Sample records for absorption index cai

  1. CaI and SrI molecules for iodine determination by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry: Greener molecules for practical application.

    PubMed

    Zanatta, Melina Borges Teixeira; Nakadi, Flávio Venâncio; da Veiga, Márcia Andreia Mesquita Silva

    2018-03-01

    A new method to determine iodine in drug samples by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GF MAS) has been developed. The method measures the molecular absorption of a diatomic molecule, CaI or SrI (less toxic molecule-forming reagents), at 638.904 or 677.692nm, respectively, and uses a mixture containing 5μg of Pd and 0.5μg of Mg as chemical modifier. The method employs pyrolysis temperatures of 1000 and 800°C and vaporization temperatures of 2300 and 2400°C for CaI and SrI, respectively. The optimized amounts of Ca and Sr as molecule-forming reagents are 100 and 150µg, respectively. On the basis of interference studies, even small chlorine concentrations reduce CaI and SrI absorbance significantly. The developed method was used to analyze different commercial drug samples, namely thyroid hormone pills with three different iodine amounts (15.88, 31.77, and 47.66µg) and one liquid drug with 1% m v -1 active iodine in their compositions. The results agreed with the values informed by the manufacturers (95% confidence level) regardless of whether CaI or SrI was determined. Therefore, the developed method is useful for iodine determination on the basis of CaI or SrI molecular absorption. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  2. CAI Update: So You Want to Do CAI?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bagley, Carole

    1979-01-01

    Provides necessary characteristics to consider when selecting a CAI system plus a list of costs and capabilities available with the better known CAI systems. Characteristics of major CAI systems are presented in three categories--large/maxi, mini, and micro systems--in chart form. (JEG)

  3. NALDA (Naval Aviation Logistics Data Analysis) CAI (computer aided instruction)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Handler, B.H.; France, P.A.; Frey, S.C.

    Data Systems Engineering Organization (DSEO) personnel developed a prototype computer aided instruction CAI system for the Naval Aviation Logistics Data Analysis (NALDA) system. The objective of this project was to provide a CAI prototype that could be used as an enhancement to existing NALDA training. The CAI prototype project was performed in phases. The task undertaken in Phase I was to analyze the problem and the alternative solutions and to develop a set of recommendations on how best to proceed. The findings from Phase I are documented in Recommended CAI Approach for the NALDA System (Duncan et al., 1987). Inmore » Phase II, a structured design and specifications were developed, and a prototype CAI system was created. A report, NALDA CAI Prototype: Phase II Final Report, was written to record the findings and results of Phase II. NALDA CAI: Recommendations for an Advanced Instructional Model, is comprised of related papers encompassing research on computer aided instruction CAI, newly developing training technologies, instructional systems development, and an Advanced Instructional Model. These topics were selected because of their relevancy to the CAI needs of NALDA. These papers provide general background information on various aspects of CAI and give a broad overview of new technologies and their impact on the future design and development of training programs. The paper within have been index separately elsewhere.« less

  4. CAI and Developmental Education.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Anderson, Rick

    This paper discusses the problems and achievements of computer assisted instruction (CAI) projects at University College, University of Cincinnati. The most intensive use of CAI on campus, the CAI Lab, is part of the Developmental Education Center's effort to serve students who lack mastery of basic college-level skills in mathematics and English.…

  5. Copyright and CAI.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kearsley, G.P.; Hunka, S.

    The application of copyright laws to Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) is not a simple matter of extending traditional literary practices because of the legal complications introduced by the use of computers to store and reproduce materials. In addition, CAI courseware poses some new problems for the definitions of educational usage. Some…

  6. Experience with the CAIS

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Tighe, Michael F.

    1986-01-01

    Intermetrics' experience is that the Ada package construct, which allows separation of specification and implementation allows specification of a CAIS that is transportable across varying hardware and software bases. Additionally, the CAIS is an excellent basis for providing operating system functionality to Ada applications. By allowing the Byron APSE to be moved easily from system to system, and allowing significant re-writes of underlying code. Ada and the CAIS provide portability as well as transparency to change at the application operating system interface level.

  7. CAI System Costs: Present and Future.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pressman, Israel; Rosenbloom, Bruce

    1984-01-01

    Discusses costs related to providing computer assisted instruction (CAI), considering hardware, software, user training, maintenance, and installation. Provides an example of the total cost of CAI broken down into these categories, giving an adjusted yearly cost. Projects future trends and costs of CAI as well as cost savings possibilities. (JM)

  8. Astrophysics of CAI formation as revealed by silicon isotope LA-MC-ICPMS of an igneous CAI

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shahar, Anat; Young, Edward D.

    2007-05-01

    Silicon isotope ratios of a typical CAI from the Leoville carbonaceous chondrite, obtained in situ by laser ablation MC-ICPMS, together with existing 25Mg/ 24Mg data, reveal a detailed picture of the astrophysical setting of CAI melting and subsequent heating. Models for the chemical and isotopic effects of evaporation of the molten CAI are used to produce a univariant relationship between PH 2 and time during melting. The result shows that this CAI was molten for a cumulative time of no more than 70 days and probably less than 15 days depending on temperature. The object could have been molten for an integrated time of just a few hours if isotope ratio zoning was eliminated after melting by high subsolidus temperatures (e.g., > 1300 K) for ˜ 500 yr. In all cases subsolidus heating sufficient to produce diffusion-limited isotope fractionation at the margin of the solidified CAI is required. These stable isotope data point to a two-stage history for this igneous CAI involving melting for a cumulative timescale of hours to months followed by subsolidus heating for years to hundreds of years. The thermobarometric history deduced from combining Si and Mg isotope ratio data implicates thermal processing in the disk, perhaps by passage through shockwaves, following melting. This study underscores the direct link between the meaning of stable isotope ratio zoning, or lack thereof, and the inferred astrophysical setting of melting and subsequent processing of CAIs.

  9. Retrospective indexing (RI) - A computer-aided indexing technique

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Buchan, Ronald L.

    1990-01-01

    An account is given of a method for data base-updating designated 'computer-aided indexing' (CAI) which has been very efficiently implemented at NASA's Scientific and Technical Information Facility by means of retrospective indexing. Novel terms added to the NASA Thesaurus will therefore proceed directly into both the NASA-RECON aerospace information system and its portion of the ESA-Information Retrieval Service, giving users full access to material thus indexed. If a given term appears in the title of a record, it is given special weight. An illustrative graphic representation of the CAI search strategy is presented.

  10. Numerical simulation and validation of SI-CAI hybrid combustion in a CAI/HCCI gasoline engine

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Xinyan; Xie, Hui; Xie, Liyan; Zhang, Lianfang; Li, Le; Chen, Tao; Zhao, Hua

    2013-02-01

    SI-CAI hybrid combustion, also known as spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI), is a promising concept to extend the operating range of CAI (Controlled Auto-Ignition) and achieve the smooth transition between spark ignition (SI) and CAI in the gasoline engine. In this study, a SI-CAI hybrid combustion model (HCM) has been constructed on the basis of the 3-Zones Extended Coherent Flame Model (ECFM3Z). An ignition model is included to initiate the ECFM3Z calculation and induce the flame propagation. In order to precisely depict the subsequent auto-ignition process of the unburned fuel and air mixture independently after the initiation of flame propagation, the tabulated chemistry concept is adopted to describe the auto-ignition chemistry. The methodology for extracting tabulated parameters from the chemical kinetics calculations is developed so that both cool flame reactions and main auto-ignition combustion can be well captured under a wider range of thermodynamic conditions. The SI-CAI hybrid combustion model (HCM) is then applied in the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3-D CFD) engine simulation. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data obtained from a single cylinder VVA engine. The detailed analysis of the simulations demonstrates that the SI-CAI hybrid combustion process is characterised with the early flame propagation and subsequent multi-site auto-ignition around the main flame front, which is consistent with the optical results reported by other researchers. Besides, the systematic study of the in-cylinder condition reveals the influence mechanism of the early flame propagation on the subsequent auto-ignition.

  11. Maxi CAI with a Micro.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gerhold, George; And Others

    This paper describes an effective microprocessor-based CAI system which has been repeatedly tested by a large number of students and edited accordingly. Tasks not suitable for microprocessor based systems (authoring, testing, and debugging) were handled on larger multi-terminal systems. This approach requires that the CAI language used on the…

  12. CAI at CSDF: Organizational Strategies.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Irwin, Margaret G.

    1982-01-01

    The computer assisted instruction (CAI) program at the California School for the Deaf, at Fremont, features individual Apple computers in classrooms as well as in CAI labs. When the whole class uses computers simultaneously, the teacher can help individuals, identify group weaknesses, note needs of the materials, and help develop additional CAI…

  13. A risk management approach to CAIS development

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hart, Hal; Kerner, Judy; Alden, Tony; Belz, Frank; Tadman, Frank

    1986-01-01

    The proposed DoD standard Common APSE Interface Set (CAIS) was developed as a framework set of interfaces that will support the transportability and interoperability of tools in the support environments of the future. While the current CAIS version is a promising start toward fulfilling those goals and current prototypes provide adequate testbeds for investigations in support of completing specifications for a full CAIS, there are many reasons why the proposed CAIS might fail to become a usable product and the foundation of next-generation (1990'S) project support environments such as NASA's Space Station software support environment. The most critical threats to the viability and acceptance of the CAIS include performance issues (especially in piggybacked implementations), transportability, and security requirements. To make the situation worse, the solution to some of these threats appears to be at conflict with the solutions to others.

  14. The Screen Display Syntax for CAI.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Richards, Boyd F.; Salisbury, David F.

    1987-01-01

    Describes four storyboard techniques frequently used in designing computer assisted instruction (CAI) programs, and explains screen display syntax (SDS), a new technique combining the major advantages of the storyboard techniques. SDS was developed to facilitate communication among designers, programmers, and editors working on a large CAI basic…

  15. CAI: Its Cost and Its Role.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pressman, Israel; Rosenbloom, Bruce

    1984-01-01

    Describes and evaluates costs of hardware, software, training, and maintenance for computer assisted instruction (CAI) as they relate to total system cost. An example of an educational system provides an illustration of CAI cost analysis. Future developments, cost effectiveness, affordability, and applications in public and private environments…

  16. Implications of Windowing Techniques for CAI.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Heines, Jesse M.; Grinstein, Georges G.

    This paper discusses the use of a technique called windowing in computer assisted instruction to allow independent control of functional areas in complex CAI displays and simultaneous display of output from a running computer program and coordinated instructional material. Two obstacles to widespread use of CAI in computer science courses are…

  17. The Evolutionary Development of CAI Hardware.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stifle, John E.

    After six years of research in computer assisted instruction (CAI) using PLATO III, a decision was made at the University of Illinois to develop a larger system as a national CAI resource. This document describes the design specifications and problems in the development of PLATO IV, a system which is capable of accomodating up to 4,000 terminals…

  18. Creation and Distribution of CAIs in the Protoplanetary Nebula

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cuzzi, J. N.; Davis, S. S.; Dobrovolskis, A. R.

    2003-01-01

    CaAl rich refractory mineral inclusions (CAIs) found at 1 - 10% mass fraction in primitive chondrites appear to be several million years older than the dominant (chondrule) components in the same parent bodies. A prevalent concern is that it is difficult to retain CAIs for this long against gas-drag-induced radial drift into the sun. We assess a hot inner (turbulent) nebula context for CAI formation, using analytical models of nebula evolution and particle diffusion. We show that outward radial diffusion in a weakly turbulent nebula can prevent significant numbers of CAI-size particles from being lost into the sun for times of 1 - 3 x 10(exp 6) years. To match the CAI abundances quantitatively, we advocate an enhancement of the inner hot nebula in silicate-forming material, due to rapid inward migration of very primitive, silicate and carbon rich, meter-sized objects. 'Combustion' of the carbon into CO would make the CAI formation environment more reduced than solar, as certain observations imply. Abundant CO might also play a role in mass-independent chemical fractionation of oxygen isotopes as seen in CAIs and associated primitive, high-temperature condensates.

  19. Propagation properties of the chirped Airy beams through the gradient-index medium

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Feng, Liyan; Zhang, Jianbin; Pang, Zihao; Wang, Linyi; Zhong, Tianfen; Yang, Xiangbo; Deng, Dongmei

    2017-11-01

    Through analytical derivation and numerical analysis, the propagation properties of the chirped Airy(CAi) beams in the gradient-index medium are investigated. The intensity and the phase distributions, the propagation trajectory and the Poynting vector of the CAi beams are demonstrated to investigate the propagation properties. Owing to the special and symmetrical refractive index profile of the gradient-index medium, the CAi beams propagate periodically. The effects of the distribution factor and the chirped parameter on the propagation of the CAi beams are analyzed. As the increasing of the distribution factor, the intensity distribution of the CAi beams is more scattering. However, with the chirped parameter increasing, the focusing property of the CAi beams strengthens. The variation of the chirped parameter can change the position of the peak intensity maximum, but it cannot alter the period of the peak intensity. The variations of the initial phase and the energy of the beams in the transverse plane expedite accordingly.

  20. Computers for Your Classroom: CAI and CMI.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thomas, David B.; Bozeman, William C.

    1981-01-01

    The availability of compact, low-cost computer systems provides a means of assisting classroom teachers in the performance of their duties. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) and computer-managed instruction (CMI) are two applications of computer technology with which school administrators should become familiar. CAI is a teaching medium in which…

  1. Research on TRIZ and CAIs Application Problems for Technology Innovation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Xiangdong; Li, Qinghai; Bai, Zhonghang; Geng, Lixiao

    In order to realize application of invent problem solve theory (TRIZ) and computer aided innovation software (CAIs) , need to solve some key problems, such as the mode choice of technology innovation, establishment of technology innovation organization network(TION), and achievement of innovative process based on TRIZ and CAIs, etc.. This paper shows that the demands for TRIZ and CAIs according to the characteristics and existing problem of the manufacturing enterprises. Have explained that the manufacturing enterprises need to set up an open TION of enterprise leading type, and achieve the longitudinal cooperation innovation with institution of higher learning. The process of technology innovation based on TRIZ and CAIs has been set up from researching and developing point of view. Application of TRIZ and CAIs in FY Company has been summarized. The application effect of TRIZ and CAIs has been explained using technology innovation of the close goggle valve product.

  2. CAIs in Semarkona (LL3.0)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mishra, R. K.; Simon, J. I.; Ross, D. K.; Marhas, K. K.

    2016-01-01

    Calcium, Aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) are the first forming solids of the Solar system. Their observed abundance, mean size, and mineralogy vary quite significantly between different groups of chondrites. These differences may reflect the dynamics and distinct cosmochemical conditions present in the region(s) of the protoplanetary disk from which each type likely accreted. Only about 11 such objects have been found in L and LL type while another 57 have been found in H type ordinary chondrites, compared to thousands in carbonaceous chondrites. At issue is whether the rare CAIs contained in ordinary chondrites truly reflect a distinct population from the inclusions commonly found in other chondrite types. Semarkona (LL3.00) (fall, 691 g) is the most pristine chondrite available in our meteorite collection. Here we report petrography and mineralogy of 3 CAIs from Semarkona

  3. Resonance-enhanced two-photon excitation of CaI

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Casero-Junquera, Elena; Lawruszczuk, Rafal; Rostas, Joëlle; Taieb, Guy

    1994-07-01

    Induced fluorescence following visible (620-655 nm) laser excitation of the CaI radical has been detected not only in the same region (B, A-X transitions), but also in the UV (315-330 nm). The UV two-photon excitation spectrum consists of narrow bands appearing at laser frequencies located within certain bands of the Δ v = 1, 0 sequences of the B 2Σ +-X 2Σ + and A 2Π 1/2-X 2Σ + systems. The main peaks are tentatively assigned to resonance-enhanced excitation of a single vibrational level of the lowest Rydberg D 2Σ + state from successive vibrational levels of the ground state. The excitation process is a one-color two-photon optical—optical-double-resonance via B 2Σ + and A 2Π 1/2 intermediate levels. This analysis is supported by the absorption spectrum observed long ago by Walters and Barratt. The absorption and laser excitation complementary data have been used to derive approximate molecular constants for the D state.

  4. The Effect of CAI on Reading Achievement.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hardman, Regina

    A study determined whether computer assisted instruction (CAI) had an effect on students' reading achievement. Subjects were 21 randomly selected fourth-grade students at D. S. Wentworth Elementary School on the south side of Chicago in a low-income neighborhood who received a year's exposure to a CAI program, and 21 randomly selected students at…

  5. Evaluation Criteria for Micro-CAI: A Psychometric Approach

    PubMed Central

    Wallace, Douglas; Slichter, Mark; Bolwell, Christine

    1985-01-01

    The increased use of microcomputer-based instructional programs has resulted in a greater need for third-party evaluation of the software. This in turn has prompted the development of micro-CAI evaluation tools. The present project sought to develop a prototype instrument to assess the impact of CAI program presentation characteristics on students. Data analysis and scale construction was conducted using standard item reliability analyses and factor analytic techniques. Adequate subscale reliabilities and factor structures were found, suggesting that a psychometric approach to CAI evaluation may possess some merit. Efforts to assess the utility of the resultant instrument are currently underway.

  6. O, Mg, and Si isotope distributions in the complex ultrarefractory CAI Efremovka 101.1: Assimilation of ultrarefractory, FUN, and regular CAI precursors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aléon, Jérôme; Marin-Carbonne, Johanna; McKeegan, Kevin D.; El Goresy, Ahmed

    2018-07-01

    Oxygen, magnesium, and silicon isotopic compositions in the mineralogically complex, ultrarefractory (UR) calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) E101.1 from the reduced CV3 chondrite Efremovka confirm that E101.1 is a compound CAI composed of several lithological units that were once individual CAIs, free-floating in the solar protoplanetary disk. Each precursor unit was found to have had its own thermal history prior to being captured and incorporated into the partially molten host CAI. Four major lithological units can be distinguished on the basis of their isotopic compositions. (1) Al-diopside-rich sinuous fragments, hereafter sinuous pyroxene, are 16O-rich (Δ17O ≤ -20‰) and have light Mg and Si isotopic compositions with mass fractionation down to -3.5‰/amu for both isotopic systems. We attribute these peculiar isotopic compositions to kinetic effects during condensation out of thermal equilibrium. (2) Spinel clusters are 16O-rich (Δ17O ∼ -22‰) and have Mg isotope systematics consistent with extensive equilibration with the host melt. This includes (i) δ25Mg values varying between + 2.6‰ and + 6.5‰ close to the typical value of host melilite at ∼+5‰, and (ii) evidence for exchange of radiogenic 26Mg with adjacent melilite as indicated by Al/Mg systematics. The spinel clusters may represent fine-grained spinel-rich proto-CAIs captured, partially melted, and recrystallized in the host melt. Al/Mg systematics indicate that both the sinuous pyroxene fragments and spinel clusters probably had canonical or near-canonical 26Al contents before partial equilibration. (3) The main CAI host (Δ17O ≤ -2‰) had a complex thermal history partially obscured by subsequent capture and assimilation events. Its formation, referred to as the "cryptic" stage, could have resulted from the partial melting and crystallization of a 16O-rich precursor that underwent 16O-depletion and a massive evaporation event characteristic of F and FUN CAIs (Fractionated with

  7. Oxygen Isotope Measurements of a Rare Murchison Type A CAI and Its Rim

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Matzel, J. E. P.; Simon, J. I.; Hutcheon, I. D.; Jacobsen, B.; Simon, S. B.; Grossman, L.

    2013-01-01

    Ca-, Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) from CV chondrites commonly show oxygen isotope heterogeneity among different mineral phases within individual inclusions reflecting the complex history of CAIs in both the solar nebula and/or parent bodies. The degree of isotopic exchange is typically mineral-specific, yielding O-16-rich spinel, hibonite and pyroxene and O-16-depleted melilite and anorthite. Recent work demonstrated large and systematic variations in oxygen isotope composition within the margin and Wark-Lovering rim of an Allende Type A CAI. These variations suggest that some CV CAIs formed from several oxygen reservoirs and may reflect transport between distinct regions of the solar nebula or varying gas composition near the proto-Sun. Oxygen isotope compositions of CAIs from other, less-altered chondrites show less intra-CAI variability and 16O-rich compositions. The record of intra-CAI oxygen isotope variability in CM chondrites, which commonly show evidence for low-temperature aqueous alteration, is less clear, in part because the most common CAIs found in CM chondrites are mineralogically simple (hibonite +/- spinel or spinel +/- pyroxene) and are composed of minerals less susceptible to O-isotopic exchange. No measurements of the oxygen isotope compositions of rims on CAIs in CM chondrites have been reported. Here, we present oxygen isotope data from a rare, Type A CAI from the Murchison meteorite, MUM-1. The data were collected from melilite, hibonite, perovskite and spinel in a traverse into the interior of the CAI and from pyroxene, melilite, anorthite, and spinel in the Wark-Lovering rim. Our objectives were to (1) document any evidence for intra-CAI oxygen isotope variability; (2) determine the isotopic composition of the rim minerals and compare their composition(s) to the CAI interior; and (3) compare the MUM-1 data to oxygen isotope zoning profiles measured from CAIs in other chondrites.

  8. Refractive index and absorption detector for liquid chromatography based on Fabry-Perot interferometry

    DOEpatents

    Yeung, E.S.; Woodruff, S.D.

    1984-06-19

    A refractive index and absorption detector are disclosed for liquid chromatography. It is based in part on a Fabry-Perot interferometer and is used for the improved detection of refractive index and absorption. It includes a Fabry-Perot interferometer having a normally fixed first partially reflecting mirror and a movable second partially reflecting mirror. A chromatographic flow-cell is positioned between the mirrors along the optical axis of a monochromatic laser beam passing through the interferometer. A means for deriving information about the interference fringes coming out of the interferometer is used with a mini-computer to compute the refractive index of the specimen injected into the flow cell. The minicomputer continuously scans the interferometer for continuous refractive index readings and outputs the continuous results of the scans on a chart recorder. The absorption of the specimen can concurrently be scanned by including a second optical path for an excitation laser which will not interfere with the first laser, but will affect the specimen so that absorption properties can be detected. By first scanning for the refractive index of the specimen, and then immediately adding the excitation laser and subsequently scanning for the refractive index again, the absorption of the specimen can be computed and recorded. 10 figs.

  9. Refractive index and absorption detector for liquid chromatography based on Fabry-Perot interferometry

    DOEpatents

    Yeung, Edward S.; Woodruff, Steven D.

    1984-06-19

    A refractive index and absorption detector for liquid chromatography. It is based in part on a Fabry-Perot interferometer and is used for the improved detection of refractive index and absorption. It includes a Fabry-Perot interferometer having a normally fixed first partially reflecting mirror and a movable second partially reflecting mirror. A chromatographic flow-cell is positioned between the mirrors along the optical axis of a monochromatic laser beam passing through the interferometer. A means for deriving information about the interference fringes coming out of the interferometer is used with a mini-computer to compute the refractive index of the specimen injected into the flow cell. The minicomputer continuously scans the interferometer for continuous refractive index readings and outputs the continuous results of the scans on a chart recorder. The absorption of the specimen can concurrently be scanned by including a second optical path for an excitation laser which will not interfere with the first laser, but will affect the specimen so that absorption properties can be detected. By first scanning for the refractive index of the specimen, and then immediately adding the excitation laser and subsequently scanning for the refractive index again, the absorption of the specimen can be computed and recorded.

  10. Low-refractive-index dye-aggregate films with small absorption based on anomalous dispersion.

    PubMed

    Wakamatsu, Takashi; Watanabe, Keita; Saito, Kazuhiro

    2005-02-20

    Complex-refractive-index spectra of Squarylium (SQ) dye-aggregate films deposited upon metal films have been investigated by measurements of properties of the films including absorption spectra (AS) and attenuated total reflection. Complex refractive indices are estimated by Kramers-Kronig analysis for the AS and by a theoretical curve-fitting analysis for attenuated total reflection. The dye-aggregate films exhibited an absorption that was blueshifted from that of a monomer, as a result of the H-aggregate formation of SQ molecules, and had a changing refractive index with anomalous dispersion about the H-absorption band. From both measurements of the SQ films it was found that there is a region of low absorption in the short-wavelength side of the absorption band and that the refractive index there is lower than that of glass.

  11. Low-refractive-index dye-aggregate films with small absorption based on anomalous dispersion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wakamatsu, Takashi; Watanabe, Keita; Saito, Kazuhiro

    2005-02-01

    Complex-refractive-index spectra of Squarylium (SQ) dye-aggregate films deposited upon metal films have been investigated by measurements of properties of the films including absorption spectra (AS) and attenuated total reflection. Complex refractive indices are estimated by Kramers-Kronig analysis for the AS and by a theoretical curve-fitting analysis for attenuated total reflection. The dye-aggregate films exhibited an absorption that was blueshifted from that of a monomer, as a result of the H-aggregate formation of SQ molecules, and had a changing refractive index with anomalous dispersion about the H-absorption band. From both measurements of the SQ films it was found that there is a region of low absorption in the short-wavelength side of the absorption band and that the refractive index there is lower than that of glass.

  12. CAI System of Obunsha Co., Ltd. Using CD-ROM

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Todokoro, Shigeru; Mukai, Yoshihiro

    This paper introduces the present status of R & D on CAI teaching materials in Obunsha Co., Ltd. Characteristics of CAI using CD-ROM as well as Culture-in CAI Teaching Materials System for junior high school English are described. The system consists of CD-ROM driver XM-2000 and Pasopia 700 of Toshiba Corporation having both features of CD-ROM and FD. CD-ROM stores vast amount of voice data while FD does text and graphics data. It is a frame-oriented mode system enabling to raise learning effect.

  13. Particulated articular cartilage: CAIS and DeNovo NT.

    PubMed

    Farr, Jack; Cole, Brian J; Sherman, Seth; Karas, Vasili

    2012-03-01

    Cartilage Autograft Implantation System (CAIS; DePuy/Mitek, Raynham, MA) and DeNovo Natural Tissue (NT; ISTO, St. Louis, MO) are novel treatment options for focal articular cartilage defects in the knee. These methods involve the implantation of particulated articular cartilage from either autograft or juvenile allograft donor, respectively. In the laboratory and in animal models, both CAIS and DeNovo NT have demonstrated the ability of the transplanted cartilage cells to "escape" from the extracellular matrix, migrate, multiply, and form a new hyaline-like cartilage tissue matrix that integrates with the surrounding host tissue. In clinical practice, the technique for both CAIS and DeNovo NT is straightforward, requiring only a single surgery to affect cartilage repair. Clinical experience is limited, with short-term studies demonstrating both procedures to be safe, feasible, and effective, with improvements in subjective patient scores, and with magnetic resonance imaging evidence of good defect fill. While these treatment options appear promising, prospective randomized controlled studies are necessary to refine the indications and contraindications for both CAIS and DeNovo NT.

  14. The Vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing autoinducer CAI-1: analysis of the biosynthetic enzyme CqsA

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kelly, R.; Bolitho, M; Higgins, D

    2009-01-01

    Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes the disease cholera, controls virulence factor production and biofilm development in response to two extracellular quorum-sensing molecules, called autoinducers. The strongest autoinducer, called CAI-1 (for cholera autoinducer-1), was previously identified as (S)-3-hydroxytridecan-4-one. Biosynthesis of CAI-1 requires the enzyme CqsA. Here, we determine the CqsA reaction mechanism, identify the CqsA substrates as (S)-2-aminobutyrate and decanoyl coenzyme A, and demonstrate that the product of the reaction is 3-aminotridecan-4-one, dubbed amino-CAI-1. CqsA produces amino-CAI-1 by a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent acyl-CoA transferase reaction. Amino-CAI-1 is converted to CAI-1 in a subsequent step via a CqsA-independent mechanism. Consistent with this,more » we find cells release {ge}100 times more CAI-1 than amino-CAI-1. Nonetheless, V. cholerae responds to amino-CAI-1 as well as CAI-1, whereas other CAI-1 variants do not elicit a quorum-sensing response. Thus, both CAI-1 and amino-CAI-1 have potential as lead molecules in the development of an anticholera treatment.« less

  15. Structural basis of Na(+)-independent and cooperative substrate/product antiport in CaiT.

    PubMed

    Schulze, Sabrina; Köster, Stefan; Geldmacher, Ulrike; Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Anke C; Kühlbrandt, Werner

    2010-09-09

    Transport of solutes across biological membranes is performed by specialized secondary transport proteins in the lipid bilayer, and is essential for life. Here we report the structures of the sodium-independent carnitine/butyrobetaine antiporter CaiT from Proteus mirabilis (PmCaiT) at 2.3-A and from Escherichia coli (EcCaiT) at 3.5-A resolution. CaiT belongs to the family of betaine/carnitine/choline transporters (BCCT), which are mostly Na(+) or H(+) dependent, whereas EcCaiT is Na(+) and H(+) independent. The three-dimensional architecture of CaiT resembles that of the Na(+)-dependent transporters LeuT and BetP, but in CaiT a methionine sulphur takes the place of the Na(+) ion to coordinate the substrate in the central transport site, accounting for Na(+)-independent transport. Both CaiT structures show the fully open, inward-facing conformation, and thus complete the set of functional states that describe the alternating access mechanism. EcCaiT contains two bound butyrobetaine substrate molecules, one in the central transport site, the other in an extracellular binding pocket. In the structure of PmCaiT, a tryptophan side chain occupies the transport site, and access to the extracellular site is blocked. Binding of both substrates to CaiT reconstituted into proteoliposomes is cooperative, with Hill coefficients up to 1.7, indicating that the extracellular site is regulatory. We propose a mechanism whereby the occupied regulatory site increases the binding affinity of the transport site and initiates substrate translocation.

  16. Two Generations of Sodic Metasomatism in an Allende Type B CAI

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ross, D. K.; Simon, J. I.; Simon, S. B.; Grossman, L.

    2015-01-01

    Calcium-Aluminum rich inclusions (CAI) in Allende, along with other chondritic compo-nents, experienced variable amounts and types of alter-ation of their mineralogy and chemistry. In CAIs, one of the principal types of alteration led to the depo-sition of nepheline and sodalite. Here we extend initial obervations of alteration in an Allende CAI, focus-ing on occurences of nepheline and a nepheline-like phase with unusally high Ca (referred to as "calcic nepheline" in this abstract). Detailed petrographic and microchemical observations of alteration phases in an Allende Type B CAI (TS4) show that two separate generations of "nepheline", with very distinct composi-tions, crystallized around the margins and in the interi-or of this CAI. We use observations of micro-faults as potential temporal markers, in order to place constraints on the timing of alteration events in Allende. These observa-tions of micro-faulting that truncate and offset one gen-eration of "nepheline" indicate that some "nepheline" crystallized before incorporation of the CAI into the Allende parent-body. Some of the sodic metasomatism in some Allende CAIs occurred prior to Allende par-ent-body assembly. The earlier generation of "calcic-nepheline" has a very distinctive, calcium-rich compo-sition, and the second generation is low in calcium, and matches the compositions of nephelines found in near-by altered chondrules, and in the Allende matrix.

  17. Coordinated Oxygen Isotopic and Petrologic Studies of CAIS Record Varying Composition of Protosolar

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Simon, Justin I.; Matzel, J. E. P.; Simon, S. B.; Weber, P. K.; Grossman, L.; Ross, D. K.; Hutcheon, I. D.

    2012-01-01

    Ca-, Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) record the O-isotope composition of Solar nebular gas from which they grew [1]. High spatial resolution O-isotope measurements afforded by ion microprobe analysis across the rims and margin of CAIs reveal systematic variations in (Delta)O-17 and suggest formation from a diversity of nebular environments [2-4]. This heterogeneity has been explained by isotopic mixing between the O-16-rich Solar reservoir [6] and a second O-16-poor reservoir (probably nebular gas) with a "planetary-like" isotopic composition [e.g., 1, 6-7], but the mechanism and location(s) where these events occur within the protoplanetary disk remain uncertain. The orientation of large and systematic variations in (Delta)O-17 reported by [3] for a compact Type A CAI from the Efremovka reduced CV3 chondrite differs dramatically from reports by [4] of a similar CAI, A37 from the Allende oxidized CV3 chondrite. Both studies conclude that CAIs were exposed to distinct, nebular O-isotope reservoirs, implying the transfer of CAIs among different settings within the protoplanetary disk [4]. To test this hypothesis further and the extent of intra-CAI O-isotopic variation, a pristine compact Type A CAI, Ef-1 from Efremovka, and a Type B2 CAI, TS4 from Allende were studied. Our new results are equally intriguing because, collectively, O-isotopic zoning patterns in the CAIs indicate a progressive and cyclic record. The results imply that CAIs were commonly exposed to multiple environments of distinct gas during their formation. Numerical models help constrain conditions and duration of these events.

  18. Personality preference influences medical student use of specific computer-aided instruction (CAI)

    PubMed Central

    McNulty, John A; Espiritu, Baltazar; Halsey, Martha; Mendez, Michelle

    2006-01-01

    Background The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that personality preference, which can be related to learning style, influences individual utilization of CAI applications developed specifically for the undergraduate medical curriculum. Methods Personality preferences of students were obtained using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test. CAI utilization for individual students was collected from entry logs for two different web-based applications (a discussion forum and a tutorial) used in the basic science course on human anatomy. Individual login data were sorted by personality preference and the data statistically analyzed by 2-way mixed ANOVA and correlation. Results There was a wide discrepancy in the level and pattern of student use of both CAI. Although individual use of both CAI was positively correlated irrespective of MBTI preference, students with a "Sensing" preference tended to use both CAI applications more than the "iNtuitives". Differences in the level of use of these CAI applications (i.e., higher use of discussion forum vs. a tutorial) were also found for the "Perceiving/Judging" dimension. Conclusion We conclude that personality/learning preferences of individual students influence their use of CAI in the medical curriculum. PMID:16451719

  19. CAI: Overcoming Attitude Barriers.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Netusil, Anton J.; Kockler, Lois H.

    During each of two school quarters, approximately 60 college students enrolled in a mathematics course were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group. The control group received instruction by the lecture method only; the experimental group received the same instruction, except that six computer-assisted instruction (CAI) units…

  20. The Relative Effectiveness of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) for Teaching Students To Read English.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thompson, Richard A.

    In a review of research on computer assisted instruction (CAI) related to reading, evidence collected provides tentative conclusions about CAI effectiveness. CAI was effective as an instructional medium in the surveyed studies. In a number of instances, CAI groups achieved higher scores than the control groups. Some studies indicated that CAI…

  1. An Intelligent CAI Monitor and Generative Tutor. Final Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Koffman, Elliot B.; Perry, James

    This final report summarizes research findings and presents a model for generative computer assisted instruction (CAI) with respect to its usefulness in the classroom environment. Methods used to individualize instruction, and the evolution of a procedure used to select a concept for presentation to a student with the generative CAI system are…

  2. Effectiveness of CAI Package on Achievement in Physics of IX Standard Students

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Maheswari, I. Uma; Ramakrishnan, N.

    2015-01-01

    The present study is an experimental one in nature, to find out the effectiveness of CAI package on in Physics of IX std. students. For this purpose a CAI package was developed and validated. The validated CAI package formed an independent variable of this study. The dependent variable is students' achievements in physics content. In order to find…

  3. Search for 41K Excess in Efremovka CAIs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Srinivasan, G.; Ulyanov, A. A.; Goswami, J. N.

    1993-07-01

    We have used the ion microprobe to measure K isotopic composition of refractory phases in Efremovka CAIs to look for the possible presence of K excess from the decay of extinct radionuclide Ca (halflife = 0.13 Ma). The presence of Ca at the time of CAI formation, if established, will allow us to place a lower limit on the time interval between the last injection of freshly synthesized matter into the solar nebula and the formation of some of the first solid objects (CAIs) in the solar system. Several attempts have been made earlier to detect 41K excess in Allende CAIs [1-4]. We have further investigated this problem by analyzing the Efremovka CAIs for two reasons. First, both the petrographic and magnesium isotopic systematics suggest the Efremovka CAIs to be less altered compared to the Allende CAIs making them an ideal and perhaps better sample for this study. Second, the presence of large perovskite (~10 micrometers) allowed us to analyse this phase, which was not included in earlier studies. The major difficulty in accurately measuring 41K, which was identified in earlier studies, is the unresolvable (40Ca42Ca)++ interference, which was found to be matrix dependent [4]. In addition, one can also have interfernce from the (40CaH)+ peak. In our operating condition the interference from the hydride peak can be neglected (Fig. 1, which appears in the hard copy). We have analyzed terrestrial perovskite (K <= 20 ppm) to determine the (40Ca42Ca)++ correction term, and its equivalence with (40Ca43Ca)++ ion signal at mass 41.5 [4]. In perovskite, the (40Ca42Ca)++ signal constitutes ~80% of the signal at 41K and we could estimate this interference with confidence. A value of (2.7 +- 0.1) x 10^-5 was obtained for the ratio [(40Ca42Ca)++/42Ca+], which is similar to the measured [(40Ca43Ca)++/43Ca+] ratio of (2.4 +- 0.2) x 10^-5. We have therefore used the measured value for the latter ratio in the analyzed phases to correct for the doubly charged interference at mass 41

  4. A ryanodine receptor-dependent Ca(i)(2+) asymmetry at Hensen's node mediates avian lateral identity.

    PubMed

    Garic-Stankovic, Ana; Hernandez, Marcos; Flentke, George R; Zile, Maija H; Smith, Susan M

    2008-10-01

    In mouse, the establishment of left-right (LR) asymmetry requires intracellular calcium (Ca(i)(2+)) enrichment on the left of the node. The use of Ca(i)(2+) asymmetry by other vertebrates, and its origins and relationship to other laterality effectors are largely unknown. Additionally, the architecture of Hensen's node raises doubts as to whether Ca(i)(2+) asymmetry is a broadly conserved mechanism to achieve laterality. We report here that the avian embryo uses a left-side enriched Ca(i)(2+) asymmetry across Hensen's node to govern its lateral identity. Elevated Ca(i)(2+) was first detected along the anterior node at early HH4, and its emergence and left-side enrichment by HH5 required both ryanodine receptor (RyR) activity and extracellular calcium, implicating calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) as the novel source of the Ca(i)(2+). Targeted manipulation of node Ca(i)(2+) randomized heart laterality and affected nodal expression. Bifurcation of the Ca(i)(2+) field by the emerging prechordal plate may permit the independent regulation of LR Ca(i)(2+) levels. To the left of the node, RyR/CICR and H(+)V-ATPase activity sustained elevated Ca(i)(2+). On the right, Ca(i)(2+) levels were actively repressed through the activities of H(+)K(+) ATPase and serotonin-dependent signaling, thus identifying a novel mechanism for the known effects of serotonin on laterality. Vitamin A-deficient quail have a high incidence of situs inversus hearts and had a reversed calcium asymmetry. Thus, Ca(i)(2+) asymmetry across the node represents a more broadly conserved mechanism for laterality among amniotes than had been previously believed.

  5. Simultaneous measurements of absorption spectrum and refractive index in a microfluidic system.

    PubMed

    Helseth, Lars Egil

    2012-02-13

    The characterization of dyes in various solvents requires determination of the absorption spectrum of the dye as well as the refractive index of the solvent. Typically, the refractive index of the solvent and the absorption spectrum of the solute are measured using separate experimental setups where significant liquid volumes are required. In this work the first optical measurement system that is able to do simultaneous measurements of the refractive index of the solvent and the spectral properties of the solute in a microscopic volume is presented. The laser dye Rhodamine 6G in glycerol is investigated, and the refractive index of the solution is monitored using the interference pattern of the light scattered off the channel, while its spectral properties is found by monitoring reflected light from the channel.

  6. Index to Computer Assisted Instruction.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lekan, Helen A., Ed.

    The computer assisted instruction (CAI) programs and projects described in this index are listed by subject matter. The index gives the program name, author, source, description, prerequisites, level of instruction, type of student, average completion time, logic and program, purpose for which program was designed, supplementary…

  7. A phase I trial of pharmacokinetic modulation of carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) with ketoconazole in patients with advanced cancer.

    PubMed

    Desai, Apurva A; Innocenti, Federico; Janisch, Linda; DeMario, Mark; Shepard, Dale; Ramirez, Jacqueline; Fleming, Gini F; Ratain, Mark J

    2004-11-01

    Carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) is a novel antineoplastic agent in clinical development with limited oral bioavailability. In vitro, ketoconazole has been demonstrated to inhibit CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of CAI. We performed this phase I trial to determine if ketoconazole-mediated CYP3A4 inhibition would lead to favorable alteration of CAI pharmacokinetics, and to evaluate the safety, toxicity and tolerability of the proposed combination. Forty-seven patients were treated using a standard three patients per cohort CAI dose-escalation scheme. In cycle 1, CAI was administered alone on day-6 followed by a single dose of ketoconazole (200 mg) on day 0. CAI and ketoconazole (200 mg/day) were subsequently coadministered on days 1 and 3-28. Plasma samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were obtained following the doses on days-6 and 1. All subsequent cycles were of 28-day duration, and consisted of daily CAI and ketoconazole coadministration. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on samples from 44 patients. In most patients administration of ketoconazole produced an increase in CAI AUC and Cmax with a decrease in CAI clearance. Seven patients experienced stable disease for up to 12 months. Gastrointestinal and constitutional toxicities were the most common toxicities. Coadministration of CAI with ketoconazole increased CAI exposure in most of the patients without altering the toxicity profile of CAI. The highest CAI dose administered on the trial was 300 mg/day. The clinical utility of such a modulation strategy might be explored in future clinical trials of CAI.

  8. Experimental Determination of Li, Be and B Partitioning During CAI Crystallization

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ryerson, F J; Brenan, J M; Phinney, D L

    2005-01-12

    The main focus of the work is to develop a better understanding of the distribution of the elements B, Be and Li in melilite, fassaitic clinop clinopy-roxene, anorthite and spinel, which are the primary constituents of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs). These elements are the parent or decay products of short-lived nuclides (specifically, {sup 7}Be and {sup 10}Be) formed by cosmic ray spallation reactions on silicon and oxygen. Recent observations suggest that some CAIs contain ''fossil'' {sup 7}Be and {sup 10}Be in the form of ''excess'' amounts of their decay products (B and Li). The exact timing of {sup 7}Be and {supmore » 10}Be production is unknown, but if it occurred early in CAI history, it could constrain the birthplace of CAIs to be within a limited region near the infant sun. Other interpretations are possible, however, and bear little significance to early CAI genesis. In order to interpret the anomalies as being ''primary'', and thus originating at high temperature, information on the intermineral partitioning of both parent and daughter elements is required.« less

  9. Effect of CAI on Achievement of LD Students in English

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sivaram, R. T.; Ramar, R.

    2014-01-01

    The present experimental study was undertaken with three objectives in view, (i) to identify students with language learning disabilities (ii) to develop CAI software to teach LD students through computer-assisted instruction and (iii) to measure the effectiveness of CAI with special reference to LD students. Two matched groups of LD students were…

  10. An Object-Oriented Architecture for a Web-Based CAI System.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nakabayashi, Kiyoshi; Hoshide, Takahide; Seshimo, Hitoshi; Fukuhara, Yoshimi

    This paper describes the design and implementation of an object-oriented World Wide Web-based CAI (Computer-Assisted Instruction) system. The goal of the design is to provide a flexible CAI/ITS (Intelligent Tutoring System) framework with full extendibility and reusability, as well as to exploit Web-based software technologies such as JAVA, ASP (a…

  11. CAI-BASIC: A Program to Teach the Programming Language BASIC.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Barry, Thomas Anthony

    A computer-assisted instruction (CAI) program was designed which fulfills the objectives of teaching a simple programing language, interpreting student responses, and executing and editing student programs. The CAI-BASIC program is written in FORTRAN IV and executes on IBM-2741 terminals while running under a time-sharing system on an IBM-360-70…

  12. Oxygen isotope variations at the margin of a CAI records circulation within the solar nebula.

    PubMed

    Simon, Justin I; Hutcheon, Ian D; Simon, Steven B; Matzel, Jennifer E P; Ramon, Erick C; Weber, Peter K; Grossman, Lawrence; DePaolo, Donald J

    2011-03-04

    Micrometer-scale analyses of a calcium-, aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) and the characteristic mineral bands mantling the CAI reveal that the outer parts of this primitive object have a large range of oxygen isotope compositions. The variations are systematic; the relative abundance of (16)O first decreases toward the CAI margin, approaching a planetary-like isotopic composition, then shifts to extremely (16)O-rich compositions through the surrounding rim. The variability implies that CAIs probably formed from several oxygen reservoirs. The observations support early and short-lived fluctuations of the environment in which CAIs formed, either because of transport of the CAIs themselves to distinct regions of the solar nebula or because of varying gas composition near the proto-Sun.

  13. Determination of absorption coefficient of nanofluids with unknown refractive index from reflection and transmission spectra

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Joong Bae; Lee, Seungyoon; Lee, Kyungeun; Lee, Ikjin; Lee, Bong Jae

    2018-07-01

    It has been shown that the absorption coefficient of a nanofluid can be actively tuned by changing material, size, shape, and concentration of the nanoparticle suspension. In applications of engineered nanofluids for the direct absorption of solar radiation, it is important to experimentally characterize the absorption coefficient of nanofluids in the solar spectrum. If the refractive index of the base fluid (i.e., the solution without nanoparticles) is known a priori, the absorption coefficient of nanofluids can be easily determined from the transmission spectrum. However, if the refractive index of the base fluid is not known, it is not straightforward to extract the absorption coefficient solely from the transmission spectrum. The present work aims to develop an analytical method of determining the absorption coefficient of nanofluids with unknown refractive index by measuring both reflection and transmission spectra. The proposed method will be validated with deionized water, and the effect of measurement uncertainty will be carefully examined. Finally, the general applicability of the proposed method will also be demonstrated for Therminol VP-1 as well as the Therminol VP-1 - graphite nanofluid.

  14. Thermal maturity patterns in New York State using CAI and %Ro

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Weary, D.J.; Ryder, R.T.; Nyahay, R.E.

    2001-01-01

    New conodont alteration index (CAI) and vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) data collected from drill holes in the Appalachian basin of New York State allow refinement of thermal maturity maps for Ordovician and Devonian rocks. CAI isotherms on the new maps show a pattern that approximates that published by Harris et al. (1978) in eastern and western New York, but it differs in central New York, where the isotherms are shifted markedly westward by more than 100 km and are more tightly grouped. This close grouping of isograds reflects a steeper thermal gradient than previously noted by Harris et al. (1978) and agrees closely with the abrupt west-to-east increase in thermal maturity across New York noted by Johnsson (1986). These data show, in concordance with previous studies, that thermal maturity levels in these rocks are higher than can be explained by simple burial heating beneath the present thickness of overburden. The Ordovician and Devonian rocks of the Appalachian Basin in New York must have been buried by very thick post-Devonian sediments (4-6 km suggested by Sarwar and Friedman 1995) or were exposed to a higher-than-normal geothermal flux caused by crustal extension, or a combination of the two.

  15. Microstructural Investigation of a Wark-Lovering Rim on a Vigarano CAI

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Han, J.; Keller, L. P.; Needham, A. W.; Messenger, S.; Simon, J. I.

    2015-01-01

    Wark-Lovering (WL) rims are thin multi-layered mineral sequences that surround many CAIs. These rim layers consist of the primary minerals found in the CAI interiors, but vary in their mineralogy. Several models for their origin have been proposed including condensation, reaction with a nebular gas, evaporation, or combinations of these. However, there still is little consensus on how and when the rims formed. Here, we describe the microstructure and mineralogy of a WL rim on a type B CAI from the Vigarano CV(sub red) chondrite using FIB/TEM to better understand the astrophysical significance of WL rim formation.

  16. CAI in Advanced Literature Class.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hinton, Norman

    1981-01-01

    Ways that computer assisted instruction (CAI) can be useful in teaching English at upperclass and graduate levels are considered, with illustrations from PLATO lessons that have been composed and programmed. One lesson takes advantage of PLATO's graphic design capabilities, which enabled the teacher to design the runic figures and to show them in…

  17. Specific absorption rate analysis of broadband mobile antenna with negative index metamaterial

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Alam, Touhidul; Faruque, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal; Islam, Mohammad Tariqul

    2016-03-01

    This paper presents a negative index metamaterial-inspired printed mobile wireless antenna that can support most mobile applications such as GSM, UMTS, Bluetooth and WLAN frequency bands. The antenna consists of a semi-circular patch, a 50Ω microstrip feed line and metamaterial ground plane. The antenna occupies a very small space of 37 × 47 × 0.508 mm3, making it suitable for mobile wireless application. The perceptible novelty shown in this proposed antenna is that reduction of specific absorption rate using the negative index metamaterial ground plane. The proposed antenna reduced 72.11 and 75.53 % of specific absorption rate at 1.8 and 2.4 GHz, respectively.

  18. A multielement isotopic study of refractory FUN and F CAIs: Mass-dependent and mass-independent isotope effects

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kööp, Levke; Nakashima, Daisuke; Heck, Philipp R.; Kita, Noriko T.; Tenner, Travis J.; Krot, Alexander N.; Nagashima, Kazuhide; Park, Changkun; Davis, Andrew M.

    2018-01-01

    Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) are the oldest dated objects that formed inside the Solar System. Among these are rare, enigmatic objects with large mass-dependent fractionation effects (F CAIs), which sometimes also have large nucleosynthetic anomalies and a low initial abundance of the short-lived radionuclide 26Al (FUN CAIs). We have studied seven refractory hibonite-rich CAIs and one grossite-rich CAI from the Murchison (CM2) meteorite for their oxygen, calcium, and titanium isotopic compositions. The 26Al-26Mg system was also studied in seven of these CAIs. We found mass-dependent heavy isotope enrichment in all measured elements, but never simultaneously in the same CAI. The data are hard to reconcile with a single-stage melt evaporation origin and may require reintroduction or reequilibration for magnesium, oxygen and titanium after evaporation for some of the studied CAIs. The initial 26Al/27Al ratios inferred from model isochrons span a range from <1 × 10-6 to canonical (∼5 × 10-5). The CAIs show a mutual exclusivity relationship between inferred incorporation of live 26Al and the presence of resolvable anomalies in 48Ca and 50Ti. Furthermore, a relationship exists between 26Al incorporation and Δ17O in the hibonite-rich CAIs (i.e., 26Al-free CAIs have resolved variations in Δ17O, while CAIs with resolved 26Mg excesses have Δ17O values close to -23‰). Only the grossite-rich CAI has a relatively enhanced Δ17O value (∼-17‰) in spite of a near-canonical 26Al/27Al. We interpret these data as indicating that fractionated hibonite-rich CAIs formed over an extended time period and sampled multiple stages in the isotopic evolution of the solar nebula, including: (1) an 26Al-poor nebula with large positive and negative anomalies in 48Ca and 50Ti and variable Δ17O; (2) a stage of 26Al-admixture, during which anomalies in 48Ca and 50Ti had been largely diluted and a Δ17O value of ∼-23‰ had been achieved in the CAI formation region; and (3

  19. Closed system oxygen isotope redistribution in igneous CAIs upon spinel dissolution

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aléon, Jérôme

    2018-01-01

    In several Calcium-Aluminum-rich Inclusions (CAIs) from the CV3 chondrites Allende and Efremovka, representative of the most common igneous CAI types (type A, type B and Fractionated with Unknown Nuclear isotopic anomalies, FUN), the relationship between 16O-excesses and TiO2 content in pyroxene indicates that the latter commonly begins to crystallize with a near-terrestrial 16O-poor composition and becomes 16O-enriched during crystallization, reaching a near-solar composition. Mass balance calculations were performed to investigate the contribution of spinel to this 16O-enrichment. It is found that a back-reaction of early-crystallized 16O-rich spinel with a silicate partial melt having undergone a 16O-depletion is consistent with the O isotopic evolution of CAI minerals during magmatic crystallization. Dissolution of spinel explains the O isotopic composition (16O-excess and extent of mass fractionation) of pyroxene as well as that of primary anorthite/dmisteinbergite and possibly that of the last melilite crystallizing immediately before pyroxene. It requires that igneous CAIs behaved as closed-systems relative to oxygen from nebular gas during a significant fraction of their cooling history, contrary to the common assumption that CAI partial melts constantly equilibrated with gas. The mineralogical control on O isotopes in igneous CAIs is thus simply explained by a single 16O-depletion during magmatic crystallization. This 16O-depletion occurred in an early stage of the thermal history, after the crystallization of spinel, i.e. in the temperature range for melilite crystallization/partial melting and did not require multiple, complex or late isotope exchange. More experimental work is however required to deduce the protoplanetary disk conditions associated with this 16O-depletion.

  20. Cognitive Assessment Interview (CAI): Validity as a co-primary measure of cognition across phases of schizophrenia.

    PubMed

    Ventura, Joseph; Subotnik, Kenneth L; Ered, Arielle; Hellemann, Gerhard S; Nuechterlein, Keith H

    2016-04-01

    Progress has been made in developing interview-based measures for the assessment of cognitive functioning, such as the Cognitive Assessment Interview (CAI), as co-primary measures that compliment objective neurocognitive assessments and daily functioning. However, a few questions remain, including whether the relationships with objective cognitive measures and daily functioning are high enough to justify the CAI as an co-primary measure and whether patient-only assessments are valid. Participants were first-episode schizophrenia patients (n=60) and demographically-similar healthy controls (n=35), chronic schizophrenia patients (n=38) and demographically similar healthy controls (n=19). Participants were assessed at baseline with an interview-based measure of cognitive functioning (CAI), a test of objective cognitive functioning, functional capacity, and role functioning at baseline, and in the first episode patients again 6 months later (n=28). CAI ratings were correlated with objective cognitive functioning, functional capacity, and functional outcomes in first-episode schizophrenia patients at similar magnitudes as in chronic patients. Comparisons of first-episode and chronic patients with healthy controls indicated that the CAI sensitively detected deficits in schizophrenia. The relationship of CAI Patient-Only ratings with objective cognitive functioning, functional capacity, and daily functioning were comparable to CAI Rater scores that included informant information. These results confirm in an independent sample the relationship of the CAI ratings with objectively measured cognition, functional capacity, and role functioning. Comparison of schizophrenia patients with healthy controls further validates the CAI as an co-primary measure of cognitive deficits. Also, CAI change scores were strongly related to objective cognitive change indicating sensitivity to change. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  1. Fine-Gained CAIs in Comet Samples: Moderate Refractory Character and Comparison to Small Refractory Inclusions in Chondrites

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Joswiak, D. J.; Brownlee, D. E.; Nguyen, A. N.; Messenger, S

    2017-01-01

    Examination of >200 comet Wild 2 particles collected by the Stardust (SD) mission shows that the CAI abundance of comet Wild 2's rocky material is near 1% and that nearly 50% of all bulbous tracks will contain at least one recognizable CAI fragment. A similar abundance to Wild 2 is found in a giant cluster IDP thought to be of cometary origin. The properties of these CAIs and their comparison with meteoritic CAIs provide important clues on the role of CAIs in the early Solar System (SS) and how they were transported to the edge of the solar nebula where Kuiper Belt comets formed. Previously, only two CAIs in comet Wild 2 had been identified and studied in detail. Here we present 2 new Wild 2 CAIs and 2 from a giant cluster cometary IDP, describe their mineralogical characteristics and show that they are most analogous to nodules in spinel-rich, fine-grained inclusions (FGIs) observed in CV3 and other chondrites. Additionally, we present new O isotope measurements from one CAI from comet Wild 2 and show that its oxygen isotopic composition is similar to some FGIs. This is only the second CAI from Wild 2 in which O isotopes have been measured.

