-SiC polytype structure and the heteropolytype films formed by layers of different polytypes SiC (3C-SiC/21R-SiC, 21R-SiC/27R-SiC, 3C-SiC/15R-SiC). The films had n-type conductivity that ensured a small excess of silicon ions. The thermally activated character of <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> in the 3С-SiC polytype films was established. In the heteropolytype films the temperature dependence of the electrical resistance was described by the relation R(T) = R0 × exp[-kT/E0]. It was shown that the charge <span class="hlt">transport</span> mechanism in the heteropolytype samples is <span class="hlt">electron</span> tunneling through potential barriers formed by the conduction band offset in the contact region of the heterojunction. Tunnel charge <span class="hlt">transport</span> occurs due to the presence of discrete energy states in the forbidden band caused the dimensional quantization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..12210235M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..12210235M"><span>Diffusive <span class="hlt">Transport</span> of Several Hundred keV <span class="hlt">Electrons</span> in the Earth's Slot Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ma, Q.; Li, W.; Thorne, R. M.; Bortnik, J.; Reeves, G. D.; Spence, H. E.; Turner, D. L.; Blake, J. B.; Fennell, J. F.; Claudepierre, S. G.; Kletzing, C. A.; Kurth, W. S.; Hospodarsky, G. B.; Baker, D. N.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>We investigate the gradual diffusion of energetic <span class="hlt">electrons</span> from the inner edge of the outer radiation belt into the slot region. The Van Allen Probes observed slow inward diffusion and decay of 200-600 keV <span class="hlt">electrons</span> following the intense geomagnetic storm that occurred on 17 March 2013. During the 10 day nondisturbed period following the storm, the peak of <span class="hlt">electron</span> fluxes gradually moved from L 2.7 to L 2.4, and the flux levels decreased by a factor of 2-4 depending on the <span class="hlt">electron</span> energy. We simulated the radial intrusion and decay of <span class="hlt">electrons</span> using a three-dimensional diffusion code, which reproduced the energy-dependent <span class="hlt">transport</span> of <span class="hlt">electrons</span> from 100 keV to 1 MeV in the slot region. At energies of 100-200 keV, the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> experience fast <span class="hlt">transport</span> across the slot region due to the dominance of radial diffusion; at energies of 200-600 keV, the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> gradually diffuse and decay in the slot region due to the comparable rate of radial diffusion and pitch angle scattering by plasmaspheric hiss; at energies of E > 700 keV, the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> stopped diffusing near the inner edge of outer radiation belt due to the dominant pitch angle scattering loss. In addition to plasmaspheric hiss, magnetosonic waves and VLF transmitters can cause the loss of high pitch angle <span class="hlt">electrons</span>, relaxing the sharp "top-hat" shaped pitch angle distributions created by plasmaspheric hiss. Our simulation indicates the importance of balance between radial diffusion and loss through pitch angle scattering in forming the diffusive intrusion of energetic <span class="hlt">electrons</span> across the slot region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1440490-diffusive-transport-several-hundred-kev-electrons-earth-slot-region','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1440490-diffusive-transport-several-hundred-kev-electrons-earth-slot-region"><span>Diffusive <span class="hlt">Transport</span> of Several Hundred keV <span class="hlt">Electrons</span> in the Earth's Slot Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Ma, Q.; Li, W.; Thorne, R. M.; ...</p> <p>2017-09-29</p> <p>Here, we investigate the gradual diffusion of energetic <span class="hlt">electrons</span> from the inner edge of the outer radiation belt into the slot region. The Van Allen Probes observed slow inward diffusion and decay of ~200–600 keV <span class="hlt">electrons</span> following the intense geomagnetic storm that occurred on 17 March 2013. During the 10 day nondisturbed period following the storm, the peak of <span class="hlt">electron</span> fluxes gradually moved from L ~ 2.7 to L ~ 2.4, and the flux levels decreased by a factor of ~2–4 depending on the <span class="hlt">electron</span> energy. We simulated the radial intrusion and decay of <span class="hlt">electrons</span> using a three–dimensional diffusion code,more » which reproduced the energy–dependent <span class="hlt">transport</span> of <span class="hlt">electrons</span> from ~100 keV to 1 MeV in the slot region. At energies of 100–200 keV, the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> experience fast <span class="hlt">transport</span> across the slot region due to the dominance of radial diffusion; at energies of 200–600 keV, the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> gradually diffuse and decay in the slot region due to the comparable rate of radial diffusion and pitch angle scattering by plasmaspheric hiss; at energies of E > 700 keV, the <span class="hlt">electrons</span> stopped diffusing near the inner edge of outer radiation belt due to the dominant pitch angle scattering loss. In addition to plasmaspheric hiss, magnetosonic waves and VLF transmitters can cause the loss of high pitch angle <span class="hlt">electrons</span>, relaxing the sharp “top–hat” shaped pitch angle distributions created by plasmaspheric hiss. Our simulation indicates the importance of balance between radial diffusion and loss through pitch angle scattering in forming the diffusive intrusion of energetic <span class="hlt">electrons</span> across the slot region.