  2. Silicon Isotopic Fractionation of CAI-like Vacuum Evaporation Residues

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Knight, K; Kita, N; Mendybaev, R

    2009-06-18

    Calcium-, aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) are often enriched in the heavy isotopes of magnesium and silicon relative to bulk solar system materials. It is likely that these isotopic enrichments resulted from evaporative mass loss of magnesium and silicon from early solar system condensates while they were molten during one or more high-temperature reheating events. Quantitative interpretation of these enrichments requires laboratory determinations of the evaporation kinetics and associated isotopic fractionation effects for these elements. The experimental data for the kinetics of evaporation of magnesium and silicon and the evaporative isotopic fractionation of magnesium is reasonably complete for Type B CAI liquidsmore » (Richter et al., 2002, 2007a). However, the isotopic fractionation factor for silicon evaporating from such liquids has not been as extensively studied. Here we report new ion microprobe silicon isotopic measurements of residual glass from partial evaporation of Type B CAI liquids into vacuum. The silicon isotopic fractionation is reported as a kinetic fractionation factor, {alpha}{sub Si}, corresponding to the ratio of the silicon isotopic composition of the evaporation flux to that of the residual silicate liquid. For CAI-like melts, we find that {alpha}{sub Si} = 0.98985 {+-} 0.00044 (2{sigma}) for {sup 29}Si/{sup 28}Si with no resolvable variation with temperature over the temperature range of the experiments, 1600-1900 C. This value is different from what has been reported for evaporation of liquid Mg{sub 2}SiO{sub 4} (Davis et al., 1990) and of a melt with CI chondritic proportions of the major elements (Wang et al., 2001). There appears to be some compositional control on {alpha}{sub Si}, whereas no compositional effects have been reported for {alpha}{sub Mg}. We use the values of {alpha}Si and {alpha}Mg, to calculate the chemical compositions of the unevaporated precursors of a number of isotopically fractionated CAIs from CV chondrites

  3. Micro-CAI in Education: Some Considerations.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Majsterek, David

    This paper focuses on the applications which best suit the microcomputer in an educational setting with emphasis on adapting effective pedagogical practice to the computer's programability and delivery capabilities. Discovery learning and "being told" are identified as two types of computer assisted instruction (CAI) and sample uses of…

  4. Discussion of vicarious calibration of GOSAT/TANSO-CAI UV-band (380nm) and aerosol retrieval in wildfire region in the OCO-2 and GOSAT observation campaign at Railroad Valley in 2016

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hashimoto, M.; Kuze, A.; Bruegge, C. J.; Shiomi, K.; Kataoka, F.; Kikuchi, N.; Arai, T.; Kasai, K.; Nakajima, T.

    2016-12-01

    The GOSAT (Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite) / TANSO-CAI (Cloud and Aerosol Imager, CAI) is an imaging sensor to measure cloud and aerosol properties and observes reflected sunlight from the atmosphere and surface of the ground. The sensor has four bands from near ultraviolet (near-UV) to shortwave infrared, 380, 674, 870 and 1600nm. The field of view size is 0.5 km for band-1 through band-3, and 1.5km for band-4. Band-1 (380nm) is one of unique function of the CAI. The near-UV observation offers several advantages for the remote sensing of aerosols over land: Low reflectance of most surfaces; Sensitivity to absorbing aerosols; Absorption of trace gases is weak (Höller et al., 2004). CAI UV-band is useful to distinguish absorbing aerosol (smoke) from cloud. GOSAT-2/TANSO-CAI-2 that will be launched in the future also has UV-bands, 340 and 380nm. We carried out an experiment to calibrate CAI UV-band radiance using data taken in a field campaign of OCO-2 and GOSAT at Railroad Valley in 2016. The campaign period is June 27 to July 3 in 2016. We measured surface reflectance by using USB4000 Spectrometer with 74-UV collimating lens (Ocean Optics) and Spectralon (Labsphere). USB4000 is a UV spectrometer, and its measurement range from 300 to 520nm. We simulated CAI UV-band radiance using a vector type of radiation transfer code, i.e. including polarization calculation, pstar3 (Ota et al., 2010) using measured surface reflectance and atmospheric data, pressure and relative humidity by radiosonde in the same campaign, and aerosol optical depth by AERONET, etc. Then, we evaluated measured UV radiances with the simulated data. We show the result of vicarious calibration of CAI UV-band in the campaign, and discuss about this method for future sensor, CAI-2. Around the campaign period, there was wildfire around Los Angeles, and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) observed by AERONET at Rail Road valley and Caltech sites is also high. We tried to detect and retrieve aerosol

  5. CAI System with Multi-Media Text Through Web Browser for NC Lathe Programming

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mizugaki, Yoshio; Kikkawa, Koichi; Mizui, Masahiko; Kamijo, Keisuke

    A new Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) system for NC lathe programming has been developed with use of multi-media texts including movies, animations, pictures, sound and texts through Web browser. Although many CAI systems developed previously for NC programming consist of text-based instructions, it is difficult for beginners to learn NC programming with use of them. In the developed CAI system, multi-media texts are adopted for the help of users' understanding, and it is available through Web browser anytime and anywhere. Also the error log is automatically recorded for the future references. According to the NC programming coded by a user, the movement of the NC lathe is animated and shown in the monitor screen in front of the user. If its movement causes the collision between a cutting tool and the lathe, some sound and the caution remark are generated. If the user makes mistakes some times at a certain stage in learning NC, the corresponding suggestion is shown in the form of movies, animations, and so forth. By using the multimedia texts, users' attention is kept concentrated during a training course. In this paper, the configuration of the CAI system is explained and the actual procedures for users to learn the NC programming are also explained too. Some beginners tested this CAI system and their results are illustrated and discussed from the viewpoint of the efficiency and usefulness of this CAI system. A brief conclusion is also mentioned.

  6. Chronology of chrondrule and CAI formation: Mg-Al isotopic evidence

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Macpherson, G. J.; Davis, A. M.

    1994-01-01

    Details of the chondrule and Ca-Al-rich inclusion (CAI) formation during the earliest history of the solar system are imperfectly known. Because CAI's are more 'refractory' than ferromagnesian chondrules and have the lowest recorded initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios of any solar system materials, the expectation is that CAI's formed earlier than chondrules. But it is not known, for example, if CAI formation had stopped by the time chondrule formation began. Conventional (absolute) age-dating techniques cannot adequately resolve small age differences (less than 10(exp 6) years) between objects of such antiquity. One approach has been to look at systematic differences in the daughter products of short-lived radionuclides such as Al-26 and I-129. Unfortunately, neither system appears to be 'well-behaved.' One possible reason for this circumstance is that later secondary events have partially reset the isotopic systems, but a viable alternative continues to be large-scale (nebular) heterogeneity in initial isotopic abundances, which would of course render the systems nearly useless as chronometers. In the past two years the nature of this problem has been redefined somewhat. Examination of the Al-Mg isotopic database for all CAI's suggests that the vast majority of inclusions originally had the same initial Al-26/Al-27 abundance ratio, and that the ill-behaved isotopic systematics now observed are the results of later partial reequilibration due to thermal processing. Isotopic heterogeneities did exist in the nebula, as demonstrated by the existence of so-called FUN inclusions in CV3 chondrites and isotopically anomalous hibonite grains in CM2 chondrites, which had little or no live Al-26 at the time of their formation. But, among the population of CV3 inclusions at least, FUN inclusions appear to have been a relatively minor nebular component.

  7. Individual Differences in Learner Controlled CAI.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Judd, Wilson A.; And Others

    Two assumptions in support of learner-controlled computer-assisted instruction (CAI) are that (1) instruction administered under learner control will be less aversive than if administered under program control, and (2) the student is sufficiently aware of his learning state to make, in most instances, his own instructional decisions. Some 130…

  8. INAA of CAIs from the Maralinga CK4 chondrite: Effects of parent body thermal metamorphism

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lindstrom, D. J.; Keller, L. P.; Martinez, R. R.

    1993-01-01

    Maralinga is an anomalous CK4 carbonaceous chondrite which contains numerous Ca-, Al-rich inclusions (CAI's) unlike the other members of the CK group. These CAI's are characterized by abundant green hercynitic spinel intergrown with plagioclase and high-Ca clinopyroxene, and a total lack of melilite. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) was used to further characterize the meteorite, with special focus on the CAI's. High sensitivity INAA was done on eight sample disks about 100-150 microns in diameter obtained from a normal 30 micron thin section with a diamond microcoring device. The CAI's are enriched by 60-70X bulk meteorite values in Zn, suggesting that the substantial exchange of Fe for Mg that made the spinel in the CAI's hercynitic also allowed efficient scavenging of Zn from the rest of the meteorite during parent body thermal metamorphism. Less mobile elements appear to have maintained their initial heterogeneity.

  9. Preliminary verification for application of a support vector machine-based cloud detection method to GOSAT-2 CAI-2

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Oishi, Yu; Ishida, Haruma; Nakajima, Takashi Y.; Nakamura, Ryosuke; Matsunaga, Tsuneo

    2018-05-01

    The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) was launched in 2009 to measure global atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations. GOSAT is equipped with two sensors: the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observations (TANSO)-Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) and TANSO-Cloud and Aerosol Imager (CAI). The presence of clouds in the instantaneous field of view of the FTS leads to incorrect estimates of the concentrations. Thus, the FTS data suspected to have cloud contamination must be identified by a CAI cloud discrimination algorithm and rejected. Conversely, overestimating clouds reduces the amount of FTS data that can be used to estimate greenhouse gas concentrations. This is a serious problem in tropical rainforest regions, such as the Amazon, where the amount of useable FTS data is small because of cloud cover. Preparations are continuing for the launch of the GOSAT-2 in fiscal year 2018. To improve the accuracy of the estimates of greenhouse gases concentrations, we need to refine the existing CAI cloud discrimination algorithm: Cloud and Aerosol Unbiased Decision Intellectual Algorithm (CLAUDIA1). A new cloud discrimination algorithm using a support vector machine (CLAUDIA3) was developed and presented in another paper. Although the use of visual inspection of clouds as a standard for judging is not practical for screening a full satellite data set, it has the advantage of allowing for locally optimized thresholds, while CLAUDIA1 and -3 use common global thresholds. Thus, the accuracy of visual inspection is better than that of these algorithms in most regions, with the exception of snow- and ice-covered surfaces, where there is not enough spectral contrast to identify cloud. In other words, visual inspection results can be used as truth data for accuracy evaluation of CLAUDIA1 and -3. For this reason visual inspection can be used for the truth metric for the cloud discrimination verification exercise. In this study, we compared CLAUDIA1-CAI and

  10. Discovery of 2-azetidinone and 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione derivatives containing sulfonamide group at the side chain as potential cholesterol absorption inhibitors.

    PubMed

    Yuan, Xinrui; Lu, Peng; Xue, Xiaojian; Qin, Hui; Fan, Chen; Wang, Yubin; Zhang, Qi

    2016-02-01

    Cholesterol absorption inhibitor (CAI) targeting Niemann-Pick C1-like1 protein was developed for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia and only ezetimibe was approved so far. For developing novel CAIs, we synthesized sixteen 2-azetidinone derivatives and thirteen 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione derivatives containing sulfonamide group at the side chain, and their inhibitory activity of cholesterol absorption was evaluated in Caco-2 cell line in vitro. Furthermore, top six compounds were measured by cytotoxicity and partition coefficient, and 2-azetidinone analogue 9e was selected for in vivo study. Finally, 9e considerably reduced total cholesterol, LDL-C, FFA and triglyceride in the serum and increased the rate of HDL-C to total cholesterol, suggesting it could regulate the lipid metabolism and act as a potent CAI. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. Compound ultrarefractory CAI-bearing inclusions from CV3 carbonaceous chondrites

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ivanova, Marina A.; Krot, Alexander N.; Nagashima, Kazuhide; MacPherson, Glenn J.

    2012-12-01

    Abstract-Two compound calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>), 3N from the oxidized CV chondrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 3118 and 33E from the reduced CV chondrite Efremovka, contain ultrarefractory (UR) inclusions. 3N is a forsterite-bearing type B (FoB) <span class="hlt">CAI</span> that encloses UR inclusion 3N-24 composed of Zr,Sc,Y-rich oxides, Y-rich perovskite, and Zr,Sc-rich Al,Ti-diopside. 33E contains a fluffy type A (FTA) <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and UR <span class="hlt">CAI</span> 33E-1, surrounded by Wark-Lovering rim layers of spinel, Al-diopside, and forsterite, and a common forsterite-rich accretionary rim. 33E-1 is composed of Zr,Sc,Y-rich oxides, Y-rich perovskite, Zr,Sc,Y-rich pyroxenes (Al,Ti-diopside, Sc-rich pyroxene), and gehlenite. 3N-24's UR oxides and Zr,Sc-rich Al,Ti-diopsides are 16O-poor (Δ17O approximately -2‰ to -5‰). Spinel in 3N-24 and spinel and Al-diopside in the FoB <span class="hlt">CAI</span> are 16O-rich (Δ17O approximately -23 ± 2‰). 33E-1's UR oxides and Zr,Sc-rich Al,Ti-diopsides are 16O-depleted (Δ17O approximately -2‰ to -5‰) vs. Al,Ti-diopside of the FTA <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and spinel (Δ17O approximately -23 ± 2‰), and Wark-Lovering rim Al,Ti-diopside (Δ17O approximately -7‰ to -19‰). We infer that the inclusions experienced multistage formation in nebular regions with different oxygen-isotope compositions. 3N-24 and 33E-1's precursors formed by evaporation/condensation above 1600 °C. 3N and 33E's precursors formed by condensation and melting (3N only) at significantly lower temperatures. 3N-24 and 3N's precursors aggregated into a compound object and experienced partial melting and thermal annealing. 33E-1 and 33E avoided melting prior to and after aggregation. They acquired Wark-Lovering and common forsterite-rich accretionary rims, probably by condensation, followed by thermal annealing. We suggest 3N-24 and 33E-1 originated in a 16O-rich gaseous reservoir and subsequently experienced isotope exchange in a 16O-poor gaseous reservoir. Mechanism and timing of oxygen-isotope exchange remain</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..1111703S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..1111703S"><span>Effect of water content and organic carbon on remote sensing of crop residue cover</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Serbin, G.; Hunt, E. R., Jr.; Daughtry, C. S. T.; McCarty, G. W.; Brown, D. J.; Doraiswamy, P. C.</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>Crop residue cover is an important indicator of tillage method. Remote sensing of crop residue cover is an attractive and efficient method when compared with traditional ground-based methods, e.g., the line-point transect or windshield survey. A number of spectral indices have been devised for residue cover estimation. Of these, the most effective are those in the shortwave infrared portion of the spectrum, situated between 1950 and 2500 nm. These indices include the hyperspectral Cellulose <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> <span class="hlt">Index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>), and advanced multispectral indices, i.e., the Lignin-Cellulose <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> (LCA) <span class="hlt">index</span> and the Shortwave Infrared Normalized Difference Residue <span class="hlt">Index</span> (SINDRI), which were devised for the NASA Terra Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor. Spectra of numerous soils from U.S. Corn Belt (Indiana and Iowa) were acquired under wetness conditions varying from saturation to oven-dry conditions. The behavior of soil reflectance with water content was also dependent on the soil organic carbon content (SOC) of the soils, and the location of the spectral bands relative to significant water <span class="hlt">absorptions</span>. High-SOC soils showed the least change in spectral <span class="hlt">index</span> values with increase in soil water content. Low-SOC soils, on the other hand, showed measurable difference. For <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, low-SOC soils show an initial decrease in <span class="hlt">index</span> value followed by an increase, due to the way that water content affects <span class="hlt">CAI</span> spectral bands. Crop residue <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values decrease with water content. For LCA, water content increases decrease crop residue <span class="hlt">index</span> values and increase them for soils, resulting in decreased contrast. SINDRI is also affected by SOC and water content. As such, spatial information on the distribution of surface soil water content and SOC, when used in a geographic information system (GIS), will improve the accuracy of remotely-sensed crop residue cover estimates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170005741','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170005741"><span>NWA10758: A New CV3 Chondrite Bearing a Giant <span class="hlt">CAI</span> with Hibonite-Rich Wark-Lovering Rim</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ross, D. K.; Simon, J. I.; Zolensky, M.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Northwest Africa (NWA) 10758 is a newly identified carbonaceous chondrite that is a Bali-like oxidized CV3. The large Ca-Al rich inclusion (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) in this sample is approx. 2.4 x 1.4 cm. The <span class="hlt">CAI</span> is transitional in composition between type A and type B, with interior mineralogy dominated by melilite, plus less abundant spinel and Al-Ti rich diopside, and only very minor anorthite (Fig. 1A). This <span class="hlt">CAI</span> is largely free of secondary alteration in the exposed section we examined, with almost no nepheline, sodalite or Ca-Fe silicates. The Wark-Lovering (WL) rim on this <span class="hlt">CAI</span> is dominated by hibonite, with lower abundances of spinel and perovskite, and with hibonite locally overlain by melilite plus perovskite (as in Fig. 1B). Note that the example shown in 1B is exceptional. Around most of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, hibonite + spinel + perovskite form the WL rim, without overlying melilite. The WL rim can be unusually thick, ranging from approx. 20 microns up to approx. 150 microns. A well-developed, stratified accretionary rim infills embayments of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, and thins over protuberances in the convoluted <span class="hlt">CAI</span> surface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12163501','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12163501"><span><span class="hlt">Cai</span>T of Escherichia coli, a new transporter catalyzing L-carnitine/gamma -butyrobetaine exchange.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jung, Heinrich; Buchholz, Marion; Clausen, Jurgen; Nietschke, Monika; Revermann, Anne; Schmid, Roland; Jung, Kirsten</p> <p>2002-10-18</p> <p>l-Carnitine is essential for beta-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria. Bacterial metabolic pathways are used for the production of this medically important compound. Here, we report the first detailed functional characterization of the <span class="hlt">cai</span>T gene product, a putative transport protein whose function is required for l-carnitine conversion in Escherichia coli. The <span class="hlt">cai</span>T gene was overexpressed in E. coli, and the gene product was purified by affinity chromatography and reconstituted into proteoliposomes. Functional analyses with intact cells and proteoliposomes demonstrated that <span class="hlt">Cai</span>T is able to catalyze the exchange of l-carnitine for gamma-butyrobetaine, the excreted end product of l-carnitine conversion in E. coli, and related betaines. Electrochemical ion gradients did not significantly stimulate l-carnitine uptake. Analysis of l-carnitine counterflow yielded an apparent external K(m) of 105 microm and a turnover number of 5.5 s(-1). Contrary to related proteins, <span class="hlt">Cai</span>T activity was not modulated by osmotic stress. l-Carnitine binding to <span class="hlt">Cai</span>T increased the protein fluorescence and caused a red shift in the emission maximum, an observation explained by ligand-induced conformational alterations. The fluorescence effect was specific for betaine structures, for which the distance between trimethylammonium and carboxyl groups proved to be crucial for affinity. Taken together, the results suggest that <span class="hlt">Cai</span>T functions as an exchanger (antiporter) for l-carnitine and gamma-butyrobetaine according to the substrate/product antiport principle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.450.1123C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.450.1123C"><span>VLBI survey of compact broad <span class="hlt">absorption</span> line quasars with balnicity <span class="hlt">index</span> BI = 0</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cegłowski, M.; Kunert-Bajraszewska, M.; Roskowiński, C.</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>We present high-resolution observations, using both the European VLBI Network (EVN) at 1.7 GHz and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 5 and 8.4 GHz, to image radio structures of 14 compact sources classified as broad <span class="hlt">absorption</span> line (BAL) quasars based on the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> <span class="hlt">index</span> (AI). All sources but one were resolved, with the majority showing core-jet morphology typical for radio-loud quasars. We discuss in detail the most interesting cases. The high radio luminosities and small linear sizes of the observed objects indicate they are strong young active galactic nuclei. Nevertheless, the distribution of the radio-loudness parameter, log RI, of a larger sample of AI quasars shows that the objects observed by us constitute the most luminous, small subgroup of the AI population. Additionally, we report that for the radio-loudness parameter, the distribution of AI quasars and that for those selected using the traditional balnicity <span class="hlt">index</span> differ significantly. Strong <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is connected with lower log RI and thus probably larger viewing angles. Since the AI quasars have on average larger log RI, the orientation can mean that we see them less absorbed. However, we suggest that the orientation is not the only parameter that affects the detected <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. That the strong <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is associated with the weak radio emission is equally important and worth exploring.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120001852','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120001852"><span>Ca-Fe and Alkali-Halide Alteration of an Allende Type B <span class="hlt">CAI</span>: Aqueous Alteration in Nebular or Asteroidal Settings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ross, D. K.; Simon, J. I.; Simon, S. B.; Grossman, L.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Ca-Fe and alkali-halide alteration of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> is often attributed to aqueous alteration by fluids circulating on asteroidal parent bodies after the various chondritic components have been assembled, although debate continues about the roles of asteroidal vs. nebular modification processes [1-7]. Here we report de-tailed observations of alteration products in a large Type B2 <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, TS4 from Allende, one of the oxidized subgroup of CV3s, and propose a speculative model for aqueous alteration of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> in a nebular setting. Ca-Fe alteration in this <span class="hlt">CAI</span> consists predominantly of end-member hedenbergite, end-member andradite, and compositionally variable, magnesian high-Ca pyroxene. These phases are strongly concentrated in an unusual "nodule" enclosed within the interior of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (Fig. 1). The Ca, Fe-rich nodule superficially resembles a clast that pre-dated and was engulfed by the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, but closer inspection shows that relic spinel grains are enclosed in the nodule, and corroded <span class="hlt">CAI</span> primary phases interfinger with the Fe-rich phases at the nodule s margins. This <span class="hlt">CAI</span> also contains abundant sodalite and nepheline (alkali-halide) alteration that occurs around the rims of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, but also penetrates more deeply into the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>. The two types of alteration (Ca-Fe and alkali-halide) are adjacent, and very fine-grained Fe-rich phases are associated with sodalite-rich regions. Both types of alteration appear to be replacive; if that is true, it would require substantial introduction of Fe, and transport of elements (Ti, Al and Mg) out of the nodule, and introduction of Na and Cl into alkali-halide rich zones. Parts of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> have been extensively metasomatized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED152294.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED152294.pdf"><span>The Relevance of AI Research to <span class="hlt">CAI</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kearsley, Greg P.</p> <p></p> <p>This article provides a tutorial introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) research for those involved in Computer Assisted Instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>). The general theme is that much of the current work in AI, particularly in the areas of natural language understanding systems, rule induction, programming languages, and socratic systems, has important…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28638910','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28638910"><span>Dark plasmonic mode based perfect <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yang, W H; Zhang, C; Sun, S; Jing, J; Song, Q; Xiao, S</p> <p>2017-07-06</p> <p>Dark plasmonic resonances in metallic nanostructures are essential for many potential applications such as refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensing, single molecule detection, nanolasers etc. However, it is difficult to excite the dark modes in optical experiments and thus the practical applications are severely limited. Herein, we demonstrate a simple method to experimentally excite the quadrupolar and higher-order plasmonic modes with normal incident light. By directionally depositing silver films onto the sidewalls of metal-covered one-dimensional grating, we have experimentally observed a series of asymmetrical resonances at the plasmonic ranges of silver gratings. Interestingly, both of the reflection and transmission coefficients of high-order plasmonic modes are reduced to around zero, demonstrating the perfect <span class="hlt">absorption</span> very well. The corresponding numerical simulations show that these resonances are the well-known dark modes. Different from the conventional dark modes in plasmonic dimers, here the dark modes are the electric oscillations (as standing waves) within the silver sidewalls that are excited by charge accumulation via the bright plasmonic resonance of the top silver strips. In addition to the simple realization of perfect <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, the dark modes are found to be quite sensitive to the environmental changes. The experimentally measured reflective <span class="hlt">index</span> sensitivity is around 458 nm per RIU (refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> unit), which is much higher than the sensitivity of the metal-covered grating without silver sidewalls. This research shall pave new routes to practical applications of dark surface plasmons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.201...65M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.201...65M"><span>High precision Al-Mg systematics of forsterite-bearing Type B <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> from CV3 chondrites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>MacPherson, G. J.; Bullock, E. S.; Tenner, T. J.; Nakashima, D.; Kita, N. T.; Ivanova, M. A.; Krot, A. N.; Petaev, M. I.; Jacobsen, S. B.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>In order to further elucidate possible temporal relationships between different varieties of calcium-, aluminum-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>), we measured the aluminum-magnesium isotopic systematics of seven examples of the rare type known as forsterite-bearing Type B (FoB) inclusions from four different CV3 carbonaceous chondrites: Allende, Efremovka, NWA 3118, and Vigarano. The primary phases (forsterite, Al-Ti-rich diopside, spinel, melilite, and anorthite) in each inclusion were analyzed in situ using high-precision secondary ion mass-spectrometry (SIMS). In all cases, minerals with low Al/Mg ratios (all except anorthite) yield well-defined internal Al-Mg isochrons, with a range of initial 26Al/27Al ratios [(26Al/27Al)0] ranging from (5.30 ± 0.22) × 10-5 down to (4.17 ± 0.43) × 10-5. Anorthite in all cases is significantly disturbed relative to the isochrons defined by the other phases in the same <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>, and in several cases contains no resolved excesses of radiogenic 26Mg (δ26Mg∗) even at 27Al/24Mg ratios greater than 1000. The fact that some FoBs preserve (26Al/27Al)0 of ∼5.2 × 10-5, close to the canonical value of (5.23 ± 0.13) × 10-5 inferred from bulk magnesium-isotope measurements of CV <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> (B. Jacobsen et al., 2008), demonstrates that FoBs began forming very early, contemporaneous with other more-refractory <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>. The range of (26Al/27Al)0 values further shows that FoBs continued to be reprocessed over ∼200,000 years of nebular history, consistent with results obtained for other types of igneous <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> in CV chondrites. The absence of any correlation between of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> + FoB formation or reprocessing times with bulk composition or <span class="hlt">CAI</span> type means that there is no temporal evolutionary sequence between the diverse <span class="hlt">CAI</span> types. The initial δ26Mg∗ value in the most primitive FoB (SJ101) is significantly lower than the canonical solar system value of -0.040 ± 0.029‰.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED058725.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED058725.pdf"><span>Who Should Develop Instructional Materials for <span class="hlt">CAI</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Seidel, Robert J.</p> <p></p> <p>The nonprofit special organization as a developer of computer-administered instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) is advocated in this paper. The organization of universities and their mode of operation do not lend themselves to instructional product development. Faculty members engage in such efforts on a part-time basis and in competition with higher priority…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170006931','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170006931"><span>Northwest Africa 10758: A New CV3 Chondrite Bearing a Giant <span class="hlt">CAI</span> with Hibonite-Rich Wark-Lovering Rim</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ross, D. K.; Simon, J. I.; Zolensky, M.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Northwest Africa (NWA) 10758 is a newly identified carbonaceous chondrite that is a Bali-like oxidized CV3. The large Ca-Al rich inclusion (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) in this sample is approx. 2.4 x 1.4 cm. The <span class="hlt">CAI</span> is transitional in composition between type A and type B, with interior mineralogy dominated by melilite, plus less abundant spinel and Al-Ti rich diopside, and only very minor anorthite (Fig. 1A). This <span class="hlt">CAI</span> is largely free of secondary alteration in the exposed section we examined, with almost no nepheline, sodalite or Ca-Fe silicates. The Wark-Lovering (WL) rim on this <span class="hlt">CAI</span> is dominated by hibonite, with lower abundances of spinel and perovskite, and with hibonite locally overlain by melilite plus perovskite (as in Fig. 1B). Note that the example shown in 1B is exceptional. Around most of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, hibonite + spinel + perovskite form the WL rim, without overlying melilite. The WL rim can be unusually thick, ranging from approx.20 microns up to approx. 150 microns. A well-developed, stratified accretionary rim infills embayments of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, and thins over protuberances in the convoluted <span class="hlt">CAI</span> surface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950042229&hterms=FeTiO3&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DFeTiO3','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950042229&hterms=FeTiO3&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DFeTiO3"><span>An ion microprobe study of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> from CO3 meteorites. [Abstract only</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Russell, S. S.; Greenwood, R. C.; Fahey, A. J.; Huss, G. R.; Wasserburg, G. J.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>When attempting to interpret the history of Ca, Al-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) it is often difficult to distinguish between primary features inherited from the nebula and those produced during secondary processing on the parent body. We have undertaken a systematic study of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> from 10 CO chondrites, believed to represent a metamorphic sequence with the goal of distinguishing primary and secondary features. ALHA 77307 (3.0), Colony (3.0), Kainsaz (3.1), Felix (3.2), ALH 82101 (3.3), Ornans (3.3), Lance (3.4), ALHA 77003 (3.5), Warrenton (3.6), and Isna (3.7) were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. We have identified 141 <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> within these samples, and studied in detail the petrology of 34 inclusions. The primary phases in the lower petrologic types are spinel, melilite, and hibonite. Perovskite, FeS, ilmenite, anorthite, kirschsteinite, and metallic Fe are present as minor phases. Melilite becomes less abundant in higher petrologic types and was not detected in chondrites of type 3.5 and above, confirming previous reports that this mineral easily breaks down during heating. Iron, an element that would not be expected to condense at high temperatures, has a lower abundance in spinel from low-petrologic-type meteorites than those of higher grade, and CaTiO3 is replaced by FeTiO3 in meteorites of higher petrologic type. The abundance of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> is similar in each meteorite. Eight inclusions have been analyzed by ion probe. The results are summarized. The results obtained to date show that <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> in CO meteorites, like those from other meteorite classes, contain Mg* and that Mg in some inclusions has been redistributed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26133743','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26133743"><span>Gender Role, Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation in <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> ("XY-Women") Compared With Subfertile and Infertile 46,XX Women.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brunner, Franziska; Fliegner, Maike; Krupp, Kerstin; Rall, Katharina; Brucker, Sara; Richter-Appelt, Hertha</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The perception of gender development of individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (<span class="hlt">CAIS</span>) as unambiguously female has recently been challenged in both qualitative data and case reports of male gender identity. The aim of the mixed-method study presented was to examine the self-perception of <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> individuals regarding different aspects of gender and to identify commonalities and differences in comparison with subfertile and infertile XX-chromosomal women with diagnoses of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKHS) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The study sample comprised 11 participants with <span class="hlt">CAIS</span>, 49 with MRKHS, and 55 with PCOS. Gender identity was assessed by means of a multidimensional instrument, which showed significant differences between the <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> group and the XX-chromosomal women. Other-than-female gender roles and neither-female-nor-male sexes/genders were reported only by individuals with <span class="hlt">CAIS</span>. The percentage with a not exclusively androphile sexual orientation was unexceptionally high in the <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> group compared to the prevalence in "normative" women and the clinical groups. The findings support the assumption made by Meyer-Bahlburg ( 2010 ) that gender outcome in people with <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> is more variable than generally stated. Parents and professionals should thus be open to courses of gender development other than typically female in individuals with <span class="hlt">CAIS</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7667070','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7667070"><span>Na/Ca exchange in the basolateral membrane of the A6 cell monolayer: role in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> homeostasis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brochiero, E; Raschi, C; Ehrenfeld, J</p> <p>1995-05-01</p> <p>The presence of a Na/Ca exchanger in A6 cells was investigated by measuring intracellular calcium (<span class="hlt">Cai</span>) fluctuations and the 45Ca fluxes through the basolateral membranes (blm) of the cell monolayer. Removal of Na+ from the medium produced a transient increase in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> followed by a regulatory phase returning <span class="hlt">Cai</span> to control levels in 3-4 min, this phase being greatly accelerated (< 60 s) by NaCl addition (apparent Km of approximately 5 mM Na+). The <span class="hlt">Cai</span> increase was only found with the Na(+)-free medium on the basolateral side of the cell monolayer. A twofold increase in the 45Ca influx was observed under these conditions. In Ca(2+)- depleted cells, the initial <span class="hlt">Cai</span> increase after Ca2+ addition to the medium was greater when the putative Na/Ca exchanger was not functioning (i.e. in a Na(+)-free medium). 45Ca effluxes through the blm of the monolayer were greatly and transiently increased by a Na(+)-free medium on the serosal side and blocked by orthovanadate (1 mM). The <span class="hlt">Cai</span> increased induced by a hypo-osmotic shock was greater in cells bathed in a Na(+)-medium, conditions expected to block the activity of the Na/Ca exchanger. These findings support the hypothesis that a Na/Ca exchanger is present on the blm of A6 cells and affirm its role in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> homeostasis in steady-state conditions and following osmotic shock. In addition, a Ca2+ pump also located on the blm and Ca2+ stores sensitive to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate were found to be implicated in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> homeostasis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5383392','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5383392"><span>Design specifications for NALDA (Naval Aviation Logistics Data Analysis) <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (computer aided instruction): Phase 2, Interim report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Twitty, A.F.; Handler, B.H.; Duncan, L.D.</p> <p></p> <p>Data Systems Engineering Organization (DSEO) personnel are developing a prototype computer aided instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) system for the Naval Aviation Logistics Data Analysis (NALDA) system. The objective of this project is to provide a prototype for implementing <span class="hlt">CAI</span> as an enhancement to existing NALDA training. The <span class="hlt">CAI</span> prototype project is being performed in phases. The task undertaken in Phase I was to analyze the problem and the alternative solutions and to develop a set of recommendations on how best to proceed. In Phase II a structured design and specification document was completed that will provide the basis for development and implementationmore » of the desired <span class="hlt">CAI</span> system. Phase III will consist of designing, developing, and testing a user interface which will extend the features of the Phase II prototype. The design of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> prototype has followed a rigorous structured analysis based on Yourdon/DeMarco methodology and Information Engineering tools. This document includes data flow diagrams, a data dictionary, process specifications, an entity-relationship diagram, a curriculum description, special function key definitions, and a set of standards developed for the NALDA <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Prototype.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A23A0175O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A23A0175O"><span>The impact of the use of different satellite data as training data against GOSAT-2 <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-2 L2 cloud discrimination</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Oishi, Y.; Ishida, H.; Nakajima, T. Y.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite-2 (GOSAT-2) will be launched in fiscal 2017 to determine atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, CH4, and CO. GOSAT-2 will be equipped with two sensors: the Thermal and Near-infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation (TANSO)-Fourier Transform Spectrometer-2 (FTS-2) and TANSO-Cloud and Aerosol Imager-2 (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>-2). <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-2 is a push-broom imaging sensor that has forward- and backward-looking bands for observing the optical properties of aerosols and clouds, and for monitoring the status of urban air pollution and transboundary air pollution over oceans. An important role of <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-2 is to perform cloud discrimination in each direction. The Cloud and Aerosol Unbiased Decision Intellectual Algorithm (CLAUDIA1), which applies sequential threshold tests to features, has been used in GOSAT <span class="hlt">CAI</span> L2 cloud flag processing. If CLAUDIA1 used with <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-2, it is necessary to optimize the thresholds in accordance with <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-2. Meanwhile, CLAUDIA3 using support vector machines (SVM), which is a supervised pattern recognition method, was developed for GOSAT-2 <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-2 L2 cloud discrimination processing. Thus, CLAUDIA3 can automatically find the optimized boundary between clear and cloudy. Improvement of the CLAUDIA3 used with <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (CLAUDIA3-<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) has carried out and is still continuing. In this study we compared results of CLAUDIA3-<span class="hlt">CAI</span> using Terra MODIS data and GOSAT <span class="hlt">CAI</span> data as training data to clarify the impact of the use of different satellite data as training data against GOSAT-2 <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-2 L2 cloud discrimination. We will present our latest results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=binary+AND+number+AND+system+AND+computers&pg=3&id=ED198791','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=binary+AND+number+AND+system+AND+computers&pg=3&id=ED198791"><span>A Multi-Media <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Terminal Based upon a Microprocessor with Applications for the Handicapped.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Brebner, Ann; Hallworth, H. J.</p> <p></p> <p>The design of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> interface described is based on the microprocessor in order to meet three basic requirements for providing appropriate instruction to the developmentally handicapped: (1) portability, so that <span class="hlt">CAI</span> can be taken into the customary learning environment; (2) reliability; and (3) flexibility, to permit use of new input and output…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140001393','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140001393"><span>A FIB/TEM Study of a Complex Wark-Lovering Rim on a Vigarano <span class="hlt">CAI</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Keller, L. P.; Needham, A. W.; Messenger, S.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Wark-Lovering (WL) rims are thin multilayered mineral sequences that surround most Ca, Al-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>). Several processes have been proposed for WL rim formation, including condensation, flash-heating or reaction with a nebular reservoir, or combinations of these [e.g. 1-7], but no consensus exists. Our previous coordinated transmission electron microscope (TEM) and NanoSIMS O isotopic measurements showed that a WL rim experienced flash heating events in a nebular environment with planetary O isotopic composition, distinct from the (16)O-rich formation environment [6]. Our efforts have focused on <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> from the CV(sub red) chondrites, especially Vigarano, because these have escaped much of the parent body alteration effects that are common in <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> from CV(sub ox) group.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED186017.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED186017.pdf"><span>Low-Cost Computer-Aided Instruction/Computer-Managed Instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>/CMI) System: Feasibility Study. Final Report.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Lintz, Larry M.; And Others</p> <p></p> <p>This study investigated the feasibility of a low cost computer-aided instruction/computer-managed instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>/CMI) system. Air Force instructors and training supervisors were surveyed to determine the potential payoffs of various <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and CMI functions. Results indicated that a wide range of capabilities had potential for resident technical…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012M%26PS...47.1062R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012M%26PS...47.1062R"><span>A new model for the origin of Type-B and Fluffy Type-A <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>: Analogies to remelted compound chondrules</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rubin, Alan E.</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>In the scenario developed here, most types of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) formed near the Sun where they developed Wark-Lovering rims before being transported by aerodynamic forces throughout the nebula. The amount of ambient dust in the nebula varied with heliocentric distance, peaking in the CV-CK formation location. Literature data show that accretionary rims (which occur outside the Wark-Lovering rims) around <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> contain substantial 16O-rich forsterite, suggesting that, at this time, the ambient dust in the nebula consisted largely of 16O-rich forsterite. Individual sub-millimeter-size Compact Type-A <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> (each surrounded by a Wark-Lovering rim) collided in the CV-CK region and stuck together (in a manner similar to that of sibling compound chondrules); the CTAs were mixed with small amounts of 16O-rich mafic dust and formed centimeter-size compound objects (large Fluffy Type-A <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) after experiencing minor melting. In contrast to other types of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>, centimeter-size Type-B <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> formed directly in the CV-CK region after gehlenite-rich Compact Type-A <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> collided and stuck together, incorporated significant amounts of 16O-rich forsteritic dust (on the order of 10-15%) and probably some anorthite, and experienced extensive melting and partial evaporation. (Enveloping compound chondrules formed in an analogous manner.) In those cases where appreciably higher amounts of 16O-rich forsterite (on the order of 25%) (and perhaps minor anorthite and pyroxene) were incorporated into compound Type-A objects prior to melting, centimeter-size forsterite-bearing Type-B <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> (B3 inclusions) were produced. Type-B1 inclusions formed from B2 inclusions that collided with and stuck to melilite-rich Compact Type-A <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> and experienced high-temperature processing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28463247','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28463247"><span>Nonscanning Moiré deflectometry for measurement of nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of liquids.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Farahani, Shahrzad Shahrabi; Madanipour, Khosro; Koohian, Ata</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>In this work, a nonscanning measurement technique is presented for determining the nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of liquid media based on Moiré deflectometry. In the proposed method two lasers are used: a low power, wide beam as probe and a high power with specific wavelength as a pump. Interaction of the pump laser beam with the nonlinear sample changes the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>, which leads to change in convergence/divergence of the collimated incident probe laser beam. The induced deflection is monitored by Moiré deflectometry. If the pump laser has a Gaussian intensity profile, the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> profile of the sample is Gaussian, too. Measuring the deflection angle of the probe beam by Moiré fringes deflection, and by using the inverse Abel transform integral, the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> profile and nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> can be determined. This method is fast, easy, and insensitive to environmental noise and allows real-time measurement. Also, the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> profile of the interacted medium with pump laser can be achieved by this technique. As a liquid sample, a DCJ dye in water solution was studied. The value of nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>, n<sub>2</sub>, and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient, α, were obtained -2.54×10<sup>-4</sup>  cm<sup>2</sup> w<sup>-1</sup> and 1.368  cm<sup>-1</sup>, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED153600.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED153600.pdf"><span>The Cost of <span class="hlt">CAI</span>: A Matter of Assumptions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kearsley, Greg P.</p> <p></p> <p>Cost estimates for Computer Assisted Instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) depend crucially upon the particular assumptions made about the components of the system to be included in the costs, the expected lifetime of the system and courseware, and the anticipated student utilization of the system/courseware. The cost estimates of three currently operational systems…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107209','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107209"><span>Regulation of the Carnitine Pathway in Escherichia coli: Investigation of the <span class="hlt">cai</span>-fix Divergent Promoter Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Buchet, Anne; Eichler, Knut; Mandrand-Berthelot, Marie-Andrée</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>The divergent structural operons <span class="hlt">cai</span>TABCDE and fixABCX of Escherichia coli are required for anaerobic carnitine metabolism. Transcriptional monocopy lacZ fusion studies showed that both operons are coexpressed during anaerobic growth in the presence of carnitine, respond to common environmental stimuli (like glucose and nitrate), and are modulated positively by the same general regulators, CRP and FNR, and negatively by H-NS. Overproduction of the <span class="hlt">Cai</span>F specific regulatory protein mediating the carnitine signal restored induction in an fnr mutant, corresponding to its role as the primary target for anaerobiosis. Transcript analysis identified two divergent transcription start points initiating 289 bp apart. DNase I footprinting revealed three sites with various affinities for the binding of the cAMP-CRP complex inside this regulatory region. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that previously reported perfect CRP motif 1, centered at −41.5 of the <span class="hlt">cai</span> transcriptional start site, plays a direct role in the sole <span class="hlt">cai</span> activation. In contrast, mutation in CRP site 2, positioned at −69.5 of the fix promoter, caused only a threefold reduction in fix expression. Thus, the role of the third CRP site, located at −126.5 of fix, might be to reinforce the action of site 2. A critical 50-bp cis-acting sequence overlapping the fix mRNA start site was found, by deletion analysis, to be necessary for <span class="hlt">cai</span> transcription. This region is thought to be involved in transduction of the signal mediated by the <span class="hlt">Cai</span>F regulator. PMID:9573142</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JSAES..64..139C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JSAES..64..139C"><span>Conodont color alteration <span class="hlt">index</span> and upper Paleozoic thermal history of the Amazonas Basin, Brazil</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cardoso, Cassiane Negreiros; Sanz-López, Javier; Blanco-Ferrera, Silvia; Lemos, Valesca Brasil; Scomazzon, Ana Karina</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The conodont color alteration <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) was determined in elements from core samples of the Frasnian Barreirinha Formation (one well) and of the Pennsylvanian-Permian Tapajós Group (twenty three wells and one limestone quarry) in the Amazonas Basin. The thermal history of the basin is analyzed using the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> value distribution represented in maps and stratigraphic sections through correlation schemes, and in conjunction with previously published data. The pattern of palaeotemperatures for <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values of 1.5-3 is coincident with organic matter maturation under a sedimentary overburden providing diagenetic conditions in the oil/gas window. Locally, conodonts show metamorphism (<span class="hlt">CAI</span> value of 6-7) in relation to the intrusion of diabase bodies in beds including high geothermal gradient evaporites. Microtextural alteration on the surface conodonts commonly shows several types of overgrowth microtextures developed in diagenetic conditions. Locally, recrystallization in conodonts with a high <span class="hlt">CAI</span> value is congruent with contact metamorphism in relation to Mesozoic intrusions. The <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values of 1.5 or 2 observed close to the surface in several areas of the basin may be interpreted in relation to a high thermal palaeogradient derived from the magmatic episode or/and to the local denudation of the upper part of the Paleozoic succession prior to this thermal event.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20542412','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20542412"><span>The Cognitive Assessment Interview (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>): development and validation of an empirically derived, brief interview-based measure of cognition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ventura, Joseph; Reise, Steven P; Keefe, Richard S E; Baade, Lyle E; Gold, James M; Green, Michael F; Kern, Robert S; Mesholam-Gately, Raquelle; Nuechterlein, Keith H; Seidman, Larry J; Bilder, Robert M</p> <p>2010-08-01</p> <p>Practical, reliable "real world" measures of cognition are needed to supplement neurocognitive performance data to evaluate possible efficacy of new drugs targeting cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Because interview-based measures of cognition offer one possible approach, data from the MATRICS initiative (n=176) were used to examine the psychometric properties of the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) and the Clinical Global Impression of Cognition in Schizophrenia (CGI-CogS). We used classical test theory methods and item response theory to derive the 10-item Cognitive Assessment Interview (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) from the SCoRS and CGI-CogS ("parent instruments"). Sources of information for <span class="hlt">CAI</span> ratings included the patient and an informant. Validity analyses examined the relationship between the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and objective measures of cognitive functioning, intermediate measures of cognition, and functional outcome. The rater's score from the newly derived <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (10 items) correlate highly (r=.87) with those from the combined set of the SCoRS and CGI-CogS (41 items). Both the patient (r=.82) and the informant (r=.95) data were highly correlated with the rater's score. The <span class="hlt">CAI</span> was modestly correlated with objectively measured neurocognition (r=-.32), functional capacity (r=-.44), and functional outcome (r=-.32), which was comparable to the parent instruments. The <span class="hlt">CAI</span> allows for expert judgment in evaluating a patient's cognitive functioning and was modestly correlated with neurocognitive functioning, functional capacity, and functional outcome. The <span class="hlt">CAI</span> is a brief, repeatable, and potentially valuable tool for rating cognition in schizophrenia patients who are participating in clinical trials. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666995','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666995"><span>Effects of Lactobacillus curvatus and Leuconostoc mesenteroides on Suan <span class="hlt">Cai</span> Fermentation in Northeast China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yang, Hongyan; Wu, Hao; Gao, Lijuan; Jia, Hongbai; Zhang, Yuan; Cui, Zongjun; Li, Yuhua</p> <p>2016-12-28</p> <p>To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus curvatus and Leuconostoc mesenteroides on suan <span class="hlt">cai</span> (pickled Chinese cabbage) fermentation, L. curvatus and/or Ln. mesenteroides were inoculated into suan <span class="hlt">cai</span>. Physicochemical <span class="hlt">indexes</span> were measured, and the microbial dynamics during the fermentation were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results showed that inoculation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) lowered the pH of the fermentation system more rapidly. The decrease in water-soluble carbohydrates in the inoculated treatments occurred more rapidly than in the control. The LAB counts in the control were lower than in other inoculated treatments during the first 12 days of fermentation. According to the Illumina MiSeq sequencing analyses, Firmicutes , Proteobacteria , Bacteroidetes , Actinobacteria , Cyanobacteria , Fusobacteria , and Verrucomicrobia were present in the fermentations, along with other unclassified bacteria. Generally, Firmicutes was predominant during the fermentation in all treatments. At the genus level, 16 genera were detected. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus in all inoculated treatments was higher than in the control. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the treatments containing L. curvatus was higher than in the Ln. mesenteroides -only treatment. The relative abundance of Leuconostoc in the Ln. mesenteroides -containing treatments increased continuously throughout the fermentation. Leuconostoc was highest in the Ln. mesenteroides -only treatment. According to the qPCR results, L. curvatus and/or Ln. mesenteroides inoculations could effectively inhabit the fermentation system. L. curvatus dominated the fermentation in the inoculated treatments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.201...25W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.201...25W"><span>Thermal and chemical evolution in the early solar system as recorded by FUN <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>: Part I - Petrology, mineral chemistry, and isotopic composition of Allende FUN <span class="hlt">CAI</span> CMS-1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Williams, C. D.; Ushikubo, T.; Bullock, E. S.; Janney, P. E.; Hines, R. R.; Kita, N. T.; Hervig, R. L.; MacPherson, G. J.; Mendybaev, R. A.; Richter, F. M.; Wadhwa, M.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Detailed petrologic, geochemical and isotopic analyses of a new FUN <span class="hlt">CAI</span> from the Allende CV3 meteorite (designated CMS-1) indicate that it formed by extensive melting and evaporation of primitive precursor material(s). The precursor material(s) condensed in a 16O-rich region (δ17O and δ18O ∼ -49‰) of the inner solar nebula dominated by gas of solar composition at total pressures of ∼10-3-10-6 bar. Subsequent melting of the precursor material(s) was accompanied by evaporative loss of magnesium, silicon and oxygen resulting in large mass-dependent isotope fractionations in these elements (δ25Mg = 30.71-39.26‰, δ29Si = 14.98-16.65‰, and δ18O = -41.57 to -15.50‰). This evaporative loss resulted in a bulk composition similar to that of compact Type A and Type B <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>, but very distinct from the composition of the original precursor condensate(s). Kinetic fractionation factors and the measured mass-dependent fractionation of silicon and magnesium in CMS-1 suggest that ∼80% of the silicon and ∼85% of the magnesium were lost from its precursor material(s) through evaporative processes. These results suggest that the precursor material(s) of normal and FUN <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> condensed in similar environments, but subsequently evolved under vastly different conditions such as total gas pressure. The chemical and isotopic differences between normal and FUN <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> could be explained by sorting of early solar system materials into distinct physical and chemical regimes, in conjunction with discrete heating events, within the protoplanetary disk.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3184638','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3184638"><span>The Cognitive Assessment Interview (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>): Development and Validation of an Empirically Derived, Brief Interview-Based Measure of Cognition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ventura, Joseph; Reise, Steven P.; Keefe, Richard S. E.; Baade, Lyle E.; Gold, James M.; Green, Michael F.; Kern, Robert S.; Mesholam-Gately, Raquelle; Nuechterlein, Keith H.; Seidman, Larry J.; Bilder, Robert M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Background Practical, reliable “real world” measures of cognition are needed to supplement neurocognitive performance data to evaluate possible efficacy of new drugs targeting cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Because interview-based measures of cognition offer one possible approach, data from the MATRICS initiative (n=176) were used to examine the psychometric properties of the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) and the Clinical Global Impression of Cognition in Schizophrenia (CGI-CogS). Method We used classical test theory methods and item response theory to derive the 10 item Cognitive Assessment Interview (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) from the SCoRS and CGI-Cogs (“parent instruments”). Sources of information for <span class="hlt">CAI</span> ratings included the patient and an informant. Validity analyses examined the relationship between the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and objective measures of cognitive functioning, intermediate measures of cognition, and functional outcome. Results The rater’s score from the newly derived <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (10-items) correlate highly (r = .87) with those from the combined set of the SCoRS and CGI-CogS (41 items). Both the patient (r= .82) and the informant (r= .95) data were highly correlated with the rater’s score. The <span class="hlt">CAI</span> was modestly correlated with objectively measured neurocognition (r = −.32), functional capacity (r = −.44), and functional outcome (r = −.32), which was comparable to the parent instruments. Conclusions The <span class="hlt">CAI</span> allows for expert judgment in evaluating a patient’s cognitive functioning and was modestly correlated with neurocognitive functioning, functional capacity, and functional outcome. The <span class="hlt">CAI</span> is a brief, repeatable, and potentially valuable tool for rating cognition in schizophrenia patients who are participating in clinical trials. PMID:20542412</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017LPICo1987.6355F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017LPICo1987.6355F"><span>Oxygen, Magnesium, and Aluminum Isotopes in the Ivuna <span class="hlt">CAI</span>: Re-Examining High-Temperature Fractionations in CI Chondrites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Frank, D. R.; Huss, G. R.; Nagashima, K.; Zolensky, M. E.; Le, L.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The only whole <span class="hlt">CAI</span> preserved in the aqueously altered CI chondrites is 16O-rich and has no resolvable radiogenic Mg. Accretion of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> by the CI parent object(s) may limit the precision of cosmochemical models that require a CI starting composition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED078681.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED078681.pdf"><span>An Intelligent <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Monitor and Generative Tutor. Interim Report.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Koffman, Elliot B.; And Others</p> <p></p> <p>Design techniques for generative computer-assisted-instructional (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) systems are described in this report. These are systems capable of generating problems for students and of deriving and monitoring solutions; problem difficulty, instructional pace, and depth of monitoring are all individually tailored and parts of the solution algorithms can…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED343582.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED343582.pdf"><span>The <span class="hlt">CAI</span>/Cooperative Learning Project. First Year Evaluation Report.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Beyer, Francine S.</p> <p></p> <p>This report presents a first year evaluation of the Computer Assisted Instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>)/ Cooperative Learning Project, a 3-year collaborative effort by two Pennsylvania school districts--the Pittston Area School District and the Hatboro-Horsham School District--and Research for Better Schools (RBS). The project proposed to integrate advanced…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1066307.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1066307.pdf"><span>A Study of Effectiveness of Computer Assisted Instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) over Classroom Lecture (CRL) at ICS Level</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kaousar, Tayyeba; Choudhry, Bushra Naoreen; Gujjar, Aijaz Ahmed</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> vs. classroom lecture for computer science at ICS level. The objectives were to compare the learning effects of two groups with classroom lecture and computer-assisted instruction studying the same curriculum and the effects of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and CRL in terms of cognitive development. Hypotheses of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22078296-variable-extreme-irradiation-conditions-early-solar-system-inferred-from-initial-abundance-sup-isheyevo-cais','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22078296-variable-extreme-irradiation-conditions-early-solar-system-inferred-from-initial-abundance-sup-isheyevo-cais"><span>VARIABLE AND EXTREME IRRADIATION CONDITIONS IN THE EARLY SOLAR SYSTEM INFERRED FROM THE INITIAL ABUNDANCE OF {sup 10}Be IN ISHEYEVO <span class="hlt">CAIs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gounelle, Matthieu; Chaussidon, Marc; Rollion-Bard, Claire, E-mail: gounelle@mnhn.fr</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>A search for short-lived {sup 10}Be in 21 calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) from Isheyevo, a rare CB/CH chondrite, showed that only 5 <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> had {sup 10}B/{sup 11}B ratios higher than chondritic correlating with the elemental ratio {sup 9}Be/{sup 11}B, suggestive of in situ decay of this key short-lived radionuclide. The initial ({sup 10}Be/{sup 9}Be){sub 0} ratios vary between {approx}10{sup -3} and {approx}10{sup -2} for <span class="hlt">CAI</span> 411. The initial ratio of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> 411 is one order of magnitude higher than the highest ratio found in CV3 <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>, suggesting that the more likely origin of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> 411 {sup 10}Be is early solar systemmore » irradiation. The low ({sup 26}Al/{sup 27}Al){sub 0} [{<=} 8.9 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -7}] with which <span class="hlt">CAI</span> 411 formed indicates that it was exposed to gradual flares with a proton fluence of a few 10{sup 19} protons cm{sup -2}, during the earliest phases of the solar system, possibly the infrared class 0. The irradiation conditions for other <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> are less well constrained, with calculated fluences ranging between a few 10{sup 19} and 10{sup 20} protons cm{sup -2}. The variable and extreme value of the initial {sup 10}Be/{sup 9}Be ratios in carbonaceous chondrite <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> is the reflection of the variable and extreme magnetic activity in young stars observed in the X-ray domain.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090020501','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090020501"><span>Rare Earth Element Measurements of Melilite and Fassaite in Allende <span class="hlt">Cai</span> by Nanosims</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ito, M.; Messenger, Scott</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The rare earth elements (REEs) are concentrated in <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> by approx. 20 times the chondritic average [e.g., 1]. The REEs in <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> are important to understand processes of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> formation including the role of volatilization, condensation, and fractional crystallization [1,2]. REE measurements are a well established application of ion microprobes [e.g., 3]. However the spatial resolution of REE measurements by ion microprobe (approx.20 m) is not adequate to resolve heterogeneous distributions of REEs among/within minerals. We have developed methods for measuring REE with the NanoSIMS 50L at smaller spatial scales. Here we present our initial measurements of REEs in melilite and fassaite in an Allende Type-A <span class="hlt">CAI</span> with the JSC NanoSIMS 50L. We found that the key parameters for accurate REE abundance measurements differ between the NanoSIMS and conventional SIMS, in particular the oxide-to-element ratios, the relative sensitivity factors, the energy distributions, and requisite energy offset. Our REE abundance measurements of the 100 ppm REE diopside glass standards yielded good reproducibility and accuracy, 0.5-2.5 % and 5-25 %, respectively. We determined abundances and spatial distributions of REEs in core and rim within single crystals of fassaite, and adjacent melilite with 5-10 m spatial resolution. The REE abundances in fassaite core and rim are 20-100 times CI abundance but show a large negative Eu anomaly, exhibiting a well-defined Group III pattern. This is consistent with previous work [4]. On the other hand, adjacent melilite shows modified Group II pattern with no strong depletions of Eu and Yb, and no Tm positive anomaly. REE abundances (2-10 x CI) were lower than that of fassaite. These patterns suggest that fassaite crystallized first followed by a crystallization of melilite from the residual melt. In future work, we will carry out a correlated study of O and Mg isotopes and REEs of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> in order to better understand the nature and timescales of its</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140012819','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140012819"><span>Stable Magnesium Isotope Variation in Melilite Mantle of Allende Type B1 <span class="hlt">CAI</span> EK 459-5-1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kerekgyarto, A. G.; Jeffcoat, C. R.; Lapen, T. J.; Andreasen, R.; Righter, M.; Ross, D. K.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Ca-Al-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) are the earliest formed crystalline material in our solar system and they record early Solar System processes. Here we present petrographic and delta Mg-25 data of melilite mantles in a Type B1 <span class="hlt">CAI</span> that records early solar nebular processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841405','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841405"><span>Oxygen reservoirs in the early solar nebula inferred from an Allende <span class="hlt">CAI</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Young, E D; Russell, S S</p> <p>1998-10-16</p> <p>Ultraviolet laser microprobe analyses of a calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) from the Allende meteorite suggest that a line with a slope of exactly 1.00 on a plot of delta (17)O against delta (18)O represents the primitive oxygen isotope reservoir of the early solar nebula. Most meteorites are enriched in (17)O and (18)O relative to this line, and their oxygen isotope ratios can be explained by mass fractionation or isotope exchange initiating from the primitive reservoir. These data establish a link between the oxygen isotopic composition of the abundant ordinary chondrites and the primitive (16)O-rich component of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9774267','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9774267"><span>Oxygen reservoirs in the early solar nebula inferred from an allende <span class="hlt">CAI</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Young; Russell</p> <p>1998-10-16</p> <p>Ultraviolet laser microprobe analyses of a calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) from the Allende meteorite suggest that a line with a slope of exactly 1.00 on a plot of delta17O against delta18O represents the primitive oxygen isotope reservoir of the early solar nebula. Most meteorites are enriched in 17O and 18O relative to this line, and their oxygen isotope ratios can be explained by mass fractionation or isotope exchange initiating from the primitive reservoir. These data establish a link between the oxygen isotopic composition of the abundant ordinary chondrites and the primitive 16O-rich component of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JQSRT.196...94M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JQSRT.196...94M"><span>Dependent scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by densely packed discrete spherical particles: Effects of complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ma, L. X.; Tan, J. Y.; Zhao, J. M.; Wang, F. Q.; Wang, C. A.; Wang, Y. Y.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Due to the dependent scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> effects, the radiative transfer equation (RTE) may not be suitable for dealing with radiative transfer in dense discrete random media. This paper continues previous research on multiple and dependent scattering in densely packed discrete particle systems, and puts emphasis on the effects of particle complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. The Mueller matrix elements of the scattering system with different complex refractive <span class="hlt">indexes</span> are obtained by both electromagnetic method and radiative transfer method. The Maxwell equations are directly solved based on the superposition T-matrix method, while the RTE is solved by the Monte Carlo method combined with the hard sphere model in the Percus-Yevick approximation (HSPYA) to consider the dependent scattering effects. The results show that for densely packed discrete random media composed of medium size parameter particles (equals 6.964 in this study), the demarcation line between independent and dependent scattering has remarkable connections with the particle complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. With the particle volume fraction increase to a certain value, densely packed discrete particles with higher refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> contrasts between the particles and host medium and higher particle <span class="hlt">absorption</span> <span class="hlt">indexes</span> are more likely to show stronger dependent characteristics. Due to the failure of the extended Rayleigh-Debye scattering condition, the HSPYA has weak effect on the dependent scattering correction at large phase shift parameters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750022313','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750022313"><span>Alternative communication network designs for an operational Plato 4 <span class="hlt">CAI</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mobley, R. E., Jr.; Eastwood, L. F., Jr.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>The cost of alternative communications networks for the dissemination of PLATO IV computer-aided instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) was studied. Four communication techniques are compared: leased telephone lines, satellite communication, UHF TV, and low-power microwave radio. For each network design, costs per student contact hour are computed. These costs are derived as functions of student population density, a parameter which can be calculated from census data for one potential market for <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, the public primary and secondary schools. Calculating costs in this way allows one to determine which of the four communications alternatives can serve this market least expensively for any given area in the U.S. The analysis indicates that radio distribution techniques are cost optimum over a wide range of conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008E%26PSL.272..353J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008E%26PSL.272..353J"><span>26Al- 26Mg and 207Pb- 206Pb systematics of Allende <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>: Canonical solar initial 26Al/ 27Al ratio reinstated</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jacobsen, Benjamin; Yin, Qing-zhu; Moynier, Frederic; Amelin, Yuri; Krot, Alexander N.; Nagashima, Kazuhide; Hutcheon, Ian D.; Palme, Herbert</p> <p>2008-07-01</p> <p>The precise knowledge of the initial 26Al/ 27Al ratio [( 26Al/ 27Al) 0] is crucial if we are to use the very first solid objects formed in our Solar System, calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) as the "time zero" age-anchor and guide future work with other short-lived radio-chronometers in the early Solar System, as well as determining the inventory of heat budgets from radioactivities for early planetary differentiation. New high-precision multi-collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) measurements of 27Al/ 24Mg ratios and Mg-isotopic compositions of nine whole-rock <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> (six mineralogically characterized fragments and three micro-drilled inclusions) from the CV carbonaceous chondrite, Allende yield a well-defined 26Al- 26Mg fossil isochron with an ( 26Al/ 27Al) 0 of (5.23 ± 0.13) × 10 - 5 . Internal mineral isochrons obtained for three of these <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> ( A44A, AJEF, and A43) are consistent with the whole-rock <span class="hlt">CAI</span> isochron. The mineral isochron of AJEF with ( 26Al/ 27Al) 0 = (4.96 ± 0.25) × 10 - 5 , anchored to our precisely determined absolute 207Pb- 206Pb age of 4567.60 ± 0.36 Ma for the same mineral separates, reinstate the "canonical" ( 26Al/ 27Al) 0 of 5 × 10 - 5 for the early Solar System. The uncertainty in ( 26Al/ 27Al) 0 corresponds to a maximum time span of ± 20 Ka (thousand years), suggesting that the Allende <span class="hlt">CAI</span> formation events were culminated within this time span. Although all Allende <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> studied experienced multistage formation history, including melting and evaporation in the solar nebula and post-crystallization alteration likely on the asteroidal parent body, the 26Al- 26Mg and U-Pb-isotopic systematics of the mineral separates and bulk <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> behaved largely as closed-system since their formation. Our data do not support the "supra-canonical" 26Al/ 27Al ratio of individual minerals or their mixtures in CV <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>, suggesting that the supra-canonical 26Al/ 27Al ratio in the CV <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> may have resulted from post</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170005632','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170005632"><span>Multiple Nebular Gas Reservoirs Recorded by Oxygen Isotope Variation in a Spinel-rich <span class="hlt">CAI</span> in CO3 MIL 090019</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Simon, J. I.; Simon, S. B.; Nguyen, A. N.; Ross, D. K.; Messenger, S.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>We conducted NanoSIMS O-isotopic imaging of a primitive spinel-rich <span class="hlt">CAI</span> spherule (27-2) from the MIL 090019 CO3 chondrite. Inclusions such as 27-2 are proposed to record inner nebula processes during an epoch of rapid solar nebula evolution. Mineralogical and textural analyses suggest that this <span class="hlt">CAI</span> formed by high temperature reactions, partial melting, and condensation. This <span class="hlt">CAI</span> exhibits radial O-isotopic heterogeneity among multiple occurrences of the same mineral, reflecting interactions with distinct nebular O-isotopic reservoirs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20721118','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20721118"><span>New method to determine the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of organic nonlinear crystals in the ultra-wideband THz region.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ohno, Seigo; Miyamoto, Katsuhiko; Minamide, Hiroaki; Ito, Hiromasa</p> <p>2010-08-02</p> <p>A method for simultaneously measuring the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of nonlinear optical crystals in the ultra-wideband terahertz (THz) region is described. This method is based on the analysis of a collinear difference frequency generation (DFG) process using a tunable, dual-wavelength, optical parametric oscillator. The refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient in the organic nonlinear crystal DAST were experimentally determined in the frequency range 2.5-26.2 THz by measuring the THz-wave output using DFG. The resultant refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> in the x-direction was approximately 2.3, while the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum was in good agreement with FT-IR measurements. The output of the DAST-DFG THz-wave source was optimized to the phase-matching condition using the measured refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> spectrum in THz region, which resulted in an improvement in the output power of up to a factor of nine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140012818','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140012818"><span>In Situ Trace Element Analysis of an Allende Type B1 <span class="hlt">CAI</span>: EK-459-5-1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jeffcoat, C. R.; Kerekgyarto, A.; Lapen, T. J.; Andreasen, R.; Righter, M.; Ross, D. K.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Variations in refractory major and trace element composition of calcium, aluminum-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) provide constraints on physical and chemical conditions and processes in the earliest stages of the Solar System. Previous work indicates that <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> have experienced complex histories involving, in many cases, multiple episodes of condensation, evaporation, and partial melting. We have analyzed major and trace element abundances in two core to rim transects of the melilite mantle as well as interior major phases of a Type B1 <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (EK-459-5-1) from Allende by electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to investigate the behavior of key trace elements with a primary focus on the REEs Tm and Yb.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24165016','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24165016"><span>Sexual life and sexual wellness in individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (<span class="hlt">CAIS</span>) and Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome (MRKHS).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fliegner, Maike; Krupp, Kerstin; Brunner, Franziska; Rall, Katharina; Brucker, Sara Y; Briken, Peer; Richter-Appelt, Hertha</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>Sexual wellness depends on a person's physical and psychological constitution. Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (<span class="hlt">CAIS</span>) and Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome (MRKHS) can compromise sexual well-being. To compare sexual well-being in <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> and MRKHS using multiple measures: To assess sexual problems and perceived distress. To gain insight into participants' feelings of inadequacy in social and sexual situations, level of self-esteem and depression. To determine how these psychological factors relate to sexual (dys)function. To uncover what participants see as the source of their sexual problems. Data were collected using a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. Eleven individuals with <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> and 49 with MRKHS with/without neovagina treatment were included. Rates of sexual dysfunctions, overall sexual function, feelings of inadequacy in social and sexual situations, self-esteem and depression scores were calculated. Categorizations were used to identify critical cases. Correlations between psychological variables and sexual function were computed. Sexually active subjects were compared with sexually not active participants. A qualitative content analysis was carried out to explore causes of sexual problems. An extended list of sexual problems based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision, by the American Psychiatric Association and related distress. Female Sexual Function <span class="hlt">Index</span> (FSFI), German Questionnaire on Feelings of Inadequacy in Social and Sexual Situations (FUSS social scale, FUSS sexual scale), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) subscale depression. Open question on alleged causes of sexual problems. The results point to a far-reaching lack of sexual confidence and sexual satisfaction in <span class="hlt">CAIS</span>. In MRKHS apprehension in sexual situations is a source of distress, but sexual problems seem to be more focused on issues of vaginal functioning. MRKHS women report being satisfied with their</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.983a2100Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.983a2100Y"><span>The enhancement of students’ mathematical representation in junior high school using cognitive apprenticeship instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yusepa, B. G. P.; Kusumah, Y. S.; Kartasasmita, B. G.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>This study aims to get an in-depth understanding of the enhancement of students’ mathematical representation. This study is experimental research with pretest-posttest control group design. The subject of this study is the students’ of the eighth grade from junior high schools in Bandung: high-level and middle-level. In each school, two parallel groups were chosen as a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group was given cognitive apprenticeship instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) treatment while the control group was given conventional learning. The results show that the enhancement of students’ mathematical representation who obtained <span class="hlt">CAI</span> treatment was better than the conventional one, viewed which can be observed from the overall, mathematical prior knowledge (MPK), and school level. It can be concluded that <span class="hlt">CAI</span> can be used as a good alternative learning model to enhance students’ mathematical representation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890006945','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890006945"><span>Extending the granularity of representation and control for the MIL-STD <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> 1.0 node model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rogers, Kathy L.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The Common APSE (Ada 1 Program Support Environment) Interface Set (<span class="hlt">CAIS</span>) (DoD85) node model provides an excellent baseline for interfaces in a single-host development environment. To encompass the entire spectrum of computing, however, the <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> model should be extended in four areas. It should provide the interface between the engineering workstation and the host system throughout the entire lifecycle of the system. It should provide a basis for communication and integration functions needed by distributed host environments. It should provide common interfaces for communications mechanisms to and among target processors. It should provide facilities for integration, validation, and verification of test beds extending to distributed systems on geographically separate processors with heterogeneous instruction set architectures (ISAS). Additions to the PROCESS NODE model to extend the <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> into these four areas are proposed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100005633','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100005633"><span>FIB-NanoSIMS-TEM Coordinated Study of a Wark-Lovering Rim in a Vigarano Type A <span class="hlt">CAI</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cai, A.; Ito, M.; Keller, L. P.; Ross, D. K.; Nakamura-Messenger, K.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Wark-Lovering (WL) rims are thin multi layered mineral sequences that surround most Ca, Al-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>). Unaltered WL rims are composed of the same primary high temperature minerals as <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>, such as melilite, spinel, pyroxene, hibonite, perovskite, anorthite and olivine. It is still unclear whether the rim minerals represent a different generation formed by a separate event from their associated <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> or are a byproduct of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> formation. Several models have been proposed for the origins of WL rims including condensation, flashheating, reaction of a <span class="hlt">CAI</span> with a Mg-Si-rich reservoir (nebular gas or solid); on the basis of mineralogy, abundances of trace elements, O and Mg isotopic studies. Detailed mineralogical characterizations of WL rims at micrometer to nanometer scales have been obtained by TEM observations, but so far no coordinated isotopic - mineralogical studies have been performed. Thus, we have applied an O isotopic imaging technique by NanoSIMS 50L to investigate heterogeneous distributions of O isotopic ratios in minerals within a cross section of a WL rim prepared using a focused ion beam (FIB) instrument. After the isotopic measurements, we determine the detailed mineralogy and microstructure of the same WL FIB section to gain insight into its petrogenesis. Here we present preliminary results from O isotopic and elemental maps by NanoSIMS and mineralogical analysis by FE-SEM of a FIB section of a WL rim in the Vigarano reduced CV3 chondrite.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeCoA.221..275D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeCoA.221..275D"><span>Titanium isotopes and rare earth patterns in <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>: Evidence for thermal processing and gas-dust decoupling in the protoplanetary disk</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Davis, Andrew M.; Zhang, Junjun; Greber, Nicolas D.; Hu, Jingya; Tissot, François L. H.; Dauphas, Nicolas</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Titanium isotopic compositions (mass-dependent fractionation and isotopic anomalies) were measured in 46 calcium-, aluminum-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) from the Allende CV chondrite. After internal normalization to 49Ti/47Ti, we found that ε50Ti values are somewhat variable among <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>, and that ε46Ti is highly correlated with ε50Ti, with a best-fit slope of 0.162 ± 0.030 (95% confidence interval). The linear correlation between ε46Ti and ε50Ti extends the same correlation seen among bulk solar objects (slope 0.184 ± 0.007). This observation provides constraints on dynamic mixing of the solar disk and has implications for the nucleosynthetic origin of titanium isotopes, specifically on the possible contributions from various types of supernovae to the solar system. Titanium isotopic mass fractionation, expressed as δ‧49Ti, was measured by both sample-standard bracketing and double-spiking. Most <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> are isotopically unfractionated, within a 95% confidence interval of normal, but a few are significantly fractionated and the range δ‧49Ti is from ∼-4 to ∼+4. Rare earth element patterns were measured in 37 of the <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>. All <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> with significant titanium mass fractionation effects have group II and related REE patterns, implying kinetically controlled volatility fractionation during the formation of these <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..67...69P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..67...69P"><span>Retrieval of canopy water content of different crop types with two new hyperspectral indices: Water <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Area <span class="hlt">Index</span> and Depth Water <span class="hlt">Index</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pasqualotto, Nieves; Delegido, Jesús; Van Wittenberghe, Shari; Verrelst, Jochem; Rivera, Juan Pablo; Moreno, José</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Crop canopy water content (CWC) is an essential indicator of the crop's physiological state. While a diverse range of vegetation indices have earlier been developed for the remote estimation of CWC, most of them are defined for specific crop types and areas, making them less universally applicable. We propose two new water content indices applicable to a wide variety of crop types, allowing to derive CWC maps at a large spatial scale. These indices were developed based on PROSAIL simulations and then optimized with an experimental dataset (SPARC03; Barrax, Spain). This dataset consists of water content and other biophysical variables for five common crop types (lucerne, corn, potato, sugar beet and onion) and corresponding top-of-canopy (TOC) reflectance spectra acquired by the hyperspectral HyMap airborne sensor. First, commonly used water content <span class="hlt">index</span> formulations were analysed and validated for the variety of crops, overall resulting in a R2 lower than 0.6. In an attempt to move towards more generically applicable indices, the two new CWC indices exploit the principal water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> features in the near-infrared by using multiple bands sensitive to water content. We propose the Water <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Area <span class="hlt">Index</span> (WAAI) as the difference between the area under the null water content of TOC reflectance (reference line) simulated with PROSAIL and the area under measured TOC reflectance between 911 and 1271 nm. We also propose the Depth Water <span class="hlt">Index</span> (DWI), a simplified four-band <span class="hlt">index</span> based on the spectral depths produced by the water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at 970 and 1200 nm and two reference bands. Both the WAAI and DWI outperform established indices in predicting CWC when applied to heterogeneous croplands, with a R2 of 0.8 and 0.7, respectively, using an exponential fit. However, these indices did not perform well for species with a low fractional vegetation cover (<30%). HyMap CWC maps calculated with both indices are shown for the Barrax region. The results confirmed the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA.....9292C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA.....9292C"><span>B and Mg isotopic variations in Leoville mrs-06 type B1 <span class="hlt">cai</span>:origin of 10Be and 26Al</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chaussidon, M.; Robert, F.; Russel, S. S.; Gounelle, M.; Ash, R. D.