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvB..97l5415C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvB..97l5415C"><span>Floquet theory of microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by an impurity in the two-dimensional <span class="hlt">electron</span> gas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chepelianskii, Alexei D.; Shepelyansky, Dima L.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We investigate the dynamics of a two-dimensional <span class="hlt">electron</span> gas (2DEG) under circular polarized microwave radiation in the presence of dilute localized impurities. Inspired by recent developments on Floquet topological insulators we obtain the Floquet wave functions of this system which allow us to predict the microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and charge density responses of the <span class="hlt">electron</span> gas; we demonstrate how these properties can be understood from the underlying semiclassical dynamics even for impurities with a size of around a magnetic length. The charge density response takes the form of a rotating charge density vortex around the impurity that can lead to a significant renormalization of the external microwave field which becomes strongly inhomogeneous on the scale of a cyclotron radius around the impurity. We show that this inhomogeneity can suppress the circular polarization dependence which is theoretically expected for microwave induced resistance oscillations but which was not observed in experiments on semiconducting 2DEGs. Our explanation for this so far unexplained polarization independence has close similarities with the Azbel'-Kaner effect in metals where the interaction length between the microwave field and conduction <span class="hlt">electrons</span> is much smaller than the cyclotron radius due to skin effect generating harmonics of the cyclotron resonance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26893472','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26893472"><span>Promotion of Cyclic <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> Around Photosystem I with the Development of C4 Photosynthesis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Munekage, Yuri Nakajima; Taniguchi, Yukimi Y</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>C4 photosynthesis is present in approximately 7,500 species classified into 19 families, including monocots and eudicots. In the majority of documented cases, a two-celled CO2-concentrating system that uses a metabolic cycle of four-carbon compounds is employed. C4 photosynthesis repeatedly evolved from C3 photosynthesis, possibly driven by the survival advantages it bestows in the hot, often dry, and nutrient-poor soils of the tropics and subtropics. The development of the C4 metabolic cycle greatly increased the ATP demand in chloroplasts during the evolution of malic enzyme-type C4 photosynthesis, and the additional ATP required for C4 metabolism may be produced by the cyclic <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> around PSI. Recent studies have revealed the nature of cyclic <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> and the elevation of its components during C4 evolution. In this review, we discuss the energy requirements of C3 and C4 photosynthesis, the current model of cyclic <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> around PSI and how cyclic <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> is promoted during C4 evolution using studies on the genus Flaveria, which contains a number of closely related C3, C4 and C3-C4 intermediate species. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1947480','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1947480"><span>Percutaneous <span class="hlt">absorption</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Brisson, Paul</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>Clinical effectiveness of topically applied medications depends on the ability of the active ingredient to leave its vehicle and penetrate into the epidermis. The stratum corneum is that layer of the epidermis which functionally is the most important in limiting percutaneous <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, showing the characteristics of a composite semipermeable membrane. A mathematical expression of transepidermal diffusion may be derived from Fick's Law of mass <span class="hlt">transport</span>; factors altering the rate of diffusion are discussed. PMID:4597976</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15157580','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15157580"><span>Impact of nitrophenols on the photosynthetic <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain and ATP content in Nostoc muscorum and Chlorella vulgaris.