</p> <p>2003-04-01</p> <p>The finding [1-3] in Ca-Al-rich refractory inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) of primitive chondrites of traces of the in situ decay of radioactive 10Be (half-life 1.5Myr) indicates that irradiation of the protosolar nebula by the young Sun in its T-Tauri phase has produced significant amounts of the Li-Be-B elements. This irradiation may have produced also some or all of the short-lived 26Al (half-life 0.7Myr) and 41Ca (half-life 0.1Myr) previously detected in <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>. To constrain the origin of 10Be and 10Al it is important to look for coupled variations in the 10Be/9Be and 26Al/27Al ratios in <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> and to understand the processes responsible for these variations (e.g. variations in the fluences of irradiation, secondary perturbations of the <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>, ...) We have thus studied the Li and B isotopic compositions and the Be/Li and Be/B concentration ratios in one <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (MRS-06) from the Leoville CV3 chondrite in which large variations of the Mg isotopic compositions showing both the in situ decay of 26Al and the secondary redistribution of Mg isotopes have been observed [4]. The results show large variations for the Li and B isotopic compositions (^7Li/^6Li ranging from 11.02±0.21 to 11.82±0.07, and 10B/11B ratios ranging from 0.2457±0.0053 to 0.2980±0.0085). The ^7Li/^6Li ratio tend to decrease towards the rim of the inclusion. The 10B/11B ratios are positively correlated with the ^9Be/11B ratios indicating the in situ decay of 10Be. However perturbations of the 10Be/B system are observed. They would correspond to an event which occurred approximately 2Myr after the formation of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and the irradiation of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> precursors which is responsible for the 10Be observed in the core of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>. These perturbations seem compatible with those observed for the 26Al/Mg system but they might be due to an irradiation of the already-formed, isolated <span class="hlt">CAI</span> which would have resulted in increased 10Be/^9Be ratios and low ^7Li/^6Li ratios in the margin of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>. [1] McKeegan K. D. et al. (2000</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170006939','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170006939"><span>Oxygen, Magnesium, and Aluminum Isotopes in the Ivuna <span class="hlt">CAI</span>: Re-Examining High-Temperature Fractionations in CI Chondrites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Frank, D. R.; Huss, G. R.; Nagashima, K.; Zolensky, M. E.; Le, L.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>CI chondrites are thought to approximate the bulk solar system composition since they closely match the composition of the solar photosphere. Thus, chemical differences between a planetary object and the CI composition are interpreted to result from fractionations of a CI starting composition. This interpretation is often made despite the secondary mineralogy of CI chondrites, which resulted from low-T aqueous alteration on the parent asteroid(s). Prevalent alteration and the relatively large uncertainties in the photospheric abundances (approx. +/-5-10%) permit chemical fractionation of CI chondrites from the bulk solar system, if primary chondrules and/or <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> have been altered beyond recognition. Isolated olivine and pyroxene grains that range from approx. 5 microns to several hundred microns have been reported in CI chondrites, and acid residues of Orgueil were found to contain refractory oxides with oxygen isotopic compositions matching <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>. However, the only <span class="hlt">CAI</span> found to be unambiguously preserved in a CI chondrite was identified in Ivuna. The Ivuna <span class="hlt">CAI</span>'s primary mineralogy, small size (approx.170 microns), and fine-grained igneous texture classify it as a compact type A. Aqueous alteration infiltrated large portions of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, but other regions remain pristine. The major primary phases are melilite (Ak 14-36 ), grossmanite (up to 20.8 wt.% TiO 2 ), and spinel. Both melilite and grossmanite have igneous textures and zoning patterns. An accretionary rim consists primarily of olivine (Fa 2-17 ) and low-Ca pyroxene (Fs 2-10 ), which could be either surviving CI2 material or a third lithology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.P33A1006Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.P33A1006Y"><span>Unraveling the Environmental Record of the Early Solar System: High Precision Laser Ablation Al-Mg Isotopes of Igneous <span class="hlt">CAIs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Young, E. D.; Simon, J. I.; Russell, S. S.; Tonui, E.; Krot, A.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>Variations in intrinsic Mg isotope compositions provide a potentially rich record of the physiochemical evolution of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>. Moreover, Mg excesses from the short-lived 26Al chronometer can be used to constrain when these processes occurred; e.g., during the nebular phase and/or during the development of planetisimals (< 4 Myr). We obtained in situ UV (213 nm) laser ablation MC-ICPMS measurements of Al and Mg isotope ratios within core-to-rim traverses of igneous <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> to place temporal constraints on when features of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> formed. Results provide tests of models for the chemical and isotopic evolution of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> involving volatilization and recondensation of elements in the solar nebula. We studied five CV3 <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>, including Allende 3576-1 "b", Allende M5, Leoville 144A, Leoville MRS3, and Efremovka E44. Our sample-standard comparison approach affords a precision <0.2 \\permil per amu (2s) for intrinsic Mg isotope measurements and <0.3 \\permil (2s) for measured 26Mg excesses. Intra-object variation in \\delta25Mg exists with values ranging from as low as -2 \\permil and as high as +8 \\permil (compared to DSM3). The distinct Mg isotope patterns in the <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> are difficult to explain by a single process or within a single nebular environment and likely require changing conditions or transfer of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> from one nebular environment to another. The ˜pristine Mg isotope profile of Leoville 144A is compared to results produced by implicit finite difference modeling. Model curves reflect isotopic fractionation at the moving surface of a shrinking molten sphere coupled with diffusion-limited transport within the sphere. We find that using mass-dependant diffusivities increases \\delta25Mg with evaporation, but does not produce the tight curvature in the edgeward increases in \\delta25Mg characteristic of Leoville 144A. Three <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> that exhibit edgeward \\delta25Mg decreases are well described by diffusion in a Mg-rich chondritic environment suggestive of nebular temperatures and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19929731','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19929731"><span>Consumption of fa <span class="hlt">cai</span> Nostoc soup: a potential for BMAA exposure from Nostoc cyanobacteria in China?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roney, Britton R; Renhui, Li; Banack, Sandra Anne; Murch, Susan; Honegger, Rosmarie; Cox, Paul Alan</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Grown in arid regions of western China the cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme--called fa <span class="hlt">cai</span> in Mandarin and fat choy in Cantonese--is wild-harvested and used to make soup consumed during New Year's celebrations. High prices, up to $125 USD/kg, led to overharvesting in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, and Xinjiang. Degradation of arid ecosystems, desertification, and conflicts between Nostoc harvesters and Mongol herdsmen concerned the Chinese environmental authorities, leading to a government ban of Nostoc commerce. This ban stimulated increased marketing of a substitute made from starch. We analysed samples purchased throughout China as well as in Chinese markets in the United States and the United Kingdom. Some were counterfeits consisting of dyed starch noodles. A few samples from California contained Nostoc flagelliforme but were adulterated with starch noodles. Other samples, including those from the United Kingdom, consisted of pure Nostoc flagelliforme. A recent survey of markets in Cheng Du showed no real Nostoc flagelliforme to be marketed. Real and artificial fa <span class="hlt">cai</span> differ in the presence of beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Given its status as a high-priced luxury food, the government ban on collection and marketing, and the replacement of real fa <span class="hlt">cai</span> with starch substitutes consumed only on special occasions, it is anticipated that dietary exposure to BMAA from fa <span class="hlt">cai</span> will be reduced in the future in China.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28146535','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28146535"><span>Reflectance-mode interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy quantifies brain <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, scattering, and blood flow <span class="hlt">index</span> in vivo.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Borycki, Dawid; Kholiqov, Oybek; Srinivasan, Vivek J</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS) is a new technique that measures time-of-flight- (TOF-) resolved autocorrelations in turbid media, enabling simultaneous estimation of optical and dynamical properties. Here, we demonstrate reflectance-mode iNIRS for noninvasive monitoring of a mouse brain in vivo. A method for more precise quantification with less static interference from superficial layers, based on separating static and dynamic components of the optical field autocorrelation, is presented. Absolute values of <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, reduced scattering, and blood flow <span class="hlt">index</span> (BFI) are measured, and changes in BFI and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> are monitored during a hypercapnic challenge. <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> changes from TOF-resolved iNIRS agree with <span class="hlt">absorption</span> changes from continuous wave NIRS analysis, based on TOF-integrated light intensity changes, an effective path length, and the modified Beer-Lambert Law. Thus, iNIRS is a promising approach for quantitative and noninvasive monitoring of perfusion and optical properties in vivo.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29140683','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29140683"><span>Nanocomposite Phosphor Consisting of <span class="hlt">CaI</span>2:Eu2+ Single Nanocrystals Embedded in Crystalline SiO2.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Daicho, Hisayoshi; Iwasaki, Takeshi; Shinomiya, Yu; Nakano, Akitoshi; Sawa, Hiroshi; Yamada, Wataru; Matsuishi, Satoru; Hosono, Hideo</p> <p>2017-11-29</p> <p>High luminescence efficiency is obtained in halide- and chalcogenide-based phosphors, but they are impractical because of their poor chemical durability. Here we report a halide-based nanocomposite phosphor with excellent luminescence efficiency and sufficient durability for practical use. Our approach was to disperse luminescent single nanocrystals of <span class="hlt">CaI</span> 2 :Eu 2+ in a chemically stable, translucent crystalline SiO 2 matrix. Using this approach, we successfully prepared a nanocomposite phosphor by means of self-organization through a simple solid-state reaction. Single nanocrystals of 6H polytype (thr notation) <span class="hlt">CaI</span> 2 :Eu 2+ with diameters of about 50 nm could be generated not only in a SiO 2 amorphous powder but also in a SiO 2 glass plate. The nanocomposite phosphor formed upon solidification of molten <span class="hlt">CaI</span> 2 left behind in the crystalline SiO 2 that formed from the amorphous SiO 2 under the influence of a <span class="hlt">CaI</span> 2 flux effect. The resulting nanocomposite phosphor emitted brilliant blue luminescence with an internal quantum efficiency up to 98% upon 407 nm violet excitation. We used cathodoluminescence microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction patterns to confirm that the blue luminescence was generated only by the <span class="hlt">CaI</span> 2 :Eu 2+ single nanocrystals. The phosphor was chemically durable because the luminescence sites were embedded in the crystalline SiO 2 matrix. The phosphor is suitable for use in near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes. The concept for this nanocomposite phosphor can be expected to be effective for improvements in the practicality of poorly durable materials such as halides and chalcogenides.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2784433','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2784433"><span>Hunting and use of terrestrial fauna used by <span class="hlt">Cai</span>çaras from the Atlantic Forest coast (Brazil)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Background The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is considered one of the hotspots for conservation, comprising remnants of rain forest along the eastern Brazilian coast. Its native inhabitants in the Southeastern coast include the <span class="hlt">Cai</span>çaras (descendants from Amerindians and European colonizers), with a deep knowledge on the natural resources used for their livelihood. Methods We studied the use of the terrestrial fauna in three <span class="hlt">Cai</span>çara communities, through open-ended interviews with 116 native residents. Data were checked through systematic observations and collection of zoological material. Results The dependence on the terrestrial fauna by <span class="hlt">Cai</span>çaras is especially for food and medicine. The main species used are Didelphis spp., Dasyprocta azarae, Dasypus novemcinctus, and small birds (several species of Turdidae). Contrasting with a high dependency on terrestrial fauna resources by native Amazonians, the <span class="hlt">Cai</span>çaras do not show a constant dependency on these resources. Nevertheless, the occasional hunting of native animals represents a complimentary source of animal protein. Conclusion Indigenous or local knowledge on native resources is important in order to promote local development in a sustainable way, and can help to conserve biodiversity, particularly if the resource is sporadically used and not commercially exploited. PMID:19930595</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5565174','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5565174"><span>Reflectance-mode interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy quantifies brain <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, scattering, and blood flow <span class="hlt">index</span> in vivo</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Borycki, Dawid; Kholiqov, Oybek; Srinivasan, Vivek J.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS) is a new technique that measures time-of-flight- (TOF-) resolved autocorrelations in turbid media, enabling simultaneous estimation of optical and dynamical properties. Here, we demonstrate reflectance-mode iNIRS for noninvasive monitoring of a mouse brain in vivo. A method for more precise quantification with less static interference from superficial layers, based on separating static and dynamic components of the optical field autocorrelation, is presented. Absolute values of <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, reduced scattering, and blood flow <span class="hlt">index</span> (BFI) are measured, and changes in BFI and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> are monitored during a hypercapnic challenge. <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> changes from TOF-resolved iNIRS agree with <span class="hlt">absorption</span> changes from continuous wave NIRS analysis, based on TOF-integrated light intensity changes, an effective path length, and the modified Beer–Lambert Law. Thus, iNIRS is a promising approach for quantitative and non-invasive monitoring of perfusion and optical properties in vivo. PMID:28146535</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeCoA.153..183F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeCoA.153..183F"><span>Evidence for an early nitrogen isotopic evolution in the solar nebula from volatile analyses of a <span class="hlt">CAI</span> from the CV3 chondrite NWA 8616</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Füri, Evelyn; Chaussidon, Marc; Marty, Bernard</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Nitrogen and noble gas (Ne-Ar) abundances and isotope ratios, determined by CO2 laser extraction static mass spectrometry analysis, as well as Al-Mg and O isotope data from secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses, are reported for a type B calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) from the CV3 chondrite NWA 8616. The high (26Al/27Al)i ratio of (5.06 ± 0.50) × 10-5 dates the last melting event of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> at 39-99+109ka after "time zero", limiting the period during which high-temperature exchanges between the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and the nebular gas could have occurred to a very short time interval. Partial isotopic exchange with a 16O-poor reservoir resulted in Δ17O > -5‰ for melilite and anorthite, whereas spinel and Al-Ti-pyroxene retain the inferred original 16O-rich signature of the solar nebula (Δ17O ⩽ -20‰). The low 20Ne/22Ne (⩽0.83) and 36Ar/38Ar (⩽0.75) ratios of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> rule out the presence of any trapped planetary or solar noble gases. Cosmogenic 21Ne and 38Ar abundances are consistent with a cosmic ray exposure (CRE) age of ∼14 to 20 Ma, assuming CR fluxes similar to modern ones, without any evidence for pre-irradiation of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> before incorporation into the meteorite parent body. Strikingly, the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> contains 1.4-3.4 ppm N with a δ15N value of +8‰ to +30‰. Even after correcting the measured δ15N values for cosmogenic 15N produced in situ, the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> is highly enriched in 15N compared to the protosolar nebula (δ15NPSN = -383 ± 8‰; Marty et al., 2011), implying that the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-forming region was contaminated by 15N-rich material within the first 0.15 Ma of Solar System history, or, alternatively, that the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> was ejected into the outer Solar System where it interacted with a 15N-rich reservoir.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030110823&hterms=diversity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Ddiversity','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030110823&hterms=diversity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Ddiversity"><span>Al-rich Chondrules: Petrologic Basis for Their Diversity, and Relation to Type C <span class="hlt">CAIs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>MacPherson, G. J.; Huss, G. R.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Al-rich chondrules share mineralogical and chemical properties with, and are intermediate in a volatility sense between, <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> and ferromagnesian chondrules. In some way they must be petrogenetic links between the two. A recent upsurge of interest in Al-rich chondrules is due to their constituent plagioclase feldspar and Al-rich glass being amenable to successful ion microprobe searches for radiogenic Mg-26, the decay product of Al-26 (t(sub 1/2) = 720,000 y). This has allowed estimates to be made of the time duration between <span class="hlt">CAI</span> formation and the onset of Al-rich (and possibly, by extension, ferromagnesian) chondrule formation, on the order of 1.5-2.5 million years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=red+AND+wings&id=ED189125','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=red+AND+wings&id=ED189125"><span>Evaluation of Title I <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Programs at Minnesota State Correctional Institutions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sandman, Richard S.; Welch, Wayne W.</p> <p></p> <p>Three Minnesota correctional institutions used computer-assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) on PLATO terminals to improve reading and mathematics skills: (1) the State Reformatory for Men, St. Cloud (males, ages 17-21); (2) the Minnesota Home School, Sauk Centre (males and females, ages 12-18); and (3) the State Training School, Red Wing (males, ages…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453079','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453079"><span>Relative codon adaptation: a generic codon bias <span class="hlt">index</span> for prediction of gene expression.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fox, Jesse M; Erill, Ivan</p> <p>2010-06-01</p> <p>The development of codon bias indices (CBIs) remains an active field of research due to their myriad applications in computational biology. Recently, the relative codon usage bias (RCBS) was introduced as a novel CBI able to estimate codon bias without using a reference set. The results of this new <span class="hlt">index</span> when applied to Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae led the authors of the original publications to conclude that natural selection favours higher expression and enhanced codon usage optimization in short genes. Here, we show that this conclusion was flawed and based on the systematic oversight of an intrinsic bias for short sequences in the RCBS <span class="hlt">index</span> and of biases in the small data sets used for validation in E. coli. Furthermore, we reveal that how the RCBS can be corrected to produce useful results and how its underlying principle, which we here term relative codon adaptation (RCA), can be made into a powerful reference-set-based <span class="hlt">index</span> that directly takes into account the genomic base composition. Finally, we show that RCA outperforms the codon adaptation <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) as a predictor of gene expression when operating on the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> reference set and that this improvement is significantly larger when analysing genomes with high mutational bias.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=accounting+AND+fundamentals&pg=7&id=EJ550830','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=accounting+AND+fundamentals&pg=7&id=EJ550830"><span>Role of Computer Assisted Instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) in an Introductory Computer Concepts Course.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Skudrna, Vincent J.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Discusses the role of computer assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) in undergraduate education via a survey of related literature and specific applications. Describes an undergraduate computer concepts course and includes appendices of instructions, flowcharts, programs, sample student work in accounting, COBOL instructional model, decision logic in a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26159472','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26159472"><span>Changes in flavour and microbial diversity during natural fermentation of suan-<span class="hlt">cai</span>, a traditional food made in Northeast China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Rina; Yu, Meiling; Liu, Xiaoyu; Meng, Lingshuai; Wang, Qianqian; Xue, Yating; Wu, Junrui; Yue, Xiqing</p> <p>2015-10-15</p> <p>We measured changes in the main physical and chemical properties, flavour compounds and microbial diversity in suan-<span class="hlt">cai</span> during natural fermentation. The results showed that the pH and concentration of soluble protein initially decreased but were then maintained at a stable level; the concentration of nitrite increased in the initial fermentation stage and after reaching a peak it decreased significantly to a low level by the end of fermentation. Suan-<span class="hlt">cai</span> was rich in 17 free amino acids. All of the free amino acids increased in concentration to different degrees, except histidine. Total free amino acids reached their highest levels in the mid-fermentation stage. The 17 volatile flavour components identified at the start of fermentation increased to 57 by the mid-fermentation stage; esters and aldehydes were in the greatest diversity and abundance, contributing most to the aroma of suan-<span class="hlt">cai</span>. Bacteria were more abundant and diverse than fungi in suan-<span class="hlt">cai</span>; 14 bacterial species were identified from the genera Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus. The predominant fungal species identified were Debaryomyces hansenii, Candida tropicalis and Penicillium expansum. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850054072&hterms=Prize&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DPrize','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850054072&hterms=Prize&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DPrize"><span>Willy: A prize noble Ur-Fremdling - Its history and implications for the formation of Fremdlinge and <span class="hlt">CAI</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Armstrong, J. T.; El Goresy, A.; Wasserburg, G. J.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The structure and composition of Willy, a 150-micron-diameter Fremdling in <span class="hlt">CAI</span> 5241 from the Allende meteorite, are investigated using optical, secondary-electron, and electron-backscatter microscopy and electron-microprobe analysis. The results are presented in diagrams, maps, tables, graphs, and micrographs and compared with those for other Allende Fremdlinge. Willy is found to have a concentric-zone structure comprising a complex porous core of magnetite, metal, sulfide, scheelite, and other minor phases; a compact magnetite-apatite mantle; a thin (20 microns or less) reaction-assemblage zone; and a dense outer rim of fassaite with minor spinel. A multistage formation sequence involving changes in T and fO2 and preceding the introduction of Willy into the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (which itself preceded <span class="hlt">CAI</span> spinel and silicate formation) is postulated, and it is inferred from the apparent lack of post-capture recrystallization that Willy has not been subjected to temperatures in excess of 600 C and may represent the precursor material for many other Fremdlinge.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Body+AND+combat&pg=6&id=ED043228','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Body+AND+combat&pg=6&id=ED043228"><span>Computer-Assisted Instruction in Engineering Dynamics. <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-Systems Memo Number 18.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sheldon, John W.</p> <p></p> <p>A 90-minute computer-assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) unit course supplemented by a 1-hour lecture on the dynamic nature of three-dimensional rotations and Euler angles was given to 29 undergraduate engineering students. The area of Euler angles was selected because it is essential to problem-working in three-dimensional rotations of a rigid body, yet…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663446-nonlinear-colormetallicity-relations-globular-clusters-vii-nonlinear-absorption-line-index-versus-metallicity-relations-bimodal-index-distributions-ngc-globular-clusters','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663446-nonlinear-colormetallicity-relations-globular-clusters-vii-nonlinear-absorption-line-index-versus-metallicity-relations-bimodal-index-distributions-ngc-globular-clusters"><span>Nonlinear Color–Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. VII. Nonlinear <span class="hlt">Absorption</span>-line <span class="hlt">Index</span> versus Metallicity Relations and Bimodal <span class="hlt">Index</span> Distributions of NGC 5128 Globular Clusters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kim, Sooyoung; Yoon, Suk-Jin, E-mail: sjyoon0691@yonsei.ac.kr</p> <p></p> <p>Spectroscopy on the globular cluster (GC) system of NGC 5128 revealed bimodality in <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-line <span class="hlt">index</span> distributions of its old GCs. GC division is a widely observed and studied phenomenon whose interpretation has depicted host galaxy formation and evolution such that it harbors two distinct metallicity groups. Such a conventional view of GC bimodality has mainly been based on photometry. The recent GC photometric data, however, presented an alternative perspective in which the nonlinear metallicity-to-color transformation is responsible for color bimodality of GC systems. Here we apply the same line of analysis to the spectral indices and examine the <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-line indexmore » versus metallicity relations for the NGC 5128 GC system. NGC 5128 GCs display nonlinearity in the metallicity-<span class="hlt">index</span> planes, most prominently for the Balmer lines and by a non-negligible degree for the metallicity-sensitive magnesium line. We demonstrate that the observed spectroscopic division of NGC 5128 GCs can be caused by the nonlinear nature of the metallicity-to-<span class="hlt">index</span> conversions and thus one does not need to resort to two separate GC subgroups. Our analysis incorporating this nonlinearity provides a new perspective on the structure of NGC 5128's GC system, and a further piece to the global picture of the formation of GC systems and their host galaxies.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=histology&pg=5&id=EJ635928','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=histology&pg=5&id=EJ635928"><span>Web Pages: An Effective Method of Providing <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Resource Material in Histology.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>McLean, Michelle</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Presents research that introduces computer-aided instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) resource material as an integral part of the second-year histology course at the University of Natal Medical School. Describes the ease with which this software can be developed, using limited resources and available skills, while providing students with valuable learning…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA186080','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA186080"><span>A Prototype of Pilot Knowledge Evaluation by an Intelligent <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (Computer -Aided Instruction) System Using a Bayesian Diagnostic Model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1987-06-01</p> <p>to a field of research called Computer-Aided Instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>). <span class="hlt">CAI</span> is a powerful methodology for enhancing the overall quaiity and effectiveness of...provides a very powerful tool for statistical inference, especially when pooling informations from different source is appropriate. Thus. prior...04 , 2 ’ .. ."k, + ++ ,,;-+-,..,,..v ->’,0,,.’ I The power of the model lies in its ability to adapt a diagnostic session to the level of knowledge</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005LPI....36.1525Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005LPI....36.1525Y"><span>Supra-Canonical Initial 26Al/27Al Indicate a 105 Year Residence Time for <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> in the Solar Proto-Planetary Disk</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Young, E. D.; Simon, J. I.; Galy, A.; Russell, S. S.; Tonui, E. K.; Lovera, O.</p> <p>2005-03-01</p> <p>We present new UV laser ablation and acid digestion MC-ICPMS analyses of 8 <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> showing that there was more 26Al in the early solar system than previously thought, and that the canonical initial 26Al/27Al represents a ~300,000 yr residence time for <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> in the protoplanetary disk.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17215940','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17215940"><span>Enhancement and inhibition of second-harmonic generation and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in a negative <span class="hlt">index</span> cavity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>de Ceglia, Domenico; D'Orazio, Antonella; De Sario, Marco; Petruzzelli, Vincenzo; Prudenzano, Francesco; Centini, Marco; Cappeddu, Mirko G; Bloemer, Mark J; Scalora, Michael</p> <p>2007-02-01</p> <p>We study second-harmonic generation in a negative-<span class="hlt">index</span> material cavity. The transmission spectrum shows a bandgap between the electric and magnetic plasma frequencies. The nonlinear process is made efficient by local phase-matching conditions between a forward-propagating pump and a backward-propagating second-harmonic signal. By simultaneously exciting the cavity with counterpropagating pulses, and by varying their relative phase difference, one is able to enhance or inhibit linear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and the second-harmonic conversion efficiency.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017LPICo1987.6381D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017LPICo1987.6381D"><span>The Range of Initial 10Be/9Be Ratios in the Early Solar System: A Re-Assessment Based on Analyses of New <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> and Melilite Composition Glass Standards</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dunham, E.; Wadhwa, M.; Liu, M.-C.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>We report a more accurate range of initial 10Be/9Be in <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> including FUN <span class="hlt">CAI</span> CMS-1 from Allende (CV3) and a new <span class="hlt">CAI</span> from NWA 5508 (CV3) using melilite composition glass standards; we suggest 10Be is largely produced by irradiation in the nebula.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.P51A2558C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.P51A2558C"><span>Exploring Chondrule and <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Rims Using Micro- and Nano-Scale Petrological and Compositional Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cartwright, J. A.; Perez-Huerta, A.; Leitner, J.; Vollmer, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>As the major components within chondrites, chondrules (mm-sized droplets of quenched silicate melt) and calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>, refractory) represent the most abundant and the earliest materials that solidified from the solar nebula. However, the exact formation mechanisms of these clasts, and whether these processes are related, remains unconstrained, despite extensive petrological and compositional study. By taking advantage of recent advances in nano-scale tomographical techniques, we have undertaken a combined micro- and nano-scale study of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and chondrule rim morphologies, to investigate their formation mechanisms. The target lithologies for this research are Wark-Lovering rims (WLR), and fine-grained rims (FGR) around <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> and chondrules respectively, present within many chondrites. The FGRs, which are up to 100 µm thick, are of particular interest as recent studies have identified presolar grains within them. These grains predate the formation of our Solar System, suggesting FGR formation under nebular conditions. By contrast, WLRs are 10-20 µm thick, made of different compositional layers, and likely formed by flash-heating shortly after <span class="hlt">CAI</span> formation, thus recording nebular conditions. A detailed multi-scale study of these respective rims will enable us to better understand their formation histories and determine the potential for commonality between these two phases, despite reports of an observed formation age difference of up to 2-3 Myr. We are using a combination of complimentary techniques on our selected target areas: 1) Micro-scale characterization using standard microscopic and compositional techniques (SEM-EBSD, EMPA); 2) Nano-scale characterization of structures using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and elemental, isotopic and tomographic analysis with NanoSIMS and atom probe tomography (APT). Preliminary nano-scale APT analysis of FGR morphologies within the Allende carbonaceous chondrite has successfully discerned</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED074769.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED074769.pdf"><span>Evaluation of a Text Compression Algorithm Against Computer-Aided Instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) Material.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Knight, Joseph M., Jr.</p> <p></p> <p>This report describes the initial evaluation of a text compression algorithm against computer assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) material. A review of some concepts related to statistical text compression is followed by a detailed description of a practical text compression algorithm. A simulation of the algorithm was programed and used to obtain…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MS%26E..148a2083P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MS%26E..148a2083P"><span>Numerical investigation of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Combustion in the Opposed- Piston Engine with Direct and Indirect Water Injection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pyszczek, R.; Mazuro, P.; Teodorczyk, A.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>This paper is focused on the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> combustion control in a turbocharged 2-stroke Opposed-Piston (OP) engine. The barrel type OP engine arrangement is of particular interest for the authors because of its robust design, high mechanical efficiency and relatively easy incorporation of a Variable Compression Ratio (VCR). The other advantage of such design is that combustion chamber is formed between two moving pistons - there is no additional cylinder head to be cooled which directly results in an increased thermal efficiency. Furthermore, engine operation in a Controlled Auto-Ignition (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) mode at high compression ratios (CR) raises a possibility of reaching even higher efficiencies and very low emissions. In order to control <span class="hlt">CAI</span> combustion such measures as VCR and water injection were considered for indirect ignition timing control. Numerical simulations of the scavenging and combustion processes were performed with the 3D CFD multipurpose AVL Fire solver. Numerous cases were calculated with different engine compression ratios and different amounts of directly and indirectly injected water. The influence of the VCR and water injection on the ignition timing and engine performance was determined and their application in the real engine was discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29407387','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29407387"><span>Bacterial and fungal microbiota of spontaneously fermented Chinese products, Rubing milk cake and Yan-<span class="hlt">cai</span> vegetable pickles.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Xin; Kuda, Takashi; Takahashi, Hajime; Kimura, Bon</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The Rubing milk cake from Yunnan and the Yan-<span class="hlt">cai</span> vegetable pickles from Guangdong are traditional spontaneously fermented foods in China. We evaluated the microbial properties of these products with the analysis of their bacterial and fungal microbiota using classical culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, including a 16S rDNA gene (V4) and an internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region pyrosequencing method with MiSeq system. The viable lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count was 8 and 6 log colony-forming units (CFU)/g in Rubing and Yan-<span class="hlt">cai</span> samples, respectively. The yeast count was approximately 100-1000 times less than the LAB count in most samples, except one Yan-<span class="hlt">cai</span> sample. In addition, the gram-negative rod count in half of the samples was similar to the LAB count. Pyrosequencing results revealed the high abundance (10%-20%) of gram-negative Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae in these samples. These results suggest that some of these traditional foods are undesirable as ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, even when these are typical lactic acid fermented foods. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Should+AND+programming+AND+taught&pg=2&id=ED295668','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Should+AND+programming+AND+taught&pg=2&id=ED295668"><span>A CBI Model for the Design of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Software by Teachers/Nonprogrammers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Tessmer, Martin; Jonassen, David H.</p> <p></p> <p>This paper describes a design model presented in workbook form which is intended to facilitate computer-assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) software design by teachers who do not have programming experience. Presentation of the model is preceded by a number of assumptions that underlie the instructional content and methods of the textbook. It is argued…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhDT.......222B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhDT.......222B"><span>An investigative study into the effectiveness of using computer-aided instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) as a laboratory component of college-level biology: A case study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barrett, Joan Beverly</p> <p></p> <p>Community colleges serve the most diverse student populations in higher education. They consist of non-traditional, part-time, older, intermittent, and mobile students of different races, ethnic backgrounds, language preferences, physical and mental abilities, and learning style preferences. Students who are academically challenged may have diverse learning characteristics that are not compatible with the more traditional approaches to the delivery of instruction. With this need come new ways of solving the dilemma, such as Computer-aided Instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>). This case study investigated the use of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> as a laboratory component of college-level biology in a small, rural community college setting. The intent was to begin to fill a void that seems to exist in the literature regarding the role of the faculty in the development and use of <span class="hlt">CAI</span>. In particular, the investigator was seeking to understand the practice and its effectiveness, especially in helping the under prepared student. The case study approach was chosen to examine a specific phenomenon within a single institution. Ethnographic techniques, such as interviewing, documentary analysis, life's experiences, and participant observations were used to collect data about the phenomena being studied. Results showed that the faculty was primarily self-motivated and self-taught in their use of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> as a teaching and learning tool. The importance of faculty leadership and collegiality was evident. Findings showed the faculty confident that expectations of helping students who have difficulties with mathematical concepts have been met and that <span class="hlt">CAI</span> is becoming the most valuable of learning tools. In a traditional college classroom, or practice, time is the constant (semesters) and competence is the variable. In the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> laboratory time became the variable and competence the constant. The use of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> also eliminated hazardous chemicals that were routinely used in the more traditional lab. Outcomes showed that annual savings</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010679','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010679"><span>Microstructures of Hibonite From an ALH A77307 (CO3.0) <span class="hlt">CAI</span>: Evidence for Evaporative Loss of Calcium</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Han, Jangmi; Brearley, Adrian J.; Keller, Lindsay P.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Hibonite is a comparatively rare, primary phase found in some <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> from different chondrite groups and is also common in Wark-Lovering rims [1]. Hibonite is predicted to be one of the earliest refractory phases to form by equilibrium condensation from a cooling gas of solar composition [2] and, therefore, can be a potential recorder of very early solar system processes. In this study, we describe the microstructures of hibonite from one <span class="hlt">CAI</span> in ALH A77307 (CO3.0) using FIB/TEM techniques in order to reconstruct its formational history.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070009991','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070009991"><span>Isotopic Measurements in <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> with the Nanosims: Implications to the understanding of the Formation process of Ca, Al-Rich Inclusions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ito, M.; Messenger, S.; Walker, Robert M.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Ca, Al-rich Inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) preserve evidence of thermal events that they experienced during their formation in the early solar system. Most <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> from CV and CO chondrites are characterized by large variations in O-isotopic compositions of primary minerals, with spinel, hibonite, and pyroxene being more O-16-rich than melilite and anorthite, with delta 17, O-18 = approx. -40%o (DELTA O-17 = delta O-17 - 0.52 x delta O-18 = approx. - 20%o ). These anomalous compositions cannot be accounted for by standard mass dependent fractionation and diffusive process of those minerals. It requires the presence of an anomalous oxygen reservoir of nucleosynthetic origin or mass independent fractionations before the formation of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> in the early solar system. The CAMECA NanoSIMS is a new generation ion microprobe that offers high sensitivity isotopic measurements with sub 100 nm spatial resolution. The NanoSIMS has significantly improved abilities in the study of presolar grains in various kind of meteorites and the decay products of extinct nuclides in ancient solar system matter. This instrument promises significant improvements over other conventional ion probes in the precision isotopic characterization of sub-micron scales. We report the results of our first O isotopic measurements of various <span class="hlt">CAI</span> minerals from EK1-6-3 and 7R19-1(a) utilizing the JSC NanoSIMS 50L ion microprobe. We evaluate the measurement conditions, the instrumental mass fractionation factor (IMF) for O isotopic measurement and the accuracy of the isotopic ratio through the analysis of a San Carlos olivine standard and <span class="hlt">CAI</span> sample of 7R19-1(a).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.P11C1240D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.P11C1240D"><span>Characterizing Pyroxene Reaction Space in Calcium-Aluminum Rich Inclusions: Oxidation During <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Rim Formation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dyl, K. A.; Young, E. D.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>We define the reaction space that controls changes in pyroxene composition in <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> and Wark-Lovering (WL) rims in an oxidizing solar nebula. Ti-rich pyroxenes in <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> record a sub-solar oxygen fugacity (Ti3+/Ti4+~1.5). WL rim pyroxenes in the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Leoville 144A have a distinctly lower oxidation state.This difference supports WL rim condensation in an environment of increasing O2(g) and Mg(g) (Simon et al. 2005). We used the following phase components to identify four linearly independent reactions (Thompson 1982): diopside, CaTs (Al2Mg-1Si-1), T3 (Ti3+AlMg-1Si-1), T4 (Ti4+Al2Mg-1Si-2), En (MgCa-1), perovskite, O(g), Mg(g), SiO(g), and Ca(g). Compositional variation in this system is dominated by two reactions. The first is oxidation of Ti3+ via reaction with O and Mg in the gas phase: 1.5 O(g) + Mg(g) → ¼ Di + [Ti4+Mg3/4Ti3+-1Ca-1/4Si-1/2] (1). Pyroxene is produced and En is introduced. The second reaction (2) is perovskite formation. It is observed in the WL rim of Leoville 144A, and experiments confirm that an elevated Ti component converts pyroxene to perovskite(Gupta et al. 1973). MgCa-1 is the third linearly independent reaction (3). They combine to give: ½ Di + x Ca(g)→ x Mg(g)+ Pv + [Mg1/2-xSiTi4+-1Ca-1/2+x](2,3). Unlike (1), pyroxene is consumed in this reaction. The parameter x defines the extent of Mg-Ca exchange. When x > 0.5, WL rim formation occurs in an environment where Mg is volatile and Ca condenses. The reaction space defined by reactions (1) and (2,3) describes the transition from <span class="hlt">CAI</span> interior to WL rims. WL rim pyroxene Ti contents, [CaTs], and Ca < 1 pfu are all explained in this space. The fourth linearly independent reaction is SiO(g):1/8 Di + ¼ Mg(g)→ ¾ SiO(g) + [Mg3/8Ca1/8Ti4+Ti3+-1Si-1/2](4). Silica reduction forms Ti4+, releasing SiO(g). (4) does not describe the oxidation of Ti3+ in WL rim pyroxene, but (1) - (4) results in En formation directly from the gas phase. This may explain WL rim analyses that have Si contents in excess</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1440310-co-bridged-cluster-intermediates-catalytic-mechanism-fefe-hydrogenase-cai','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1440310-co-bridged-cluster-intermediates-catalytic-mechanism-fefe-hydrogenase-cai"><span>CO-Bridged H-Cluster Intermediates in the Catalytic Mechanism of [FeFe]-Hydrogenase <span class="hlt">CaI</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Ratzloff, Michael W.; Artz, Jacob H.; Mulder, David W.; ...</p> <p>2018-05-23</p> <p>The [FeFe]-hydrogenases ([FeFe] H 2ases) catalyze reversible H 2 activation at the H-cluster, which is composed of a [4Fe-4S] H subsite linked by a cysteine thiolate to a bridged, organometallic [2Fe-2S] ([2Fe] H) subsite. Profoundly different geometric models of the H-cluster redox states that orchestrate the electron/proton transfer steps of H 2 bond activation have been proposed. We have examined this question in the [FeFe] H 2ase I from Clostridium acetobutylicum (<span class="hlt">CaI</span>) by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with temperature annealing and H/D isotope exchange to identify the relevant redox states and define catalytic transitions. One-electron reduction of H ox ledmore » to formation of H redH + ([4Fe-4S] H 2+-Fe I-Fe I) and H red' ([4Fe-4S] H 1+-Fe II-Fe I), with both states characterized by low frequency μ-CO IR modes consistent with a fully bridged [2Fe] H. Similar μ-CO IR modes were also identified for H redH + of the [FeFe] H 2ase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrHydA1). The <span class="hlt">CaI</span> proton-transfer variant C298S showed enrichment of an H/D isotope-sensitive μ-CO mode, a component of the hydride bound H-cluster IR signal, H hyd. Equilibrating <span class="hlt">CaI</span> with increasing amounts of NaDT, and probed at cryogenic temperatures, showed H redH + was converted to H hyd. Over an increasing temperature range from 10 to 260 K catalytic turnover led to loss of Hhyd and appearance of H ox, consistent with enzymatic turnover and H 2 formation. The results show for <span class="hlt">CaI</span> that the μ-CO of [2Fe] H remains bridging for all of the 'H red' states and that H redH + is on pathway to H hyd and H 2 evolution in the catalytic mechanism. Here, this provides a blueprint for designing small molecule catalytic analogs« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1440310-co-bridged-cluster-intermediates-catalytic-mechanism-fefe-hydrogenase-cai','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1440310-co-bridged-cluster-intermediates-catalytic-mechanism-fefe-hydrogenase-cai"><span>CO-Bridged H-Cluster Intermediates in the Catalytic Mechanism of [FeFe]-Hydrogenase <span class="hlt">CaI</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ratzloff, Michael W.; Artz, Jacob H.; Mulder, David W.</p> <p></p> <p>The [FeFe]-hydrogenases ([FeFe] H 2ases) catalyze reversible H 2 activation at the H-cluster, which is composed of a [4Fe-4S] H subsite linked by a cysteine thiolate to a bridged, organometallic [2Fe-2S] ([2Fe] H) subsite. Profoundly different geometric models of the H-cluster redox states that orchestrate the electron/proton transfer steps of H 2 bond activation have been proposed. We have examined this question in the [FeFe] H 2ase I from Clostridium acetobutylicum (<span class="hlt">CaI</span>) by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with temperature annealing and H/D isotope exchange to identify the relevant redox states and define catalytic transitions. One-electron reduction of H ox ledmore » to formation of H redH + ([4Fe-4S] H 2+-Fe I-Fe I) and H red' ([4Fe-4S] H 1+-Fe II-Fe I), with both states characterized by low frequency μ-CO IR modes consistent with a fully bridged [2Fe] H. Similar μ-CO IR modes were also identified for H redH + of the [FeFe] H 2ase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrHydA1). The <span class="hlt">CaI</span> proton-transfer variant C298S showed enrichment of an H/D isotope-sensitive μ-CO mode, a component of the hydride bound H-cluster IR signal, H hyd. Equilibrating <span class="hlt">CaI</span> with increasing amounts of NaDT, and probed at cryogenic temperatures, showed H redH + was converted to H hyd. Over an increasing temperature range from 10 to 260 K catalytic turnover led to loss of Hhyd and appearance of H ox, consistent with enzymatic turnover and H 2 formation. The results show for <span class="hlt">CaI</span> that the μ-CO of [2Fe] H remains bridging for all of the 'H red' states and that H redH + is on pathway to H hyd and H 2 evolution in the catalytic mechanism. Here, this provides a blueprint for designing small molecule catalytic analogs« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29792026','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29792026"><span>CO-Bridged H-Cluster Intermediates in the Catalytic Mechanism of [FeFe]-Hydrogenase <span class="hlt">CaI</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ratzloff, Michael W; Artz, Jacob H; Mulder, David W; Collins, Reuben T; Furtak, Thomas E; King, Paul W</p> <p>2018-06-20</p> <p>The [FeFe]-hydrogenases ([FeFe] H 2 ases) catalyze reversible H 2 activation at the H-cluster, which is composed of a [4Fe-4S] H subsite linked by a cysteine thiolate to a bridged, organometallic [2Fe-2S] ([2Fe] H ) subsite. Profoundly different geometric models of the H-cluster redox states that orchestrate the electron/proton transfer steps of H 2 bond activation have been proposed. We have examined this question in the [FeFe] H 2 ase I from Clostridium acetobutylicum (<span class="hlt">CaI</span>) by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with temperature annealing and H/D isotope exchange to identify the relevant redox states and define catalytic transitions. One-electron reduction of H ox led to formation of H red H + ([4Fe-4S] H 2+ -Fe I -Fe I ) and H red ' ([4Fe-4S] H 1+ -Fe II -Fe I ), with both states characterized by low frequency μ-CO IR modes consistent with a fully bridged [2Fe] H . Similar μ-CO IR modes were also identified for H red H + of the [FeFe] H 2 ase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrHydA1). The <span class="hlt">CaI</span> proton-transfer variant C298S showed enrichment of an H/D isotope-sensitive μ-CO mode, a component of the hydride bound H-cluster IR signal, H hyd . Equilibrating <span class="hlt">CaI</span> with increasing amounts of NaDT, and probed at cryogenic temperatures, showed H red H + was converted to H hyd . Over an increasing temperature range from 10 to 260 K catalytic turnover led to loss of H hyd and appearance of H ox , consistent with enzymatic turnover and H 2 formation. The results show for <span class="hlt">CaI</span> that the μ-CO of [2Fe] H remains bridging for all of the "H red " states and that H red H + is on pathway to H hyd and H 2 evolution in the catalytic mechanism. These results provide a blueprint for designing small molecule catalytic analogs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006IJCEM...7...41C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006IJCEM...7...41C"><span>Numerical Investigation Into Effect of Fuel Injection Timing on <span class="hlt">CAI</span>/HCCI Combustion in a Four-Stroke GDI Engine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cao, Li; Zhao, Hua; Jiang, Xi; Kalian, Navin</p> <p>2006-02-01</p> <p>The Controlled Auto-Ignition (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) combustion, also known as Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI), was achieved by trapping residuals with early exhaust valve closure in conjunction with direct injection. Multi-cycle 3D engine simulations have been carried out for parametric study on four different injection timings in order to better understand the effects of injection timings on in-cylinder mixing and <span class="hlt">CAI</span> combustion. The full engine cycle simulation including complete gas exchange and combustion processes was carried out over several cycles in order to obtain the stable cycle for analysis. The combustion models used in the present study are the Shell auto-ignition model and the characteristic-time combustion model, which were modified to take the high level of EGR into consideration. A liquid sheet breakup spray model was used for the droplet breakup processes. The analyses show that the injection timing plays an important role in affecting the in-cylinder air/fuel mixing and mixture temperature, which in turn affects the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> combustion and engine performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=software+AND+component+AND+documentation&pg=2&id=ED070262','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=software+AND+component+AND+documentation&pg=2&id=ED070262"><span>Everything You Always Wanted to Know About <span class="hlt">CAI</span> But Were Afraid To Ask.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Luskin, Bernard J.; And Others</p> <p></p> <p>A comprehensive summary of significant developments related to the integration of the computer in all levels of instruction, this book identifies, classifies, and examines obstacles to computer-assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>), their scope and possible resolutions. Some 75 experts were surveyed and their opinions statistically analyzed in regard to 23…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA139278','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA139278"><span>A <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (Computer-Assisted Instruction) Course on Constructing PLANIT lessons: Development, Content, and Evaluation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1980-06-01</p> <p>courseware package on how to program lessons for an automated system. Since PLANIT (Programming Language for Interactive Teaching) is the student/author...assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>), how to program PLANIT lessons, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the package for select Army users. The resultant courseware</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED503459.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED503459.pdf"><span>A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Computer Assisted Instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) versus Class Room Lecture (RL) for Computer Science at ICS Level</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kausar, Tayyaba; Choudhry, Bushra Naoreen; Gujjar, Aijaz Ahmed</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> vs. classroom lecture for computer science at ICS level. The objectives were to compare the learning effects of two groups with class room lecture and computer assisted instruction studying the same curriculum and the effects of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and CRL in terms of cognitive development. Hypothesis of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1102933.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1102933.pdf"><span>A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Computer Assisted Instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) versus Class Room Lecture (CRL) for Computer Science at ICS Level</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kausar, Tayyaba; Choudhry, Bushra Naoreen; Gujjar, Aijaz Ahmed</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> vs. classroom lecture for computer science at ICS level. The objectives were to compare the learning effects of two groups with class room lecture and computer assisted instruction studying the same curriculum and the effects of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and CRL in terms of cognitive development. Hypothesis of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=artificial+AND+intelligence+AND+business&pg=3&id=EJ613257','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=artificial+AND+intelligence+AND+business&pg=3&id=EJ613257"><span>A Cross-National <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Tool To Support Learning Operations Decision-Making and Market Analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Mockler, Robert J.; Afanasiev, Mikhail Y.; Dologite, Dorothy G.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Describes bicultural (United States and Russia) development of a computer-aided instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) tool to learn management decision-making using information systems technologies. The program has been used with undergraduate and graduate students in both countries; it integrates free and controlled market concepts and combines traditional computer…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..MART30005W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012APS..MART30005W"><span>Quantum Computational Universality of the 2D <span class="hlt">Cai</span>-Miyake-D"ur-Briegel Quantum State</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wei, Tzu-Chieh; Raussendorf, Robert; Kwek, Leong Chuan</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>Universal quantum computation can be achieved by simply performing single-qubit measurements on a highly entangled resource state, such as cluster states. <span class="hlt">Cai</span>, Miyake, D"ur, and Briegel recently constructed a ground state of a two-dimensional quantum magnet by combining multiple Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki quasichains of mixed spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 entities and by mapping pairs of neighboring spin-1/2 particles to individual spin-3/2 particles [Phys. Rev. A 82, 052309 (2010)]. They showed that this state enables universal quantum computation by constructing single- and two-qubit universal gates. Here, we give an alternative understanding of how this state gives rise to universal measurement-based quantum computation: by local operations, each quasichain can be converted to a one-dimensional cluster state and entangling gates between two neighboring logical qubits can be implemented by single-spin measurements. Furthermore, a two-dimensional cluster state can be distilled from the <span class="hlt">Cai</span>-Miyake-D"ur-Briegel state.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160002651','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160002651"><span>Calcium and Titanium Isotope Fractionation in <span class="hlt">CAIS</span>: Tracers of Condensation and Inheritance in the Early Solar Protoplanetary Disk</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Simon, J. I.; Jordan, M. K.; Tappa, M. J.; Kohl, I. E.; Young, E. D.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The chemical and isotopic compositions of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) can be used to understand the conditions present in the protoplantary disk where they formed. The isotopic compositions of these early-formed nebular materials are largely controlled by chemical volatility. The isotopic effects of evaporation/sublimation, which are well explained by both theory and experimental work, lead to enrichments of the heavy isotopes that are often exhibited by the moderately refractory elements Mg and Si. Less well understood are the isotopic effects of condensation, which limits our ability to determine whether a <span class="hlt">CAI</span> is a primary condensate and/or retains any evidence of its primordial formation history.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22141459','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22141459"><span>Developing the Coach Analysis and Intervention System (<span class="hlt">CAIS</span>): establishing validity and reliability of a computerised systematic observation instrument.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cushion, Christopher; Harvey, Stephen; Muir, Bob; Nelson, Lee</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We outline the evolution of a computerised systematic observation tool and describe the process for establishing the validity and reliability of this new instrument. The Coach Analysis and Interventions System (<span class="hlt">CAIS</span>) has 23 primary behaviours related to physical behaviour, feedback/reinforcement, instruction, verbal/non-verbal, questioning and management. The instrument also analyses secondary coach behaviour related to performance states, recipient, timing, content and questioning/silence. The <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> is a multi-dimensional and multi-level mechanism able to provide detailed and contextualised data about specific coaching behaviours occurring in complex and nuanced coaching interventions and environments that can be applied to both practice sessions and competition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21390725-experimental-study-fuel-injection-strategies-cai-gasoline-engine','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21390725-experimental-study-fuel-injection-strategies-cai-gasoline-engine"><span>An experimental study of fuel injection strategies in <span class="hlt">CAI</span> gasoline engine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hunicz, J.; Kordos, P.</p> <p>2011-01-15</p> <p>Combustion of gasoline in a direct injection controlled auto-ignition (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) single-cylinder research engine was studied. <span class="hlt">CAI</span> operation was achieved with the use of the negative valve overlap (NVO) technique and internal exhaust gas re-circulation (EGR). Experiments were performed at single injection and split injection, where some amount of fuel was injected close to top dead centre (TDC) during NVO interval, and the second injection was applied with variable timing. Additionally, combustion at variable fuel-rail pressure was examined. Investigation showed that at fuel injection into recompressed exhaust fuel reforming took place. This process was identified via an analysis of the exhaust-fuelmore » mixture composition after NVO interval. It was found that at single fuel injection in NVO phase, its advance determined the heat release rate and auto-ignition timing, and had a strong influence on NO{sub X} emission. However, a delay of single injection to intake stroke resulted in deterioration of cycle-to-cycle variability. Application of split injection showed benefits of this strategy versus single injection. Examinations of different fuel mass split ratios and variable second injection timing resulted in further optimisation of mixture formation. At equal share of the fuel mass injected in the first injection during NVO and in the second injection at the beginning of compression, the lowest emission level and cyclic variability improvement were observed. (author)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.201....6P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.201....6P"><span>Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions with fractionation and unidentified nuclear effects (FUN <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>): II. Heterogeneities of magnesium isotopes and 26Al in the early Solar System inferred from in situ high-precision magnesium-isotope measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Park, Changkun; Nagashima, Kazuhide; Krot, Alexander N.; Huss, Gary R.; Davis, Andrew M.; Bizzarro, Martin</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions with isotopic mass fractionation effects and unidentified nuclear isotopic anomalies (FUN <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) have been studied for more than 40 years, but their origins remain enigmatic. Here we report in situ high precision measurements of aluminum-magnesium isotope systematics of FUN <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Individual minerals were analyzed in six FUN <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> from the oxidized CV3 carbonaceous chondrites Axtell (compact Type A <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Axtell 2271) and Allende (Type B <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> C1 and EK1-4-1, and forsterite-bearing Type B <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> BG82DH8, CG-14, and TE). Most of these <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> show evidence for excess 26Mg due to the decay of 26Al. The inferred initial 26Al/27Al ratios [(26Al/27Al)0] and the initial magnesium isotopic compositions (δ26Mg0) calculated using an exponential law with an exponent β of 0.5128 are (3.1 ± 1.6) × 10-6 and 0.60 ± 0.10‰ (Axtell 2271), (3.7 ± 1.5) × 10-6 and -0.20 ± 0.05‰ (BG82DH8), (2.2 ± 1.1) × 10-6 and -0.18 ± 0.05‰ (C1), (2.3 ± 2.4) × 10-5 and -2.23 ± 0.37‰ (EK1-4-1), (1.5 ± 1.1) × 10-5 and -0.42 ± 0.08‰ (CG-14), and (5.3 ± 0.9) × 10-5 and -0.05 ± 0.08‰ (TE) with 2σ uncertainties. We infer that FUN <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> recorded heterogeneities of magnesium isotopes and 26Al in the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-forming region(s). Comparison of 26Al-26Mg systematics, stable isotope (oxygen, magnesium, calcium, and titanium) and trace element studies of FUN and non-FUN igneous <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> indicates that there is a continuum among these <span class="hlt">CAI</span> types. Based on these observations and evaporation experiments on <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-like melts, we propose a generic scenario for the origin of igneous (FUN and non-FUN) <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>: (i) condensation of isotopically normal solids in an 16O-rich gas of approximately solar composition; (ii) formation of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> precursors by aggregation of these solids together with variable abundances of isotopically anomalous grains-possible carriers of unidentified nuclear (UN) effects; and (iii) melt evaporation of these precursors</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED432263.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED432263.pdf"><span>Using Pre-test/Post-test Data To Evaluate the Effectiveness of Computer Aided Instruction (A Study of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and Its Use with Developmental Reading Students).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Lansford, Carl E.</p> <p></p> <p>As computer aided instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) and distance learning become more popular, a model for easily evaluating these teaching methods must be developed, one which will enable replication of the study each year. This paper discusses the results of a study using existing dependent and independent variables to evaluate <span class="hlt">CAI</span> for developmental reading…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22126725-nonlinear-color-metallicity-relations-globular-clusters-nonlinear-absorption-line-index-versus-metallicity-relations-bimodal-index-distributions-m31-globular-clusters','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22126725-nonlinear-color-metallicity-relations-globular-clusters-nonlinear-absorption-line-index-versus-metallicity-relations-bimodal-index-distributions-m31-globular-clusters"><span>NONLINEAR COLOR-METALLICITY RELATIONS OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS. V. NONLINEAR <span class="hlt">ABSORPTION</span>-LINE <span class="hlt">INDEX</span> VERSUS METALLICITY RELATIONS AND BIMODAL <span class="hlt">INDEX</span> DISTRIBUTIONS OF M31 GLOBULAR CLUSTERS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kim, Sooyoung; Yoon, Suk-Jin; Chung, Chul</p> <p>2013-05-10</p> <p>Recent spectroscopy on the globular cluster (GC) system of M31 with unprecedented precision witnessed a clear bimodality in <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-line <span class="hlt">index</span> distributions of old GCs. Such division of extragalactic GCs, so far asserted mainly by photometric color bimodality, has been viewed as the presence of merely two distinct metallicity subgroups within individual galaxies and forms a critical backbone of various galaxy formation theories. Given that spectroscopy is a more detailed probe into stellar population than photometry, the discovery of <span class="hlt">index</span> bimodality may point to the very existence of dual GC populations. However, here we show that the observed spectroscopic dichotomy ofmore » M31 GCs emerges due to the nonlinear nature of metallicity-to-<span class="hlt">index</span> conversion and thus one does not necessarily have to invoke two separate GC subsystems. We take this as a close analogy to the recent view that metallicity-color nonlinearity is primarily responsible for observed GC color bimodality. We also demonstrate that the metallicity-sensitive magnesium line displays non-negligible metallicity-<span class="hlt">index</span> nonlinearity and Balmer lines show rather strong nonlinearity. This gives rise to bimodal <span class="hlt">index</span> distributions, which are routinely interpreted as bimodal metallicity distributions, not considering metallicity-<span class="hlt">index</span> nonlinearity. Our findings give a new insight into the constitution of M31's GC system, which could change much of the current thought on the formation of GC systems and their host galaxies.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25516116','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25516116"><span>Polarization-dependent optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of MoS₂ for refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tan, Yang; He, Ruiyun; Cheng, Chen; Wang, Dong; Chen, Yanxue; Chen, Feng</p> <p>2014-12-17</p> <p>As a noncentrosymmetric crystal with spin-polarized band structure, MoS2 nanomaterials have attracts increasing attention in many areas such as lithium ion batteries, flexible electronic devices, photoluminescence and valleytronics. The investigation of MoS2 is mainly focused on the electronics and spintronics instead of optics, which restrict its applications as key elements of photonics. In this work, we demonstrate the first observation of the polarization-dependent optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the MoS2 thin film, which is integrated onto an optical waveguide device. With this feature, a novel optical sensor combining MoS2 thin-film and a microfluidic structure has been constituted to achieve the sensitive monitoring of refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. Our work indicates the MoS2 thin film as a complementary material to graphene for the optical polarizer in the visible light range, and explores a new application direction of MoS2 nanomaterials for the construction of photonic circuits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4225569','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4225569"><span>Occupation and educational inequalities in laryngeal cancer: the use of a job <span class="hlt">index</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background Previous studies tried to assess the association between socioeconomic status and laryngeal cancer. Alcohol and tobacco consumption explain already a large part of the social inequalities. Occupational exposures might explain a part of the remaining but the components and pathways of the socioeconomic contribution have yet to be fully disentangled. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of occupation using different occupational indices, differentiating between physical, psycho-social and toxic exposures and trying to summarize the occupational burden into one variable. Methods A population-based case–control study conducted in Germany in 1998–2000 included 208 male cases and 702 controls. Information on occupational history, smoking, alcohol consumption and education was collected with face-to-face interviews. A recently developed job-classification <span class="hlt">index</span> was used to account for the occupational burden. A sub-<span class="hlt">index</span> focussed on jobs involving potentially carcinogenic agents (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) for the upper aero digestive tract. Results When adjusted for smoking and alcohol consumption, higher odds ratios (ORs) were found for lower education. This OR decreased after further adjustment using the physical and psycho-social job indices (OR = 3.2, 95%-CI: 1.5-6.8), similar to the OR using the sub-<span class="hlt">index</span> <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (OR = 3.0, 95%-CI: 1.4-6.5). Conclusions The use of an easily applicable control variable, simply constructed on standard occupational job classifications, provides the possibility to differentiate between educational and occupational contributions. Such an <span class="hlt">index</span> might indirectly reflect the effect of carcinogenic agents, which are not collected in many studies. PMID:24246148</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23679772','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23679772"><span>Accurate and facile determination of the <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction of organic thin films near the carbon 1s <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yan, Hongping; Wang, Cheng; McCarn, Allison R; Ade, Harald</p> <p>2013-04-26</p> <p>A practical and accurate method to obtain the <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction, especially the decrement δ, across the carbon 1s <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge is demonstrated. The combination of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra scaled to the Henke atomic scattering factor database, the use of the doubly subtractive Kramers-Kronig relations, and high precision specular reflectivity measurements from thin films allow the notoriously difficult-to-measure δ to be determined with high accuracy. No independent knowledge of the film thickness or density is required. High confidence interpolation between relatively sparse measurements of δ across an <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge is achieved. Accurate optical constants determined by this method are expected to greatly improve the simulation and interpretation of resonant soft x-ray scattering and reflectivity data. The method is demonstrated using poly(methyl methacrylate) and should be extendable to all organic materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OptMa..69..328N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017OptMa..69..328N"><span>Linear and nonlinear magneto-optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> changes in graphene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nguyen, Chuong V.; Hieu, Nguyen N.; Duque, Carlos A.; Poklonski, Nikolai A.; Ilyasov, Victor V.; Hieu, Nguyen V.; Dinh, Le; Quang, Quach K.; Tung, Luong V.; Phuc, Huynh V.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>In this work, we study the magneto-optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients (MOACs) and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> changes (RICs) in monolayer graphene under a perpendicular magnetic field using the compact density matrix approach. The results are presented as functions of photon energy and external magnetic field. Our results show that there are three groups of the possible transitions: the intra-band, the mixed, and the inter-band transitions; in which the MOACs and the RICs appear as a series of peaks in both intra-band and inter-band transitions between the Landau levels. With an increase magnetic field, the resonant peaks give a blue-shift and reduce in their amplitudes. These results suggest a potential application of monolayer graphene in nanoscale electronic and magneto-optical devices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522496','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522496"><span>The contribution of the androgen receptor (AR) in human spatial learning and memory: A study in women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (<span class="hlt">CAIS</span>).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mueller, S C; Verwilst, T; Van Branteghem, A; T'Sjoen, G; Cools, M</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Few studies have examined the impact of androgen insensitivity on human spatial learning and memory. In the present study, we tested 11 women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (<span class="hlt">CAIS</span>), a rare genetic disorder characterized by complete absence of AR activity, and compared their performance against 20 comparison males and 19 comparison females on a virtual analog of the Morris Water Maze task. The results replicated a main sex effect showing that men relative to women were faster in finding the hidden platform and had reduced heading error. Furthermore, findings indicated that mean performance of women with <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> was between control women and control men, though the differences were not statistically significant. Effect size estimates (and corresponding confidence intervals) of spatial learning trials showed little difference between women with <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> and control women but <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> women differed from men, but not women, on two variables, latency to find the platform and first-move latency. No differences between groups were present during visible platform trials or the probe trial, a measure of spatial memory. Moreover, groups also did not differ on estimates of IQ and variability of performance. The findings are discussed in relation to androgen insensitivity in human spatial learning and memory. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-02-17/pdf/2012-3839.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-02-17/pdf/2012-3839.pdf"><span>77 FR 9625 - Presentation of Final Conventional Conformance Test Criteria and Common Air Interface (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-02-17</p> <p>... Tests for Inclusion in the Program AGENCY: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST... meeting is to present the final requirements for <span class="hlt">CAI</span> conventional conformance tests for inclusion in the... suitability for inclusion in the P25 CAP is below: Conformance tests should limit devices in the test...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeCoA.189...70K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeCoA.189...70K"><span>A link between oxygen, calcium and titanium isotopes in 26Al-poor hibonite-rich <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> from Murchison and implications for the heterogeneity of dust reservoirs in the solar nebula</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kööp, Levke; Davis, Andrew M.; Nakashima, Daisuke; Park, Changkun; Krot, Alexander N.; Nagashima, Kazuhide; Tenner, Travis J.; Heck, Philipp R.; Kita, Noriko T.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>PLACs (platy hibonite crystals) and related hibonite-rich calcium-, aluminum-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>; hereafter collectively referred to as PLAC-like <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) have the largest nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies of all materials believed to have formed in the solar system. Most PLAC-like <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> have low inferred initial 26Al/27Al ratios and could have formed prior to injection or widespread distribution of 26Al in the solar nebula. In this study, we report 26Al-26Mg systematics combined with oxygen, calcium, and titanium isotopic compositions for a large number of newly separated PLAC-like <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> from the Murchison CM2 chondrite (32 <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> studied for oxygen, 26 of these also for 26Al-26Mg, calcium and titanium). Our results confirm (1) the large range of nucleosynthetic anomalies in 50Ti and 48Ca (our data range from -70‰ to +170‰ and -60‰ to +80‰, respectively), (2) the substantial range of Δ17O values (-28‰ to -17‰, with Δ17O = δ17O - 0.52 × δ18O), and (3) general 26Al-depletion in PLAC-like <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>. The multielement approach reveals a relationship between Δ17O and the degree of variability in 50Ti and 48Ca: PLAC-like <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> with the highest Δ17O (∼-17‰) show large positive and negative 50Ti and 48Ca anomalies, while those with the lowest Δ17O (∼-28‰) have small to no anomalies in 50Ti and 48Ca. These observations could suggest a physical link between anomalous 48Ca and 50Ti carriers and an 16O-poor reservoir. We suggest that the solar nebula was isotopically heterogeneous shortly after collapse of the protosolar molecular cloud, and that the primordial dust reservoir, in which anomalous carrier phases were heterogeneously distributed, was 16O-poor (Δ17O ⩾ -17‰) relative to the primordial gaseous (CO + H2O) reservoir (Δ17O < -35‰). However, other models such as CO self-shielding in the protoplanetary disk are also considered to explain the link between oxygen and calcium and titanium isotopes in PLAC-like <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SuMi..103..205V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SuMi..103..205V"><span>Influence of image charge effect on impurity-related optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> changes in a spherical quantum dot</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vartanian, A. L.; Asatryan, A. L.; Vardanyan, L. A.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>We have investigated the influence of an image charge effect (ICE) on the energies of the ground and first few excited states of a hydrogen-like impurity in a spherical quantum dot (QD) in the presence of an external electric field. The oscillator strengths of transitions from the 1 s -like state to excited states of 2px and 2pz symmetries are calculated as the functions of the strengths of the confinement potential and the electric field. Also, we have studied the effect of image charges on linear and third-order nonlinear optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> changes (RICs). The results show that image charges lead to the decrease of energies for all the hydrogen-like states, to the significant enhancement of the oscillator strengths of transitions between the impurity states, and to comparatively large blue shifts in linear, nonlinear, and total <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> changes. Our results indicate that the total optical characteristics can be controlled by the strength of the confinement and the electric field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24837217','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24837217"><span>Energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> during impact on the proximal femur is affected by body mass <span class="hlt">index</span> and flooring surface.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bhan, Shivam; Levine, Iris C; Laing, Andrew C</p> <p>2014-07-18</p> <p>Impact mechanics theory suggests that peak loads should decrease with increase in system energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. In light of the reduced hip fracture risk for persons with high body mass <span class="hlt">index</span> (BMI) and for falls on soft surfaces, the purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of participant BMI, gender, and flooring surface on system energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> during lateral falls on the hip with human volunteers. Twenty university-aged participants completed the study with five men and five women in both low BMI (<22.5 kg/m(2)) and high BMI (>27.5 kg/m(2)) groups. Participants underwent lateral pelvis release experiments from a height of 5 cm onto two common floors and four safety floors mounted on a force plate. A motion-capture system measured pelvic deflection. The energy absorbed during the initial compressive phase of impact was calculated as the area under the force-deflection curve. System energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was (on average) 3-fold greater for high compared to low BMI participants, but no effects of gender were observed. Even after normalizing for body mass, high BMI participants absorbed 1.8-fold more energy per unit mass. Additionally, three of four safety floors demonstrated significantly increased energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> compared to a baseline resilient-rolled-sheeting system (% increases ranging from 20.7 to 28.3). Peak system deflection was larger for high BMI persons and for impacts on several safety floors. This study indicates that energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> may be a common mechanism underlying the reduced risk of hip fracture for persons with high BMI and for those who fall on soft surfaces. Crown Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED297998.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED297998.pdf"><span>The Effect of Mode of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and Individual Learning Differences on the Understanding of Concept Relationships.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Rowland, Paul McD.</p> <p></p> <p>The effect of mode of computer-assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) and individual learning differences on the learning of science concepts was investigated. University elementary education majors learned about home energy use from either a computer simulation or a computer tutorial. Learning of science concepts was measured using achievement and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4268638','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4268638"><span>Polarization-dependent optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of MoS2 for refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tan, Yang; He, Ruiyun; Cheng, Chen; Wang, Dong; Chen, Yanxue; Chen, Feng</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>As a noncentrosymmetric crystal with spin-polarized band structure, MoS2 nanomaterials have attracts increasing attention in many areas such as lithium ion batteries, flexible electronic devices, photoluminescence and valleytronics. The investigation of MoS2 is mainly focused on the electronics and spintronics instead of optics, which restrict its applications as key elements of photonics. In this work, we demonstrate the first observation of the polarization-dependent optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the MoS2 thin film, which is integrated onto an optical waveguide device. With this feature, a novel optical sensor combining MoS2 thin-film and a microfluidic structure has been constituted to achieve the sensitive monitoring of refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. Our work indicates the MoS2 thin film as a complementary material to graphene for the optical polarizer in the visible light range, and explores a new application direction of MoS2 nanomaterials for the construction of photonic circuits. PMID:25516116</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010652','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010652"><span>A FIB/TEM/Nanosims Study of a Wark-Lovering Rim on an Allende <span class="hlt">CAI</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Keller, L. P.; Needham, A. W.; Messenger, S.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Ca- Al-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) are commonly surrounded by Wark-Lovering (WL) rims - thin (approx. 50 micrometers) multilayered sequences - whose mineralogy is dominated by high temperature minerals similar to those that occur in the cores of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> [1]. The origins of these WL rims involved high temperature events in the early nebula such as condensation, flashheating or reaction with a nebular reservoir, or combinations of these processes. These rims formed after <span class="hlt">CAI</span> formation but prior to accretion into their parent bodies. We have undertaken a coordinated mineralogical and isotopic study of WL rims to determine the formation conditions of the individual layers and to constrain the isotopic reservoirs they interacted with during their history. We focus here on the spinel layer, the first-formed highest- temperature layer in the WL rim sequence. Results and Discussion: We have performed mineralogical, chemical and isotopic analyses of an unusual ultrarefractory inclusion from the Allende CV3 chondrite (SHAL) consisting of an approx. 500 micrometers long single crystal of hibonite and co-existing coarsegrained perovskite. SHAL is partially surrounded by WL rim. We previously reported on the mineralogy, isotopic compositions and trace elements in SHAL [2-4]. The spinel layer in the WL rim is present only on the hibonite and terminates abruptly at the contact with the coarse perovskite. This simple observation shows that the spinel layer is not a condensate in this case (otherwise spinel would have condensed on the perovskite as well). The spinel layer appears to have formed by gas-phase corrosion of the hibonite by Mg-rich vapors such that the spinel layer grew at the expense of the hibonite. We also found that the spinel layer has the same 16Orich composition as the hibonite. The spinel layer is polycrystalline and individual crystals do not show a crystallographic relationship with the hibonite. An Al-diopside layer overlies the spinel layer, and is present on both</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SuMi...92..166M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SuMi...92..166M"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> coefficient and relative refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> change for a double δ-doped GaAs MIGFET-like structure: Electric and magnetic field effects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Martínez-Orozco, J. C.; Rodríguez-Magdaleno, K. A.; Suárez-López, J. R.; Duque, C. A.; Restrepo, R. L.</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>In this work we present theoretical results for the electronic structure as well as for the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient and relative refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> change for an asymmetric double δ-doped like confining potential in the active region of a Multiple Independent Gate Field Effect Transistor (MIGFET) system. We model the potential profile as a double δ-doped like potential profile between two Schottky (parabolic) potential barriers that are just the main characteristics of the MIGFET configuration. We investigate the effect of external electromagnetic fields in this kind of quantum structures, in particular we applied a homogeneous constant electric field in the growth direction z as well as a homogeneous constant magnetic field in the x-direction. In general we conclude that by applying electromagnetic fields we can modulate the resonant peaks of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient as well as their energy position. Also with such probes it is possible to control the nodes and amplitude of the relative refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> changes related to resonant intersubband optical transitions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhA.124..187S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhA.124..187S"><span>Negative induced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and negative <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction for iron doped potash-alumina-borate glasses subjected to thermal-radiation treatment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Salakhitdinov, Amritdin; Ibragimova, Elvira; Salakhitdinova, Maysara</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>This work experimentally revealed, that 60Co-gamma-irradiation of potash-alumina-borate glasses doped with 1 and 2 mass% of iron oxide to the dose of 1.7 MR in the temperature range of 150-300 °C induced differential optical density changes within - 6 ≤ Δ D ≤ 0 in the wave length range of 300-350 nm, which is characteristic for meta-material. Calculations have shown that variation of optical refraction <span class="hlt">index</span> within - 0.05 ≤ Δ n ω ≤ 0.05 due to microstructure transformation causes changes in the differential <span class="hlt">absorption</span> <span class="hlt">index</span> of the glass - 0.5 < Δ α ω < 0.55.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20919396-experimental-study-combustion-characteristics-scci-cai-based-direct-injection-gasoline-engine','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20919396-experimental-study-combustion-characteristics-scci-cai-based-direct-injection-gasoline-engine"><span>An experimental study of the combustion characteristics in SCCI and <span class="hlt">CAI</span> based on direct-injection gasoline engine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lee, C.H.; Lee, K.H.</p> <p>2007-08-15</p> <p>Emissions remain a critical issue affecting engine design and operation, while energy conservation is becoming increasingly important. One approach to favorably address these issues is to achieve homogeneous charge combustion and stratified charge combustion at lower peak temperatures with a variable compression ratio, a variable intake temperature and a trapped rate of the EGR using NVO (negative valve overlap). This experiment was attempted to investigate the origins of these lower temperature auto-ignition phenomena with SCCI and <span class="hlt">CAI</span> using gasoline fuel. In case of SCCI, the combustion and emission characteristics of gasoline-fueled stratified-charge compression ignition (SCCI) engine according to intake temperaturemore » and compression ratio was examined. We investigated the effects of air-fuel ratio, residual EGR rate and injection timing on the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> combustion area. In addition, the effect of injection timing on combustion factors such as the start of combustion, its duration and its heat release rate was also investigated. (author)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150018570','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150018570"><span>Characterization of Meteorites by Focused Ion Beam Sectioning: Recent Applications to <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> and Primitive Meteorite Matrices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Christoffersen, Roy; Keller, Lindsay P.; Han, Jangmi; Rahman, Zia; Berger, Eve L.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Focused ion beam (FIB) sectioning has revolutionized preparation of meteorite samples for characterization by analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and other techniques. Although FIB is not "non-destructive" in the purest sense, each extracted section amounts to no more than nanograms (approximately 500 cubic microns) removed intact from locations precisely controlled by SEM imaging and analysis. Physical alteration of surrounding material by ion damage, fracture or sputter contamination effects is localized to within a few micrometers around the lift-out point. This leaves adjacent material intact for coordinate geochemical analysis by SIMS, microdrill extraction/TIMS and other techniques. After lift out, FIB sections can be quantitatively analyzed by electron microprobe prior to final thinning, synchrotron x-ray techniques, and by the full range of state-of-the-art analytical field-emission scanning transmission electron microscope (FE-STEM) techniques once thinning is complete. Multiple meteorite studies supported by FIB/FE-STEM are currently underway at NASA-JSC, including coordinated analysis of refractory phase assemblages in <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> and fine-grained matrices in carbonaceous chondrites. FIB sectioning of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> has uncovered epitaxial and other overgrowth relations between corundum-hibonite-spinel consistent with hibonite preceding corundum and/or spinel in non-equilibrium condensation sequences at combinations of higher gas pressures, dust-gas enrichments or significant nebular transport. For all of these cases, the ability of FIB to allow for coordination with spatially-associated isotopic data by SIMS provides immense value for constraining the formation scenarios of the particular <span class="hlt">CAI</span> assemblage. For carbonaceous chondrites matrix material, FIB has allowed us to obtain intact continuous sections of the immediate outer surface of Murchison (CM2) after it has been experimentally ion processed to simulate solar wind space weathering. The surface</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1425023-self-referenced-method-estimating-refractive-index-absolute-absorption-loose-semiconductor-powders','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1425023-self-referenced-method-estimating-refractive-index-absolute-absorption-loose-semiconductor-powders"><span>Self-Referenced Method for Estimating Refractive <span class="hlt">Index</span> and Absolute <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> of Loose Semiconductor Powders</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Huang, Huafeng; Colabello, Diane M.; Sklute, Elizabeth C.; ...</p> <p>2017-04-23</p> <p>The absolute <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient, α(E), is a critical design parameter for devices using semiconductors for light harvesting associated with renewable energy production, both for classic technologies such as photovoltaics and for emerging technologies such as direct solar fuel production. While α(E) is well-known for many classic simple semiconductors used in photovoltaic applications, the absolute values of α(E) are typically unknown for the complex semiconductors being explored for solar fuel production due to the absence of single crystals or crystalline epitaxial films that are needed for conventional methods of determining α(E). In this work, a simple self-referenced method for estimating bothmore » the refractive indices, n(E), and absolute <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients, α(E), for loose powder samples using diffuse reflectance data is demonstrated. In this method, the sample refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> can be deduced by refining n to maximize the agreement between the relative <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum calculated from bidirectional reflectance data (calculated through a Hapke transform which depends on n) and integrating sphere diffuse reflectance data (calculated through a Kubleka–Munk transform which does not depend on n). This new method can be quickly used to screen the suitability of emerging semiconductor systems for light-harvesting applications. The effectiveness of this approach is tested using the simple classic semiconductors Ge and Fe 2O 3 as well as the complex semiconductors La 2MoO 5 and La 4Mo 2O 11. The method is shown to work well for powders with a narrow size distribution (exemplified by Fe 2O 3) and to be ineffective for semiconductors with a broad size distribution (exemplified by Ge). As such, it provides a means for rapidly estimating the absolute optical properties of complex solids which are only available as loose powders.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED077195.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED077195.pdf"><span>A Model Driven Question-Answering System for a <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Environment. Final Report (July 1970 to May 1972).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Brown, John S.; And Others</p> <p></p> <p>A question answering system which permits a computer-assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) student greater initiative in the variety of questions he can ask is described. A method is presented to represent the dynamic processes of a subject matter area by augmented finite state automata, which permits efficient inferencing about dynamic processes and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27693267','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27693267"><span>Complete genome sequence of Defluviimonas alba <span class="hlt">cai</span>42T, a microbial exopolysaccharides producer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhao, Jie-Yu; Geng, Shuang; Xu, Lian; Hu, Bing; Sun, Ji-Quan; Nie, Yong; Tang, Yue-Qin; Wu, Xiao-Lei</p> <p>2016-12-10</p> <p>Defluviimonas alba <span class="hlt">cai</span>42 T , isolated from the oil-production water in Xinjiang Oilfield in China, has a strong ability to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS). We hereby present its complete genome sequence information which consists of a circular chromosome and three plasmids. The strain characteristically contains various genes encoding for enzymes involved in EPS biosynthesis, modification, and export. According to the genomic and physiochemical data, it is predicted that the strain has the potential to be utilized in industrial production of microbial EPS. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RuPhJ..60.1651A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RuPhJ..60.1651A"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Spectra of Gold Nanoparticle Suspensions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Anan'eva, M. V.; Nurmukhametov, D. R.; Zverev, A. S.; Nelyubina, N. V.; Zvekov, A. A.; Russakov, D. M.; Kalenskii, A. V.; Eremenko, A. N.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Three gold nanoparticle suspensions are obtained, and mean radii in distributions - (6.1 ± 0.2), (11.9 ± 0.3), and (17.3 ± 0.7) nm - are determined by the transmission electron microscopy method. The optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of suspensions are obtained and studied. Calculation of spectral dependences of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> <span class="hlt">index</span> of suspensions at values of the gold complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> taken from the literature showed a significant deviation of experimental and calculated data in the region of 450-800 nm. Spectral dependences of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of suspensions are simulated within the framework of the Mie-Drude theory taking into account the interband <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the form of an additional term in the imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity of the Gaussian type. It is shown that to quantify the spectral dependences in the region of the plasmon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> band of nanoparticles, correction of the parameters of the interband <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is necessary in addition to the increase of the relaxation parameter of the Drude theory. Spectral dependences of the dielectric permittivity of gold in nanodimensional state are refined from the solution of the inverse problem. The results of the present work are important for predicting the special features of operation of photonic devices and optical detonators based on gold nanoparticles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790059921&hterms=1072&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231072','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790059921&hterms=1072&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231072"><span>Determination of the ground albedo and the <span class="hlt">index</span> of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of atmospheric particulates by remote sensing. II - Application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>King, M. D.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>A hemispherical radiometer has been used to obtain spectrally narrow-band measurements of the downward hemispheric diffuse and total (global) flux densities at varying solar zenith angles on 14 days over Tucson. Data are presented which illustrate the effects of temporally varying atmospheric conditions as well as clear stable conditions on the ratio of the diffuse to direct solar radiation at the earth's surface. The ground albedo and the effective imaginary term of the complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of atmospheric particulates are derived from the diffuse-direct ratio measurements on seven clear stable days at two wavelengths using the statistical procedure described by King and Herman (1979). Results indicate that the downwelling diffuse radiation field in the midvisible region in Tucson can be adequately described by Mie scattering theory if the ground albedo is 0.279 + or - 0.100 and the <span class="hlt">index</span> of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is 0.0306 + or - 0.0082.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA239997','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA239997"><span>A Design of Computer Aided Instructions (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) for Undirected Graphs in the Discrete Math Tutorial (DMT). Part 1.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1990-06-01</p> <p>The objective of this thesis research is to create a tutorial for teaching aspects of undirected graphs in discrete math . It is one of the submodules...of the Discrete Math Tutorial (DMT), which is a Computer Aided Instructional (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) tool for teaching discrete math to the Naval Academy and the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA239998','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA239998"><span>A Design of Computer Aided Instructions (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) for Undirected Graphs in the Discrete Math Tutorial (DMT). Part 2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1990-06-01</p> <p>The objective of this thesis research is to create a tutorial for teaching aspects of undirected graphs in discrete math . It is one of the submodules...of the Discrete Math Tutorial (DMT), which is a Computer Aided Instructional (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) tool for teaching discrete math to the Naval Academy and the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27828301','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27828301"><span>Determining the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of human hemoglobin solutions by Kramers-Kronig relations with an improved <span class="hlt">absorption</span> model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gienger, Jonas; Groß, Hermann; Neukammer, Jörg; Bär, Markus</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The real part of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of aqueous solutions of human hemoglobin is computed from their <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra in the wavelength range 250-1100 nm using the Kramers-Kronig (KK) relations, and the corresponding uncertainty analysis is provided. The strong ultraviolet (UV) and infrared absorbance of the water outside this spectral range were taken into account in a previous study employing KK relations. We improve these results by including the concentration dependence of the water absorbance as well as by modeling the deep UV absorbance of hemoglobin's peptide backbone. The two free parameters of the model for the deep UV absorbance are fixed by a global fit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22080372-quantum-computational-universality-cai-miyake-duer-briegel-two-dimensional-quantum-state-from-affleck-kennedy-lieb-tasaki-quasichains','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22080372-quantum-computational-universality-cai-miyake-duer-briegel-two-dimensional-quantum-state-from-affleck-kennedy-lieb-tasaki-quasichains"><span>Quantum computational universality of the <span class="hlt">Cai</span>-Miyake-Duer-Briegel two-dimensional quantum state from Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki quasichains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wei, Tzu-Chieh; C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3840; Raussendorf, Robert</p> <p>2011-10-15</p> <p>Universal quantum computation can be achieved by simply performing single-qubit measurements on a highly entangled resource state, such as cluster states. <span class="hlt">Cai</span>, Miyake, Duer, and Briegel recently constructed a ground state of a two-dimensional quantum magnet by combining multiple Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki quasichains of mixed spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 entities and by mapping pairs of neighboring spin-1/2 particles to individual spin-3/2 particles [Phys. Rev. A 82, 052309 (2010)]. They showed that this state enables universal quantum computation by single-spin measurements. Here, we give an alternative understanding of how this state gives rise to universal measurement-based quantum computation: by local operations, each quasichain canmore » be converted to a one-dimensional cluster state and entangling gates between two neighboring logical qubits can be implemented by single-spin measurements. We further argue that a two-dimensional cluster state can be distilled from the <span class="hlt">Cai</span>-Miyake-Duer-Briegel state.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A21A2152H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A21A2152H"><span>Adaptation of an aerosol retrieval algorithm using multi-wavelength and multi-pixel information of satellites (MWPM) to GOSAT/TANSO-<span class="hlt">CAI</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hashimoto, M.; Takenaka, H.; Higurashi, A.; Nakajima, T.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Aerosol in the atmosphere is an important constituent for determining the earth's radiation budget, so the accurate aerosol retrievals from satellite is useful. We have developed a satellite remote sensing algorithm to retrieve the aerosol optical properties using multi-wavelength and multi-pixel information of satellite imagers (MWPM). The method simultaneously derives aerosol optical properties, such as aerosol optical thickness (AOT), single scattering albedo (SSA) and aerosol size information, by using spatial difference of wavelegths (multi-wavelength) and surface reflectances (multi-pixel). The method is useful for aerosol retrieval over spatially heterogeneous surface like an urban region. In this algorithm, the inversion method is a combination of an optimal method and smoothing constraint for the state vector. Furthermore, this method has been combined with the direct radiation transfer calculation (RTM) numerically solved by each iteration step of the non-linear inverse problem, without using look up table (LUT) with several constraints. However, it takes too much computation time. To accelerate the calculation time, we replaced the RTM with an accelerated RTM solver learned by neural network-based method, EXAM (Takenaka et al., 2011), using Rster code. And then, the calculation time was shorternd to about one thouthandth. We applyed MWPM combined with EXAM to GOSAT/TANSO-<span class="hlt">CAI</span> (Cloud and Aerosol Imager). <span class="hlt">CAI</span> is a supplement sensor of TANSO-FTS, dedicated to measure cloud and aerosol properties. <span class="hlt">CAI</span> has four bands, 380, 674, 870 and 1600 nm, and observes in 500 meters resolution for band1, band2 and band3, and 1.5 km for band4. Retrieved parameters are aerosol optical properties, such as aerosol optical thickness (AOT) of fine and coarse mode particles at a wavelenth of 500nm, a volume soot fraction in fine mode particles, and ground surface albedo of each observed wavelength by combining a minimum reflectance method and Fukuda et al. (2013). We will show</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A41I0176K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A41I0176K"><span>GOSAT CO2 retrieval results using TANSO-<span class="hlt">CAI</span> aerosol information over East Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>KIM, M.; Kim, W.; Jung, Y.; Lee, S.; Kim, J.; Lee, H.; Boesch, H.; Goo, T. Y.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>In the satellite remote sensing of CO2, incorrect aerosol information could induce large errors as previous studies suggested. Many factors, such as, aerosol type, wavelength dependency of AOD, aerosol polarization effect and etc. have been main error sources. Due to these aerosol effects, large number of data retrieved are screened out in quality control, or retrieval errors tend to increase if not screened out, especially in East Asia where aerosol concentrations are fairly high. To reduce these aerosol induced errors, a CO2 retrieval algorithm using the simultaneous TANSO-<span class="hlt">CAI</span> aerosol information is developed. This algorithm adopts AOD and aerosol type information as a priori information from the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> aerosol retrieval algorithm. The CO2 retrieval algorithm based on optimal estimation method and VLIDORT, a vector discrete ordinate radiative transfer model. The CO2 algorithm, developed with various state vectors to find accurate CO2 concentration, shows reasonable results when compared with other dataset. This study concentrates on the validation of retrieved results with the ground-based TCCON measurements in East Asia and the comparison with the previous retrieval from ACOS, NIES, and UoL. Although, the retrieved CO2 concentration is lower than previous results by ppm's, it shows similar trend and high correlation with previous results. Retrieved data and TCCON measurements data are compared at three stations of Tsukuba, Saga, Anmyeondo in East Asia, with the collocation criteria of ±2°in latitude/longitude and ±1 hours of GOSAT passing time. Compared results also show similar trend with good correlation. Based on the TCCON comparison results, bias correction equation is calculated and applied to the East Asia data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=csr+OR+corporate+AND+social+AND+responsibility&id=EJ1062828','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=csr+OR+corporate+AND+social+AND+responsibility&id=EJ1062828"><span>From Corporate Social Responsibility, through Entrepreneurial Orientation, to Knowledge Sharing: A Study in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> Luong (Renovated Theatre) Theatre Companies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Tuan, Luu Trong</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Purpose: This paper aims to examine the role of antecedents such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) and entrepreneurial orientation in the chain effect to knowledge sharing among members of <span class="hlt">Cai</span> Luong theatre companies in the Vietnamese context. Knowledge sharing contributes to the depth of the knowledge pool of both the individuals and the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCrGr.486..162S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCrGr.486..162S"><span>Crystal Growth and Scintillation Properties of Eu2+ doped Cs4<span class="hlt">CaI</span>6 and Cs4SrI6</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stand, L.; Zhuravleva, M.; Chakoumakos, B.; Johnson, J.; Loyd, M.; Wu, Y.; Koschan, M.; Melcher, C. L.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>In this work we present the crystal growth and scintillation properties of two new ternarymetal halide scintillators activated with divalent europium, Cs4<span class="hlt">CaI</span>6 and Cs4SrI6. Single crystals of each compound were grown in evacuated quartz ampoules via the vertical Bridgman technique using a two-zone transparent furnace. Single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments showed that both crystals have a trigonal (R-3c) structure, with a density of 3.99 g/cm3 and 4.03 g/cm3. The radioluminescence and photoluminescence measurements showed typical luminescence properties due to the 5d-4f radiative transitions in Eu2+. At this early stage of development Cs4SrI6:Eu and Cs4<span class="hlt">CaI</span>6:Eu have shown very promising scintillation properties, with light yields and energy resolutions of 62,300 ph/MeV and 3.3%, and 51,800 photons/MeV and 3.6% at 662 keV, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhRvA..84d2333W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhRvA..84d2333W"><span>Quantum computational universality of the <span class="hlt">Cai</span>-Miyake-Dür-Briegel two-dimensional quantum state from Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki quasichains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wei, Tzu-Chieh; Raussendorf, Robert; Kwek, Leong Chuan</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>Universal quantum computation can be achieved by simply performing single-qubit measurements on a highly entangled resource state, such as cluster states. <span class="hlt">Cai</span>, Miyake, Dür, and Briegel recently constructed a ground state of a two-dimensional quantum magnet by combining multiple Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki quasichains of mixed spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 entities and by mapping pairs of neighboring spin-1/2 particles to individual spin-3/2 particles [Phys. Rev. APLRAAN1050-294710.1103/PhysRevA.82.052309 82, 052309 (2010)]. They showed that this state enables universal quantum computation by single-spin measurements. Here, we give an alternative understanding of how this state gives rise to universal measurement-based quantum computation: by local operations, each quasichain can be converted to a one-dimensional cluster state and entangling gates between two neighboring logical qubits can be implemented by single-spin measurements. We further argue that a two-dimensional cluster state can be distilled from the <span class="hlt">Cai</span>-Miyake-Dür-Briegel state.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.207....1T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.207....1T"><span>In situ isotopic studies of the U-depleted Allende <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Curious Marie: Pre-accretionary alteration and the co-existence of 26Al and 36Cl in the early solar nebula</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tang, Haolan; Liu, Ming-Chang; McKeegan, Kevin D.; Tissot, Francois L. H.; Dauphas, Nicolas</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The isotopic composition of oxygen as well as 26Al-26Mg and 36Cl-36S systematics were studied in Curious Marie, an aqueously altered Allende <span class="hlt">CAI</span> characterized by a Group II REE pattern and a large 235U excess produced by the decay of short-lived 247Cm. Oxygen isotopic compositions in the secondary minerals of Curious Marie follow a mass-dependent fractionation line with a relatively homogenous depletion in 16O (Δ17O of -8‰) compared to unaltered minerals of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> components. Both Mg and S show large excesses of radiogenic isotopes (26Mg∗ and 36S∗) that are uniformly distributed within the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, independent of parent/daughter ratio. A model initial 26Al/27Al ratio [(6.2 ± 0.9) × 10-5], calculated using the bulk Al/Mg ratio and the uniform δ26Mg∗ ∼ +43‰, is similar to the canonical initial solar system value within error. The exceptionally high bulk Al/Mg ratio of this <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (∼95) compared to other inclusions is presumably due to Mg mobilization by fluids. Therefore, the model initial 26Al/27Al ratio of this <span class="hlt">CAI</span> implies not only the early condensation of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> precursor but also that aqueous alteration occurred early, when 26Al was still at or near the canonical value. This alteration event is most likely responsible for the U depletion in Curious Marie and occurred at most 50 kyr after <span class="hlt">CAI</span> formation, leading to a revised estimate of the early solar system 247Cm/235U ratio of (5.6 ± 0.3) × 10-5. The Mg isotopic composition in Curious Marie was subsequently homogenized by closed-system thermal processing without contamination by chondritic Mg. The large, homogeneous 36S excesses (Δ36S∗ ∼ +97‰) detected in the secondary phases of Curious Marie are attributed to 36Cl decay (t1/2 = 0.3 Myr) that was introduced by Cl-rich fluids during the aqueous alteration event that led to sodalite formation. A model 36Cl/35Cl ratio of (2.3 ± 0.6) × 10-5 is calculated at the time of aqueous alteration, translating into an initial 36Cl/35Cl ratio of ∼1.7-3 </p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009gdca.conf..321C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009gdca.conf..321C"><span>Problem Solving Process Research of Everyone Involved in Innovation Based on <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Technology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Tao; Shao, Yunfei; Tang, Xiaowo</p> <p></p> <p>It is very important that non-technical department personnel especially bottom line employee serve as innovators under the requirements of everyone involved in innovation. According the view of this paper, it is feasible and necessary to build everyone involved in innovation problem solving process under Total Innovation Management (TIM) based on the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ). The tools under the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> technology: How TO mode and science effects database could be very useful for all employee especially non-technical department and bottom line for innovation. The problem solving process put forward in the paper focus on non-technical department personnel especially bottom line employee for innovation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED069154.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED069154.pdf"><span>The Computer as an Authority Figure: Some Effects of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> on Student Perception of Teacher Authority. Technical Report Number 29.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Brod, Rodney L.</p> <p></p> <p>A sociological theory of authority was used to investigate some nonintellective, perhaps unintended, consequences of computer-assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) upon student's attitudes and orientations toward the organization of the school. An attitudinal questionnaire was used to survey attitudes toward the teacher and the computer in a junior high…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/880103','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/880103"><span>Distributed Bragg Reflectors With Reduced Optical <span class="hlt">Absorption</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Klem, John F.</p> <p>2005-08-16</p> <p>A new class of distributed Bragg reflectors has been developed. These distributed Bragg reflectors comprise interlayers positioned between sets of high-<span class="hlt">index</span> and low-<span class="hlt">index</span> quarter-wave plates. The presence of these interlayers is to reduce photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> resulting from spatially indirect photon-assisted electronic transitions between the high-<span class="hlt">index</span> and low-<span class="hlt">index</span> quarter wave plates. The distributed Bragg reflectors have applications for use in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for use at 1.55 .mu.m and at other wavelengths of interest.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770039838&hterms=refractive+index&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Drefractive%2Bindex','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770039838&hterms=refractive+index&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Drefractive%2Bindex"><span>Complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of Martian dust - Wavelength dependence and composition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pang, K.; Ajello, J. M.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>The size distribution and complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of Martian dust-cloud particles observed in 1971 with the Mariner 9 UV spectrometer are determined by matching the observed single-scattering albedo and phase function with Mie-scattering calculations for size distributions of spheres. Values of phase function times single-scattering albedo are presented for 12 wavelength intervals in the range from 190 to 350 nm, and best-fit values are obtained for the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> <span class="hlt">index</span>. It is found that the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> <span class="hlt">index</span> of the dust particles increases with decreasing wavelength from 350 to about 210 nm and then drops off shortward of 210 nm, with a structural shoulder occurring in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum between 240 and 250 nm. A search for a candidate material that can explain the strong UV <span class="hlt">absorption</span> yields TiO2, whose anatase polymorph has an <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum matching that of the Martian dust. The TiO2 content of the dust particles is estimated to be a few percent or less.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29609311','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29609311"><span>Refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> measurements in absorbing media with white light spectral interferometry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Arosa, Yago; Lago, Elena López; de la Fuente, Raúl</p> <p>2018-03-19</p> <p>White light spectral interferometry is applied to measure the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> in absorbing liquids in the spectral range of 400-1000 nm. We analyze the influence of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> on the visibility of interferometric fringes and, accordingly, on the measurement of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. Further, we show that the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> band can be retrieved by a two-step process. The procedure requires the use of two samples of different thickness, the thicker one to retrieve the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> in the transparent region and the thinnest to obtain the data in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> region. First, the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> values are retrieved with good accuracy in the transparent region of the material for 1-mm-thick samples. Second, these refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> values serve also to precisely calculate the thickness of a thinner sample (~150 µm) since the accuracy of the methods depends strongly on the thickness of the sample. Finally, the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> is recovered for the entire spectral range.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009APS..MAR.T5006T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009APS..MAR.T5006T"><span>Characterizing Protein Complexes with UV <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, Light Scattering, and Refractive <span class="hlt">Index</span> Detection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Trainoff, Steven</p> <p>2009-03-01</p> <p>Many modern pharmaceuticals and naturally occurring biomolecules consist of complexes of proteins and polyethylene glycol or carbohydrates. In the case of vaccine development, these complexes are often used to induce or amplify immune responses. For protein therapeutics they are used to modify solubility and function, or to control the rate of degradation and elimination of a drug from the body. Characterizing the stoichiometry of these complexes is an important industrial problem that presents a formidable challenge to analytical instrument designers. Traditional analytical methods, such as using florescent tagging, chemical assays, and mass spectrometry perturb the system so dramatically that the complexes are often destroyed or uncontrollably modified by the measurement. A solution to this problem consists of fractionating the samples and then measuring the fractions using sequential non-invasive detectors that are sensitive to different components of the complex. We present results using UV <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, which is primarily sensitive to the protein fraction, Light Scattering, which measures the total weight average molar mass, and Refractive <span class="hlt">Index</span> detection, which measures the net concentration. We also present a solution of the problem inter-detector band-broadening problem that has heretofore made this approach impractical. Presented will be instrumentation and an analysis method that overcome these obstacles and make this technique a reliable and robust way of non-invasively characterizing these industrially important compounds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9299E..0DL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9299E..0DL"><span>During air cool process aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> detection with photothermal interferometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Baosheng; Xu, Limei; Huang, Junling; Ma, Fei; Wang, Yicheng; Li, Zhengqiang</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>This paper studies the basic principle of laser photothermal interferometry method of aerosol particles <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient. The photothermal interferometry method with higher accuracy and lower uncertainty can directly measure the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of atmospheric aerosols and not be affected by scattered light. With Jones matrix expression, the math expression of a special polarization interferometer is described. This paper using folded Jamin interferometer, which overcomes the influence of vibration on measuring system. Interference come from light polarization beam with two orthogonal and then combine to one beam, finally aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> induced refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> changes can be gotten with four beam of phase orthogonal light. These kinds of styles really improve the stability of system and resolution of the system. Four-channel detections interact with interference fringes, to reduce the light intensity `zero drift' effect on the system. In the laboratory, this device typical aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> <span class="hlt">index</span>, it shows that the result completely agrees with actual value. After heated by laser, cool process of air also show the process of aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. This kind of instrument will be used to monitor ambient aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and suspended particulate matter chemical component. Keywords: Aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient; Photothermal interferometry; Suspended particulate matter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930068398&hterms=Israel+humanity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DIsrael%2Bhumanity','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930068398&hterms=Israel+humanity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DIsrael%2Bhumanity"><span>Secondary processing of chondrules and refractory inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) by gasdynamic heating</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Podolak, M.; Prialnik, D.; Bunch, T. E.; Cassen, P.; Reynolds, R.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Results of calculations performed to determine the conditions necessary for producing the opaque rims on chondrules and <span class="hlt">CAI</span> rims by high-speed entry into the transient atmosphere of an accreting meteorite parent body are presented. The sensitivity of these results to variations in critical parameters is investigated. The range of entry velocities which can produce such rims is shown to depend on the size, melting temperature, and thermal conductivity of the particles. For particles greater than 2 mm in radius, with thermal conductivities of 20,000 ergs/sm s K or lower, entry velocities of about 3 km/s suffice. For particle sizes less than 1 mm in radius, the range of encounter velocities that can produce rims is narrow or vanishing, regardless of the thermal conductivity, unless the melting temperature in the outer part of the chondrule has been reduced by compositional heterogeneity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ChPhB..24g4206Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ChPhB..24g4206Y"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> enhancement and sensing properties of Ag diamond nanoantenna arrays</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yuan, Yu-Yang; Yuan, Zong-Heng; Li, Xiao-Nan; Wu, Jun; Zhang, Wen-Tao; Ye, Song</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Noble metal nanoantenna could effectively enhance light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and increase detection sensitivity. In this paper, we propose a periodic Ag diamond nanoantenna array to increase the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of thin-film solar cells and to improve the detection sensitivity via localized surface plasmon resonance. The effect of nanoantenna arrays on the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> enhancement is theoretically investigated using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method with manipulating the spectral response by geometrical parameters of nanoantennas. A maximum <span class="hlt">absorption</span> enhancement factor of 1.51 has been achieved in this study. In addition, the relation between resonant wavelength (intensity reflectivity) and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> is discussed in detail. When detecting the environmental <span class="hlt">index</span> using resonant wavelengths, a maximum detection sensitivity of about 837 nm/RIU (refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> unit) and a resolution of about 10-3 RIU can be achieved. Moreover, when using the reflectivity, the sensitivity can be as high as 0.93 AU/RIU. Furthermore, we also have theoretically studied the effectiveness of nanoantennas in distinguishing chemical reagents, solution concentrations, and solution allocation ratios by detecting refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. From the results presented in this paper, we conclude that this work might be useful for biosensor detection and other types of detections. Project supported by the International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Projects of Guizhou Province, China (Grant No. 20117035) and the Program for Innovative Research Team of Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China (Grant No. IRTGUET).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Raise+AND+iq&pg=4&id=ED283870','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Raise+AND+iq&pg=4&id=ED283870"><span>An Empirical Assessment of Selected Software Purported to Raise SAT Scores Significantly When Utilized With Short-Term <span class="hlt">CAI</span> on the Microcomputer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Davis, Wesley D.</p> <p></p> <p>This study evaluated Krell's 1981-82 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) preparatory series software purported to raise students' scores substantially after only a short term of computer-assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>). Forty-eight college-bound juniors from Escambia County (Florida) were assigned to experimental and control groups. A two-phased pre- and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=225291','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=225291"><span>MEDLEARN: a computer-assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) program for MEDLARS.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Eisenberg, L J; Standing, R A; Tidball, C S; Leiter, J</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>*MEDLEARN*, a second-generation computer-assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) program available (nationally) since October 1976, provides on-line training for MEDLINE, one of the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS) data base. *MEDLEARN* was developed as a joint effort between NLM and The George Washington University Medical Center. Using MEDLINE formats throughout, *MEDLEARN* combines tutorial dialogue, drill and practice, testing, and simulation. The program was designed in three tracks oriented to basic methods, advanced techniques, and new developments. Each topic is presented on two levels, permitting an alternate explanation for users encountering difficulty. *MEDLEARN*, coded in the computer language PILOT, was developed with a modular structure which promotes ease of writing and revision. A versatile control structure maximizes student control. Frequent interactions check immediate recall, general comprehension, and integration of knowledge. Two MEDLINE simulations are included, providing the student an opportunity to formulate and execute a search, have it evaluated, and then perform the search in MEDLINE. Commenting, news broadcasting, and monitoring (with permission only) capabilities are also available. Subjective field appraisals have been positive and NLM plans to expand *MEDLEARN* and produce similar programs for other data bases. PMID:342015</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21847183','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21847183"><span><span class="hlt">Index</span> of refraction engineering in five-level dressed interacting ground states atoms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sagona-Stophel, Steven A; Weatherall, James Owen; Search, Christopher P</p> <p>2011-08-15</p> <p>We present a five-level atomic system in which the <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction of a probe laser can be enhanced or reduced below unity with vanishing <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the region between pairs of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and gain lines formed by dressing of the atoms with a control laser and rf/microwave fields. By weak incoherent pumping of the population into a single metastable state, one can create several narrow amplifying resonances. At frequencies between these gain lines and additional <span class="hlt">absorption</span> lines, there exist regions of vanishing <span class="hlt">absorption</span> but resonantly enhanced <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction. In Rb vapors with density N in units of cm(-3), we predict an <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction up to n≈√(1+1.2×10(-14)N) for the D1 line, which is more than an order of magnitude larger than other proposals for <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction enhancement. Furthermore, the <span class="hlt">index</span> can be readily reduced below 1 by simply changing the sign of the probe or rf field detunings. This enhancement is robust with respect to homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening. © 2011 Optical Society of America</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvP...9e4009S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvP...9e4009S"><span>Harnessing Multiple Internal Reflections to Design Highly <span class="hlt">Absorptive</span> Acoustic Metasurfaces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shen, Chen; Cummer, Steven A.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The rapid development of metasurfaces has enabled numerous intriguing applications with acoustically thin sheets. Here we report the theory and experimental realization of a nonresonant sound-absorbing strategy using metasurfaces by harnessing multiple internal reflections. We theoretically and numerically show that the higher-order diffraction of thin gradient-<span class="hlt">index</span> metasurfaces is tied to multiple internal reflections inside the unit cells. Highly absorbing acoustic metasurfaces can be realized by enforcing multiple internal reflections together with a small amount of loss. A reflective gradient-<span class="hlt">index</span> acoustic metasurface is designed based on the theory, and we further experimentally verify the performance using a three-dimensional printed prototype. Measurements show over 99% energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at the peak frequency and a 95% energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bandwidth of around 600 Hz. The proposed mechanism provides an alternative route for sound <span class="hlt">absorption</span> without the necessity of high <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the individual unit cells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25921118','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25921118"><span>Assessment of arsenic levels in body samples and chronic exposure in people using water with a high concentration of arsenic: a field study in Kutahya.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Arikan, Inci; Namdar, Nazli Dizen; Kahraman, Cuneyt; Dagci, Merve; Ece, Ezgi</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of skin lesions, which is a health effect of chronic arsenic (As) exposure, and determine the hair/blood arsenic concentrations of people living in Kutahya villages who are using and drinking tap water with a high concentration of arsenic. A total of 303 people were included in the present cross-sectional study. A prepared questionnaire form was used to collect the participants' information and environmental history. Skin examination was performed on all participants. Hair, blood and water samples were analyzed using atomic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy. The cumulative arsenic <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) was calculated for all participants. Villages were divided into two groups according to the arsenic level (<20 μg/L, Group I; >20 μg/L, Group II) in their water. The prevalence of skin lesions, hair and blood arsenic level, and <span class="hlt">CAI</span> were found to be higher in the Group II participants. There was a positive association between body arsenic levels and <span class="hlt">CAI</span> in the participants of each group. The number of skin lesions and arsenic concentrations in body samples were found to increase with the water arsenic level and exposure time. We hope that sharing this study's results with local administrators will help accelerate the rehabilitation of water sources in Kutahya.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16724149','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16724149"><span>Single-shot measurement of nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and nonlinear refraction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jayabalan, J; Singh, Asha; Oak, Shrikant M</p> <p>2006-06-01</p> <p>A single-shot method for measurement of nonlinear optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and refraction is described and analyzed. A spatial intensity variation of an elliptical Gaussian beam in conjugation with an array detector is the key element of this method. The advantages of this single-shot technique were demonstrated by measuring the two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and free-carrier <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in GaAs as well as the nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of CS2 using a modified optical Kerr setup.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.475.2253A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.475.2253A"><span>A survey of TiOλ567 nm <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in solar-type stars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Azizi, Fatemeh; Mirtorabi, Mohammad Taghi</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Molecular <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bands are estimators of stellar activity and spot cycles on magnetically active stars. We have previously introduced a new colour <span class="hlt">index</span> that compares <span class="hlt">absorption</span> strength of the titanium oxide (TiO) at 567 nm with nearby continuum. In this paper, we implement this <span class="hlt">index</span> to measure long-term activity variations and the statistical properties of the <span class="hlt">index</span> in a sample of 302 solar-type stars from the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet search Spectrograph planet search programme. The results indicate a pattern of change in star's activity, covers a range of periods from 2 yr up to 17 yr.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACPD...1432177B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACPD...1432177B"><span>Using the OMI Aerosol <span class="hlt">Index</span> and <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Aerosol Optical Depth to evaluate the NASA MERRA Aerosol Reanalysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Buchard, V.; da Silva, A. M.; Colarco, P. R.; Darmenov, A.; Randles, C. A.; Govindaraju, R.; Torres, O.; Campbell, J.; Spurr, R.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>A radiative transfer interface has been developed to simulate the UV Aerosol <span class="hlt">Index</span> (AI) from the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5) aerosol assimilated fields. The purpose of this work is to use the AI and Aerosol <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Optical Depth (AAOD) derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) measurements as independent validation for the Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Aerosol Reanalysis (MERRAero). MERRAero is based on a version of the GEOS-5 model that is radiatively coupled to the Goddard Chemistry, Aerosol, Radiation, and Transport (GOCART) aerosol module and includes assimilation of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Since AI is dependent on aerosol concentration, optical properties and altitude of the aerosol layer, we make use of complementary observations to fully diagnose the model, including AOD from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), aerosol retrievals from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and attenuated backscatter coefficients from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) mission to ascertain potential misplacement of plume height by the model. By sampling dust, biomass burning and pollution events in 2007 we have compared model produced AI and AAOD with the corresponding OMI products, identifying regions where the model representation of absorbing aerosols was deficient. As a result of this study over the Saharan dust region, we have obtained a new set of dust aerosol optical properties that retains consistency with the MODIS AOD data that were assimilated, while resulting in better agreement with aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurements from OMI. The analysis conducted over the South African and South American biomass burning regions indicates that revising the spectrally-dependent aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties in the near-UV region improves the modeled-observed AI comparisons</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ACP....15.5743B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ACP....15.5743B"><span>Using the OMI aerosol <span class="hlt">index</span> and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> aerosol optical depth to evaluate the NASA MERRA Aerosol Reanalysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Buchard, V.; da Silva, A. M.; Colarco, P. R.; Darmenov, A.; Randles, C. A.; Govindaraju, R.; Torres, O.; Campbell, J.; Spurr, R.</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>A radiative transfer interface has been developed to simulate the UV aerosol <span class="hlt">index</span> (AI) from the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5) aerosol assimilated fields. The purpose of this work is to use the AI and aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> optical depth (AAOD) derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) measurements as independent validation for the Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Aerosol Reanalysis (MERRAero). MERRAero is based on a version of the GEOS-5 model that is radiatively coupled to the Goddard Chemistry, Aerosol, Radiation, and Transport (GOCART) aerosol module and includes assimilation of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Since AI is dependent on aerosol concentration, optical properties and altitude of the aerosol layer, we make use of complementary observations to fully diagnose the model, including AOD from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), aerosol retrievals from the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) and attenuated backscatter coefficients from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) mission to ascertain potential misplacement of plume height by the model. By sampling dust, biomass burning and pollution events in 2007 we have compared model-produced AI and AAOD with the corresponding OMI products, identifying regions where the model representation of absorbing aerosols was deficient. As a result of this study over the Saharan dust region, we have obtained a new set of dust aerosol optical properties that retains consistency with the MODIS AOD data that were assimilated, while resulting in better agreement with aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurements from OMI. The analysis conducted over the southern African and South American biomass burning regions indicates that revising the spectrally dependent aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties in the near-UV region improves the modeled-observed AI comparisons</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1008629','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1008629"><span>A Study of the Skin <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> of Ethylbenzene in Man</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dutkiewicz, Tadeusz; Tyras, Halina</p> <p>1967-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of ethylbenzene through the skin of the hand and the forearm in men was investigated experimentally. Both the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of liquid ethylbenzene and the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from aqueous solutions were studied. The rate of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of liquid ethylbenzene was 22 to 33 mg./cm.2/hr, and the rates from aqueous solutions were 118 and 215 μg./cm.2/hr from mean concentrations of 112 and 156 mg./litre. The mandelic acid excreted in urine was equivalent to about 4·6% of the absorbed dose—much less than after lung <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Urinary mandelic acid does not provide a reliable <span class="hlt">index</span> of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> when there is simultaneous skin and lung exposure. PMID:6073092</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..116.2488D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..116.2488D"><span>Effects of fish with swim bladders on <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and scintillation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Diachok, Orest</p> <p>2004-10-01</p> <p>Bioacoustic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy (BAS) experiments, which were conducted in the Santa Barbara Channel in 2001 and 2002, were designed to investigate the effects of fish with swim bladders on <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and scintillation. These experiments included a broadband source, which transmitted a sequence of 65-s-long tones between 0.25 and 10 kHz, and a vertical array which spanned most of the water column. The range was fixed. A fisheries echo sounder and trawls provided bio-acoustic parameters. Strongest <span class="hlt">absorption</span> lines and highest values of the scintillation <span class="hlt">index</span> were observed at night at about 1.1 kHz, the resonance frequency of 15 cm long sardines, when they were dispersed at an average depth of 13 m. Smaller <span class="hlt">absorption</span> lines were correlated with other species. During the day sardines occupied a depth of about 50 m, where their extinction cross sections were diminished; some were dispersed and resonated at the frequency of individuals; others formed schools and resonated at collective frequencies. As a result of these phenomena, <span class="hlt">absorption</span> lines due to sardines were much weaker, and the effect of this species on the scintillation <span class="hlt">index</span> was not evident. [Work was supported by ONR.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170002376','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170002376"><span>A New Type of Foreign Clast in A Polymict Ureilite: A <span class="hlt">CAI</span> or AL-Rich Chondrule</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Goodrich, C. A.; Ross, D. K.; Treiman, A. H.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Introduction: Polymict ureilites are breccias interpreted to represent regolith formed on a ureilitic asteroid [1-3]. They consist of approximately 90-95% clasts of various ureilite types (olivine-pyroxene rocks with Fo 75-95), a few % indigenous feldspathic clasts, and a few % foreign clasts [4-20]. The foreign clasts are diverse, including fragments of H, L, LL and R chondrites, angrites, other achondrites, and dark clasts similar to CC [6,7,9-19]. We report a new type of foreign clast in polymict ureilite DaG 999. Methods: Clast 8 in Dar al Gani (DaG) 999/1 (Museum fur Naturkunde) was discovered during a survey of feldspathic clasts in polymict ureilites [19,20]. It was studied by BEI, EMPA, and X-ray mapping on the JEOL 8530F electron microprobe at ARES, JSC. Petrography and Mineral Compositions: Clast 8 is sub-rounded to irregular in shape, approximately 85 micrometers in diameter, and consists of approximately 68% pyroxene and 32% mesostasis (by area). Part of the pyroxene (top half of clast in Fig. 1a and 2) shows a coarse dendritic morphology; the rest appears massive. Mesostasis may be glassy and contains fine needles/grains of pyroxene. The pyroxene has very high CaO (23.5 wt.%) and Al2O3 (19.7 wt.%), with the formula: (Ca(0.91)Mg(0.63)Fe(0.01)Al(sup VI) (0.38)Cr(0.01)Ti(0.05)1.99 Si2O6. The bulk mesostasis also has very high Al2O3 (approximately 26 wt.%). A bulk composition for the clast was obtained by combining modal abundances with phase compositions (Table 1, Fig. 3). Discussion: The pyroxene in clast 8 has a Ca-Al-(Ti)- rich (fassaitic) composition that is clearly distinct from compositions of pyroxenes in main group ureilites [22] or indigenous feldspathic clasts in polymict ureilites [4-8]. It also has significantly higher Al than fassaite in angrites (up to approximately 12 wt.% [23]), which occur as xenoliths in polymict ureilites. Ca-Al-Ti rich pyroxenes are most commonly found in <span class="hlt">CAIs</span>, Al-rich chondrules and other types of refractory</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25402159','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25402159"><span>Tunable <span class="hlt">absorption</span> resonances in the ultraviolet for InP nanowire arrays.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aghaeipour, Mahtab; Anttu, Nicklas; Nylund, Gustav; Samuelson, Lars; Lehmann, Sebastian; Pistol, Mats-Erik</p> <p>2014-11-17</p> <p>The ability to tune the photon <span class="hlt">absorptance</span> spectrum is an attracting way of tailoring the response of devices like photodetectors and solar cells. Here, we measure the reflectance spectra of InP substrates patterned with arrays of vertically standing InP nanowires. Using the reflectance spectra, we calculate and analyze the corresponding <span class="hlt">absorptance</span> spectra of the nanowires. We show that we can tune <span class="hlt">absorption</span> resonances for the nanowire arrays into the ultraviolet by decreasing the diameter of the nanowires. When we compare our measurements with electromagnetic modeling, we generally find good agreement. Interestingly, the remaining differences between modeled and measured spectra are attributed to a crystal-phase dependence in the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of InP. Specifically, we find indication of significant differences in the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> between the modeled zinc-blende InP nanowires and the measured wurtzite InP nanowires in the ultraviolet. We believe that such crystal-phase dependent differences in the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> affect the possibility to excite optical resonances in the large wavelength range of 345 < λ < 390 nm. To support this claim, we investigated how resonances in nanostructures can be shifted in wavelength by geometrical tuning. We find that dispersion in the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> can dominate over geometrical tuning and stop the possibility for such shifting. Our results open the door for using crystal-phase engineering to optimize the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in InP nanowire-based solar cells and photodetectors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1387262-creating-semiconductor-metafilms-designer-absorption-spectra','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1387262-creating-semiconductor-metafilms-designer-absorption-spectra"><span>Creating semiconductor metafilms with designer <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kim, Soo Jin; Fan, Pengyu; Kang, Ju-Hyung</p> <p></p> <p>The optical properties of semiconductors are typically considered intrinsic and fixed. Here we leverage the rapid developments in the field of optical metamaterials to create ultrathin semiconductor metafilms with designer <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra. We show how such metafilms can be constructed by placing one or more types of high-<span class="hlt">index</span> semiconductor antennas into a dense array with subwavelength spacings. It is argued that the large <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cross-section of semiconductor antennas and their weak near-field coupling open a unique opportunity to create strongly absorbing metafilms whose spectral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties directly reflect those of the individual antennas. Using experiments and simulations, we demonstrate thatmore » near-unity <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at one or more target wavelengths of interest can be achieved in a sub-50-nm-thick metafilm using judiciously sized and spaced Ge nanobeams. The ability to create semiconductor metafilms with custom <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra opens up new design strategies for planar optoelectronic devices and solar cells.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10569E..0CC','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10569E..0CC"><span>Design and manufacture of high <span class="hlt">absorption</span> metal dielectric coatings for the reduction of straylight</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cathelinaud, Michel; Lemarquis, Frédéric; Torchio, Philippe; Amra, Claude</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>This paper describes the design and manufacture of broadband metal dielectric absorbers. First, we give some design principles to obtain achromatic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties. Then, we describe a new method to determine the complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of metallic layers. A graded <span class="hlt">index</span> model is developed to take account of the evolution of the film packing density. Manufacturing is detailed in the last section. <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> levels higher than 99.9% have been measured over the visible range.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780010557','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780010557"><span>A plant canopy light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> model with application to wheat</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chance, J. E.; Lemaster, E. W.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>From the light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> model the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of light in the photosynthetically active region of the spectrum was calculated for a Penjamo wheat crop for several situations including: (1) the percent <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the incident radiation by a canopy having a four layer structure; (2) the percent <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of light by the individual layers within a four layer canopy and by the underlying soil; (3) the percent <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of light by each vegetative canopy layer for variable sun angle; and (4) the cumulative solar energy absorbed by the developing wheat canopy as it progresses from a single layer through its growth stages to a three layer canopy. This calculation was also presented as a function of the leaf area <span class="hlt">index</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850066951&hterms=Kaufman&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DKaufman%2BR.S.','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850066951&hterms=Kaufman&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DKaufman%2BR.S."><span>The relative importance of aerosol scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in remote sensing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fraser, R. S.; Kaufman, Y. J.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Previous attempts to explain the effect of aerosols on satellite measurements of surface properties for the visible and near-infrared spectrum have emphasized the amount of aerosols without consideration of their <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties. In order to estimate the importance of <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, the radiances of the sunlight scattered from models of the earth-atmosphere system are computed as functions of the aerosol optical thickness and <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> effect is small where the surface reflectance is weak, but is important for strong reflectance. These effects on classification of surface features, measuring vegetation <span class="hlt">index</span>, and measuring surface reflectance are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25090324','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25090324"><span>Cavity-enhanced measurements for determining dielectric-membrane thickness and complex <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stambaugh, Corey; Durand, Mathieu; Kemiktarak, Utku; Lawall, John</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>The material properties of silicon nitride (SiN) play an important role in the performance of SiN membranes used in optomechanical applications. An optimum design of a subwavelength high-contrast grating requires accurate knowledge of the membrane thickness and <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction, and its performance is ultimately limited by material <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Here we describe a cavity-enhanced method to measure the thickness and complex <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction of dielectric membranes with small, but nonzero, <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients. By determining Brewster's angle and an angle at which reflection is minimized by means of destructive interference, both the real part of the <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction and the sample thickness can be measured. A comparison of the losses in the empty cavity and the cavity containing the dielectric sample provides a measurement of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22principles+of+macroeconomics%22&pg=2&id=ED150057','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22principles+of+macroeconomics%22&pg=2&id=ED150057"><span>An Evaluation of the Cognitive and Affective Performance of an Integrated Set of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Materials in the Principles of Macroeconomics. Studies in Economic Education, No. 4.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Daellenbach, Lawrence A.; And Others</p> <p></p> <p>The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of computer assisted instruction (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) on the cognitive and affective development of college students enrolled in a principles of macroeconomics course. The hypotheses of the experiment were stated as follows: In relation to the traditional principles course, the experimental treatment will…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJS..165....1T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJS..165....1T"><span>A Catalog of Broad <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Line Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Third Data Release</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Trump, Jonathan R.; Hall, Patrick B.; Reichard, Timothy A.; Richards, Gordon T.; Schneider, Donald P.; Vanden Berk, Daniel E.; Knapp, Gillian R.; Anderson, Scott F.; Fan, Xiaohui; Brinkman, J.; Kleinman, S. J.; Nitta, Atsuko</p> <p>2006-07-01</p> <p>We present a total of 4784 unique broad <span class="hlt">absorption</span> line quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Third Data Release. An automated algorithm was used to match a continuum to each quasar and to identify regions of flux at least 10% below the continuum over a velocity range of at least 1000 km s-1 in the C IV and Mg II <span class="hlt">absorption</span> regions. The model continuum was selected as the best-fit match from a set of template quasar spectra binned in luminosity, emission line width, and redshift, with the power-law spectral <span class="hlt">index</span> and amount of dust reddening as additional free parameters. We characterize our sample through the traditional ``balnicity'' <span class="hlt">index</span> and a revised <span class="hlt">absorption</span> <span class="hlt">index</span>, as well as through parameters such as the width, outflow velocity, fractional depth, and number of troughs. From a sample of 16,883 quasars at 1.7<=z<=4.38, we identify 4386 (26.0%) quasars with broad C IV <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, of which 1756 (10.4%) satisfy traditional selection criteria. From a sample of 34,973 quasars at 0.5<=z<=2.15, we identify 457 (1.31%) quasars with broad Mg II <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, 191 (0.55%) of which satisfy traditional selection criteria. We also provide a supplementary list of 39 visually identified z>4.38 quasars with broad C IV <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. We find that broad <span class="hlt">absorption</span> line quasars may have broader emission lines on average than other quasars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19399146','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19399146"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> and quasiguided mode analysis of organic solar cells with photonic crystal photoactive layers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tumbleston, John R; Ko, Doo-Hyun; Samulski, Edward T; Lopez, Rene</p> <p>2009-04-27</p> <p>We analyze optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> enhancements and quasiguided mode properties of organic solar cells with highly ordered nanostructured photoactive layers comprised of the bulk heterojunction blend, poly-3-hexylthiophene/[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) and a low <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction conducting material (LICM). This photonic crystal geometry is capable of enhancing spectral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by approximately 17% in part due to the excitation of quasiguided modes near the band edge of P3HT:PCBM. A nanostructure thickness between 200 nm and 300 nm is determined to be optimal, while the LICM must have an <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction approximately 0.3 lower than P3HT:PCBM to produce <span class="hlt">absorption</span> enhancements. Quasiguided modes that differ in lifetime by an order of magnitude are also identified and yield <span class="hlt">absorption</span> that is concentrated in the P3HT:PCBM flash layer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptLE.102..112F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptLE.102..112F"><span>Selective sensitivity of Mueller imaging for tissue scattering over <span class="hlt">absorption</span> changes in cancer mimicking phantoms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fathima, Adeeba; Sharma B. S., Mahima; N., Sujatha</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Tissue characterization using optical polarimetry, especially Mueller imaging is receiving sustained interest due to its potential in achieving optical contrast between normal and malignant variations. This is particularly important in identifying the margin of malignant growth in suspected tissue regions for accurate surgical removal, or in aiding the sampling procedure during biopsy. The sensitivity of Mueller matrix derived depolarization <span class="hlt">index</span> to the combined effects of changes in scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> occurring in a cancerous growth is illustrated in this study. Depolarization imaging is shown to be useful in demarcating the boundary of two regions of differing optical properties using a tissue phantom, modeled according to the changes expected during cancerous growth in tissue. Tissue scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> are expected to generally increase with the nuclear size change and crowding as well as angiogenesis associated with malignancy. We have observed that there is selective sensitivity for the Mueller elements and derived depolarization <span class="hlt">index</span> to tissue scattering over <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the object field. Although the scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> are expected to increase and decrease depolarization respectively, the optical contrast of Mueller images and the derived depolarization <span class="hlt">index</span> between normal and cancerous tissue is found appreciable in this region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1043784-characterization-photochemical-processes-h2-production-cds-nanorod-fefe-hydrogenase-complexes','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1043784-characterization-photochemical-processes-h2-production-cds-nanorod-fefe-hydrogenase-complexes"><span>Characterization of Photochemical Processes for H2 Production by CdS Nanorod-[FeFe] Hydrogenase Complexes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Brown, K. A.; Wilker, M. B.; Boehm, M.