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Umamaheswari, A; Venkateswarlu, K</p> <p>2004-06-01</p> <p>Concentration-dependent inhibition of the photosynthetic <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain (photosystem I (PS I), photosystem II (PS II) and whole chain reaction) and ATP content was observed in Nostoc muscorum and Chlorella vulgaris grown with o-nitrophenol, m-nitrophenol, or 2,4-dinitrophenol. Although the extents of inhibition of the photosynthetic <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain in both organisms were similar, PS II was more sensitive than PS I and whole chain reaction to the nitrophenols. Depletion of the ATP pool was noted in nitrophenol-grown cultures, probably as a consequence of nearly complete inhibition of the photosynthetic <span class="hlt">electron</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> chain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1003a2122A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1003a2122A"><span>Theoretical Discussion of <span class="hlt">Electron</span> <span class="hlt">Transport</span> Rate Constant at TCNQ / Ge and TiO2 System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Al-agealy, Hadi J. M.; Alshafaay, B.; Hassooni, Mohsin A.; Ashwiekh, Ahmed M.; Sadoon, Abbas K.; Majeed, Raad H.; Ghadhban, Rawnaq Q.; Mahdi, Shatha H.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>We have been studying and estimation the <span class="hlt">electronic</span> <span class="hlt">transport</span> constant at TCNQ / Ge and Tio2 interface by means of tunneling potential (TP), <span class="hlt">transport</span> energy reorientation (TER), driving transition energy DTE and coupling coefficient constant. A simple quantum model for the transition processes was adapted to estimation and analysis depending on the quantum state for donor state |α D > and acceptor stated |α A > and assuming continuum levels of the system. Evaluation results were performed for the surfaces of Ge and Tio2 as best as for multilayer TCNQ. The results show an <span class="hlt">electronic</span> transfer feature for <span class="hlt">electronic</span> TCNQ density of states and a semiconductor behavior. The <span class="hlt">electronic</span> rate constant result for both systems shows a good tool to election system in applied devices. All these results indicate the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28242377','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28242377"><span>P-Glycoprotein in skin contributes to transdermal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of topical corticosteroids.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hashimoto, Naoto; Nakamichi, Noritaka; Yamazaki, Erina; Oikawa, Masashi; Masuo, Yusuke; Schinkel, Alfred H; Kato, Yukio</p> <p>2017-04-15</p> <p>ATP binding cassette <span class="hlt">transporters</span>, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), are expressed in skin, but their involvement in transdermal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of clinically used drugs remains unknown. Here, we examined their role in transdermal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of corticosteroids. Skin and plasma concentrations of dexamethasone after dermal application were reduced in P-gp and BCRP triple-knockout (Mdr1a/1b/Bcrp -/- ) mice. The skin concentration in Mdr1a/1b/Bcrp -/- mice was reduced in the dermis, but not in the epidermis, indicating that functional expression of these <span class="hlt">transporters</span> in skin is compartmentalized. Involvement of these <span class="hlt">transporters</span> in dermal <span class="hlt">transport</span> of dexamethasone was also supported by the observation of a higher epidermal concentration in Mdr1a/1b/Bcrp -/- than wild-type mice during intravenous infusion. Transdermal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> after dermal application of prednisolone, but not methylprednisolone or ethinyl estradiol, was also lower in Mdr1a/1b/Bcrp -/- than in wild-type mice. <span class="hlt">Transport</span> studies in epithelial cell lines transfected with P-gp or BCRP showed that dexamethasone and prednisolone are substrates of P-gp, but are minimally <span class="hlt">transported</span> by BCRP. Thus, our findings suggest that P-gp is involved in transdermal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of at least some corticosteroids in vivo. P-gp might be available as a target for inhibition in order to deliver topically applied drugs and cosmetics in a manner that minimizes systemic exposure. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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