</p> <p>2012-03-28</p> <p>We have developed complexes of CdS nanorods capped with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and Clostridium acetobutylicum [FeFe]-hydrogenase I (<span class="hlt">CaI</span>) that photocatalyze reduction of H{sup +} to H{sub 2} at a <span class="hlt">CaI</span> turnover frequency of 380-900 s{sup -1} and photon conversion efficiencies of up to 20% under illumination at 405 nm. In this paper, we focus on the compositional and mechanistic aspects of CdS:CaI complexes that control the photochemical conversion of solar energy into H{sub 2}. Self-assembly of CdS with <span class="hlt">CaI</span> was driven by electrostatics, demonstrated as the inhibition of ferredoxin-mediated H{sub 2} evolution by <span class="hlt">CaI</span>. Production of H{sub 2} by CdS:CaImore » was observed only under illumination and only in the presence of a sacrificial donor. We explored the effects of the CdS:CaI molar ratio, sacrificial donor concentration, and light intensity on photocatalytic H{sub 2} production, which were interpreted on the basis of contributions to electron transfer, hole transfer, or rate of photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, respectively. Each parameter was found to have pronounced effects on the CdS:CaI photocatalytic activity. Specifically, we found that under 405 nm light at an intensity equivalent to total AM 1.5 solar flux, H{sub 2} production was limited by the rate of photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> ({approx}1 ms{sup -1}) and not by the turnover of <span class="hlt">CaI</span>. Complexes were capable of H{sub 2} production for up to 4 h with a total turnover number of 106 before photocatalytic activity was lost. This loss correlated with inactivation of <span class="hlt">CaI</span>, resulting from the photo-oxidation of the CdS capping ligand MPA.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeCoA.183..176H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeCoA.183..176H"><span>Microstructural constraints on complex thermal histories of refractory <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-like objects in an amoeboid olivine aggregate from the ALHA77307 CO3.0 chondrite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Han, Jangmi; Brearley, Adrian J.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>We have carried out a FIB/TEM study of refractory <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-like objects in one AOA from the ALHA77307 CO3.0 chondrite. The <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-like objects in the AOA consist of a zoned sequence with a spinel-rich core through an intergrowth layer of spinel and Al-Ti-rich diopside to a diopside rim. The spinel-rich core consists of polycrystalline aggregates of spinel and ±minor melilite showing equilibrated grain boundary textures. The intergrowth layer contains fine-grained diopside and spinel with minor anorthite with highly curved and embayed grain boundaries. The diopside rim consists of polycrystalline aggregates of diopside. The compositions of pyroxene change significantly outward from Al-Ti-rich diopside in contact with the spinel-rich core to Al-Ti-poor diopside next to the surrounding olivine of the AOA. Overall microstructural and chemical characteristics suggest that the spinel-rich core formed under equilibrium conditions whereas the intergrowth layer is the result of reactions that occurred under conditions that departed significantly from equilibrium. The remarkable changes in formation conditions of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-like objects may have been achieved by transport and injection of refractory objects into a region of a partially-condensed, Ca,Ti-saturated gas which reacted with spinel and melilite to form Al-Ti-rich diopside. Crystallographically-oriented TiO2 nanoparticles decorate the grain boundaries between spinel grains and between spinel and Al-Ti-rich diopside grains. During the disequilibrium back-reaction of spinel with a partially-condensed, Ca,Ti-saturated gas, metastable TiO2 nanoparticles may have condensed by an epitaxial nucleation mechanism and grown on the surface of spinel. These TiO2 nanoparticles are disordered intergrowths of the two TiO2 polymorphs, anatase and rutile. These nanoparticles are inferred to have nucleated as anatase that underwent partial transformation into rutile. The local presence of the TiO2 nanoparticles and intergrowth of anatase and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16929642','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16929642"><span>Organic pollution and salt intrusion in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> Nuoc District, Ca Mau Province, Vietnam.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tho, Nguyen; Vromant, Nico; Hung, Nguyen Thanh; Hens, Luc</p> <p>2006-07-01</p> <p>In Ca Mau, Vietnam, farmers converted from rice to shrimp farming, while ignoring the degradation of the aquatic environment. We assessed the seasonal variations in organic pollution of the surface water and salt intrusion in one district and assessed the difference in chemical characteristics of the surface water of shrimp ponds and canals. Several variables reflecting salinity and organic pollution were measured in the wet and dry season. The results show that in the dry season salinity increased to 37.36-42.73 g l(-1) and COD and suspended solids increased to a maximum of 268.7 mg l(-1) and 1312.0 mg l(-1), respectively. In the wet season salinity values of 8.16 to 10.60 g l(-1) were recorded, indicating that salinity could no longer be washed out completely in this season. It is concluded that salinity and suspended solids in the aquatic environment in the <span class="hlt">Cai</span> Nuoc district are increased by shrimp monoculture, whereas organic pollution is contributed by human population pressure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11206153','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11206153"><span>Enhancing maximum measurable sound reduction <span class="hlt">index</span> using sound intensity method and strong receiving room <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hongisto, V; Lindgren, M; Keränen, J</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The sound intensity method is usually recommended instead of the pressure method in the presence of strong flanking transmission. Especially when small and/or heavy specimens are tested, the flanking often causes problems in laboratories practicing only the pressure method. The purpose of this study was to determine experimentally the difference between the maximum sound reduction indices obtained by the intensity method, RI,max, and by the pressure method, Rmax. In addition, the influence of adding room <span class="hlt">absorption</span> to the receiving room was studied. The experiments were carried out in an ordinary two-room test laboratory. The exact value of RI,max was estimated by applying a fitting equation to the measured data points. The fitting equation involved the dependence of the pressure-intensity indicator on measured acoustical parameters. In an empty receiving room, the difference between RI,max and Rmax was 4-15 dB, depending on frequency. When the average reverberation time was reduced from 3.5 to 0.6 s, the values of RI,max increased by 2-10 dB compared to the results in the empty room. Thus, it is possible to measure wall structures having 9-22 dB better sound reduction <span class="hlt">index</span> using the intensity method than with the pressure method. This facilitates the measurements of small and/or heavy specimens in the presence of flanking. Moreover, when new laboratories are designed, the intensity method is an alternative to the pressure method which presupposes expensive isolation structures between the rooms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...712661C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...712661C"><span>Broadband giant-refractive-<span class="hlt">index</span> material based on mesoscopic space-filling curves</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chang, Taeyong; Kim, Jong Uk; Kang, Seung Kyu; Kim, Hyowook; Kim, Do Kyung; Lee, Yong-Hee; Shin, Jonghwa</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>The refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> is the fundamental property of all optical materials and dictates Snell's law, propagation speed, wavelength, diffraction, energy density, <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and emission of light in materials. Experimentally realized broadband refractive indices remain <40, even with intricately designed artificial media. Herein, we demonstrate a measured <span class="hlt">index</span> >1,800 resulting from a mesoscopic crystal with a dielectric constant greater than three million. This gigantic enhancement effect originates from the space-filling curve concept from mathematics. The principle is inherently very broad band, the enhancement being nearly constant from zero up to the frequency of interest. This broadband giant-refractive-<span class="hlt">index</span> medium promises not only enhanced resolution in imaging and raised fundamental <span class="hlt">absorption</span> limits in solar energy devices, but also compact, power-efficient components for optical communication and increased performance in many other applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22399410-linear-nonlinear-optical-absorption-coefficients-refractive-index-changes-gan-al-sub-ga-sub-double-quantum-wells-operating','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22399410-linear-nonlinear-optical-absorption-coefficients-refractive-index-changes-gan-al-sub-ga-sub-double-quantum-wells-operating"><span>Linear and nonlinear optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> changes in GaN/Al{sub x}Ga{sub (1−x)}N double quantum wells operating at 1.55 μm</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dakhlaoui, Hassen</p> <p>2015-04-07</p> <p>In the present paper, the linear and nonlinear optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> changes between the ground and the first excited states in double GaN/Al{sub x}Ga{sub (1−x)}N quantum wells are studied theoretically. The electronic energy levels and their corresponding wave functions are obtained by solving Schrödinger-Poisson equations self-consistently within the effective mass approximation. The obtained results show that the optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> changes can be red- and blue-shifted through varying the left quantum well width and the aluminum concentration x{sub b2} of the central barrier, respectively. These structural parameters are found to present optimum values formore » carrying out the transition of 0.8 eV (1.55 μm). Furthermore, we show that the desired transition can also be achieved by replacing the GaN in the left quantum well with Al{sub y}Ga{sub (1−y)}N and by varying the aluminum concentration y{sub Al}. The obtained results give a new degree of freedom in optoelectronic device applications such as optical fiber telecommunications operating at (1.55 μm)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MinPe.tmp...14P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MinPe.tmp...14P"><span>Conodont geothermometry in pyroclastic kimberlite: constraints on emplacement temperatures and cooling histories</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pell, Jennifer; Russell, James K.; Zhang, Shunxin</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Kimberlite pipes from Chidliak, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada host surface-derived Paleozoic carbonate xenoliths containing conodonts. Conodonts are phosphatic marine microfossils that experience progressive, cumulative and irreversible colour changes upon heating that are experimentally calibrated as a conodont colour alteration <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>). <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values permit us to estimate the temperatures to which conodont-bearing rocks have been heated. Conodonts have been recovered from 118 samples from 89 carbonate xenoliths collected from 12 of the pipes and <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values within individual carbonate xenoliths show four types of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> distributions: (1) <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values that are uniform throughout the xenolith; (2) lower <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> in core of a xenolith than the rim; (3) <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> that increase from one side of the xenolith to the other; and, (4) in one xenolith, higher <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> in the xenolith core than at the rim. We have used thermal models for post-emplacement conductive cooling of kimberlite pipes and synchronous heating of conodont-bearing xenoliths to establish the temperature-time history of individual xenoliths within the kimberlite bodies. Model results suggest that the time-spans for xenoliths to reach the peak temperatures recorded by <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> varies from hours for the smallest xenoliths to 2 or 3 years for the largest xenoliths. The thermal modelling shows the first three <span class="hlt">CAI</span> patterns to be consistent with in situ conductive heating of the xenoliths coupled to the cooling host kimberlite. The fourth pattern remains an anomaly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25822141','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25822141"><span>A naked eye refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensor with a visible multiple peak metamaterial absorber.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ma, Heli; Song, Kun; Zhou, Liang; Zhao, Xiaopeng</p> <p>2015-03-26</p> <p>We report a naked eye refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensor with a visible metamaterial absorber. The visible metamaterial absorber consisting of a silver dendritic/dielectric/metal structure shows multiple <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peaks. By incorporating a gain material (rhodamine B) into the dielectric layer, the maximal magnitude of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peak can be improved by about 30%. As the metamaterial absorber is sensitive to the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of glucose solutions, it can function as a sensor that quickly responds to variations of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the liquid. Meanwhile, since the response is presented via color changes, it can be clearly observed by the naked eyes. Further experiments have confirmed that the sensor can be used repeatedly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883083','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883083"><span>Refractive <span class="hlt">Index</span> and <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Attribution of Highly Absorbing Brown Carbon Aerosols from an Urban Indian City-Kanpur.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shamjad, P M; Tripathi, S N; Thamban, Navaneeth M; Vreeland, Heidi</p> <p>2016-11-24</p> <p>Atmospheric aerosols influence Earth's radiative balance, having both warming and cooling effects. Though many aerosols reflect radiation, carbonaceous aerosols such as black carbon and certain organic carbon species known as brown carbon have the potential to warm the atmosphere by absorbing light. Black carbon absorbs light over the entire solar spectrum whereas brown carbon absorbs near-UV wavelengths and, to a lesser extent, visible light. In developing countries, such as India, where combustion sources are prolific, the influence of brown carbon on <span class="hlt">absorption</span> may be significant. In order to better characterize brown carbon, we present experimental and modeled <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties of submicron aerosols measured in an urban Indian city (Kanpur). Brown carbon here is found to be fivefold more absorbing at 365 nm wavelength compared to previous studies. Results suggest ~30% of total <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in Kanpur is attributed to brown carbon, with primary organic aerosols contributing more than secondary organics. We report the spectral brown carbon refractive indices along with an experimentally constrained estimate of the influence of aerosol mixing state on <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. We conclude that brown carbon in Kanpur is highly absorbing in nature and that the mixing state plays an important role in light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from volatile species.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5121896','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5121896"><span>Refractive <span class="hlt">Index</span> and <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Attribution of Highly Absorbing Brown Carbon Aerosols from an Urban Indian City-Kanpur</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Shamjad, P. M.; Tripathi, S. N.; Thamban, Navaneeth M.; Vreeland, Heidi</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Atmospheric aerosols influence Earth’s radiative balance, having both warming and cooling effects. Though many aerosols reflect radiation, carbonaceous aerosols such as black carbon and certain organic carbon species known as brown carbon have the potential to warm the atmosphere by absorbing light. Black carbon absorbs light over the entire solar spectrum whereas brown carbon absorbs near-UV wavelengths and, to a lesser extent, visible light. In developing countries, such as India, where combustion sources are prolific, the influence of brown carbon on <span class="hlt">absorption</span> may be significant. In order to better characterize brown carbon, we present experimental and modeled <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties of submicron aerosols measured in an urban Indian city (Kanpur). Brown carbon here is found to be fivefold more absorbing at 365 nm wavelength compared to previous studies. Results suggest ~30% of total <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in Kanpur is attributed to brown carbon, with primary organic aerosols contributing more than secondary organics. We report the spectral brown carbon refractive indices along with an experimentally constrained estimate of the influence of aerosol mixing state on <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. We conclude that brown carbon in Kanpur is highly absorbing in nature and that the mixing state plays an important role in light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from volatile species. PMID:27883083</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22859032','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22859032"><span>Three-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and nonlinear refraction of BaMgF4 in the ultraviolet region.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ma, Yanzhi; Chen, Junjie; Zheng, Yuanlin; Chen, Xianfeng</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>The nonlinear refraction and nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> phenomena are investigated in BaMgF(4) single crystal using the Z-scan technique in the ultraviolet region with a pulsed laser at 400 nm with 1 ps pulse duration. The remarkable nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> behavior is identified to be three-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> under the experimental conditions. In addition, both nonlinear refraction and nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> have relatively large values and possess small anisotropy along three different crystallographic axes. The large values of nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> are demonstrated through the self-phase modulation effect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DMP.D1087S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DMP.D1087S"><span>Towards a Negative Refractive <span class="hlt">Index</span> in an Atomic System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Simmons, Zach; Brewer, Nick; Yavuz, Deniz</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The goal of our experiments is to obtain a negative <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction in the optical region of the spectrum using an atomic system. The concept of negative refraction, which was first predicted by Veselago more than four decades ago, has recently emerged as a very exciting field of science. Negative <span class="hlt">index</span> materials exhibit many seemingly strange properties such as electromagnetic vectors forming a left-handed triad. A key potential application for these materials was discovered in 2000 when Pendry predicted that a slab with a negative refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> can image objects with a resolution far better than the diffraction limit. Thus far, research in negative <span class="hlt">index</span> materials has primarily focused on meta-materials. The fixed response and often large <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of these engineered materials motivates our efforts to work in an atomic system. An atomic media offers the potential to be actively modified, for example by changing laser parameters, and can be tuned to cancel <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. A doped crystal allows for high atomic densities compared to other atomic systems. So far we have identified a transition in such a material, Eu:YSO, as a candidate for these experiments and are performing spectroscopy on this material.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16112127','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16112127"><span>Pyrene <span class="hlt">absorption</span> can be a convenient method for probing critical micellar concentration (cmc) and <span class="hlt">indexing</span> micellar polarity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Basu Ray, Gargi; Chakraborty, Indranil; Moulik, Satya P</p> <p>2006-02-01</p> <p>The critical micellar concentration (cmc) of both ionic and non-ionic surfactants can be conveniently determined from the measurements of UV <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of pyrene in surfactant solution. The results on a number of surfactants have agreed with that realized from pyrene fluorescence measurements as well as that obtained following conductometric, tensiometric and calorimetric methods. The absorbance vs [surfactant] profiles for all the major UV spectral peaks of pyrene have been found to be sigmoidal in nature which were analyzed according to Sigmoidal-Boltzmann equation (SBE) to evaluate the cmcs of the studied surfactants. The difference between the initial and the final asymptotes (a(i) and a(f), respectively) of the sigmoidal profile, Delta a = (a(f)-a(i)) and the slope of the sigmoid, S(sig) have been observed to depend on the type of the surfactant. The Delta a has shown a linear correlation with the ratio of the fluorescence intensities of the first and the third vibronic peaks, I1/I3 of pyrene which is considered as a measure of the environmental polarity (herein micellar interior) of the probe (pyrene). Thus, Delta a values have the prospect for use as another <span class="hlt">index</span> for the estimation of polarity of micellar interior.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16521772','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16521772"><span>Experimental comparison between speech transmission <span class="hlt">index</span>, rapid speech transmission <span class="hlt">index</span>, and speech intelligibility <span class="hlt">index</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Larm, Petra; Hongisto, Valtteri</p> <p>2006-02-01</p> <p>During the acoustical design of, e.g., auditoria or open-plan offices, it is important to know how speech can be perceived in various parts of the room. Different objective methods have been developed to measure and predict speech intelligibility, and these have been extensively used in various spaces. In this study, two such methods were compared, the speech transmission <span class="hlt">index</span> (STI) and the speech intelligibility <span class="hlt">index</span> (SII). Also the simplification of the STI, the room acoustics speech transmission <span class="hlt">index</span> (RASTI), was considered. These quantities are all based on determining an apparent speech-to-noise ratio on selected frequency bands and summing them using a specific weighting. For comparison, some data were needed on the possible differences of these methods resulting from the calculation scheme and also measuring equipment. Their prediction accuracy was also of interest. Measurements were made in a laboratory having adjustable noise level and <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, and in a real auditorium. It was found that the measurement equipment, especially the selection of the loudspeaker, can greatly affect the accuracy of the results. The prediction accuracy of the RASTI was found acceptable, if the input values for the prediction are accurately known, even though the studied space was not ideally diffuse.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880016806','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880016806"><span>Influence of refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and solar concentration on optical power <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in slabs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Williams, M. D.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The optical power absorbed by a slab at the focus of a parabolic dish concentrator is calculated. The calculations are plotted versus maximum angle of incidence of irradiation (which corresponds to solar concentration) with <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient as a parameter for several different indices of refraction that represent real materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160004053','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160004053"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Voltages and Insulation Resistance in Ceramic Capacitors with Cracks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Teverovsky, Alexander</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Time dependence of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> voltages (Vabs) in different types of low-voltage X5R and X7R ceramic capacitors was monitored for a maximum duration of hundred hours after polarization. To evaluate the effect of mechanical defects on Vabs, cracks in the dielectric were introduced either mechanically or by thermal shock. The maximum <span class="hlt">absorption</span> voltage, time to roll-off, and the rate of voltage decrease are shown to depend on the crack-related leakage currents and insulation resistance in the parts. A simple model that is based on the Dow equivalent circuit for capacitors with <span class="hlt">absorption</span> has been developed to assess the insulation resistance of capacitors. Standard measurements of the insulation resistance, contrary to the measurements based on Vabs, are not sensitive to the presence of mechanical defects and fail to reveal capacitors with cracks. <span class="hlt">Index</span> Terms: Ceramic capacitor, insulation resistance, dielectric <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, cracking.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4641540','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4641540"><span>Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Systematic Review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Houston, Megan N.; Hoch, Johanna M.; Hoch, Matthew C.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Context  A comprehensive systematic literature review of the health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) differences among individuals with chronic ankle instability (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>), ankle-sprain copers, and healthy control participants has not been conducted. It could provide a better indication of the self-reported deficits that may be present in individuals with <span class="hlt">CAI</span>. Objective  To systematically summarize the extent to which HRQOL deficits are present in individuals with <span class="hlt">CAI</span>. Data Sources  We searched for articles in the electronic databases of EBSCO Host and PubMed Central using key words chronic, functional, mechanical, coper, instability, sprains, and patient-assessed. We also performed a hand search of reference lists, authors, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of the articles screened for inclusion. Study Selection  Studies were included if they (1) incorporated a PRO as a participant descriptor or as a study outcome to compare adults with <span class="hlt">CAI</span> to ankle-sprain copers or healthy controls, (2) were written in English, and (3) were published in peer-reviewed journals. Data Extraction  Two authors independently assessed methodologic quality using the modified Downs and Black <span class="hlt">Index</span>. Articles were filtered into 3 categories based on between-groups comparisons: <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and copers, <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and healthy control participants, copers and healthy participants. We calculated Hedges g effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals to examine PRO group differences. Data Synthesis  Of the 124 studies assessed for eligibility, 27 were included. A total of 24 articles compared PROs in individuals with <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and healthy controls, 7 compared individuals with <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and copers, and 4 compared copers and healthy controls. Quality scores on the modified Downs and Black <span class="hlt">Index</span> ranged from 52.9% to 88.2%, with 8 high-, 16 moderate-, and 3 low-quality studies. Overall, we observed moderate to strong evidence that individuals with <span class="hlt">CAI</span> displayed deficits on generic and region-specific PROs compared with</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.144..249L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.144..249L"><span>Light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of organic aerosol from pyrolysis of corn stalk</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Xinghua; Chen, Yanju; Bond, Tami C.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Organic aerosol (OA) can absorb solar radiation in the low-visible and ultra-violet wavelengths thereby modifying radiative forcing. Agricultural waste burning emits a large quantity of organic carbon in many developing countries. In this work, we improved the extraction and analysis method developed by Chen and Bond, and extended the spectral range of OC <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. We examined light absorbing properties of primary OA from pyrolysis of corn stalk, which is a major type of agricultural wastes. Light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of bulk liquid extracts of OA was measured using a UV-vis recording spectrophotometer. OA can be extracted by methanol at 95%, close to full extent, and shows polar character. Light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of organic aerosol has strong spectral dependence (<span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Ångström exponent = 7.7) and is not negligible at ultra-violet and low-visible regions. Higher pyrolysis temperature produced OA with higher <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Imaginary refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of organic aerosol (kOA) is 0.041 at 400 nm wavelength and 0.005 at 550 nm wavelength, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dolphins&pg=6&id=ED287161','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dolphins&pg=6&id=ED287161"><span>Cost-Benefit Analysis for ECIA Chapter 1 and State DPPF Programs Comparing Groups Receiving Regular Program Instruction and Groups Receiving Computer Assisted Instruction/Computer Management System (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>/CMS). 1986-87.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Chamberlain, Ed</p> <p></p> <p>A cost benefit study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a computer assisted instruction/computer management system (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>/CMS) as an alternative to conventional methods of teaching reading within Chapter 1 and DPPF funded programs of the Columbus (Ohio) Public Schools. The Chapter 1 funded Compensatory Language Experiences and Reading…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080033606&hterms=indices+diversity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dindices%2Bdiversity','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080033606&hterms=indices+diversity&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dindices%2Bdiversity"><span>Aerosol <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> and Radiative Forcing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Stier, Philip; Seinfeld, J. H.; Kinne, Stefan; Boucher, Olivier</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>We present a comprehensive examination of aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> with a focus on evaluating the sensitivity of the global distribution of aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> to key uncertainties in the process representation. For this purpose we extended the comprehensive aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM by effective medium approximations for the calculation of aerosol effective refractive indices, updated black carbon refractive indices, new cloud radiative properties considering the effect of aerosol inclusions, as well as by modules for the calculation of long-wave aerosol radiative properties and instantaneous aerosol forcing. The evaluation of the simulated aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> optical depth with the AERONET sun-photometer network shows a good agreement in the large scale global patterns. On a regional basis it becomes evident that the update of the BC refractive indices to Bond and Bergstrom (2006) significantly improves the previous underestimation of the aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> optical depth. In the global annual-mean, <span class="hlt">absorption</span> acts to reduce the shortwave anthropogenic aerosol top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative forcing clear-sky from -0.79 to -0.53 W m(sup -2) (33%) and all-sky from -0.47 to -0.13W m(sup -2 (72%). Our results confirm that basic assumptions about the BC refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> play a key role for aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and radiative forcing. The effect of the usage of more accurate effective medium approximations is comparably small. We demonstrate that the diversity in the AeroCom land-surface albedo fields contributes to the uncertainty in the simulated anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcings: the usage of an upper versus lower bound of the AeroCom land albedos introduces a global annual-mean TOA forcing range of 0.19W m(sup -2) (36%) clear-sky and of 0.12W m(sup -2) (92%) all-sky. The consideration of black carbon inclusions on cloud radiative properties results in a small global annual-mean all-sky <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of 0.05W m(sup -2) and a positive TOA forcing perturbation of 0</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AIPC.1536..713N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AIPC.1536..713N"><span>Impact of material <span class="hlt">absorption</span> on supercontinuum generation in liquid core photonic crystal fiber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nithyanandan, K.; Raja, Vasantha Jayakantha; Uthayakumar, T.; Porsezian, K.</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>The impact of material <span class="hlt">absorption</span> on supercontinuum generation (SCG) in liquid core photonic crystal fiber (LCPCF) is presented. While PCFs with cores made from different glasses are well studied in previous works with saturable nonlinear response (SNL), in this paper, it is planned to investigate the dynamics of nonlinear processes of supercontinuum generation in high-<span class="hlt">index</span> fiber with material <span class="hlt">absorption</span> to understand the physical phenomena of pulse propagation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28974435','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28974435"><span>Evaluation of intestinal metabolism and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> using the Ussing chamber system equipped with intestinal tissue from rats and dogs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Miyake, Masateru; Kondo, Satoshi; Koga, Toshihisa; Yoda, Noriaki; Nakazato, Satoru; Emoto, Chie; Mukai, Tadashi; Toguchi, Hajime</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intestinal metabolism and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in a mini-Ussing chamber equipped with animal intestinal tissues, based on the transport <span class="hlt">index</span> (TI). TI value was defined as the sum of drug amounts transported to the basal-side component (X corr ) and drug amounts accumulated in the tissue (T corr ), which are normalized by AUC of a drug in the apical compartment, as an <span class="hlt">index</span> for drug <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Midazolam was used as a test compound for the evaluation of intestinal metabolism and <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. The metabolite formulation of midazolam was observed in both rats and dogs. Ketoconazole inhibited the intestinal metabolism of midazolam in rats and improved its intestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> to a statistically significant extent. Therefore, the mini-Ussing chamber, equipped with animal intestinal tissues, showed potential to use the evaluation of the intestinal metabolism and <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, including the assessment of species differences. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880043217&hterms=desertification&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddesertification','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880043217&hterms=desertification&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddesertification"><span>Relative sensitivity of Normalized Difference Vegetation <span class="hlt">Index</span> (NDVI) and Microwave Polarization Difference <span class="hlt">Index</span> (MPDI) for vegetation and desertification monitoring</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Becker, Francois; Choudhury, Bhaskar J.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>A simple equation relating the Microwave Polarization Difference <span class="hlt">Index</span> (MPDI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation <span class="hlt">Index</span> (NDVI) is proposed which represents well data obtained from Nimbus 7/SMMR at 37 GHz and NOAA/AVHRR Channels 1 and 2. It is found that there is a limit which is characteristic of a particular type of cover for which both indices are equally sensitive to the variation of vegetation, and below which MPDI is more efficient than NDVI. The results provide insight into the relationship between water content and chlorophyll <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at pixel size scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4487309','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4487309"><span>Measurement of Scattering and <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Cross Sections of Dyed Microspheres</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gaigalas, Adolfas K; Choquette, Steven; Zhang, Yu-Zhong</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Measurements of absorbance and fluorescence emission were carried out on aqueous suspensions of polystyrene (PS) microspheres with a diameter of 2.5 µm using a spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere detector. The apparatus and the principles of measurements were described in our earlier publications. Microspheres with and without green BODIPY@ dye were measured. Placing the suspension inside an integrating sphere (IS) detector of the spectrophotometer yielded (after a correction for fluorescence emission) the absorbance (called A in the text) due to <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by BODIPY@ dye inside the microsphere. An estimate of the absorbance due to scattering alone was obtained by subtracting the corrected BODIPY@ dye absorbance (A) from the measured absorbance of a suspension placed outside the IS detector (called A1 in the text). The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the BODIPY@ dye inside the microsphere was analyzed using an imaginary <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction parameterized with three Gaussian-Lorentz functions. The Kramer-Kronig relation was used to estimate the contribution of the BODIPY@ dye to the real part of the microsphere <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction. The complex <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction, obtained from the analysis of A, was used to analyze the absorbance due to scattering ((A1- A) in the text). In practice, the analysis of the scattering absorbance, A1-A, and the absorbance, A, was carried out in an iterative manner. It was assumed that A depended primarily on the imaginary part of the microsphere <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction with the other parameters playing a secondary role. Therefore A was first analyzed using values of the other parameters obtained from a fit to the absorbance due to scattering, A1-A, with the imaginary part neglected. The imaginary part obtained from the analysis of A was then used to reanalyze A1-A, and obtain better estimates of the other parameters. After a few iterations, consistent estimates were obtained of the scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cross sections in the wavelength region 300</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760041714&hterms=refraction+index&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Drefraction%2Bindex','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760041714&hterms=refraction+index&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Drefraction%2Bindex"><span>Complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of Martian dust - Mariner 9 ultraviolet observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pang, K.; Ajello, J. M.; Hord, C. W.; Egan, W. G.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer observations of the 1971 dust clouds obscuring the surface of Mars have been analyzed by matching the observed dust phase function with Mie scattering calculations for size distributions of homogeneous and isotropic material. Preliminary results indicate an effective particle radius of not less than 0.2. The real component of the <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction is not less than 1.8 at both 268 and 305 nm; corresponding values for the imagery component are 0.02 and 0.01. These values are consistent with those found by Mead (1970) for the visible and near-visible wavelengths. The refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient increase rapidly with decreasing wavelength in going from the visible to the ultraviolet, indicating the presence of an ultraviolet <span class="hlt">absorption</span> band which may shield organisms from ultraviolet irradiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5419704','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5419704"><span>Resonant laser printing of structural colors on high-<span class="hlt">index</span> dielectric metasurfaces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhu, Xiaolong; Yan, Wei; Levy, Uriel; Mortensen, N. Asger; Kristensen, Anders</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Man-made structural colors, which originate from resonant interactions between visible light and manufactured nanostructures, are emerging as a solution for ink-free color printing. We show that non-iridescent structural colors can be conveniently produced by nanostructures made from high-<span class="hlt">index</span> dielectric materials. Compared to plasmonic analogs, color surfaces with high-<span class="hlt">index</span> dielectrics, such as germanium (Ge), have a lower reflectance, yielding a superior color contrast. Taking advantage of band-to-band <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in Ge, we laser-postprocess Ge color metasurfaces with morphology-dependent resonances. Strong on-resonance energy <span class="hlt">absorption</span> under pulsed laser irradiation locally elevates the lattice temperature (exceeding 1200 K) in an ultrashort time scale (1 ns). This forms the basis for resonant laser printing, where rapid melting allows for surface energy–driven morphology changes with associated modification of color appearance. Laser-printable high-<span class="hlt">index</span> dielectric color metasurfaces are scalable to a large area and open a new paradigm for printing and decoration with nonfading and vibrant colors. PMID:28508062</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JAP....87..638K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JAP....87..638K"><span>Fabrication of refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> distributions in polymer using a photochemical reaction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kada, Takeshi; Obara, Atsushi; Watanabe, Toshiyuki; Miyata, Seizo; Liang, Chuan Xin; Machida, Hideaki; Kiso, Koichi</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>We demonstrate that a photochemical reaction can create various distributions of refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> in polymer. When the polymer containing a photochemically active material is irradiated by UV light, the photochemical reaction which breaks the π-conjugated system in the material and decreases its linear polarizability can reduce refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the polymer. We prepared a PMMA film added DMAPN ((4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-N'-phenylnitrone) with a rate of 23 wt % by use of spin coating. Electronic structural change of DMAPN and refractive indices of the film before and after UV irradiation were evaluated by UV <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra and m-line method, respectively. The UV irradiation decreased λmax at 380 nm in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra, which is attributed to nitrone, and the refractive indices exponentially with irradiation time. The change of refractive indices reached 0.028. The refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> profile upon depth of the film was investigated by measuring refractive indices of stacked DMAPN/PMMA films. When UV with a power of 10.7 mW/cm2 irradiated upon three stacked DMAPN/PMMA films for 35 s, variation of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> change showed a quadratic profile. The refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> profile with various irradiation time can be accounted with the combination of the chemical kinetics with the steady state approximation and Lambert-Beer's law. Thus, the photochemical reaction can be used to control the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> distribution in polymer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JApSp..85...84Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JApSp..85...84Z"><span>Measurement of <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Coefficient of Paraformaldehyde and Metaldehyde with Terahertz Spectroscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, J.; Xia, T.; Chen, Q.; Sun, Q.; Deng, Y.; Wang, C.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The characteristic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of paraformaldehyde and metaldehyde in the terahertz frequency region are obtained by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). In order to reduce the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of terahertz (THz) wave by water vapor in the air and the background noise, the measurement system was filled with dry air and the measurements were conducted at the temperature of 24°C. Meanwhile, the humidity was controlled within 10% RH. The THz frequency domain spectra of samples and their references from 0 to 2.5 THz were analyzed via Fourier transform. The refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients of the two aldehydes were calculated by the model formulas. From 0.1 to 2.5 THz, there appear two weak <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peaks at 1.20 and 1.66 THz in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of paraformaldehyde. Only one distinct <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peak emerges at 1.83 THz for metaldehyde. There are significant differences between the terahertz <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients of paraformaldehyde and metaldehyde, which can be used as "fingerprints" to identify these substances. Furthermore, the relationship between the average <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients and mass concentrations was investigated and the average <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient-mass concentration diagrams of paraformaldehyde and metaldehyde were shown. For paraformaldehyde, there is a linear relationship between the average <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient and the natural logarithm of mass concentration. For metaldehyde, there exists a simpler linear relationship between the average <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient and the mass concentration. Because of the characteristics of THz <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of paraformaldehyde and metaldehyde, the THz-TDS can be applied to the qualitative and quantitative detection of the two aldehydes to reduce the unpredictable hazards due to these substances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A41D2314C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A41D2314C"><span>Multi-<span class="hlt">Index</span> Attribution of Beijing's 2013 "Airpocalypse"</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Callahan, C.; Diffenbaugh, N. S.; Horton, D. E.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Poor air quality causes 2 to 4 million premature deaths per year globally. Individual high-impact events, like Beijing's January 2013 "airpocalypse," have drawn significant attention, as they have demonstrated that short-lived air quality events can have outsized effects on public health and economic vitality. Poor air quality events are the result of emission of pollutants and the meteorological conditions favorable to their accumulation in the near-surface environment. Accumulation occurs when pollutants are not dispersed or scavenged from the atmosphere. The most important meteorological precursors of these conditions include lack of precipitation, low wind speeds, and vertical temperature inversions. Recent reports of extreme air quality, in conjunction with projected future changes in some meteorological air quality indices, raise the question: have the meteorological conditions that shape air quality changed in frequency, intensity, or duration over the observational era? Here we assess whether anthropogenic climate change has altered meteorological conditions conducive to poor air quality. To gain a more complete picture of the effect of anthropogenic change on air quality, we use three indices that quantify poor air quality: the Pollution Potential <span class="hlt">Index</span> (Zou et al, 2017), which measures temperature inversions and surface wind speeds, the Haze Weather <span class="hlt">Index</span> (<span class="hlt">Cai</span> et al, 2017), which measures temperature inversions and mid-level wind speeds, and the Air Stagnation <span class="hlt">Index</span> (Horton et al, 2014), which measures precipitation, surface wind speeds, and mid-level wind speeds. Drawing on the attribution methods of Diffenbaugh et al (2017), we assess the contribution of observed meteorological trends to the magnitude of air quality events, the return interval of events in the observational record, historical simulated climate, and pre-industrial simulated climate, and the probability of the observed trend in historical and pre-industrial simulated climates. Particular</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10697E..1NL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10697E..1NL"><span>Measurement of the aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient with the nonequilibrium process</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Liang; Li, Jingxuan; Bai, Hailong; Li, Baosheng; Liu, Shanlin; Zhang, Yang</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>On the basis of the conventional Jamin interferometer,the improved measuring method is proposed that using a polarization type reentrant Jamin interferometer measures atmospheric aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient under the photothermal effect.The paper studies the relationship between the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of atmospheric aerosol particles and the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> change of the atmosphere.In Matlab environment, the variation curves of the output voltage of the interferometer with different concentration aerosol samples under stimulated laser irradiation were plotted.Besides, the paper also studies the relationship between aerosol concentration and the time required for the photothermal effect to reach equilibrium.When using the photothermal interferometry the results show that the time required for the photothermal effect to reach equilibrium is also increasing with the increasing concentration of aerosol particles,the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient and time of aerosol in the process of nonequilibrium are exponentially changing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2856126','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2856126"><span>The relationship of social support to treatment entry and engagement: The Community Assessment Inventory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kelly, Sharon M.; O'Grady, Kevin E.; Schwartz, Robert P.; Peterson, James A.; Wilson, Monique E.; Brown, Barry S.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This study was conducted to determine the psychometric properties of a measure of social support, the Community Assessment Inventory (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>), and to examine the role of social support in recovery. The <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and the Addiction Severity <span class="hlt">Index</span> (ASI) were administered to 196 opioid-dependent adults in (n = 135) or out of methadone treatment (n = 61) in Baltimore, Maryland between 2004 and 2006. Baseline <span class="hlt">CAI</span> scale scores indicated a generally high level of internal consistency (α scores). Pearson correlations showed that the scales were stable and had good discriminant validity with the ASI composite scores. One-way analysis of variance indicated that in-treatment participants reported significantly more support at baseline than out-of-treatment participants. This study's findings indicate the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> may be a useful measure of social support and that such support is an important factor in treatment entry. PMID:20391269</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25607097','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25607097"><span>Thin-film limit formalism applied to surface defect <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Holovský, Jakub; Ballif, Christophe</p> <p>2014-12-15</p> <p>The thin-film limit is derived by a nonconventional approach and equations for transmittance, reflectance and <span class="hlt">absorptance</span> are presented in highly versatile and accurate form. In the thin-film limit the optical properties do not depend on the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient, thickness and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> individually, but only on their product. We show that this formalism is applicable to the problem of ultrathin defective layer e.g. on a top of a layer of amorphous silicon. We develop a new method of direct evaluation of the surface defective layer and the bulk defects. Applying this method to amorphous silicon on glass, we show that the surface defective layer differs from bulk amorphous silicon in terms of light soaking.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1411254','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1411254"><span>Significance of Ca-soap formation for calcium <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the rat.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gacs, G; Barltrop, D</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>The significance of calcium soap formation in the inhibition of calcium <span class="hlt">absorption</span> has been studied in rats. 47Ca labelled soaps of fatty acids were introduced into the duodenum and the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of calcium measured after four hours in a whole body counter. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of calcium was inversely correlated with the chain length of the fatty acid varying from 1% for Ca-stearate to 60% for Ca-hexanoate. Increasing the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid was accompanied by increased calcium <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. The availability of calcium for <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from the soaps was correlated with their solubility in 1% aqueous Na-tauroglycocholate. The percentages of calcium as soap in the small intestine and the faeces after intragastric administration of calcium and fats were similar, which suggests that the faecal content of calcium soaps is an <span class="hlt">index</span> of intestinal soap formation. Soap formation was negligible when CaCl2 was given with tristearate, triolaeate, or tridecanoate and no depression of calcium <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was observed. Calcium <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was markedly impaired by the addition of phosphates at a Ca/P ratio of 1:1 irrespective of the presence of neutral fats. Stearic acid resulted in significant soap formation and reduced calcium <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. The degree of Ca-soap formation and the inhibition of calcium <span class="hlt">absorption</span> were well correlated. The results suggest that, although calcium soap formation may markedly depress calcium <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the rat, no significant soap formation takes place when fats are given in the form of triglycerides. PMID:838405</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Nanop...6..114G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Nanop...6..114G"><span>Broadband infrared <span class="hlt">absorption</span> enhancement by electroless-deposited silver nanoparticles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gritti, Claudia; Raza, Søren; Kadkhodazadeh, Shima; Kardynal, Beata; Malureanu, Radu; Mortensen, N. Asger; Lavrinenko, Andrei V.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Decorating semiconductor surfaces with plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) is considered a viable solution for enhancing the <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> properties of photovoltaic and photodetecting devices. We propose to deposit silver NPs on top of a semiconductor wafer by a cheap and fast electroless plating technique. Optical characterization confirms that the random array of electroless-deposited NPs improves <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by up to 20% in a broadband of near-infrared frequencies from the bandgap edge to 2000 nm. Due to the small filling fraction of particles, the reflection in the visible range is practically unchanged, which points to the possible applications of such deposition method for harvesting photons in nanophotonics and photovoltaics. The broadband <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is a consequence of the resonant behavior of particles with different shapes and sizes, which strongly localize the incident light at the interface of a high-<span class="hlt">index</span> semiconductor substrate. Our hypothesis is substantiated by examining the plasmonic response of the electroless-deposited NPs using both electron energy loss spectroscopy and numerical calculations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvP...7f4019P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvP...7f4019P"><span>Terahertz <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> by Cellulose: Application to Ancient Paper Artifacts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Peccianti, M.; Fastampa, R.; Mosca Conte, A.; Pulci, O.; Violante, C.; Łojewska, J.; Clerici, M.; Morandotti, R.; Missori, M.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Artifacts made of cellulose, such as ancient documents, pose a significant experimental challenge in the terahertz transmission spectra interpretation due to their small optical thickness. In this paper, we describe a method to recover the complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of cellulose fibers from the terahertz transmission data obtained on single freely standing paper sheets in the (0.2-3.5)-THz range. By using our technique, we eliminate Fabry-Perot effects and recover the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of the cellulose fibers. The obtained terahertz <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra are explained in terms of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peaks of the cellulose crystalline phase superimposed to a background contribution due to a disordered hydrogen-bond network. The comparison between the experimental spectra with terahertz vibrational properties simulated by density-functional-theory calculations confirms this interpretation. In addition, evident changes in the terahertz <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra are produced by natural and artificial aging on paper samples, whose final stage is characterized by a spectral profile with only two peaks at about 2.1 and 3.1 THz. These results can be used to provide a quantitative assessment of the state of preservation of cellulose artifacts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19550706','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19550706"><span>Refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> dependence of L3 photonic crystal nano-cavities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Adawi, A M; Chalcraft, A R; Whittaker, D M; Lidzey, D G</p> <p>2007-10-29</p> <p>We model the optical properties of L3 photonic crystal nano-cavities as a function of the photonic crystal membrane refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> n using a guided mode expansion method. Band structure calculations revealed that a TE-like full band-gap exists for materials of refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> as low as 1.6. The Q-factor of such cavities showed a super-linear increase with refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. By adjusting the relative position of the cavity side holes, the Q-factor was optimised as a function of the photonic crystal membrane refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> n over the range 1.6 to 3.4. Q-factors in the range 3000-8000 were predicted from <span class="hlt">absorption</span> free materials in the visible range with refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> between 2.45 and 2.8.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10228E..07S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10228E..07S"><span>Nonlinearly enhanced linear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> under filamentation in mid-infrared (Conference Presentation)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shipilo, Daniil; Panov, Nicolay; Andreeva, Vera; Kosareva, Olga G.; Saletski, Alexander M.; Xu, Huai-Liang; Polynkin, Pavel</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The mid-infrared OPCPA-based laser facilities have recently reached the critical power for self-focusing in air [1]. This ensures the demonstration of the major difference between the mid- and near-infrared filamentation in air: the odd optical harmonics, harshly suppressed by the material dispersion and phase-mismatch in the near-infrared (800 nm), gain reliable energies in the mid-infrared (3.9 µm) filament [1,2]. Another issue that makes mid-infrared filamentation different from the near-infrared one is a lot of molecular vibrational lines belonging to atmospheric constituents and located in the mid-infrared range [3]. As the result the mid-infrared region of interest becomes subdivided into the bands of normal and anomalous dispersion, the former of which leads to the pulse splitting in temporal domain, while the latter produces the confined light bullet. We simulate the 3.9-µm filamentation using Forward Maxwell equation. We include the tunnel ionization and transient photocurrent as the collapse arresting mechanism, which balances dynamically the instantaneous third-order medium response (similarly to 800-nm filamentation). The key feature that allows us to quantify the losses due to <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bands is the accurate account of the complex linear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> <span class="hlt">index</span>. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> <span class="hlt">index</span> obtained from Mathar model [3] is interpolated to the fine frequency grid (step of about 0.1 THz), and the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> is matched according to Kramers-Krönig relations [4]. If the initial Gaussian pulse has a center wavelength of 3.9 µm and a duration of 80 fs FWHM, the energy loss in the carbon dioxide (CO_2) <span class="hlt">absorption</span> band at 4.3 µm is about 1% in the linear propagation regime. But when we take the 80-mJ pulse (about 3 critical powers for self-focusing), the Kerr-induced spectral broadening develops significantly before the clamping level of intensity is reached. In the collimated beam geometry about 2% of the initial pulse energy is absorbed on the CO_2 band before</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2928525','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2928525"><span>Effect of metabolic and respiratory acidosis on intracellular calcium in osteoblasts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bushinsky, David A.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>In vivo, metabolic acidosis {decreased pH from decreased bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−])} increases urine calcium (Ca) without increased intestinal Ca <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, resulting in a loss of bone Ca. Conversely, respiratory acidosis [decreased pH from increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2)] does not appreciably alter Ca homeostasis. In cultured bone, chronic metabolic acidosis (Met) significantly increases cell-mediated net Ca efflux while isohydric respiratory acidosis (Resp) does not. The proton receptor, OGR1, appears critical for cell-mediated, metabolic acid-induced bone resorption. Perfusion of primary bone cells or OGR1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with Met induces transient peaks of intracellular Ca (<span class="hlt">Cai</span>). To determine whether Resp increases <span class="hlt">Cai</span>, as does Met, we imaged <span class="hlt">Cai</span> in primary cultures of bone cells. pH for Met = 7.07 ([HCO3−] = 11.8 mM) and for Resp = 7.13 (Pco2 = 88.4 mmHg) were similar and lower than neutral (7.41). Both Met and Resp induced a marked, transient increase in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> in individual bone cells; however, Met stimulated <span class="hlt">Cai</span> to a greater extent than Resp. We used OGR1-transfected CHO cells to determine whether OGR1 was responsible for the greater increase in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> in Met than Resp. Both Met and Resp induced a marked, transient increase in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> in OGR1-transfected CHO cells; however, in these cells Met was not different than Resp. Thus, the greater induction of <span class="hlt">Cai</span> by Met in primary bone cells is not a function of OGR1 alone, but must involve H+ receptors other than OGR1, or pathways sensitive to Pco2, HCO3−, or total CO2 that modify the effect of H+ in primary bone cells. PMID:20504884</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20504884','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20504884"><span>Effect of metabolic and respiratory acidosis on intracellular calcium in osteoblasts.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Frick, Kevin K; Bushinsky, David A</p> <p>2010-08-01</p> <p>In vivo, metabolic acidosis {decreased pH from decreased bicarbonate concentration ([HCO(3)(-)])} increases urine calcium (Ca) without increased intestinal Ca <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, resulting in a loss of bone Ca. Conversely, respiratory acidosis [decreased pH from increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco(2))] does not appreciably alter Ca homeostasis. In cultured bone, chronic metabolic acidosis (Met) significantly increases cell-mediated net Ca efflux while isohydric respiratory acidosis (Resp) does not. The proton receptor, OGR1, appears critical for cell-mediated, metabolic acid-induced bone resorption. Perfusion of primary bone cells or OGR1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with Met induces transient peaks of intracellular Ca (<span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>)). To determine whether Resp increases <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>), as does Met, we imaged <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) in primary cultures of bone cells. pH for Met = 7.07 ([HCO(3)(-)] = 11.8 mM) and for Resp = 7.13 (Pco(2) = 88.4 mmHg) were similar and lower than neutral (7.41). Both Met and Resp induced a marked, transient increase in <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) in individual bone cells; however, Met stimulated <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) to a greater extent than Resp. We used OGR1-transfected CHO cells to determine whether OGR1 was responsible for the greater increase in <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) in Met than Resp. Both Met and Resp induced a marked, transient increase in <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) in OGR1-transfected CHO cells; however, in these cells Met was not different than Resp. Thus, the greater induction of <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) by Met in primary bone cells is not a function of OGR1 alone, but must involve H(+) receptors other than OGR1, or pathways sensitive to Pco(2), HCO(3)(-), or total CO(2) that modify the effect of H(+) in primary bone cells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhB.124...29H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhB.124...29H"><span>A quantum cascade laser-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer for chemical sensing employing molecular <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and dispersion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hayden, Jakob; Hugger, Stefan; Fuchs, Frank; Lendl, Bernhard</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We employ a novel spectroscopic setup based on an external cavity quantum cascade laser and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to simultaneously record spectra of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and dispersion of liquid samples in the mid-infrared. We describe the theory underlying the interferometric measurement and discuss its implications for the experiment. The capability of simultaneously recording a refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum is demonstrated for a sample of acetone in cyclohexane. The recording of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra is experimentally investigated in more detail to illustrate the method's capabilities as compared to direct <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy. We find that <span class="hlt">absorption</span> signals are recorded with strongly suppressed background, but with smaller absolute sensitivity. A possibility of optimizing the setup's performance by unbalancing the interferometer is presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4477907','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4477907"><span>Five-Photon <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> and Selective Enhancement of Multiphoton <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We study one-, two-, three-, four-, and five-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of three centrosymmetric molecules using density functional theory. These calculations are the first ab initio calculations of five-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Even- and odd-order <span class="hlt">absorption</span> processes show different trends in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cross sections. The behavior of all even- and odd-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties shows a semiquantitative similarity, which can be explained using few-state models. This analysis shows that odd-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> processes are largely determined by the one-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> strength, whereas all even-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> strengths are largely dominated by the two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> strength, in both cases modulated by powers of the polarizability of the final excited state. We demonstrate how to selectively enhance a specific multiphoton <span class="hlt">absorption</span> process. PMID:26120588</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26120588','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26120588"><span>Five-Photon <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> and Selective Enhancement of Multiphoton <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Processes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Friese, Daniel H; Bast, Radovan; Ruud, Kenneth</p> <p>2015-05-20</p> <p>We study one-, two-, three-, four-, and five-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of three centrosymmetric molecules using density functional theory. These calculations are the first ab initio calculations of five-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Even- and odd-order <span class="hlt">absorption</span> processes show different trends in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cross sections. The behavior of all even- and odd-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties shows a semiquantitative similarity, which can be explained using few-state models. This analysis shows that odd-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> processes are largely determined by the one-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> strength, whereas all even-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> strengths are largely dominated by the two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> strength, in both cases modulated by powers of the polarizability of the final excited state. We demonstrate how to selectively enhance a specific multiphoton <span class="hlt">absorption</span> process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptCo.413..255S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptCo.413..255S"><span>Approaching total <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of graphene strips using a c-Si subwavelength periodic membrane</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sang, Tian; Wang, Rui; Li, Junlang; Zhou, Jianyu; Wang, Yueke</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Approaching total <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of graphene strips at near infrared using a crystalline-silicon (c-Si) subwavelength periodic membrane (SPM) is presented. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in graphene strips in a c-Si SPM is enhanced by a resonant tip, which is resulted from the coupling between the guided mode and the radiation mode through symmetry breaking of the structure at near-normal incidence. The enhancement of the electric field intensity is increased 1939 times and the group velocity of light is decreased to 3.55 ×10-4c at resonance, and 99.3% <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in graphene strips can be achieved by critical coupling at the incident angle of 2°. High <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the graphene strips can be maintained as the etching thickness, the strip width, and the period are altered. When this type of c-Si SPM with graphene strips is used in refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensors, it shows excellent sensing properties due to its stable near-unity <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29400731','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29400731"><span>Investigation of a pressure-dependent refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of germanium film with an optical fiber film sensor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yuan, Dongxu; Gao, Hongyun; Chen, Hao; Li, Min</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of Ge is found in decline with applied pressure at a specific wavelength in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> region below 1900 nm, where the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient rises dramatically with decreased wavelength. In this paper, we use a Ge-coated fiber optic probe to demonstrate quantitatively that the downward trend in the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> to increasing pressure matches the theoretically simulated optical properties of Ge with a measurement error of 1.03×10 -3 in the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>, which is further calculated within the framework of density functional theory with local density approximation. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, both theoretical and experimental results prove that the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> reduces linearly with a gradient of -3.30×10 -4 /MPa as the pressure increases from 0 to 20 MPa.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29047835','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29047835"><span>Uncertainty budgets for liquid waveguide CDOM <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurements.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lefering, Ina; Röttgers, Rüdiger; Utschig, Christian; McKee, David</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Long path length liquid waveguide capillary cell (LWCC) systems using simple spectrometers to determine the spectral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) have previously been shown to have better measurement sensitivity compared to high-end spectrophotometers using 10 cm cuvettes. Information on the magnitude of measurement uncertainties for LWCC systems, however, has remained scarce. Cross-comparison of three different LWCC systems with three different path lengths (50, 100, and 250 cm) and two different cladding materials enabled quantification of measurement precision and accuracy, revealing strong wavelength dependency in both parameters. Stable pumping of the sample through the capillary cell was found to improve measurement precision over measurements made with the sample kept stationary. Results from the 50 and 100 cm LWCC systems, with higher refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> cladding, showed systematic artifacts including small but unphysical negative offsets and high-frequency spectral perturbations due to limited performance of the salinity correction. In comparison, the newer 250 cm LWCC with lower refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> cladding returned small positive offsets that may be physically correct. After null correction of measurements at 700 nm, overall agreement of CDOM <span class="hlt">absorption</span> data at 440 nm was found to be within 5% root mean square percentage error.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930047441&hterms=refractive+index&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Drefractive%2Bindex','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930047441&hterms=refractive+index&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Drefractive%2Bindex"><span>Refractive <span class="hlt">Index</span> and Scattering Effects on Radiative Behavior of a Semitransparent Layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Spuckler, C. M.; Siegel, R.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Heat transfer characteristics are analyzed for a plane layer of semitransparent material with refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> not less than 1. Energy transfer in the material is by conduction, emission, <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, and isotropic scattering. Each side of the layer is heated by radiation and convection. For a refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> larger than unity, there is internal reflection of some of the energy within the layer. This, coupled with scattering, has a substantial effect on distributing energy across the layer and altering the temperature distribution from when the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> is unity. The effect of scattering is examined by comparisons with results from an earlier paper for an absorbing layer. Results are given for a gray medium with a scattering albedo up to 0.999, and for a two-band spectral variation of the albedo with one band having low <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Radiant energy leaving the surface as a result of emission and scattering was examined to determine if it could be used to accurately indicate the surface temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22004122-nonlinear-refraction-two-photon-absorption-dense-sub-sub-sub-sub-glasses','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22004122-nonlinear-refraction-two-photon-absorption-dense-sub-sub-sub-sub-glasses"><span>Nonlinear refraction and two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in dense 2Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3}-B{sub 2}O{sub 3} glasses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Paramesh, Gadige; Varma, K. B. R.</p> <p>2012-06-05</p> <p>High density transparent glasses (7.86 g/cc) were fabricated in the 2Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3}-B{sub 2}O{sub 3} (BBO) system. Optical band gap of the obtained glasses was found to be 2.6eV. The refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> measured for these glasses was 2.25{+-}0.05 at {lambda}=543 nm. Nonlinear refraction and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> studies were carried out on the BBO glasses using z-scan technique at {lambda}=532 nm of 10 ns pulse width. The nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> obtained was n{sub 2}=12.1x10{sup -14} cm{sup 2}/W and nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient was {beta}=15.2 cm/GW. The n{sub 2} and {beta} values of the BBO glasses were large compared to the other reported highmore » <span class="hlt">index</span> bismuth based oxide glass systems in the literature. These were attributed to the high density, high linear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>, low band gap and two photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> associated with these glasses. The electronic origin of large nonlinearities was discussed based on bond-orbital theory.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18844183','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18844183"><span>[Study on lead <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in pumpkin by atomic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrophotometry].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Zhen-Xia; Sun, Yong-Dong; Chen, Bi-Hua; Li, Xin-Zheng</p> <p>2008-07-01</p> <p>A study was carried out on the characteristic of lead <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in pumpkin via atomic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrophotometer. The results showed that lead <span class="hlt">absorption</span> amount in pumpkin increased with time, but the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> rate decreased with time; And the lead <span class="hlt">absorption</span> amount reached the peak in pH 7. Lead and cadmium have similar characteristic of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in pumpkin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27814667','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27814667"><span>Assessment of Relationships Between Joint Motion Quality and Postural Control in Patients With Chronic Ankle Joint Instability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bączkowicz, Dawid; Falkowski, Krzysztof; Majorczyk, Edyta</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Study Design Controlled laboratory study, cross-sectional. Background Lateral ankle sprains are among the most common injuries encountered during athletic participation. Following the initial injury, there is an alarmingly high risk of reinjury and development of chronic ankle instability (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>), which is dependent on a combination of factors, including sensorimotor deficits and changes in the biomechanical environment of the ankle joint. Objective To evaluate <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-related disturbances in arthrokinematic motion quality and postural control and the relationships between them. Methods Sixty-three male subjects (31 with <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and 32 healthy controls) were enrolled in the study. For arthrokinematic motion quality analysis, the vibroarthrographic signals were collected during ankle flexion/extension motion using an acceleration sensor and described by variability (variance of mean squares [VMS]), amplitude (mean of 4 maximal and 4 minimal values [R4]), and frequency (vibroarthrographic signal bands of 50 to 250 Hz [P1] and 250 to 450 Hz [P2]) parameters. Using the Biodex Balance System, single-leg dynamic balance was measured by overall, anteroposterior, and mediolateral stability indices. Results Values of vibroarthrographic parameters (VMS, R4, P1 and P2) were significantly higher in the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> group than those in the control group (P<.01). Similar results were obtained for all postural control parameters (overall, anteroposterior, and mediolateral stability indices; P<.05). Moreover, correlations between the overall stability <span class="hlt">index</span> and VMS, and P1 and P2, as well as between the anteroposterior stability <span class="hlt">index</span> and P1 and P2, were observed in the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> patient group, but not in controls. Conclusion In patients with <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, deficits in both quality of ankle arthrokinematic motion and postural control were present. Therefore, physical therapy interventions focused on improving ankle neuromuscular control and arthrokinematic function are necessary in <span class="hlt">CAI</span> patient care. J Orthop Sports</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10614E..1BG','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10614E..1BG"><span>Peculiarities of light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by spherical microcapsules</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Geints, Yurii E.; Panina, Ekaterina K.; Zemlyanov, Alexander A.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Optical radiation <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the poly-layer spherical microparticles simulating the inorganic/organic polyshell absorbing microcapsules is considered. With the aim of the finite-difference time-domain technique, the spatial distribution of the absorbed light power in microcapsules of various sizes and internal structure is numerically calculated. For the purpose of light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> enhancement, we have engineered the optimal structure of a capsule consisting of a strong-refracting transparent outer coating and an absorbing layer which covers a liquid core. The proposed microcapsule prototype provides for a manifold increase in the absorbed light power density in comparison with the usual single-layer absorbing capsule. We show that for light-wavelengths-scaled microcapsules it is optimal to use a material with the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> larger than two as an outer shell, for example, titanium dioxide (TiO2). The highest values of the absorbed power density can be obtained in microcapsules with absorbing shell thickness of approximately a tenth of a laser wavelength. When laser radiation is scattered by a dimer constituted by two identical absorbing microcapsules the absorbed power density can be maximized by the choosing of proper dimer spatial configuration. In the case of strongly absorbing particles, the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> maximum corresponds to a shift of the capsules to a distance of about their diameter, and in the case of weakly absorbing particles the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is maximal when particles are in geometrical shades of each other.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17025558','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17025558"><span>Second-harmonic generation at angular incidence in a negative-positive <span class="hlt">index</span> photonic band-gap structure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>D'Aguanno, Giuseppe; Mattiucci, Nadia; Scalora, Michael; Bloemer, Mark J</p> <p>2006-08-01</p> <p>In the spectral region where the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the negative <span class="hlt">index</span> material is approximately zero, at oblique incidence, the linear transmission of a finite structure composed of alternating layers of negative and positive <span class="hlt">index</span> materials manifests the formation of a new type of band gap with exceptionally narrow band-edge resonances. In particular, for TM-polarized (transverse magnetic) incident waves, field values that can be achieved at the band edge may be much higher compared to field values achievable in standard photonic band-gap structures. We exploit the unique properties of these band-edge resonances for applications to nonlinear frequency conversion, second-harmonic generation, in particular. The simultaneous availability of high field localization and phase matching conditions may be exploited to achieve second-harmonic conversion efficiencies far better than those achievable in conventional photonic band-gap structures. Moreover, we study the role played by <span class="hlt">absorption</span> within the negative <span class="hlt">index</span> material, and find that the process remains efficient even for relatively high values of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28153426','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28153426"><span>Factors Affecting Gastrointestinal <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> of Levothyroxine: A Review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Skelin, Marko; Lucijanić, Tomo; Amidžić Klarić, Daniela; Rešić, Arnes; Bakula, Miro; Liberati-Čizmek, Ana-Marija; Gharib, Hossein; Rahelić, Dario</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Levothyroxine (LT4) is a drug with a narrow therapeutic <span class="hlt">index</span>, applied in small amounts (micrograms), which makes interactions in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> phase clinically significant. The main aim of this article was to review and present the latest information on factors that affect the gastrointestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of this drug. Relevant data were collected by using the MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus databases with the key words levothyroxine and <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Searches were not limited to specific publication types, study designs, dates, or languages. The reports were highly variable in the amount of information provided regarding study design and methods. Because of the heterogeneity of studies, no statistical analysis was performed. Many gastrointestinal disorders, such as celiac disease, atrophic gastritis, lactose intolerance, and Helicobacter pylori infection, may impede the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of levothyroxine. During treatment of these disorders, it is necessary to monitor serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and free T4 values to reduce the risk of developing iatrogenic hyperthyroidism. Soybeans and coffee have the greatest impact on the reduction of <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, whereas vitamin C has the ability to increase it. Conversely, the effect of dietary fiber on the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of LT4 is not yet fully understood; further research is needed on this topic. A decrease in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of LT4 is established and clinically significant when administered concomitantly with cholestyramine, colesevelam, lanthanum, calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium acetate, iron sulfate, ciprofloxacin, aluminum hydroxide, sevelamer, or proton pump inhibitors. This effect should be taken into consideration when prescribing these drugs concomitantly with LT4. The effects of Giardia lamblia infection and the influence of orlistat, polystyrene sulfonate, raloxifene, and simethicone on <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of LT4 have been poorly documented. For bariatric surgery, sucralfate and H 2</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040082169&hterms=TOM&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DTOM','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040082169&hterms=TOM&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DTOM"><span>Aerosol <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Effects in the TOMS UV Algorithm</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Torres, O.; Krotkov, N.; Bhartia, P. K.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The availability of global long-term estimates of surface UV radiation is very important, not only for preventive medicine considerations, but also as an important tool to monitor the effects of the stratospheric ozone recovery expected to occur in the next few decades as a result of the decline of the stratospheric chlorine levels. In addition to the modulating effects of ozone and clouds, aerosols also affect the levels of UV-A and W-B radiation reaching the surface. Oscillations in surface W associated with the effects of aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> may be comparable in magnitude to variations associated with the stratospheric ozone recovery. Thus, the accurate calculation of surface W radiation requires that both the scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> effects of tropospheric aerosols be taken into account. Although <span class="hlt">absorption</span> effects of dust and elevated carbonaceous aerosols are already accounted for using Aerosol <span class="hlt">Index</span> technique, this approach does not work for urban/industrial aerosols in the planetary boundary layer. The use of the new TOMS long-term global data record on UV aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> optical depth, can improve the accuracy of TOMS spectral UV products, by properly including the spectral attenuation effects of carbonaceous, urban/industrial and mineral aerosols. The TOMS data set on aerosol properties will be discussed, and results of its use in the TOMS surface W algorithm will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22037129-viewing-angles-broad-absorption-line-versus-unabsorbed-quasars','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22037129-viewing-angles-broad-absorption-line-versus-unabsorbed-quasars"><span>THE VIEWING ANGLES OF BROAD <span class="hlt">ABSORPTION</span> LINE VERSUS UNABSORBED QUASARS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>DiPompeo, M. A.; Brotherton, M. S.; De Breuck, C.</p> <p>2012-06-10</p> <p>It was recently shown that there is a significant difference in the radio spectral <span class="hlt">index</span> distributions of broad <span class="hlt">absorption</span> line (BAL) quasars and unabsorbed quasars, with an overabundance of BAL quasars with steeper radio spectra. This result suggests that source orientation does play into the presence or absence of BAL features. In this paper, we provide more quantitative analysis of this result based on Monte Carlo simulations. While the relationship between viewing angle and spectral <span class="hlt">index</span> does indeed contain a lot of scatter, the spectral <span class="hlt">index</span> distributions are different enough to overcome that intrinsic variation. Utilizing two different models ofmore » the relationship between spectral <span class="hlt">index</span> and viewing angle, the simulations indicate that the difference in spectral <span class="hlt">index</span> distributions can be explained by allowing BAL quasar viewing angles to extend about 10 Degree-Sign farther from the radio jet axis than non-BAL sources, though both can be seen at small angles. These results show that orientation cannot be the only factor determining whether BAL features are present, but it does play a role.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5321831','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5321831"><span>Refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensing with Fano resonances in silicon oligomers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chong, Katie E.; Orton, Henry W.; Decker, Manuel; Miroshnichenko, Andrey E.; Brener, Igal; Kivshar, Yuri S.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>We demonstrate experimentally refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensing with localized Fano resonances in silicon oligomers, consisting of six disks surrounding a central one of slightly different diameter. Owing to the low <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and narrow Fano-resonant spectral features appearing as a result of the interference of the modes of the outer and the central disks, we demonstrate refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensitivity of more than 150 nm RIU−1 with a figure of merit of 3.8. This article is part of the themed issue ‘New horizons for nanophotonics’. PMID:28220001</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0674866','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0674866"><span>MULTIMAGNON <span class="hlt">ABSORPTION</span> IN MNF2-OPTICAL <span class="hlt">ABSORPTION</span> SPECTRUM.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum of MnF2 at 4.2K in the 3900A region was measured in zero external fields and in high fields. Exciton lines with magnon ...sidebands are observed, accompanied by a large number of weak satellite lines. Results on the exciton and magnon <span class="hlt">absorptions</span> are similar to those of...McClure et al. The satellite lines are interpreted as being multi- magnon <span class="hlt">absorptions</span>, and it is possible to fit the energy of all the <span class="hlt">absorptions</span> with</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23923671','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23923671"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> atelectasis: incidence and clinical implications.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>O'Brien, Jennifer</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>General anesthesia is known to cause pulmonary atelectasis; in turn, atelectasis increases shunt, decreases compliance, and may lead to perioperative hypoxemia. One mechanism for the formation of atelectasis intraoperatively is ventilation with 100% oxygen. The goal of this review is to determine if research suggests that intraoperative ventilation with 100% oxygen leads to clinically significant pulmonary side effects. An initial literature search included electronic databases (Cumulative <span class="hlt">Index</span> to Nursing & Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and The GeneraCochrane Library) using the following search terms: oxygen (administration and dosage), atelectasis, pulmonary complications, and anesthesia. Results were limited to research studies, human subjects, and English-language publications between 1965 and 2011. From this body of research, it appears that <span class="hlt">absorption</span> atelectasis does occur in healthy anesthetized adults breathing 100% oxygen. Data reviewed suggest that <span class="hlt">absorption</span> atelectasis does not have significant clinical implications in healthy adults. However, further research is warranted in populations at increased risk of postoperative hypoxemia, including obese or elderly patients and those with preexisting cardiopulmonary disease.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740020015&hterms=Sound+absorption+structure&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DSound%2Babsorption%2Bstructure','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740020015&hterms=Sound+absorption+structure&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DSound%2Babsorption%2Bstructure"><span>Optimization of the acoustic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients of certain functional absorbents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pocsa, V.; Biborosch, L.; Veres, A.; Halpert, E.; Lorian, R.; Botos, T.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>The sound <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients of some functional absorbents (mineral wool plates) are determined by the reverberation chamber method. The influence of the angle of inclination of the sound absorbing material with respect to the surface to be treated is analyzed as well as the influence of the covering <span class="hlt">index</span>, defined as the ratio of the designed area of a plate and the area of the treated surface belonging to another plate. As compared with the conventional method of applying sound-absorbing plates, the analyzed structures have a higher technological and economical efficiency. The optimum structure corresponds to an angle of inclination of 15 deg and a covering <span class="hlt">index</span> of 0.8.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3276358','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3276358"><span>Metabolic Acidosis Increases Intracellular Calcium in Bone Cells Through Activation of the Proton Receptor OGR1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Frick, Kevin K; Krieger, Nancy S; Nehrke, Keith; Bushinsky, David A</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Metabolic acidosis increases urine Ca without increasing intestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, leading to bone Ca loss. It is unclear how bone cells detect the increase in proton concentration. To determine which G protein-coupled proton sensing receptors are expressed in bone, PCR was performed, and products were detected for OGR1, TDAG8, G2A, and GPR4. We tested the hypothesis that the G protein-coupled proton sensor, OGR1, is an H+-sensing receptor in bone. To determine whether acid-induced bone resorption involves OGR1, we incubated mouse calvariae in neutral pH (NTL) or acidic (MET) medium ± the OGR1 inhibitor CuCl2. CuCl2 decreased MET-induced Ca efflux. We used fluorescent imaging of perfused bone cells to determine whether MET increases <span class="hlt">Cai</span>. Perfusion with MET induced a rapid, flow-independent, increase in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> in individual bone cells. To determine whether transfection of OGR1 into a heterologous cell type would increase <span class="hlt">Cai</span> in response to H+, we perfused Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with mouse OGR1 cDNA. Perfusion with MET induced a rapid increase in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> in OGR1-transfected CHO cells. These data indicate that OGR1 induces an increase in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> in response to MET and is a prime candidate for an osteoblast proton sensor. PMID:18847331</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18847331','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18847331"><span>Metabolic acidosis increases intracellular calcium in bone cells through activation of the proton receptor OGR1.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Frick, Kevin K; Krieger, Nancy S; Nehrke, Keith; Bushinsky, David A</p> <p>2009-02-01</p> <p>Metabolic acidosis increases urine Ca without increasing intestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, leading to bone Ca loss. It is unclear how bone cells detect the increase in proton concentration. To determine which G protein-coupled proton sensing receptors are expressed in bone, PCR was performed, and products were detected for OGR1, TDAG8, G2A, and GPR4. We tested the hypothesis that the G protein-coupled proton sensor, OGR1, is an H(+)-sensing receptor in bone. To determine whether acid-induced bone resorption involves OGR1, we incubated mouse calvariae in neutral pH (NTL) or acidic (MET) medium +/- the OGR1 inhibitor CuCl(2). CuCl(2) decreased MET-induced Ca efflux. We used fluorescent imaging of perfused bone cells to determine whether MET increases <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>). Perfusion with MET induced a rapid, flow-independent, increase in <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) in individual bone cells. To determine whether transfection of OGR1 into a heterologous cell type would increase <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) in response to H(+), we perfused Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with mouse OGR1 cDNA. Perfusion with MET induced a rapid increase in <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) in OGR1-transfected CHO cells. These data indicate that OGR1 induces an increase in <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) in response to MET and is a prime candidate for an osteoblast proton sensor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999IJEaS..88...38B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999IJEaS..88...38B"><span>Tectono-thermal evolution in a region with thin-skinned tectonics: the western nappes in the Cantabrian Zone (Variscan belt of NW Spain)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bastida, F.; Brime, C.; García-López, S.; Sarmiento, G. N.</p> <p></p> <p>The palaeotemperature distribution in the transition from diagenesis to metamorphism in the western nappes of the Cantabrian Zone (Somiedo, La Sobia and Aramo Units) are analysed by conodont colour alteration <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) and illite crystallinity (IC). Structural and stratigraphic control in distribution of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and IC values is observed. Both <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and IC value distributions show that anchizonal conditions are reached in the lower part of the Somiedo Unit. A disruption of the thermal trend by basal thrusts is evidenced by <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and IC values. There is an apparent discrepancy between the IC and <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values in Carboniferous rocks of the Aramo Unit; the IC has mainly anchizonal values, whereas the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> has diagenetic values. Discrepant IC values are explained as a feature inherited from the source area. In the Carboniferous rocks of the La Sobia Unit, both IC and <span class="hlt">CAI</span> indicate diagenetic conditions. The anchimetamorphism predated completion of emplacement of the major nappes; it probably developed previously and/or during the early stages of motion of the units. Temperature probably decreased when the metamorphosed zones of the sheets rose along ramps and were intensely eroded. In the context of the Iberian Variscan belt, influence of tectonic factors on the metamorphism is greater in the internal parts, where the strain and cleavage are always present, than in the external parts (Cantabrian Zone), where brittle deformation and rock translation are dominant, with an increasing role of the burial on the metamorphism.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876008','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876008"><span>Enhancing intensity and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensing capability with infrared plasmonic perfect absorbers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cheng, Fei; Yang, Xiaodong; Gao, Jie</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>An infrared refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensor based on plasmonic perfect absorbers for glucose concentration sensing is experimentally demonstrated. Utilizing substantial <span class="hlt">absorption</span> contrast between a perfect absorber (∼98% at normal incidence) and a non-perfect absorber upon the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> change, a maximum value of figure of merit (FOM<sup>*</sup>) about 55 and a bulk wavelength sensitivity about 590  nm/RIU are achieved. The demonstrated sensing platform provides great potential in improving the performance of plasmonic refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensors and developing future surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970009850','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970009850"><span>Intergalactic Helium <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> toward High-Redshift Quasars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Giroux, Mark L.; Fardal, Mark A.; Shull, J. Michael</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The recent Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the z(q) = 3.286 quasar Q0302-003 (Jakobsen et at. 1994) and the z(q) = 3.185 quasar Q1935-67 by Tytler (1995) show <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edges at the redshifted wavelength of He II 304 A. A key goal is to distinguish between contributions from discrete Ly-alpha forest clouds and a smoothly distributed intergalactic medium (IGM). We model the contributions from each of these sources of He II <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, including the distribution of line Doppler widths and column densities, the 'He II proximity effect' from the quasar, and a self-consistent derivation of the He II opacity of the universe as a function of the spectrum of ionizing sources, with the assumption that both the clouds and the IGM are photoionized. The He II edge can be fully accounted for by He II line blanketing for reasonable distributions of line widths and column densities in the Ly-alpha forest, provided that the ionizing sources have spectral <span class="hlt">index</span> alpha(s) greater than 1.5, and any He II proximity effect is neglected. Even with some contribution from a diffuse IGM, it is difficult to account for the edge observed by Jakobsen et al. (1994) with a 'hard' source spectrum (alpha(s) less than 1.3). The proximity effect modifies the relative contributions of the clouds and IGM to tau(He II) near the quasar (z approx. less than z(q)) and markedly increases the amount of He II <span class="hlt">absorption</span> required. This implies, for example, that to account for the He II edge with line blanketing alone, the minimum spectral <span class="hlt">index</span> alpha(s) must be increased from 1.5 to 1.9. We demonstrate the need for higher resolution observations that characterize the change in transmission as z approaches z(q) and resolve line-free gaps in the continuum. We set limits on the density of the diffuse IGM and suggest that the IGM and Ly-alpha clouds are likely to be a significant repository for dark baryons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5792106','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5792106"><span>Does adaptation to vertebrate codon usage relate to flavivirus emergence potential?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Freire, Caio César de Melo</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Codon adaptation <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) is a measure of synonymous codon usage biases given a usage reference. Through mutation, selection, and drift, viruses can optimize their replication efficiency and produce more offspring, which could increase the chance of secondary transmission. To evaluate how higher <span class="hlt">CAI</span> towards the host has been associated with higher viral titers, we explored temporal trends of several historic and extensively sequenced zoonotic flaviviruses and relationships within the genus itself. To showcase evolutionary and epidemiological relationships associated with silent, adaptive synonymous changes of viruses, we used codon usage tables from human housekeeping and antiviral immune genes, as well as tables from arthropod vectors and vertebrate species involved in the flavivirus maintenance cycle. We argue that temporal trends of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> changes could lead to a better understanding of zoonotic emergences, evolutionary dynamics, and host adaptation. <span class="hlt">CAI</span> appears to help illustrate historically relevant trends of well-characterized viruses, in different viral species and genetic diversity within a single species. <span class="hlt">CAI</span> can be a useful tool together with in vivo and in vitro kinetics, phylodynamics, and additional functional genomics studies to better understand species trafficking and viral emergence in a new host. PMID:29385205</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22649660-wide-aperture-total-absorption-terahertz-wave-nanoperiodic-graphene-based-plasmon-structure','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22649660-wide-aperture-total-absorption-terahertz-wave-nanoperiodic-graphene-based-plasmon-structure"><span>Wide-aperture total <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of a terahertz wave in a nanoperiodic graphene-based plasmon structure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Polischuk, O. V., E-mail: polischuk.sfire@mail.ru; Melnikova, V. S.; Popov, V. V., E-mail: popov-slava@yahoo.co.uk</p> <p>2016-11-15</p> <p>The terahertz <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum in a periodic array of graphene nanoribbons located on the surface of a dielectric substrate with a high refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> (terahertz prism) is studied theoretically. The total <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of terahertz radiation is shown to occur in the regime of total internal reflection of the terahertz wave from the periodic array of graphene nanoribbons, at the frequencies of plasma oscillations in graphene, in a wide range of incidence angles of the external terahertz wave even at room temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MARS27001K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MARS27001K"><span>Critical Dispersion-Theory Tests of Silicon's IR Refractive <span class="hlt">Index</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karstens, William; Smith, D. Y.</p> <p></p> <p>Silicon strongly absorbs both visible and UV light, but is highly transparent in the IR. Hence, it is a common choice for infrared windows and lenses. However, optical design is hindered by literature <span class="hlt">index</span> values that disagree by up to 1%. In contrast optical-glass indices are known to 0.01% or better. The most widely available silicon IR indices are based on bulk measurements using either Snell's-Law refraction by a prism or channel-spectra interference of front- and backsurface reflections from a planar sample. To test the physical acceptability of these data, we have developed criteria based on a Taylor expansion of the Kramers-Kronig relation for the <span class="hlt">index</span> at energies below strong inter-band transitions. These tests require that the coefficients of the series in powers of energy squared must be positive within the region of transparency. This is satisfied by essentially all prism measurements; their small scatter arises primarily from impurities and doping. In contrast, channel-spectra data fail in the second and third coefficients. A review of the experimental analysis indicates three problems besides purity: incorrect channel number arising from a channel-spectra model that neglects spectrum distortion by the weak lattice <span class="hlt">absorption</span>; use of a series expansion of mixed parity in photon energy to describe the even-parity <span class="hlt">index</span>; and use of an incorrect <span class="hlt">absorption</span> energy in the Li-Sellmeier dispersion formula. Recommendations for IR <span class="hlt">index</span> values for pure silicon will be discussed. Supported in part by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770039543&hterms=ammonium+sulfate&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dammonium%2Bsulfate','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770039543&hterms=ammonium+sulfate&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dammonium%2Bsulfate"><span>Optical constants of ammonium sulfate in the infrared. [stratospheric aerosol refractive and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> indices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Downing, H. D.; Pinkley, L. W.; Sethna, P. P.; Williams, D.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>The infrared spectral reflectance at near normal incidence has been measured for 3.2 M, 2.4 M, and 1.6 M solutions of ammonium sulfate, an aerosol abundant in the stratosphere and also present in the troposphere. Kramers-Kronig analysis was used to determine values of the refractive and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> indices from the measured spectral reflectance. A synthetic spectrum of crystalline ammonium sulfate was obtained by extrapolation of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> <span class="hlt">index</span> obtained for the solution to the absorber number densities of the NH4 and SO4 ions characteristic of the crystal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20822007','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20822007"><span>[Everted intestinal sac method for quick finding <span class="hlt">absorption</span> ingredients of Wuzhuyu decoction].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gong, Muxin; Wang, Yaxun; Song, Yafang; Wang, Zhimin; Zhang, Qiwei; Wang, Weihao; Zhu, Jingjing</p> <p>2010-06-01</p> <p>To establish a method for quick finding the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> ingredients of Wuzhuyu decoction in order to select the <span class="hlt">index</span> to control its quality. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of three concentration of Wuzhuyu decotion was investigated with the in vitro-everted intestinal sac model. The intestinal bag fluid of jejunum and ileum were collected in different time and the eight ingredients, which were evodiamine (Ev), rutaecarpine (Ru), limonin (Li), ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rg1, -Re (Rb1, Rg1, Re), isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D-glucosyl(6''-->1'")-alpha-L-rhamnoside (Irs)and 6-gingerol (6-Gi), were detected by HPLC as the represent constituents in samples. Eight ingredients except Ru in samples could be detected, but Ev could not be detected in high concentration samples. The ratios between <span class="hlt">absorption</span> ingredients were different from in Wuzhuyu decotion. The in vitro-everted intestinal sac canc absorb the ingredients of Wuzhuyu decotion selectivity. Compare with the ileum, the jejunum can provide the more <span class="hlt">absorption</span> information and faster, the best test time is 60-90 min.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20062515','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20062515"><span>Abnormal dispersion of refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of purple membranes in an aqueous medium.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhivkov, Alexandar Metodiev</p> <p>2010-01-10</p> <p>The refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of purple membranes in a water suspension has been measured refractometrically in the visible range of the spectrum. A region of anomalous dispersion has been found, due to a strong <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by the retinal residue in bacteriorhodopsin macromolecules.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA184538','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA184538"><span>Precise Measurement of Refractive <span class="hlt">Index</span> and <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Coefficient of Near Millimeter Wave and Far Infrared Materials.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1987-06-01</p> <p>polyethylene. The plexiglass is a polymethyl methacrylate and the acrylic is a polymethacrylate . The polyamide(nylon) is made with adipic acid and hexamethylene...are made with acrylic acid . It was not sur- prizing to see both exhibiting similar <span class="hlt">absorption</span> characteristics atleast 30 times higher than</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216789','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216789"><span>Indirect <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy using quantum cascade lasers: mid-infrared refractometry and photothermal spectroscopy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pfeifer, Marcel; Ruf, Alexander; Fischer, Peer</p> <p>2013-11-04</p> <p>We record vibrational spectra with two indirect schemes that depend on the real part of the <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction: mid-infrared refractometry and photothermal spectroscopy. In the former, a quantum cascade laser (QCL) spot is imaged to determine the angles of total internal reflection, which yields the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> line via a beam profile analysis. In the photothermal measurements, a tunable QCL excites vibrational resonances of a molecular monolayer, which heats the surrounding medium and changes its refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. This is observed with a probe laser in the visible. Sub-monolayer sensitivities are demonstrated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....16.1587S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....16.1587S"><span>Remote sensing of soot carbon - Part 2: Understanding the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> Ångström exponent</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schuster, G. L.; Dubovik, O.; Arola, A.; Eck, T. F.; Holben, B. N.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Recently, some authors have suggested that the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> Ångström exponent (AAE) can be used to deduce the component aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> optical depths (AAODs) of carbonaceous aerosols in the AERONET database. This AAE approach presumes that AAE ≪ 1 for soot carbon, which contrasts the traditional small particle limit of AAE = 1 for soot carbon. Thus, we provide an overview of the AERONET retrieval, and we investigate how the microphysics of carbonaceous aerosols can be interpreted in the AERONET AAE product. We find that AAE ≪ 1 in the AERONET database requires large coarse mode fractions and/or imaginary refractive indices that increase with wavelength. Neither of these characteristics are consistent with the current definition of soot carbon, so we explore other possibilities for the cause of AAE ≪ 1. AAE is related to particle size, and coarse mode particles have a smaller AAE than fine mode particles for a given aerosol mixture of species. We also note that the mineral goethite has an imaginary refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> that increases with wavelength, is very common in dust regions, and can easily contribute to AAE ≪ 1. We find that AAE ≪ 1 can not be caused by soot carbon, unless soot carbon has an imaginary refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> that increases with wavelength throughout the visible and near-infrared spectrums. Finally, AAE is not a robust parameter for separating carbonaceous <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from dust aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the AERONET database.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572688','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16572688"><span>Direct <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction measurements at extreme-ultraviolet and soft-x-ray wavelengths.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rosfjord, Kristine; Chang, Chang; Miyakawa, Ryan; Barth, Holly; Attwood, David</p> <p>2006-03-10</p> <p>Coherent radiation from undulator beamlines has been used to directly measure the real and imaginary parts of the <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction of several materials at both extreme-ultraviolet and soft-x-ray wavelengths. Using the XOR interferometer, we measure the refractive indices of silicon and ruthenium, essential materials for extreme-ultraviolet lithography. Both materials are tested at wavelength (13.4 nm) and across silicon's L2 (99.8 eV) and L3 (99.2 eV) <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edges. We further extend this direct phase measurement method into the soft-x-ray region, where measurements of chromium and vanadium are performed around their L3 <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edges at 574.1 and 512.1 eV, respectively. These are the first direct measurements, to our knowledge, of the real part of the <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction made in the soft-x-ray region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26507143','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26507143"><span>Insulin Resistance in Nondiabetic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: Associations with Body Composition, Peritoneal Transport, and Peritoneal Glucose <span class="hlt">Absorption</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bernardo, Ana Paula; Oliveira, Jose C; Santos, Olivia; Carvalho, Maria J; Cabrita, Antonio; Rodrigues, Anabela</p> <p>2015-12-07</p> <p>Insulin resistance has been associated with cardiovascular disease in peritoneal dialysis patients. Few studies have addressed the impact of fast transport status or dialysis prescription on insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to test whether insulin resistance is associated with obesity parameters, peritoneal transport rate, and glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Insulin resistance was evaluated with homeostasis model assessment method (HOMA-IR), additionally corrected by adiponectin (HOMA-AD). Enrolled patients were prevalent nondiabetics attending at Santo António Hospital Peritoneal Dialysis Unit, who were free of hospitalization or infectious events in the previous 3 months (51 patients aged 50.4 ± 15.9 years, 59% women). Leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), and daily glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> were also measured. Lean tissue <span class="hlt">index</span>, fat tissue <span class="hlt">index</span> (FTI), and relative fat mass (rel.FM) were assessed using multifrequency bioimpedance. Patients were categorized according to dialysate to plasma creatinine ratio at 4 hours, 3.86% peritoneal equilibration test, and obesity parameters. Obesity was present in 49% of patients according to rel.FM. HOMA-IR correlated better with FTI than with body mass <span class="hlt">index</span>. Significant correlations were found in obese, but not in nonobese patients, between HOMA-IR and leptin, leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR), and IGFBP-1. HOMA-IR correlated with HOMA-AD, but did not correlate with glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> or transport rate. There were no significant differences in insulin resistance indices, glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, and body composition parameters between fast and nonfast transporters. A total of 18 patients (35.3%) who had insulin resistance presented with higher LAR and rel.FM (7.3 [12.3, interquartile range] versus 0.7 [1.4, interquartile range], P<0.001, and 39.4 ± 10.1% versus 27.2 ± 11.5%, P=0.002, respectively), lower IGFBP-1 (8.2 ± 7.2 versus 21.0 ± 16.3 ng/ml, P=0.002), but similar glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApPhL..91y1103K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApPhL..91y1103K"><span>Large nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and refraction coefficients of carbon nanotubes estimated from femtosecond z-scan measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kamaraju, N.; Kumar, Sunil; Sood, A. K.; Guha, Shekhar; Krishnamurthy, Srinivasan; Rao, C. N. R.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>Nonlinear transmission of 80 and 140fs pulsed light with 0.79μm wavelength through single walled carbon nanotubes suspended in water containing sodium dodecyl sulfate is studied. Pulse-width independent saturation <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and negative cubic nonlinearity are observed, respectively, in open and closed aperture z-scan experiments. The theoretical expressions derived to analyze the z-dependent transmission in the saturable limit require two photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient β0˜1.4cm/MW and a nonlinear <span class="hlt">index</span> γ ˜-5.5×10-11cm2/W to fit the data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29749147','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29749147"><span>[Dust <span class="hlt">absorption</span> capacities of eight evergreen broad-leaved plants in Beijing, China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fan, Shu Xin; Cai, Yu; Dong, Li</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Aiming at selecting the evergreen broad-leaved plants with excellent dust capturing capacity that can be applied in Beijing area for improving the urban vegetation dust removal, this study selected 8 evergreen (including semi-evergreen) broad-leaved plants used in urban green-space in Beijing area to measure the dust <span class="hlt">absorption</span> per unit leaf area by the elution-mass method during winter and early spring in 2014. The dust deposition per leaf and per plant of each species was further calculated for tested species. Based on the dust capturing capacity measured in different units, cluster analysis on the comprehensive dust <span class="hlt">absorption</span> capacities of different plants was carried out from the corresponding aspect. Results showed that the dust <span class="hlt">absorption</span> ability differed significantly among the 8 evergreen broad-leaved (including semi-evergreen) species including Buxus sinica, Euonymus japonicus, Ligustrum quihoui, L. vicaryi, E. kiautschovicus, Indocalamus tessellatus, Phyllostachys violascens and Ph. aureosulcata. E. japonicus was best in dust <span class="hlt">absorption</span> per unit leaf area and per plant, with 1.36 g·m -2 and 59.63 g·plant -1 . I. tessellates (with 1.62 mg·leaf -1 ) had the strongest dust <span class="hlt">absorption</span> ability per leaf. With different measurement units selected, the ranking changed. The cluster analysis based on the multi <span class="hlt">index</span> comprehensive dust <span class="hlt">absorption</span> capacities could roughly divided the 8 evergreen broad-leaved species into 4 categories representing different dust <span class="hlt">absorption</span> capacity levels. E. japonicus and Ph. sviolascens had the outstanding comprehensive dust capturing capacity, while B. sinica, L. vicaryi and Ph. aureosulcata showed the weak performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866945','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866945"><span>Seven-effect <span class="hlt">absorption</span> refrigeration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>DeVault, Robert C.; Biermann, Wendell J.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>A seven-effect <span class="hlt">absorption</span> refrigeration cycle is disclosed utilizing three <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuits. In addition, a heat exchanger is used for heating the generator of the low <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuit with heat rejected from the condenser and absorber of the medium <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuit. A heat exchanger is also provided for heating the generator of the medium <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuit with heat rejected from the condenser and absorber of the high <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuit. If desired, another heat exchanger can also be provided for heating the evaporator of the high <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuit with rejected heat from either the condenser or absorber of the low <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7073841','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7073841"><span>Seven-effect <span class="hlt">absorption</span> refrigeration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>DeVault, R.C.; Biermann, W.J.</p> <p>1989-05-09</p> <p>A seven-effect <span class="hlt">absorption</span> refrigeration cycle is disclosed utilizing three <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuits. In addition, a heat exchanger is used for heating the generator of the low <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuit with heat rejected from the condenser and absorber of the medium <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuit. A heat exchanger is also provided for heating the generator of the medium <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuit with heat rejected from the condenser and absorber of the high <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuit. If desired, another heat exchanger can also be provided for heating the evaporator of the high <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuit with rejected heat from either the condenser or absorber of the low <span class="hlt">absorption</span> circuit. 1 fig.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22412895-integrated-three-dimensional-photonic-nanostructures-achieving-near-unity-solar-absorption-superhydrophobicity','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22412895-integrated-three-dimensional-photonic-nanostructures-achieving-near-unity-solar-absorption-superhydrophobicity"><span>Integrated three-dimensional photonic nanostructures for achieving near-unity solar <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and superhydrophobicity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kuang, Ping; Lin, Shawn-Yu, E-mail: sylin@rpi.edu; Hsieh, Mei-Li</p> <p>2015-06-07</p> <p>In this paper, we proposed and realized 3D photonic nanostructures consisting of ultra-thin graded <span class="hlt">index</span> antireflective coatings (ARCs) and woodpile photonic crystals. The use of the integrated ARC and photonic crystal structure can achieve broadband, broad-angle near unity solar <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. The amorphous silicon based photonic nanostructure experimentally shows an average <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of ∼95% for λ = 400–620 nm over a wide angular acceptance of θ = 0°–60°. Theoretical studies show that a Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) based structure can achieve an average <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of >95% for λ = 400–870 nm. Furthermore, the use of the slanted SiO{sub 2} nanorod ARC surface layer by glancing angle deposition exhibits Cassie-Baxter statemore » wetting, and superhydrophobic surface is obtained with highest water contact angle θ{sub CB} ∼ 153°. These properties are fundamentally important for achieving maximum solar <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and surface self-cleaning in thin film solar cell applications.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJT....39...45P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJT....39...45P"><span>Resonant <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> in GaAs-Based Nanowires by Means of Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Petronijevic, E.; Leahu, G.; Belardini, A.; Centini, M.; Li Voti, R.; Hakkarainen, T.; Koivusalo, E.; Guina, M.; Sibilia, C.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Semiconductor nanowires made of high refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> materials can couple the incoming light to specific waveguide modes that offer resonant <span class="hlt">absorption</span> enhancement under the bandgap wavelength, essential for light harvesting, lasing and detection applications. Moreover, the non-trivial ellipticity of such modes can offer near field interactions with chiral molecules, governed by near chiral field. These modes are therefore very important to detect. Here, we present the photo-acoustic spectroscopy as a low-cost, reliable, sensitive and scattering-free tool to measure the spectral position and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> efficiency of these modes. The investigated samples are hexagonal nanowires with GaAs core; the fabrication by means of lithography-free molecular beam epitaxy provides controllable and uniform dimensions that allow for the excitation of the fundamental resonant mode around 800 nm. We show that the modulation frequency increase leads to the discrimination of the resonant mode <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from the overall <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the substrate. As the experimental data are in great agreement with numerical simulations, the design can be optimized and followed by photo-acoustic characterization for a specific application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23661409','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23661409"><span>Influences of Sr dose on the crystal structure parameters and Sr distributions of Sr-incorporated hydroxyapatite.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Guo, D G; Hao, Y Z; Li, H Y; Fang, C Q; Sun, L J; Zhu, H; Wang, J; Huang, X F; Ni, P F; Xu, K W</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>Stoichiometric strontium-incorporated hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA) with different Sr concentrations [Sr/(Sr+Ca)] were synthesized using a wet chemical approach and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transformed infrared <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Rietveld Structure Refinement. The crystal lattice parameter, Sr distribution, chemical state of Sr, and also the relationships between their variations and the Sr concentrations have been intensively studied. The results show that both the crystal lattice parameters and crystal plane space of Sr-HA remarkably increase with the Sr concentration increasing. Whether Sr preferably occupies the <span class="hlt">Ca(I</span>) site or Ca(II) site after incorporated into apatite lattice depends on the Sr number incorporated into apatite. All the Sr ions completely occupy the Ca(II) sites when the Sr concentration is below 5%. With the exception of partial Sr ions occupying the Ca(II) sites, the other Sr ions start to occupy the <span class="hlt">Ca(I</span>) sites when the Sr concentration doped in HA is beyond 10%. The ratio of Sr ions occupying the <span class="hlt">Ca(I</span>) sites increases with the further raising Sr concentration up to 20%. The Sr ions inherit the chemical state and environment of the original <span class="hlt">Ca(I</span>) or Ca(II) site after incorporated into apatite. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22964788','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22964788"><span>X-ray tomography using the full complex <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nielsen, M S; Lauridsen, T; Thomsen, M; Jensen, T H; Bech, M; Christensen, L B; Olsen, E V; Hviid, M; Feidenhans'l, R; Pfeiffer, F</p> <p>2012-10-07</p> <p>We report on x-ray tomography using the full complex <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction recorded with a grating-based x-ray phase-contrast setup. Combining simultaneous <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and phase-contrast information, the distribution of the full complex <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction is determined and depicted in a bivariate graph. A simple multivariable threshold segmentation can be applied offering higher accuracy than with a single-variable threshold segmentation as well as new possibilities for the partial volume analysis and edge detection. It is particularly beneficial for low-contrast systems. In this paper, this concept is demonstrated by experimental results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18214110','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18214110"><span>The complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of atmospheric and model humic-like substances (HULIS) retrieved by a cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer (CRD-AS).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dinar, E; Riziq, A Abo; Spindler, C; Erlick, C; Kiss, G; Rudich, Y</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Atmospheric aerosols absorb and reflect solar radiation causing surface cooling and heating of the atmosphere. The interaction between aerosols and radiation depends on their complex <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction, which is related to the particles' chemical composition. The contribution of light absorbing organic compounds, such as HUmic-LIke Substances (HULIS) to aerosol scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is among the largest uncertainties in assessing the direct effect of aerosols on climate. Using a Cavity Ring Down Aerosol Spectrometer (CRD-AS), the complex <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction of aerosols containing HULIS extracted from pollution, smoke, and rural continental aerosols, and molecular weight-fractionated fulvic acid was measured at 390 nm and 532 nm. The imaginary part of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">absorption</span>) substantially increases towards the UV range with increasing molecular weight and aromaticity. At both wavelengths, HULIS extracted from pollution and smoke particles absorb more than HULIS from the rural aerosol. Sensitivity calculations for a pollution-type aerosol containing ammonium sulfate, organic carbon (HULIS), and soot suggests that accounting for <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by HULIS leads in most cases to a significant decrease in the single scattering albedo and to a significant increase in aerosol radiative forcing efficiency, towards more atmospheric <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and heating. This indicates that HULIS in biomass smoke and pollution aerosols, in addition to black carbon, can contribute significantly to light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the ultraviolet and visible spectral regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160004973&hterms=Organic+Chemical&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DOrganic%2BChemical','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20160004973&hterms=Organic+Chemical&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DOrganic%2BChemical"><span>Interpreting the Ultraviolet Aerosol <span class="hlt">Index</span> Observed with the OMI Satellite Instrument to Understand <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> by Organic Aerosols: Implications for Atmospheric Oxidation and Direct Radiative Effects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hammer, Melanie S.; Martin, Randall V.; Donkelaar, Aaron van; Buchard, Virginie; Torres, Omar; Ridley, David A.; Spurr, Robert J. D.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Satellite observations of the ultraviolet aerosol <span class="hlt">index</span> (UVAI) are sensitive to <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of solar radiation by aerosols; this <span class="hlt">absorption</span> affects photolysis frequencies and radiative forcing. We develop a global simulation of the UVAI using the 3-D chemical transport model GEOSChem coupled with the Vector Linearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer model (VLIDORT). The simulation is applied to interpret UVAI observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) for the year 2007. Simulated and observed values are highly consistent in regions where mineral dust dominates the UVAI, but a large negative bias (-0.32 to -0.97) exists between simulated and observed values in biomass burning regions. We determine effective optical properties for absorbing organic aerosol, known as brown carbon (BrC), and implement them into GEOS-Chem to better represent observed UVAI values over biomass burning regions. The inclusion of absorbing BrC decreases the mean bias between simulated and OMI UVAI values from -0.57 to -0.09 over West Africa in January, from -0.32 to +0.0002 over South Asia in April, from -0.97 to -0.22 over southern Africa in July, and from -0.50 to +0.33 over South America in September. The spectral dependence of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> after including BrC in the model is broadly consistent with reported observations for biomass burning aerosol, with absorbing Angstrom exponent (AAE) values ranging from 2.9 in the ultraviolet (UV) to 1.3 across the UV-Near IR spectrum. We assess the effect of the additional UV <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by BrC on atmospheric photochemistry by examining tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations in GEOS-Chem. The inclusion of BrC decreases OH by up to 30% over South America in September, up to 20% over southern Africa in July, and up to 15% over other biomass burning regions. Global annual mean OH concentrations in GEOS-Chem decrease due to the presence of absorbing BrC, increasing the methyl chloroform lifetime from 5.62 to 5.68 years, thus</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptCo.416...25F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptCo.416...25F"><span>Reversible unidirectional reflection and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of PT-symmetry structure under electro-optical modulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fang, Yun-tuan; Zhang, Yi-chi; Xia, Jing</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>In order to obtain tunable unidirectional device, we assumed an ideal periodic layered Parity-Time (PT) symmetry structure inserted by doped LiNbO3 (LN) interlayers. LN is a typical electro-optical material of which the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> depends on the external electric field. In our work, we theoretically investigate the modulation effect of the external electric field on the transmittance and reflectance of the structure through numerical method. Through selected structural parameters, the one-way enhanced reflection and high <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (above 0.9) behaviors are found. Within a special frequency band (not a single frequency), our theoretical model performs enhanced reflection in one incidence direction and high <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the other direction. Furthermore, the directions of enhanced reflection and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> can be reversed through reversing the direction of applied electric field. Such structure with reversible properties has the potential in designing new optical devices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19721597','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19721597"><span>Nonlinear refraction at the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge in InAs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Poole, C D; Garmire, E</p> <p>1984-08-01</p> <p>The results of measurements of nonlinear refraction at the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge in InAs between 68 and 90 K taken with an HF laser are compared with those of a band-gap resonant model in which the contribution of the light-hole band is included and found to account for more than 40% of the observed nonlinear refraction. A generalized expression for the nonlinear <span class="hlt">index</span> is derived by using the complete Fermi-Dirac distribution function. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained, with no free parameters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040084821','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040084821"><span>Quasar <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mushotzky, Richard (Technical Monitor); Elvis, Martin</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The aim of the proposal is to investigate the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties of a sample of inter-mediate redshift quasars. The main goals of the project are: Measure the redshift and the column density of the X-ray absorbers; test the correlation between <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and redshift suggested by ROSAT and ASCA data; constrain the absorber ionization status and metallicity; constrain the absorber dust content and composition through the comparison between the amount of X-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and optical dust extinction. Unanticipated low energy cut-offs where discovered in ROSAT spectra of quasars and confirmed by ASCA, BeppoSAX and Chandra. In most cases it was not possible to constrain adequately the redshift of the absorber from the X-ray data alone. Two possibilities remain open: a) <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at the quasar redshift; and b) intervening <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. The evidences in favour of intrinsic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> are all indirect. Sensitive XMM observations can discriminate between these different scenarios. If the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is at the quasar redshift we can study whether the quasar environment evolves with the Cosmic time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160002232','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160002232"><span>New Petrology, Mineral Chemistry and Stable MG Isotope Compositions of an Allende <span class="hlt">CAI</span>: EK-459-7-2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jeffcoat, C. R.; Kerekgyarto, A. G.; Lapen, T. J.; Righter, M.; Simon, J. I.; Ross, D. K.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) are the key to understanding physical and chemical conditions in the nascent solar nebula. These inclusions have the oldest radiometric ages of solar system materials and are composed of phases that are predicted to condense early from a gas of solar composition. Thus, their chemistry and textures record conditions and processes in the earliest stages of development of the solar nebula. Type B inclusions are typically larger and more coarse grained than other types with substantial evidence that many of them were at least partially molten. Type B inclusions are further subdivided into Type B1 (possess thick melilite mantle) and Type B2 (lack melilite mantle). Despite being extensively studied, the origin of the melilite mantles of Type B1 inclusions remains uncertain. We present petrologic and chemical data for a Type B inclusion, EK-459-7-2, that bears features found in both Type B1 and B2 inclusions and likely represents an intermediate between the two types. Detailed studies of more of these intermediate objects may help to constrain models for Type B1 rim formation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950012911&hterms=Mg+Ca&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DMg%2BCa','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950012911&hterms=Mg+Ca&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DMg%2BCa"><span>Heating during solar nebula formation and Mg isotopic fractionation in precursor grains of <span class="hlt">CAIs</span> and chondrules</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sasaki, S.; Nagahara, H.; Kitagami, K.; Nakagawa, Y.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>In some Ca-Al-rich inclusion (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) grains, mass-dependent isotopic fractionations of Mg, Si, and O are observed and large Mg isotopic fractionation is interpreted to have been produced by cosmochemical processes such as evaporation and condensation. Mass-dependent Mg isotopic fractionation was found in olivine chondrules of Allende meteorites. Presented is an approximate formula for the temperature of the solar nebula that depends on heliocentric distance and the initial gas distribution. Shock heating during solar nebula formation can cause evaporative fractionation within interstellar grains involved in a gas at the inner zone (a less than 3 AU) of the disk. Alternatively collision of late-accreting gas blobs might cause similar heating if Sigma(sub s) and Sigma are large enough. Since the grain size is small, the solid/gas mass ratio is low and solar (low P(sub O2)), and the ambient gas pressure is low, this heating event could not produce chondrules themselves. Chondrule formation should proceed around the disk midplane after dust grains would grow and sediment to increase the solid/gas ratio there. The heating source there is uncertain, but transient rapid accretion through the disk could release a large amount of heat, which would be observed as FU Orionis events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhLA..373.3855A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhLA..373.3855A"><span>Dispersion dependence of second-order refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and complex third-order optical susceptibility in oxide glasses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Abdel Wahab, F. A.; El-Diasty, Fouad; Abdel-Baki, Manal</p> <p>2009-10-01</p> <p>A method correlates Fresnel-based spectrophotometric measurements and Lorentz dispersion theory is presented to study the dispersion of nonlinear optical parameters in particularly oxide glasses in a very wide range of angular frequency. The second-order refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and third-order optical susceptibility of Cr-doped glasses are determined from linear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. Furthermore, both real and imaginary components of the complex susceptibility are carried out. The study reveals the importance of determining the dispersion of nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient) to find the maximum resonant and nonresonant susceptibilities of investigated glasses. The present method is applied on Cr-doped lithium aluminum silicate (LAS) glasses due to their semiconductor-like behavior and also to their application in laser industry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25442537','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25442537"><span>Fat-soluble vitamin intestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span>: <span class="hlt">absorption</span> sites in the intestine and interactions for <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Goncalves, Aurélie; Roi, Stéphanie; Nowicki, Marion; Dhaussy, Amélie; Huertas, Alain; Amiot, Marie-Josèphe; Reboul, Emmanuelle</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The interactions occurring at the intestinal level between the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K (FSVs) are poorly documented. We first determined each FSV <span class="hlt">absorption</span> profile along the duodenal-colonic axis of mouse intestine to clarify their respective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> sites. We then investigated the interactions between FSVs during their uptake by Caco-2 cells. Our data show that vitamin A was mostly absorbed in the mouse proximal intestine, while vitamin D was absorbed in the median intestine, and vitamin E and K in the distal intestine. Significant competitive interactions for uptake were then elucidated among vitamin D, E and K, supporting the hypothesis of common <span class="hlt">absorption</span> pathways. Vitamin A also significantly decreased the uptake of the other FSVs but, conversely, its uptake was not impaired by vitamins D and K and even promoted by vitamin E. These results should be taken into account, especially for supplement formulation, to optimise FSV <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Nanos...610530W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Nanos...610530W"><span>Broadband ultrafast nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and nonlinear refraction of layered molybdenum dichalcogenide semiconductors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Kangpeng; Feng, Yanyan; Chang, Chunxia; Zhan, Jingxin; Wang, Chengwei; Zhao, Quanzhong; Coleman, Jonathan N.; Zhang, Long; Blau, Werner J.; Wang, Jun</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>A series of layered molybdenum dichalcogenides, i.e., MoX2 (X = S, Se and Te), were prepared in cyclohexyl pyrrolidinone by a liquid-phase exfoliation technique. The high quality of the two-dimensional nanostructures was verified by transmission electron microscopy and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy. Open- and closed-aperture Z-scans were employed to study the nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and nonlinear refraction of the MoX2 dispersions, respectively. All the three-layered nanostructures exhibit prominent ultrafast saturable <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (SA) for both femtosecond (fs) and picosecond (ps) laser pulses over a broad wavelength range from the visible to the near infrared. While the dispersions treated with low-speed centrifugation (1500 rpm) have an SA response, and the MoS2 and MoSe2 dispersions after higher speed centrifugation (10 000 rpm) possess two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> for fs pulses at 1030 nm, which is due to the significant reduction of the average thickness of the nanosheets; hence, the broadening of band gap. In addition, all dispersions show obvious nonlinear self-defocusing for ps pulses at both 1064 nm and 532 nm, resulting from the thermally-induced nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. The versatile ultrafast nonlinear properties imply a huge potential of the layered MoX2 semiconductors in the development of nanophotonic devices, such as mode-lockers, optical limiters, optical switches, etc.A series of layered molybdenum dichalcogenides, i.e., MoX2 (X = S, Se and Te), were prepared in cyclohexyl pyrrolidinone by a liquid-phase exfoliation technique. The high quality of the two-dimensional nanostructures was verified by transmission electron microscopy and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy. Open- and closed-aperture Z-scans were employed to study the nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and nonlinear refraction of the MoX2 dispersions, respectively. All the three-layered nanostructures exhibit prominent ultrafast saturable <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (SA) for both femtosecond (fs) and picosecond (ps) laser pulses over a broad</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.6259L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.6259L"><span>The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> Ångström exponent of black carbon: from numerical aspects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Chao; Eddy Chung, Chul; Yin, Yan; Schnaiter, Martin</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> Ångström exponent (AAE) is an important aerosol optical parameter used for aerosol characterization and apportionment studies. The AAE of black carbon (BC) particles is widely accepted to be 1.0, although observational estimates give quite a wide range of 0.6-1.3. With considerable uncertainties related to observations, a numerical study is a powerful method, if not the only one, to provide a better and more accurate understanding on BC AAE. This study calculates BC AAE using realistic particle geometries based on fractal aggregate and an accurate numerical optical model (namely the multiple-sphere T-matrix method), and considers bulk properties of an ensemble of BC particles following lognormal size distributions. At odds with the expectations, BC AAE is not 1.0, even when BC is assumed to have small sizes and a wavelength-independent refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. With a wavelength-independent refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>, the AAE of fresh BC is approximately 1.05 and relatively insensitive to particle size. For BC with geometric mean diameters larger than 0.12 µm, BC AAE becomes smaller when BC particles are aged (compact structures or coated by other non-<span class="hlt">absorptive</span> materials). For coated BC, we prescribe the coating fraction variation based on a laboratory study, where smaller BC cores are shown to develop larger coating fractions than those of bigger BC cores. For both compact and coated BC, the AAE is highly sensitive to particle size distribution, ranging from approximately 0.8 to even over 1.4 with wavelength-independent refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. When the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> is allowed to vary with wavelength, a feature with observational backing, the BC AAE may show an even wider range. For different BC morphologies, we derive simple empirical equations on BC AAE based on our numerical results, which can serve as a guide for the response of BC AAE to BC size and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. Due to its complex influences, the effects of BC geometry is better to be discussed at certain</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JEOS....8E3055F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JEOS....8E3055F"><span>Scattering and <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Properties of Biomaterials for Dental Restorative Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fernandez-Oliveras, A.; Rubiño, M.; Pérez, M. M.</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>The physical understanding of the optical properties of dental biomaterials is mandatory for their final success in restorative applications.Light propagation in biological media is characterized by the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient, the scattering coefficient, the scattering phase function,the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>, and the surface conditions (roughness). We have employed the inverse adding-doubling (IAD) method to combine transmittance and reflectance measurements performed using an integrating-sphere setup with the results of the previous scattering-anisotropygoniometric measurements. This has led to the determination of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and the scattering coefficients. The aim was to optically characterize two different dental-resin composites (nanocomposite and hybrid) and one type of zirconia ceramic, and comparatively study them. The experimental procedure was conducted under repeatability conditions of measurement in order to determine the uncertainty associated to the optical properties of the biomaterials. Spectral variations of the refraction <span class="hlt">index</span> and the scattering anisotropy factor were also considered. The whole experimental procedure fulfilled all the necessary requirements to provide optical-property values with lower associated uncertainties. The effective transport coefficient presented a similar spectral behavior for the two composites but completely different for the zirconia ceramic. The results demonstrated that the scattering anisotropy exerted a clearly distinct impact on the optical properties of the zirconia ceramic compared with those of the dental-resin composites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950034729&hterms=Jesus&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DJesus','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950034729&hterms=Jesus&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DJesus"><span>Old stellar populations. 5: <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> feature indices for the complete LICK/IDS sample of stars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Worthey, Guy; Faber, S. M.; Gonzalez, J. Jesus; Burstein, D.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Twenty-one optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> features, 11 of which have been previously defined, are automatically measured in a sample of 460 stars. Following Gorgas et al., the indices are summarized in fitting functions that give <span class="hlt">index</span> strengths as functions of stellar temperature, gravity, and (Fe/H). This project was carried out with the purpose of predicting <span class="hlt">index</span> strengths in the integrated light of stellar populations of different ages and metallicities, but the data should be valuable for stellar studies in the Galaxy as well. Several of the new indices appear to be promising indicators of metallicity for old stellar populations. A complete list of <span class="hlt">index</span> data and atmospheric parameters is available in computer-readable form.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70018662','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70018662"><span>Conodont color and surface textural alteration in the Muschelkalk (Triassic) of the Silesian-Cracow Zn-Pb district, Poland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Repetski, J.E.; Narkiewicz, M.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Limestone and dolostone samples were collected from sites within and adjacent to ore zones in the Trzebionka mine, Silesia-Cracow zinc-lead mining district, southern Poland, to assess the level of thermal alteration of the enclosed conodonts, via the color alteration <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) technique, and to study any surface alteration effects on these microfossils. Additional conodont sampling from stratigraphic levels correlative with the horizons being mined in the Trzebionka mine was accomplished at four surface and two borehole localities in the district, to compare the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and surface alteration effects at these, commercially non-mineralized, localities with those effects in the mine. Data show that: 1. The overall background thermal level of the Triassic strata studied, presumably due to only shallow burial, is very low: <span class="hlt">CAI</span> = 1; in the range of 50 to 80??C. 2. <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values in the ore zones in the Trzebionka mine are slightly higher than this regional background: 1+ to 1.5 (in the range ???50 to 90??C minimum heating over geologic time of about 0.1 to more than 1 m. y.). This implies that heating "events" of higher temperatures affecting the conodonts, including the passage of the local ore-bearing solutions, were of rather short duration(s), on the order of about 1,000 to 50,000 years. <span class="hlt">CAI</span> data from the Trzebionka Mine is consistent with temperature data from fluid inclusions, indicating ore-bearing fluid temperatures in the 100 to 138??C range, and the scenario that these fluids were resident in these strata for a geologically short period. 3. Conodonts from both surface and subsurface samples rarely show surface corrosion effects, but tend to show apatite overgrowths. These overgrowths vary in degree of development, but are consistent for each morphological type of conodont element, and qualitatively are consistent in each sample observed. 4. Ichthyoliths (fish teeth, spines, and scales), found in most of the samples, do not exhibit either mineral overgrowths or</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25097043','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25097043"><span>Broadband ultrafast nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and nonlinear refraction of layered molybdenum dichalcogenide semiconductors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Kangpeng; Feng, Yanyan; Chang, Chunxia; Zhan, Jingxin; Wang, Chengwei; Zhao, Quanzhong; Coleman, Jonathan N; Zhang, Long; Blau, Werner J; Wang, Jun</p> <p>2014-09-21</p> <p>A series of layered molybdenum dichalcogenides, i.e., MoX₂ (X = S, Se and Te), were prepared in cyclohexyl pyrrolidinone by a liquid-phase exfoliation technique. The high quality of the two-dimensional nanostructures was verified by transmission electron microscopy and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy. Open- and closed-aperture Z-scans were employed to study the nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and nonlinear refraction of the MoX₂ dispersions, respectively. All the three-layered nanostructures exhibit prominent ultrafast saturable <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (SA) for both femtosecond (fs) and picosecond (ps) laser pulses over a broad wavelength range from the visible to the near infrared. While the dispersions treated with low-speed centrifugation (1500 rpm) have an SA response, and the MoS₂ and MoSe₂ dispersions after higher speed centrifugation (10,000 rpm) possess two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> for fs pulses at 1030 nm, which is due to the significant reduction of the average thickness of the nanosheets; hence, the broadening of band gap. In addition, all dispersions show obvious nonlinear self-defocusing for ps pulses at both 1064 nm and 532 nm, resulting from the thermally-induced nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. The versatile ultrafast nonlinear properties imply a huge potential of the layered MoX2 semiconductors in the development of nanophotonic devices, such as mode-lockers, optical limiters, optical switches, etc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21940599','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21940599"><span>Plasma sterol evidence for decreased <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and increased synthesis of cholesterol in insulin resistance and obesity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Paramsothy, Pathmaja; Knopp, Robert H; Kahn, Steven E; Retzlaff, Barbara M; Fish, Brian; Ma, Lina; Ostlund, Richard E</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>The rise in LDL with egg feeding in lean insulin-sensitive (LIS) participants is 2- and 3-fold greater than in lean insulin-resistant (LIR) and obese insulin-resistant (OIR) participants, respectively. We determined whether differences in cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, synthesis, or both could be responsible for these differences by measuring plasma sterols as <span class="hlt">indexes</span> of cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and endogenous synthesis. Plasma sterols were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in a random subset of 34 LIS, 37 LIR, and 37 OIR participants defined by the insulin sensitivity <span class="hlt">index</span> (S(I)) and by BMI criteria selected from a parent group of 197 participants. Cholestanol and plant sterols provide a measure of cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, and lathosterol provides a measure of cholesterol synthesis. The mean (±SD) ratio of plasma total <span class="hlt">absorption</span> biomarker sterols to cholesterol was 4.48 ± 1.74 in LIS, 3.25 ± 1.06 in LIR, and 2.82 ± 1.08 in OIR participants. After adjustment for age and sex, the relations of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> sterol-cholesterol ratios were as follows: LIS > OIR (P < 0.001), LIS > LIR (P < 0.001), and LIR > OIR (P = 0.11). Lathosterol-cholesterol ratios were 0.71 ± 0.32 in the LIS participants, 0.95 ± 0.47 in the LIR participants, and 1.29 ± 0.55 in the OIR participants. After adjustment for age and sex, the relations of lathosterol-cholesterol ratios were as follows: LIS < OIR (P < 0.001), LIS < LIR (P = 0.03), and LIR < OIR (P = 0.002). Total sterol concentrations were positively associated with S(I) and negatively associated with obesity, whereas lathosterol correlations were the opposite. Cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was highest in the LIS participants, whereas cholesterol synthesis was highest in the LIR and OIR participants. Therapeutic diets for hyperlipidemia should emphasize low-cholesterol diets in LIS persons and weight loss to improve S(I) and to decrease cholesterol overproduction in LIR and OIR persons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25785432','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25785432"><span>Isolation of lactic acid bacteria from pao <span class="hlt">cai</span>, a Chinese traditional fermented vegetable, with inhibitory activity against Salmonella associated with fresh-cut apple, using a modelling study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Luo, W; Chen, M; Chen, A; Dong, W; Hou, X; Pu, B</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>To isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from pao <span class="hlt">cai</span>, a Chinese traditional fermented vegetable, with outstanding inhibitory activity against Salmonella inoculated on fresh-cut apple, using a modelling method. Four kinds of pao <span class="hlt">cai</span> were selected. A total of 122 isolates exhibited typical LAB characteristics: Gram-positive and catalase negative, among which 104 (85·24%) colonies showed antibacterial activity against Salmonella by the well diffusion assay. Four colonies showing maximum antibacterial radius against Salmonella were selected to co-inoculate with Salmonella on fresh-cut apple and stored at 10°C, further identified as three strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and one strain of Lactobacillus brevis by 16s rRNA gene sequence analysis. The modified Gompertz model was employed to analyse the growth of the micro-organisms on apple wedges. Two of the four selected strains showed antagonistic activity against Salmonella on fresh-cut apple, one of which, RD1, exhibited best inhibitory activity (Salmonella were greatly inhibited when co-inoculated with RD1 at 10°C at 168 h). No deterioration in odour or appearance of the apple piece was observed by the triangle test when fresh-cut apple was inoculated with RD1. The mathematical modelling method is essential to select LAB with outstanding inhibitory activity against Salmonella associated with fresh-cut apple. LAB RD1 holds promise for the preservation of fresh-cut apple. This study provided a new method on fresh-cut product preservation. Besides, to make the LAB isolating procedure a more correct one, this study first added the mathematical modelling method to the isolating procedure. © 2014 The Society for Applied Microbiology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28158073','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28158073"><span>Investigation of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> repeatability for tantalum pentoxide coatings, prepared by physical vapor film deposition techniques.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stenzel, O; Wilbrandt, S; Wolf, J; Schürmann, M; Kaiser, N; Ristau, D; Ehlers, H; Carstens, F; Schippel, S; Mechold, L; Rauhut, R; Kennedy, M; Bischoff, M; Nowitzki, T; Zöller, A; Hagedorn, H; Reus, H; Hegemann, T; Starke, K; Harhausen, J; Foest, R; Schumacher, J</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Random effects in the repeatability of refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge position of tantalum pentoxide layers prepared by plasma-ion-assisted electron-beam evaporation, ion beam sputtering, and magnetron sputtering are investigated and quantified. Standard deviations in refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> between 4*10<sup>-4</sup> and 4*10<sup>-3</sup> have been obtained. Here, lowest standard deviations in refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> close to our detection threshold could be achieved by both ion beam sputtering and plasma-ion-assisted deposition. In relation to the corresponding mean values, the standard deviations in band-edge position and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> are of similar order.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GeCoA..65..435A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GeCoA..65..435A"><span>Thermal effects on rare earth element and strontium isotope chemistry in single conodont elements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Armstrong, H. A.; Pearson, D. G.; Griselin, M.</p> <p>2001-02-01</p> <p>A low-blank, high sensitivity isotope dilution, ICP-MS analytical technique has been used to obtain REE abundance data from single conodont elements weighing as little as 5 μg. Sr isotopes can also be measured from the column eluants enabling Sr isotope ratios and REE abundance to be determined from the same dissolution. Results are comparable to published analyses comprising tens to hundreds of elements. To study the effects of thermal metamorphism on REE and strontium mobility in conodonts, samples were selected from a single bed adjacent to a basaltic dyke and from the internationally used colour alteration <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) "standard set." Our analyses span the range of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> 1 to 8. Homogeneous REE patterns, "bell-shaped" shale-normalised REE patterns are observed across the range of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> 1 to 6 in both sample sets. This pattern is interpreted as the result of adsorption during early diagenesis and could reflect original seawater chemistry. Above <span class="hlt">CAI</span> 6 REE patterns become less predictable and perturbations from the typical REE pattern are likely to be due to the onset of apatite recrystallisation. Samples outside the contact aureole of the dyke have a mean 87Sr/ 86Sr ratio of 0.708165, within the broad range of published mid-Carboniferous seawater values. Our analysis indicates conodonts up to <span class="hlt">CAI</span> 6 record primary geochemical signals that may be a proxy for ancient seawater.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950037251&hterms=Six+Sigma&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DSix%2BSigma','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950037251&hterms=Six+Sigma&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DSix%2BSigma"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> in X-ray spectra of high-redshift quasars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Elvis, Martin; Fiore, Fabrizio; Wilkes, Belinda; Mcdowell, Jonathan; Bechtold, Jill</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>We present evidence that X-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is common in high-redshift quasars. We have studied six high-redshift (z approximately 3) quasars with the ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter (PSPC) of which four are in directions of low Galactic N(sub H). Three out of these four show excess <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, while only three in approximately 50 z approximately less than 0.4 quasars do, indicating that such <span class="hlt">absorption</span> must be common, but not ubiquitous, at high redshifts, and that the absorbers must lie at z greater than 0.4. The six quasars were: S5 0014+81, Q0420-388, PKS 0438-436, S4 0636+680. PKS 2000-330, PKS 2126-158, which have redshifts between 2.85 and 3.78. PKS 0438-436 and PKS 2126-158 show evidence for <span class="hlt">absorption</span> above the local Galactic value at better than 99.999% confidence level. If the absorber is at the redshift of the quasar, then values of N(sub H) = (0.86(+0.49, -0.28)) x 10(exp 22) atoms/sq cm for PKS 0438-436, and N(sub H) = (1.45(+1.20, -0.64)) x 10(exp 22) atoms/ sq cm for PKS 2126-158, are implied, assuming solar abundances. The spectrum of S4 0636+680 also suggests the presence of a similarly large <span class="hlt">absorption</span> column density at the 98% confidence level. This <span class="hlt">absorption</span> reverses the trend for the most luminous active galactic nuclei (AGN) to have the least X-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, so a new mechanism is likely to be responsible. Intervening <span class="hlt">absorption</span> due to damped Lyman(alpha) systems is a plausible cause. We also suggest, as an intrinsic model, that intracluster material, e.g., a cooling flow, around the quasar could account for both the X-ray spectrum and other properties of these quasars. All the quasars are radio-loud and three are gigahertz peaked (two of the three showing <span class="hlt">absorption</span>). No excess <span class="hlt">absorption</span> above the Galactic value is seen toward Q0420-388. This quasar has two damped Lyman(alpha) systems at z = 3.08. The limit on the X-ray column density implies a low ionization fraction, N(H I)/N(H) approximately greater than 4 x 10(exp -3) (3</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5965..499T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5965..499T"><span>Application of the laser induced deflection (LID) technique for low <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurements in bulk materials and coatings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Triebel, W.; Mühlig, C.; Kufert, S.</p> <p>2005-10-01</p> <p>Precise <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurements of bulk materials and coatings upon pulsed ArF laser irradiation are presented using a compact experimental setup based on the laser induced deflection technique (LID). For <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurements of bulk materials the influence of pure bulk and pure surface <span class="hlt">absorption</span> on the temperature and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> profile and thus for the probe beam deflection is analyzed in detail. The separation of bulk and surface <span class="hlt">absorption</span> via the commonly used variation of the sample thickness is carried out for fused silica and calcium fluoride. The experimental results show that for the given surface polishing quality the bulk <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of fused silica can be obtained by investigating only one sample. To avoid the drawback of different bulk and surface properties amongst a thickness series, we propose a strategy based on the LID technique to generally obtain surface and bulk <span class="hlt">absorption</span> separately by investigating only one sample. Apart from measuring bulk <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients the LID technique is applied to determine the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of highly reflecting (HR) coatings on CaF2 substrates. Beside the measuring strategy the experimental results of a AlF3/LaF3 based HR coating are presented. In order to investigate a larger variety of coatings, including high transmitting coatings, a general measuring strategy based on the LID technique is proposed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/al1051.photos.046686p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/al1051.photos.046686p/"><span>69. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE <span class="hlt">ABSORPTION</span> TOWER BUILDING, <span class="hlt">ABSORPTION</span> TOWER ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>69. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE <span class="hlt">ABSORPTION</span> TOWER BUILDING, <span class="hlt">ABSORPTION</span> TOWER UNDER CONSTRUCTION. (DATE UNKNOWN). - United States Nitrate Plant No. 2, Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals, Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, AL</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4317663','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4317663"><span>A Major Controversy in Codon-Anticodon Adaptation Resolved by a New Codon Usage <span class="hlt">Index</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Xia, Xuhua</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Two alternative hypotheses attribute different benefits to codon-anticodon adaptation. The first assumes that protein production is rate limited by both initiation and elongation and that codon-anticodon adaptation would result in higher elongation efficiency and more efficient and accurate protein production, especially for highly expressed genes. The second claims that protein production is rate limited only by initiation efficiency but that improved codon adaptation and, consequently, increased elongation efficiency have the benefit of increasing ribosomal availability for global translation. To test these hypotheses, a recent study engineered a synthetic library of 154 genes, all encoding the same protein but differing in degrees of codon adaptation, to quantify the effect of differential codon adaptation on protein production in Escherichia coli. The surprising conclusion that “codon bias did not correlate with gene expression” and that “translation initiation, not elongation, is rate-limiting for gene expression” contradicts the conclusion reached by many other empirical studies. In this paper, I resolve the contradiction by reanalyzing the data from the 154 sequences. I demonstrate that translation elongation accounts for about 17% of total variation in protein production and that the previous conclusion is due to the use of a codon adaptation <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) that does not account for the mutation bias in characterizing codon adaptation. The effect of translation elongation becomes undetectable only when translation initiation is unrealistically slow. A new <span class="hlt">index</span> of translation elongation ITE is formulated to facilitate studies on the efficiency and evolution of the translation machinery. PMID:25480780</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120012834&hterms=coefficient+determination&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcoefficient%2Bdetermination','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120012834&hterms=coefficient+determination&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcoefficient%2Bdetermination"><span>Determination of Scattering and <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Coefficients for Plasma-Sprayed Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings at Elevated Temperatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Eldridge, Jeffrey I.; Spuckler, Charles M.; Markham, James R.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The temperature dependence of the scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients for a set of freestanding plasma-sprayed 8 wt% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) was determined at temperatures up to 1360 C in a wavelength range from 1.2 micrometers up to the 8YSZ <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge. The scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients were determined by fitting the directional-hemispherical reflectance and transmittance values calculated by a four-flux Kubelka Munk method to the experimentally measured hemispherical-directional reflectance and transmittance values obtained for five 8YSZ thicknesses. The scattering coefficient exhibited a continuous decrease with increasing wavelength and showed no significant temperature dependence. The scattering is primarily attributed to the relatively temperature-insensitive refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> mismatch between the 8YSZ and its internal voids. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient was very low (less than 1 per centimeter) at wavelengths between 2 micrometers and the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge and showed a definite temperature dependence that consisted of a shift of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge to shorter wavelengths and an increase in the weak <span class="hlt">absorption</span> below the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge with increasing temperature. The shift in the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge with temperature is attributed to strongly temperature-dependent multiphonon <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. While TBC hemispherical transmittance beyond the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge can be predicted by a simple exponential decrease with thickness, below the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge, typical TBC thicknesses are well below the thickness range where a simple exponential decrease in hemispherical transmittance with TBC thickness is expected. [Correction added after online publication August 11, 2009: "edge to a shorter wavelengths" has been updated as edge to shorter wavelengths."</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26180349','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26180349"><span>Validity of the lower extremity functional movement screen in patients with chronic ankle instability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Choi, Ho-Suk; Shin, Won-Seob</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to provide evidence of construct validity for the lower extremity functional movement screen (LE-FMS) based on hypothesis testing in patients with chronic ankle instability (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>). [Subjects] The subjects were 20 healthy subjects and 20 patients with <span class="hlt">CAI</span> who had a history of ankle sprain with pain for more than 1 day. [Methods] All participants were measured using the Foot and Ankle Disability <span class="hlt">Index</span> (FADI) and evaluated with the LE-FMS. The screen included the deep squat, the hurdle step (HS) and the in-line lunge (ILL). The symmetry ratios (RS) were accurately measured during the deep squat trial. [Results] Between the two groups, there were significant differences in scores on the LE-FMS, HS, ILL, RS, FADI, and FADI-sport. The FADI was strongly correlated with both LE-FMS score (r=0.807) and ILL score (r=0.896). There was a strong relationship (r=0.818) between LE-FMS score and FADI-sport. [Conclusion] These results suggest that the LE-FMS may be used to detect deficits related to <span class="hlt">CAI</span>. Additionally, this instrument is reliable in detecting functional limitations in patients with <span class="hlt">CAI</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3080717','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3080717"><span>Predictive factors of clinical response in steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis treated with granulocyte-monocyte apheresis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>D'Ovidio, Valeria; Meo, Donatella; Viscido, Angelo; Bresci, Giampaolo; Vernia, Piero; Caprilli, Renzo</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>AIM: To identify factors predicting the clinical response of ulcerative colitis patients to granulocyte-monocyte apheresis (GMA). METHODS: Sixty-nine ulcerative colitis patients (39 F, 30 M) dependent upon/refractory to steroids were treated with GMA. Steroid dependency, clinical activity <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>), C reactive protein (CRP) level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), values at baseline, use of immunosuppressant, duration of disease, and age and extent of disease were considered for statistical analysis as predictive factors of clinical response. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used. RESULTS: In the univariate analysis, <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (P = 0.039) and ESR (P = 0.017) levels at baseline were singled out as predictive of clinical remission. In the multivariate analysis steroid dependency [Odds ratio (OR) = 0.390, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 0.176-0.865, Wald 5.361, P = 0.0160] and low <span class="hlt">CAI</span> levels at baseline (4 < <span class="hlt">CAI</span> < 7) (OR = 0.770, 95% CI: 0.425-1.394, Wald 3.747, P = 0.028) proved to be effective as factors predicting clinical response. CONCLUSION: GMA may be a valid therapeutic option for steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis patients with mild-moderate disease and its clinical efficacy seems to persist for 12 mo. PMID:21528055</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6851071','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6851071"><span>X-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy: EXAFS (Extended X-ray <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Fine Structure) and XANES (X-ray <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Near Edge Structure)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Alp, E.E.; Mini, S.M.; Ramanathan, M.</p> <p>1990-04-01</p> <p>The x-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy (XAS) had been an essential tool to gather spectroscopic information about atomic energy level structure in the early decades of this century. It has also played an important role in the discovery and systematization of rare-earth elements. The discovery of synchrotron radiation in 1952, and later the availability of broadly tunable synchrotron based x-ray sources have revitalized this technique since the 1970's. The correct interpretation of the oscillatory structure in the x-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cross-section above the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge by Sayers et. al. has transformed XAS from a spectroscopic tool to a structural technique. EXAFS (Extended X-raymore » <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Fine Structure) yields information about the interatomic distances, near neighbor coordination numbers, and lattice dynamics. An excellent description of the principles and data analysis techniques of EXAFS is given by Teo. XANES (X-ray <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Near Edge Structure), on the other hand, gives information about the valence state, energy bandwidth and bond angles. Today, there are about 50 experimental stations in various synchrotrons around the world dedicated to collecting x-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> data from the bulk and surfaces of solids and liquids. In this chapter, we will give the basic principles of XAS, explain the information content of essentially two different aspects of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> process leading to EXAFS and XANES, and discuss the source and samples limitations.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900057215&hterms=refractive+index&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Drefractive%2Bindex','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900057215&hterms=refractive+index&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Drefractive%2Bindex"><span>Measurement of the complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and complex dielectric permittivity of T.P.S. Space Shuttle tile materials at millimeter wavelengths</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Afsar, Mohammed Nurul; Chi, Hua; Li, Xiaohui</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and dielectric permittivity studies of presently used Space Shuttle tile materials at millimeter wavelengths reveal these tiles to exhibit similar <span class="hlt">absorption</span> characteristics to those of fused silica materials. This <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is mainly related to the water content in the specimen. A strong birefringence is observed at least in one of these fibrous refractory composite materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....17.5063P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....17.5063P"><span>Relative importance of black carbon, brown carbon, and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> enhancement from clear coatings in biomass burning emissions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pokhrel, Rudra P.; Beamesderfer, Eric R.; Wagner, Nick L.; Langridge, Justin M.; Lack, Daniel A.; Jayarathne, Thilina; Stone, Elizabeth A.; Stockwell, Chelsea E.; Yokelson, Robert J.; Murphy, Shane M.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>A wide range of globally significant biomass fuels were burned during the fourth Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment (FLAME-4). A multi-channel photoacoustic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrometer (PAS) measured dry <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at 405, 532, and 660 nm and thermally denuded (250 °C) <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at 405 and 660 nm. <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> coefficients were broken into contributions from black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC), and lensing following three different methodologies, with one extreme being a method that assumes the thermal denuder effectively removes organics and the other extreme being a method based on the assumption that black carbon (BC) has an Ångström exponent of unity. The methodologies employed provide ranges of potential importance of BrC to <span class="hlt">absorption</span> but, on average, there was a difference of a factor of 2 in the ratio of the fraction of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> attributable to BrC estimated by the two methods. BrC <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at shorter visible wavelengths is of equal or greater importance to that of BC, with maximum contributions of up to 92 % of total aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at 405 nm and up to 58 % of total <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at 532 nm. Lensing is estimated to contribute a maximum of 30 % of total <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, but typically contributes much less than this. <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> enhancements and the estimated fraction of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from BrC show good correlation with the elemental-carbon-to-organic-carbon ratio (EC / OC) of emitted aerosols and weaker correlation with the modified combustion efficiency (MCE). Previous studies have shown that BrC grows darker (larger imaginary refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>) as the ratio of black to organic aerosol (OA) mass increases. This study is consistent with those findings but also demonstrates that the fraction of total <span class="hlt">absorption</span> attributable to BrC shows the opposite trend: increasing as the organic fraction of aerosol emissions increases and the EC / OC ratio decreases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19649048','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19649048"><span>Measurement method for the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of thick solid and liquid layers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Santić, Branko; Gracin, Davor; Juraić, Krunoslav</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>A simple method is proposed for the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> measurement of thick solid and liquid layers. In contrast to interferometric methods, no mirrors are used, and the experimental setup is undemanding and simple. The method is based on the variation of transmission caused by optical interference within the layer as a function of incidence angle. A new equation is derived for the positions of the interference extrema versus incidence angle. Scattering at the surfaces and within the sample, as well as weak <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, do not play important roles. The method is illustrated by the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> measurements of sapphire, window glass, and water.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3192472','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3192472"><span>Plasma sterol evidence for decreased <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and increased synthesis of cholesterol in insulin resistance and obesity1234</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Knopp, Robert H; Kahn, Steven E; Retzlaff, Barbara M; Fish, Brian; Ma, Lina; Ostlund, Richard E</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Background: The rise in LDL with egg feeding in lean insulin-sensitive (LIS) participants is 2- and 3-fold greater than in lean insulin-resistant (LIR) and obese insulin-resistant (OIR) participants, respectively. Objective: We determined whether differences in cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, synthesis, or both could be responsible for these differences by measuring plasma sterols as <span class="hlt">indexes</span> of cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and endogenous synthesis. Design: Plasma sterols were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in a random subset of 34 LIS, 37 LIR, and 37 OIR participants defined by the insulin sensitivity <span class="hlt">index</span> (SI) and by BMI criteria selected from a parent group of 197 participants. Cholestanol and plant sterols provide a measure of cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, and lathosterol provides a measure of cholesterol synthesis. Results: The mean (±SD) ratio of plasma total <span class="hlt">absorption</span> biomarker sterols to cholesterol was 4.48 ± 1.74 in LIS, 3.25 ± 1.06 in LIR, and 2.82 ± 1.08 in OIR participants. After adjustment for age and sex, the relations of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> sterol–cholesterol ratios were as follows: LIS > OIR (P < 0.001), LIS > LIR (P < 0.001), and LIR > OIR (P = 0.11). Lathosterol-cholesterol ratios were 0.71 ± 0.32 in the LIS participants, 0.95 ± 0.47 in the LIR participants, and 1.29 ± 0.55 in the OIR participants. After adjustment for age and sex, the relations of lathosterol-cholesterol ratios were as follows: LIS < OIR (P < 0.001), LIS < LIR (P = 0.03), and LIR < OIR (P = 0.002). Total sterol concentrations were positively associated with SI and negatively associated with obesity, whereas lathosterol correlations were the opposite. Conclusions: Cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was highest in the LIS participants, whereas cholesterol synthesis was highest in the LIR and OIR participants. Therapeutic diets for hyperlipidemia should emphasize low-cholesterol diets in LIS persons and weight loss to improve SI and to decrease cholesterol overproduction in LIR and OIR</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Icar..304...31D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Icar..304...31D"><span>New polarimetric and spectroscopic evidence of anomalous enrichment in spinel-bearing calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions among L-type asteroids</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Devogèle, M.; Tanga, P.; Cellino, A.; Bendjoya, Ph.; Rivet, J.-P.; Surdej, J.; Vernet, D.; Sunshine, J. M.; Bus, S. J.; Abe, L.; Bagnulo, S.; Borisov, G.; Campins, H.; Carry, B.; Licandro, J.; McLean, W.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Asteroids can be classified into several groups based on their spectral reflectance. Among these groups, the one belonging to the L-class in the taxonomic classification based on visible and near-infrared spectra exhibit several peculiar properties. First, their near-infrared spectrum is characterized by a strong <span class="hlt">absorption</span> band interpreted as the diagnostic of a high content of the FeO bearing spinel mineral. This mineral is one of the main constituents of Calcium-Aluminum-rich Inclusions (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) the oldest mineral compounds found in the solar system. In polarimetry, they possess an uncommonly large value of the inversion angle incompatible with all known asteroid belonging to other taxonomical classes. Asteroids found to possess such a high inversion angle are commonly called Barbarians based on the first asteroid on which this property was first identified, (234) Barbara. In this paper we present the results of an extensive campaign of polarimetric and spectroscopic observations of L-class objects. We have derived phase-polarization curves for a sample of 7 Barbarians, finding a variety of inversion angles ranging between 25 and 30°. Spectral reflectance data exhibit variations in terms of spectral slope and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> features in the near-infrared. We analyzed these data using a Hapke model to obtain some inferences about the relative abundance of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and other mineral compounds. By combining spectroscopic and polarimetric results, we find evidence that the polarimetric inversion angle is directly correlated with the presence of <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, and the peculiar polarimetric properties of Barbarians are primarily a consequence of their anomalous composition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOpt...20e5503M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOpt...20e5503M"><span>Optical Kerr effect and two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in monolayer black phosphorus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Margulis, Vl A.; Muryumin, E. E.; Gaiduk, E. A.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>A theoretical treatment of nonlinear refraction and two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is presented for a novel two-dimensional material, monolayer black phosphorus (or phosphorene), irradiated by a normally incident and linearly polarized coherent laser beam of frequency ω. It is found that both the nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> n 2(ω) and the two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient α 2(ω) of phosphorene depend upon the polarization of the radiation field relative to phosphorene’s crystallographic axes. For the two principal polarization directions considered—viz, the armchair ({ \\mathcal A }{ \\mathcal C }) and zigzag ({ \\mathcal Z }{ \\mathcal Z }), the calculated values of n 2 and α 2 are distinguished by the order of their magnitude, with the n 2 and α 2 values being greater for the { \\mathcal A }{ \\mathcal C } direction. Furthermore, for almost all the incident photon energies below the fundamental <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge, except its neighborhood, the signs of n 2 as well as α 2 for the { \\mathcal A }{ \\mathcal C } and { \\mathcal Z }{ \\mathcal Z } polarization directions are opposed to each other. Also, for both the directions, the change of sign of n 2 is predicted to occur in the way between the two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge and the fundamental <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge, as well as in the near vicinity of the latter, where the Kerr nonlinearity has a pronounced resonant character and the magnitude of n 2 for the { \\mathcal A }{ \\mathcal C } and { \\mathcal Z }{ \\mathcal Z } polarization directions reaches its largest positive values of the order of 10‑9 and 10‑10 cm2 W‑1, respectively. The implications of the findings for practical all-optical switching applications are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22165226','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22165226"><span>[Dynamics of quickly <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the carbon source in wastewater by activated sludge].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Hong-Bo; Wen, Xiang-Hua; Zhao, Fang</p> <p>2011-09-01</p> <p>In this paper, <span class="hlt">absorption</span> characteristics of organic matter in municipal wastewater by three kinds of activated sludge (carbon-enriching, nitrification and denitrification sludge) were studied, and the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> kinetic data was checked using three kinds of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> kinetic equations based on Ritchie rate equation. The objectives of this study were to investigate the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> mechanism of activated sludge to organic matter in municipal wastewater, and to identify the possibility of reclaiming organic matter by activated sludge. Results indicated that in the early 30 min, <span class="hlt">absorption</span> process of organic matter by activated sludge was found to be mainly physical adsorption, which could be expressed by the Lagergren single-layer adsorption model. The carbon-enriching sludge had the highest adsorption capacity (COD/SS) which was 60 mg/g but the adsorption rate was lower than that of denitrification sludge. While nitrification sludge had the lowest adsorption rate and higher adsorption capacity compared with denitrification sludge, which was about 35 mg/g. The rates of the fitting <span class="hlt">index</span> theta(0) of carbon-enriching, nitrification and denitrification sludge were 0.284, 0.777 and 0.923, respectively, which indicated that the sorbed organic matter on the surface of carbon-enriching sludge was the easiest fraction to be washed away. That is, the combination intensity of carbon-enriching sludge and organic matter was the feeblest, which was convenient for carbon-enriching sludge to release sorbed carbon. Furthermore, by fitting with Langmuir model, concentration of organic matter was found to be the key parameter influencing the adsorption capacity of activated sludge, while the influence of temperature was not obvious. The kinetic law of organic matter <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by activated sludge was developed, which introduces a way to kinetically analyze the removing mechanism of pollutant by activated sludge and provides theoretical base for the reclaiming of nutriments in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23829271','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23829271"><span>Genomic adaptation of the ISA virus to Salmo salar codon usage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tello, Mario; Vergara, Francisco; Spencer, Eugenio</p> <p>2013-07-05</p> <p>The ISA virus (ISAV) is an Orthomyxovirus whose genome encodes for at least 10 proteins. Low protein identity and lack of genetic tools have hampered the study of the molecular mechanism behind its virulence. It has been shown that viral codon usage controls several processes such as translational efficiency, folding, tuning of protein expression, antigenicity and virulence. Despite this, the possible role that adaptation to host codon usage plays in virulence and viral evolution has not been studied in ISAV. Intergenomic adaptation between viral and host genomes was calculated using the codon adaptation <span class="hlt">index</span> score with EMBOSS software and the Kazusa database. Classification of host genes according to GeneOnthology was performed using Blast2go. A non parametric test was applied to determine the presence of significant correlations among <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, mortality and time. Using the codon adaptation <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) score, we found that the encoding genes for nucleoprotein, matrix protein M1 and antagonist of Interferon I signaling (NS1) are the ISAV genes that are more adapted to host codon usage, in agreement with their requirement for production of viral particles and inactivation of antiviral responses. Comparison to host genes showed that ISAV shares <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values with less than 0.45% of Salmo salar genes. GeneOntology classification of host genes showed that ISAV genes share <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values with genes from less than 3% of the host biological process, far from the 14% shown by Influenza A viruses and closer to the 5% shown by Influenza B and C. As well, we identified a positive correlation (p<0.05) between <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values of a virus and the duration of the outbreak disease in given salmon farms, as well as a weak relationship between codon adaptation values of PB1 and the mortality rates of a set of ISA viruses. Our analysis shows that ISAV is the least adapted viral Salmo salar pathogen and Orthomyxovirus family member less adapted to host codon usage, avoiding the general behavior of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016OptMa..54..252J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016OptMa..54..252J"><span>Reverse saturable <span class="hlt">absorption</span> studies in polymerized indole - Effect of polymerization in the phenomenal enhancement of third order optical nonlinearity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jayakrishnan, K.; Joseph, Antony; Bhattathiripad, Jayakrishnan; Ramesan, M. T.; Chandrasekharan, K.; Siji Narendran, N. K.</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>We report our results on the identification of large order enhancement in nonlinear optical coefficients of polymerized indole and its comparative study with reference to its monomer counterpart. Indole monomer shows virtually little third order effects whereas its polymerized version exhibits phenomenal increase in its third order nonlinear optical parameters such as nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Open aperture Z-scan trace of polyindole done with Q-switched Nd:YAG laser source (532 nm, 7 ns), shows β value as high as 89 cm/GW at a beam energy of 0.83 GW/cm2. Closed aperture Z-scan done at identical energies reveals nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the order of -3.55 × 10-17 m2/W. Band gap measurement of polyindole was done with UV-Vis <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra and compared with that of Indole. FTIR spectra of the monomer and polymerized versions were recorded and relevant bond formations were confirmed from the characteristic peaks. Photo luminescent spectra were investigated to know the emission features of both molecules. Beam energy (I0) versus nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient (β) plot indicates reverse saturable type of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> behaviour in polyindole molecules. Degenerate Four Wave Mixing (DFWM) plot of polyindole reveals quite a cubic dependence between probe and phase conjugate signal and the resulting χ(3) is comparable with Z-scan results. Optical limiting efficiency of polyindole is comparable with certain derivatives of porphyrins, phthalocyanines and graphene oxides.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120016085','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120016085"><span>Retrieval of Aerosol <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Properties from Satellite Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Torres, Omar; Bhartia, Pawan K.; Jethva, H.; Ahn, Chang-Woo</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The Angstrom <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Exponent (AAE) is a parameter commonly used to characterize the wavelength-dependence of aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> optical depth (AAOD). It is closely related to aerosol composition. Black carbon (BC) containing aerosols yield AAE values near unity whereas Organic carbon (OC) aerosol particles are associated with values larger than 2. Even larger AAE values have been reported for desert dust aerosol particles. Knowledge of spectral AAOD is necessary for the calculation of direct radiative forcing effect of aerosols and for inferring aerosol composition. We have developed a satellitebased method of determining the spectral AAOD of absorbing aerosols. The technique uses multi-spectral measurements of upwelling radiation from scenes where absorbing aerosols lie above clouds as indicated by the UV Aerosol <span class="hlt">Index</span>. For those conditions, the satellite measurement can be explained, using an approximations of Beer's Law (BL), as the upwelling reflectance at the cloud top attenuated by the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> effects of the overlying aerosol layer. The upwelling reflectance at the cloud-top in an aerosol-free atmospheric column is mainly a function of cloud optical depth (COD). In the proposed method of AAE derivation, the first step is determining COD which is retrieved using a previously developed color-ratio based approach. In the second step, corrections for molecular scattering effects are applied to both the observed ad the calculated cloud reflectance terms, and the spectral AAOD is then derived by an inversion of the BL approximation. The proposed technique will be discussed in detail and application results making use of OMI multi-spectral measurements in the UV-Vis. will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21017258-new-analytical-technique-carbon-dioxide-absorption-solvents','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21017258-new-analytical-technique-carbon-dioxide-absorption-solvents"><span>New analytical technique for carbon dioxide <span class="hlt">absorption</span> solvents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Pouryousefi, F.; Idem, R.O.</p> <p>2008-02-15</p> <p>The densities and refractive indices of two binary systems (water + MEA and water + MDEA) and three ternary systems (water + MEA + CO{sub 2}, water + MDEA + CO{sub 2}, and water + MEA + MDEA) used for carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) capture were measured over the range of compositions of the aqueous alkanolamine(s) used for CO{sub 2} <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at temperatures from 295 to 338 K. Experimental densities were modeled empirically, while the experimental refractive indices were modeled using well-established models from the known values of their pure-component densities and refractive indices. The density and Gladstone-Dale refractive indexmore » models were then used to obtain the compositions of unknown samples of the binary and ternary systems by simultaneous solution of the density and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> equations. The results from this technique have been compared with HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) results, while a third independent technique (acid-base titration) was used to verify the results. The results show that the systems' compositions obtained from the simple and easy-to-use refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>/density technique were very comparable to the expensive and laborious HPLC/titration techniques, suggesting that the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>/density technique can be used to replace existing methods for analysis of fresh or nondegraded, CO{sub 2}-loaded, single and mixed alkanolamine solutions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29099740','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29099740"><span>Plasmonic Waveguide Coupled Ring Cavity for a Non-Resonant Type Refractive <span class="hlt">Index</span> Sensor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kwon, Soon-Hong</p> <p>2017-11-03</p> <p>Sensitive refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensors with small footprints have been studied to allow the integration of a large number of sensors into a tiny chip for bio/chemical applications. In particular, resonant-type <span class="hlt">index</span> sensors based on various micro/nanocavities, which use a resonant wavelength dependence on the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the analyte, have been developed. However, the spectral linewidth of the resonance, which becomes the resolution limit, is considerably large in plasmonic cavities due to the large <span class="hlt">absorption</span> loss of metals. Therefore, there is demand for a new type of plasmonic refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensor that is not limited by the linewidth of the cavity. We propose a new type of plasmonic <span class="hlt">index</span> sensors consisting of a channel waveguide and a ring cavity. Two emissions from the ring cavity in both directions of the waveguide couple with a reflection phase difference depending on the length of a closed right arm with a reflecting boundary. Therefore, the output power dramatically and sensitively changes as a function of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the analyte filling the waveguide.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5713189','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5713189"><span>Plasmonic Waveguide Coupled Ring Cavity for a Non-Resonant Type Refractive <span class="hlt">Index</span> Sensor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kwon, Soon-Hong</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Sensitive refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensors with small footprints have been studied to allow the integration of a large number of sensors into a tiny chip for bio/chemical applications. In particular, resonant-type <span class="hlt">index</span> sensors based on various micro/nanocavities, which use a resonant wavelength dependence on the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the analyte, have been developed. However, the spectral linewidth of the resonance, which becomes the resolution limit, is considerably large in plasmonic cavities due to the large <span class="hlt">absorption</span> loss of metals. Therefore, there is demand for a new type of plasmonic refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensor that is not limited by the linewidth of the cavity. We propose a new type of plasmonic <span class="hlt">index</span> sensors consisting of a channel waveguide and a ring cavity. Two emissions from the ring cavity in both directions of the waveguide couple with a reflection phase difference depending on the length of a closed right arm with a reflecting boundary. Therefore, the output power dramatically and sensitively changes as a function of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the analyte filling the waveguide. PMID:29099740</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020050917&hterms=pollution+light&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dpollution%2Blight','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020050917&hterms=pollution+light&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dpollution%2Blight"><span>Light <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> of Stratospheric Aerosols: Long-Term Trend and Contribution by Aircraft</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pueschel , R. F.; Gore, Waren J. Y. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Measurements of aerosol light-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients are useful for studies of radiative transfer and heating rates. Ogren appears to have published the first light- <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients in the stratosphere in 1981, followed by Clarke in 1983 and Pueschel in 1992. Because most stratospheric soot appears to be due to aircraft operations, application of an aircraft soot aerosol emission <span class="hlt">index</span> to projected fuel consumption suggests a threefold increase of soot loading and light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by 2025. Together, those four data sets indicate an increase in mid-visible light extinction at a rate of 6 % per year. This trend is similar to the increase per year of sulfuric acid aerosol and of commercial fleet size. The proportionality between stepped-up aircraft operations above the tropopause and increases in stratospheric soot and sulfuric acid aerosol implicate aircraft as a source of stratospheric pollution. Because the strongly light-absorbing soot and the predominantly light-scattering sulfuric acid aerosol increase at similar rates, however, the mid-visible stratospheric aerosol single scatter albedo is expected to remain constant and not approach a critical value of 0.98 at which stratospheric cooling could change to warming.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22781235','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22781235"><span>Concentration measurement of NO using self-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy of the γ band system in a pulsed corona discharge.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhai, Xiaodong; Ding, Yanjun; Peng, Zhimin; Luo, Rui</p> <p>2012-07-10</p> <p>Nitric oxide (NO) concentrations were measured using the γ band system spectrum based on the strong self-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> effect of NO in pulsed corona discharges. The radiative transitional intensities of the NO γ band were simulated based on the theory of molecular spectroscopy. The intensities of some bands, especially γ(0,0) and γ(1,0), are weakened by the self-<span class="hlt">absorption</span>. The correlations between the spectral self-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> intensities and NO concentration were validated using a modified Beer-Lambert law with a combined factor K relating the branching ratio and the NO concentration, and a nonlinear <span class="hlt">index</span> α that is applicable to the broadband system. Optical emissive spectra in pulsed corona discharges in NO and N2/He mixtures were used to evaluate the two parameters for various conditions. Good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results verifies the self-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> behavior seen in the UV spectra of the NO γ bands.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23050709','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23050709"><span>Relationship between mechanical ankle joint laxity and subjective function.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hubbard-Turner, Tricia</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>An increase in ankle joint laxity has been reported in patients with chronic ankle instability (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>). However, it is not known if this increase in joint laxity is responsible for the subjective level of functional deficits also reported in these patients. One hundred twenty subjects with unilateral <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (55 males, 65 females; age, 20.6 ± 1.5 years; mass, 74.5 ± 13.6 kg; height, 174.2 ± 9.7 cm) participated in the study. Mechanical joint stability was measured with an instrumented ankle arthrometer. The arthrometer measured ankle joint motion for anterior/posterior translation and inversion/eversion angular displacement. Subjective level of function was assessed with the foot and ankle disability <span class="hlt">index</span> (FADI) and foot and ankle disability <span class="hlt">index</span> sport (FADIS). Bivariate correlations using Pearson Product Moments were made between all dependent variables taken on the unstable ankles. The strongest relationship was between anterior laxity and the FADIS (r = -0.88, p < 0.0001). As scores on the FADIS decreased, anterior laxity increased. Similar significant results were reported for anterior laxity and the FADI (r = -0.65, p = 0.013), as well as inversion laxity and the FADI (r = -0.53, p = 0.017) and FADIS (r = -0.45, p = 0.013). These data demonstrate that there appears to be a relationship between anterior and inversion ankle laxity and subjective function in those with <span class="hlt">CAI</span>. Although numerous insufficiencies develop after an ankle sprain, increased laxity may cause some of the subjective functional deficits reported in those with <span class="hlt">CAI</span>. Strategies to prevent increased laxity following ankle sprain may improve the patient's subjective level of function.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AcSpA..89..238M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AcSpA..89..238M"><span>Synthesis and evaluation of changes induced by solvent and substituent in electronic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of some azo disperse dyes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mohammadi, Asadollah; Yazdanbakhsh, Mohammad Reza; Farahnak, Lahya</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Five azo disperse dyes were prepared by diazotizing 4'-aminoacetophenone and p-anisidine and coupling with varies N-alkylated aromatic amines. Characterization of the dyes was carried out by using UV-vis, FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. The electronic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of dyes are determined at room temperature in fifteen solvents with different polarities. The solvent dependent maximum <span class="hlt">absorption</span> band shifts, were investigated using dielectric constant (ɛ), refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> (n) and Kamlet-Taft polarity parameters (hydrogen bond donating ability (α), hydrogen bond accepting ability (β) and dipolarity/polarizability polarity scale (π*)). Acceptable agreement was found between the maximum <span class="hlt">absorption</span> band of dyes and solvent polarity parameters especially with π*. The effect of substituents of coupler and/or diazo component on the color of dyes was investigated. The effects of acid and base on the visible <span class="hlt">absorption</span> maxima of the dyes are also reported.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptMa..75..230H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptMa..75..230H"><span>Two-dimensional interferometric characterization of laser-induced refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> profiles in bulk Topas polymer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hessler, Steffen; Rosenberger, Manuel; Schmauss, Bernhard; Hellmann, Ralf</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>In this paper we precisely determine laser-induced refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> profiles created in cyclic olefin copolymer Topas 6017 employing a sophisticated phase shifting Mach-Zehnder interferometry approach. Beyond the usual one-dimensional modification depth measurement we highlight that for straight waveguide structures also a two-dimensional refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> distribution can be directly obtained providing full information of a waveguide's exact cross section and its gradient refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> contrast. Deployed as direct data input in optical waveguide simulation, the evaluated 2D refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> profiles permit a detailed calculation of the waveguides' actual mode profiles. Furthermore, conventional one-dimensional interferometric measurements for refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> depth profiles with varying total imposed laser fluence of a 248 nm KrF excimer laser are included to investigate the effect on refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> modification depth. Maximum surface refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> increase turns out to attain up to 1.86 ·10-3 enabling laser-written optical waveguide channels. Additionally, a comprehensive optical material characterization in terms of dispersion, thermo-optic coefficient and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurement of unmodified and UV-modified Topas 6017 is carried out.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22661271-gammagamma-absorption-ray-binary-system-psr-b1259-ls','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22661271-gammagamma-absorption-ray-binary-system-psr-b1259-ls"><span>Gamma–Gamma <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> in the γ-ray Binary System PSR B1259-63/LS 2883</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sushch, Iurii; Van Soelen, Brian, E-mail: iurii.sushch@desy.de, E-mail: vansoelenb@ufs.ac.za</p> <p>2017-03-10</p> <p>The observed TeV light curve from the γ -ray binary PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 shows a decrease in the flux at periastron that has not been fully explained by emission mechanisms alone. This observed decrease can, however, be explained by γγ <span class="hlt">absorption</span> due to the stellar and disk photons. We calculate the γγ <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 taking into account photons from both the circumstellar disk and star, assuming that the γ -rays originate at the position of the pulsar. The γγ <span class="hlt">absorption</span> due to the circumstellar disk photons produces a ≈14% decrease in the flux, and there is amore » total decrease of ≈52% (>1 TeV) within a few days before periastron, accompanied by a hardening of the γ -ray photon <span class="hlt">index</span>. While the γγ <span class="hlt">absorption</span> alone is not sufficient to explain the full complexity of the H.E.S.S. γ -ray light curve, it results in a significant decrease in the predicted flux, which is coincident with the observed decrease. In addition, we have calculated an upper limit on the γγ <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, assuming that the emission is produced at the apex of the bow shock. Future observations with CTA during the 2021 periastron passage may be able to confine the location of the emission based on the degree of γγ <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, as well as measure the hardening of the spectrum around periastron.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27294888','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27294888"><span>Simultaneous Chemical and Refractive <span class="hlt">Index</span> Sensing in the 1-2.5 μm Near-Infrared Wavelength Range on Nanoporous Gold Disks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shih, Wei-Chuan; Santos, Greggy M; Zhao, Fusheng; Zenasni, Oussama; Arnob, Md Masud Parvez</p> <p>2016-07-13</p> <p>Near-infrared (NIR) <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy provides molecular and chemical information based on overtones and combination bands of the fundamental vibrational modes in the infrared wavelengths. However, the sensitivity of NIR <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurement is limited by the generally weak <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and the relatively poor detector performance compared to other wavelength ranges. To overcome these barriers, we have developed a novel technique to simultaneously obtain chemical and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> sensing in 1-2.5 μm NIR wavelength range on nanoporous gold (NPG) disks, which feature high-density plasmonic hot-spots of localized electric field enhancement. For the first time, surface-enhanced near-infrared <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (SENIRA) spectroscopy has been demonstrated for high sensitivity chemical detection. With a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of octadecanethiol (ODT), an enhancement factor (EF) of up to ∼10(4) has been demonstrated for the first C-H combination band at 2400 nm using NPG disk with 600 nm diameter. Together with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) extinction spectroscopy, simultaneous sensing of sample refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> has been achieved for the first time. The performance of this technique has been evaluated using various hydrocarbon compounds and crude oil samples.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AcSpA.131..455R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AcSpA.131..455R"><span>Aprotic solvents effect on the UV-visible <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of bixin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rahmalia, Winda; Fabre, Jean-François; Usman, Thamrin; Mouloungui, Zéphirin</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>We describe here the effects of aprotic solvents on the spectroscopic characteristics of bixin. Bixin was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, dimethyl carbonate, cyclohexane and hexane, separately, and its spectra in the resulting solutions were determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry at normal pressure and room temperature. We analyzed the effect of aprotic solvents on λmax according to Onsager cavity model and Hansen theory, and determined the approximate <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient with the Beer-Lambert law. We found that the UV-visible <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of bixin were found to be solvent dependent. The S0 → S2 transition energy of bixin in solution was dependent principally on the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the solvents and the bixin-solvent dispersion interaction. There was a small influence of the solvents dielectric constant, permanent dipole interaction and hydrogen bonding occurred between bixin and solvents. The absorbance of bixin in various solvents, with the exception of hexane, increased linearly with concentration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PhDT........55B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PhDT........55B"><span>Optical <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> in Liquid Semiconductors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bell, Florian Gene</p> <p></p> <p>An infrared <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cell has been developed which is suitable for high temperature liquids which have <span class="hlt">absorptions</span> in the range .1-10('3) cm('-1). The cell is constructed by clamping a gasket between two flat optical windows. This unique design allows the use of any optical windows chemically compatible with the liquid. The long -wavelength limit of the measurements is therefore limited only by the choice of the optical windows. The thickness of the cell can easily be set during assembly, and can be varied from 50 (mu)m to .5 cm. Measurements of the optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge were performed on the liquid alloy Se(,1-x)Tl(,x) for x = 0, .001, .002, .003, .005, .007, and .009, from the melting point up to 475(DEGREES)C. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was found to be exponential in the photon energy over the experimental range from 0.3 eV to 1.2 eV. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> increased linearly with concentration according to the empirical relation (alpha)(,T)(h(nu)) = (alpha)(,1) + (alpha)(,2)x, and the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (alpha)(,1) was interpreted as the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the absence of T1. (alpha)(,1) also agreed with the measured <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in 100% Se at corresponding temperatures and energies. The excess <span class="hlt">absorption</span> defined by (DELTA)(alpha) = (alpha)(,T)(h(nu))-(alpha)(,1) was interpreted as the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> associated with Tl and was found to be thermally activated with an activation energy E(,t) = 0.5 eV. The exponential edge is explained as <span class="hlt">absorption</span> on atoms immersed in strong electric fields surrounding ions. The strong fields give rise to an <span class="hlt">absorption</span> tail similar to the Franz-Keldysh effect. A simple calculation is performed which is based on the Dow-Redfield theory of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in an electric field with excitonic effects included. The excess <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at low photon energies is proportional to the square of the concentration of ions, which are proposed to exist in the liquid according to the relation C(,i) (PROPORTIONAL) x(' 1/2)(.)e('-E)t('/kT), which is the origin of the thermal activation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2670211','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2670211"><span>The great contribution: <span class="hlt">Index</span> Medicus, <span class="hlt">Index</span>-Catalogue, and <span class="hlt">Index</span>Cat</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Greenberg, Stephen J.; Gallagher, Patricia E.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Objective: The systematic <span class="hlt">indexing</span> of medical literature by the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office (now the National Library of Medicine) has been called “America's greatest contribution to medical knowledge.” In the 1870s, the library launched two <span class="hlt">indexes</span>: the <span class="hlt">Index</span> Medicus and the <span class="hlt">Index</span>-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office. <span class="hlt">Index</span> Medicus is better remembered today as the forerunner of MEDLINE, but <span class="hlt">Index</span> Medicus began as the junior partner of what the library saw as its major publication, the <span class="hlt">Index</span>-Catalogue. However, the <span class="hlt">Index</span>-Catalogue had been largely overlooked by many medical librarians until 2004, when the National Library of Medicine released <span class="hlt">Index</span>Cat, the online version of <span class="hlt">Index</span>-Catalogue. Access to this huge amount of material raised new questions: What was the coverage of the <span class="hlt">Index</span>-Catalogue? How did it compare and overlap with the <span class="hlt">Index</span> Medicus? Method: Over 1,000 randomly generated <span class="hlt">Index</span> Medicus citations were cross-referenced in <span class="hlt">Index</span>Cat. Results: Inclusion, form, content, authority control, and subject headings were evaluated, revealing that the relationship between the two publications was neither simple nor static through time. In addition, the authors found interesting anomalies that shed light on how medical literature was selected and <span class="hlt">indexed</span> in “America's greatest contribution to medical knowledge.” PMID:19404501</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21440454-negative-refraction-low-absorption-using-raman-transitions-magnetoelectric-coupling','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21440454-negative-refraction-low-absorption-using-raman-transitions-magnetoelectric-coupling"><span>Negative refraction with low <span class="hlt">absorption</span> using Raman transitions with magnetoelectric coupling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sikes, D. E.; Yavuz, D. D.</p> <p>2010-07-15</p> <p>We suggest a scheme for obtaining negative refraction that does not require the simultaneous presence of an electric-dipole and a magnetic-dipole transition near the same transition frequency. The key idea of the scheme is to obtain a strong electric response by using far-off-resonant Raman transitions. We propose to use a pair of electric-dipole Raman transitions and utilize magneto-electric cross coupling to achieve a negative <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction without requiring negative permeability. The interference of the two Raman transitions allows tunable negative refraction with low <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26193150','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26193150"><span>Real part of refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> measurement approach for absorbing liquid.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Hao; Ye, Junwei; Yang, Kecheng; Xia, Min; Guo, Wenping; Li, Wei</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>An algorithm based on use of a reflected refractometer to measure the real part of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> (RI) for an absorbing liquid is presented. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of liquid will blur the division between bright and dark regions on a Fresnel reflective curve. However, the reflective ratio at some incident angles that are less than the critical angle have little sensitivity to absorbability. Unlike common methods that extract RI from reflectivity in critical angle vicinity, the presented method acquires the real RI from reflective ratio at a subcritical angle. Supported by the theoretical analysis and experimental results on a reflected refractometer, we have achieved accuracy better than 3×10(-4) RIU on ink samples with <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient around 300  cm(-1). Additional tests on Alizarin yellow GG solutions prove that the subcritical algorithm is feasible and of high accuracy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27465689','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27465689"><span>High sensitivity of Indian summer monsoon to Middle East dust <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> properties.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jin, Qinjian; Yang, Zong-Liang; Wei, Jiangfeng</p> <p>2016-07-28</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> properties of dust aerosols largely determine the magnitude of their radiative impacts on the climate system. Currently, climate models use globally constant values of dust imaginary refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> (IRI), a parameter describing the dust <span class="hlt">absorption</span> efficiency of solar radiation, although it is highly variable. Here we show with model experiments that the dust-induced Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall differences (with dust minus without dust) change from -9% to 23% of long-term climatology as the dust IRI is changed from zero to the highest values used in the current literature. A comparison of the model results with surface observations, satellite retrievals, and reanalysis data sets indicates that the dust IRI values used in most current climate models are too low, tending to significantly underestimate dust radiative impacts on the ISM system. This study highlights the necessity for developing a parameterization of dust IRI for climate studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27050056','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27050056"><span>Effect of Oral Lipid Matrix Supplement on Fat <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> in Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stallings, Virginia A; Schall, Joan I; Maqbool, Asim; Mascarenhas, Maria R; Alshaikh, Belal N; Dougherty, Kelly A; Hommel, Kevin; Ryan, Jamie; Elci, Okan U; Shaw, Walter A</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Pancreatic enzyme therapy does not normalize dietary fat <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in patients with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency. Efficacy of LYM-X-SORB (LXS), an easily absorbable lipid matrix that enhances fat <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, was evaluated in a 12-month randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial with plasma fatty acids (FA) and coefficient of fat <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (CFA) outcomes. A total of 110 subjects (age 10.4 ± 3.0 years) were randomized. Total FA increased with LXS at 3 and 12 months (+1.58, +1.14 mmol/L) and not with placebo (P = 0.046). With LXS, linoleic acid (LA) increased at 3 and 12 months (+298, +175 nmol/mL, P ≤ 0.046), with a 6% increase in CFA (P < 0.01). LA increase was significant in LXS versus placebo (445 vs 42 nmol/mL, P = 0.038). Increased FA and LA predicted increased body mass <span class="hlt">index</span> Z scores. In summary, the LXS treatment improved dietary fat <span class="hlt">absorption</span> compared with placebo as indicated by plasma FA and LA and was associated with better growth status.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AAS...22930205H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AAS...22930205H"><span>Composite Spectra of Broad <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Line Quasars in SDSS-III BOSS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Herbst, Hanna; Hamann, Fred; Paris, Isabelle; Capellupo, Daniel M.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>We present preliminary results from a study of broad <span class="hlt">absorption</span> line (BAL) quasars in the SDSS-III BOSS survey. We’re particularly interested in BALs because they arise from quasar outflows, which may be a source of feedback to the host galaxy. We analyze median composite spectra for BOSS QSOs in the redshift range 2.1 to 3.4 sorted by the strength of the BAL <span class="hlt">absorption</span> troughs, parameterized by the Balnicity <span class="hlt">Index</span> (BI), to study trends in the emission and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties of BAL quasars. The wavelength coverage and high number of quasars observed in the BOSS survey allow us to examine BALs in the Lyman forest. Our main preliminary results when sorting the quasars by BI are 1) doublet <span class="hlt">absorption</span> lines such as P V 1128A show a 1:1 ratio across all BI, indicating large column densities at all BI. This suggests that weaker BAL troughs result from smaller covering fractions rather than lower column densities. 2) The He II emission line, which is a measure of the far-UV/near-UV hardness of the ionizing continuum, is weaker in the larger BI composite spectra, indicating a far-UV spectral softening correlated with BI. This is consistent with the radiatively-driven BAL outflows being helped by intrinsically weaker ionizing continuum shapes (e.g., Baskin, Laor, and Hamann 2013). We also find a trend for slightly redder continuum slopes in the larger BI composite spectra, suggesting that the slope differences in the near-UV are also intrinsic.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050000719&hterms=Tablet&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DTablet','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050000719&hterms=Tablet&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DTablet"><span>Gastrointestinal citrate <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in nephrolithiasis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fegan, J.; Khan, R.; Poindexter, J.; Pak, C. Y.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Gastrointestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of citrate was measured in stone patients with idiopathic hypocitraturia to determine if citrate malabsorption could account for low urinary citrate. Citrate <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was measured directly from recovery of orally administered potassium citrate (40 mEq.) in the intestinal lavage fluid, using an intestinal washout technique. In 7 stone patients citrate <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, serum citrate levels, peak citrate concentration in serum and area under the curve were not significantly different from those of 7 normal subjects. Citrate <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was rapid and efficient in both groups, with 96 to 98% absorbed within 3 hours. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of citrate was less efficient from a tablet preparation of potassium citrate than from a liquid preparation, probably due to a delayed release of citrate from wax matrix. However, citrate <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from solid potassium citrate was still high at 91%, compared to 98% for a liquid preparation. Thus, hypocitraturia is unlikely to be due to an impaired gastrointestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of citrate in stone patients without overt bowel disease.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A11O..05T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A11O..05T"><span>The OMI Aerosol <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Product: An A-train application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Torres, O.; Jethva, H. T.; Ahn, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Because of the uniquely large sensitivity of satellite-measured near-UV radiances to <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by desert dust, carbonaceous and volcanic ash aerosols, observations by a variety of UV-capable sensors have been routinely used over the last forty years in both qualitative and quantitative applications for estimating the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties of these aerosol types. In this presentation we will discuss a multi-sensor application involving observations from A-train sensors OMI, AIRS and CALIOP for the creation of a 13-year record of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA). Determination of aerosol type, in terms of particle size distribution and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>, is an important algorithmic step that requires using external information. AIRS CO measurements are used as carbonaceous aerosols tracer to differentiate this aerosol type from desert dust. On the other hand, the height of the absorbing aerosol layer, an important parameter in UV aerosol retrievals, is prescribed using a CALIOP-based climatology. The combined use of these observations in the developments of the OMI long-term AOD/SSA record will be discussed along with an evaluation of retrieval results using independent observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhyE...43..312M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhyE...43..312M"><span>Optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of zigzag single walled boron nitride nanotubes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moradian, Rostam; Chegel, Raad; Behzad, Somayeh</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p>In a realistic three-dimensional model, optical matrix element and linear optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of zigzag single walled boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) in the tight binding approximation are studied. In terms of absolute value of dipole matrix elements of the first three direct transitions at kz=0, we divided the zigzag BNNTs into three groups and investigated their optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum in energy ranges E<5, 7<E<7.5 and E>7.5 eV. We found that in lower energies, E<5 eV, all groups show different behaviors while in the higher energies, 7<E<7.5 and E>7.5 eV, their behaviors depend on their even or odd nanotube <span class="hlt">index</span>. We also found that in the energy range 7<E<7.5 eV all tubes have two distinct peaks denoted by ‘A’ and ‘B’ where the ‘B’ peak energy position is approximately constant and is independent of the nanotube diameter. We also found that increasing the tubes diameter leads to red shift for all peaks except ‘A’ peak where this peak moves to higher energies. Our results are in good agreement with the experimental results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0471.pdf','DOE-RDACC'); return false;" href="http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0471.pdf"><span>Subgap <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> in Conjugated Polymers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/fieldedsearch.html">DOE R&D Accomplishments Database</a></p> <p>Sinclair, M.; Seager, C. H.; McBranch, D.; Heeger, A. J; Baker, G. L.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Along with X{sup (3)}, the magnitude of the optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the transparent window below the principal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge is an important parameter which will ultimately determine the utility of conjugated polymers in active integrated optical devices. With an <span class="hlt">absorptance</span> sensitivity of < 10{sup {minus}5}, Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy (PDS) is ideal for determining the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients of thin films of transparent'' materials. We have used PDS to measure the optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of the conjugated polymers poly(1,4-phenylene-vinylene) (and derivitives) and polydiacetylene-4BCMU in the spectral region from 0.55 eV to 3 eV. Our spectra show that the shape of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge varies considerably from polymer to polymer, with polydiacetylene-4BCMU having the steepest <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge. The minimum <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients measured varied somewhat with sample age and quality, but were typically in the range 1 cm{sup {minus}1} to 10 cm{sup {minus}1}. In the region below 1 eV, overtones of C-H stretching modes were observed, indicating that further improvements in transparency in this spectral region might be achieved via deuteration of fluorination.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920061629&hterms=acoustic+waves&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dacoustic%2Bwaves','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920061629&hterms=acoustic+waves&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dacoustic%2Bwaves"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> of acoustic waves by sunspots. II - Resonance <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in axisymmetric fibril models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rosenthal, C. S.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Analytical calculations of acoustic waves scattered by sunspots which concentrate on the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at the magnetohydrodynamic Alfven resonance are extended to the case of a flux-tube embedded in a uniform atmosphere. The model is based on a flux-tubes of varying radius that are highly structured, translationally invariant, and axisymmetric. The absorbed fractional energy is determined for different flux-densities and subphotospheric locations with attention given to the effects of twist. When the flux is highly concentrated into annuli efficient <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is possible even when the mean magnetic flux density is low. The model demonstrates low <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at low azimuthal orders even in the presence of twist which generally increases the range of wave numbers over which efficient <span class="hlt">absorption</span> can occur. Resonance <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is concluded to be an efficient mechanism in monolithic sunspots, fibril sunspots, and plage fields.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4083416','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4083416"><span>Petawatt laser <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bounded</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Levy, Matthew C.; Wilks, Scott C.; Tabak, Max; Libby, Stephen B.; Baring, Matthew G.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The interaction of petawatt (1015 W) lasers with solid matter forms the basis for advanced scientific applications such as table-top particle accelerators, ultrafast imaging systems and laser fusion. Key metrics for these applications relate to <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, yet conditions in this regime are so nonlinear that it is often impossible to know the fraction of absorbed light f, and even the range of f is unknown. Here using a relativistic Rankine-Hugoniot-like analysis, we show for the first time that f exhibits a theoretical maximum and minimum. These bounds constrain nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> mechanisms across the petawatt regime, forbidding high <span class="hlt">absorption</span> values at low laser power and low <span class="hlt">absorption</span> values at high laser power. For applications needing to circumvent the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bounds, these results will accelerate a shift from solid targets, towards structured and multilayer targets, and lead the development of new materials. PMID:24938656</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16544469','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16544469"><span>[The study of CO2 cavity enhanced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and highly sensitive <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pei, Shi-Xin; Gao, Xiao-Ming; Cui, Fen-Ping; Huang, Wei; Shao, Jie; Fan, Hong; Zhang, Wei-Jun</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>Cavity enhanced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy (CEAS) is a new spectral technology that is based on the cavity ring down <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy. In the present paper, a DFB encapsulation narrow line width tunable diode laser (TDL) was used as the light source. At the center output, the TDL radiation wavelength was 1.573 microm, and an optical cavity, which consisted of two high reflectivity mirrors (near 1.573 microm, the mirror reflectivity was about 0.994%), was used as a sample cell. A wavemeter was used to record the accurate frequency of the laser radiation. In the experiment, the method of scanning the optical cavity to change the cavity mode was used, when the laser frequency was coincident with one of the cavity mode; the laser radiation was coupled into the optical cavity and the detector could receive the light signals that escaped the optical cavity. As a result, the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum of carbon dioxide weak <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at low pressure was obtained with an <span class="hlt">absorption</span> intensity of 1.816 x 10(-23) cm(-1) x (molecule x cm(-2)(-1) in a sample cell with a length of only 33.5 cm. An <span class="hlt">absorption</span> sensitivity of about 3.62 x 10(-7) cm(-1) has been achieved. The experiment result indicated that the cavity enhanced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy has the advantage of high sensivity, simple experimental setup, and easy operation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182009','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182009"><span>Chronic ankle instability and corticomotor excitability of the fibularis longus muscle.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pietrosimone, Brian G; Gribble, Phillip A</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Neuromuscular deficits are common in people with chronic ankle instability (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>). Corticomotor pathways are very influential in the production of voluntary muscle function, yet these pathways have not been evaluated in people with <span class="hlt">CAI</span>. To determine if corticomotor excitability of the fibularis longus (FL) differs between individuals with unilateral <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and matched control participants without <span class="hlt">CAI</span>. Case-control study. Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Ten people with <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (4 men, 6 women; age = 21.2 ± 1.23 years, height = 175.13 ± 9.7 cm, mass = 77.1 ± 13.58 kg) and 10 people without <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (4 men, ± women; age = 21.2 ± 2.3 years; height = 172.34 ± 8.86 cm, mass = 73.4 ± 7.15 kg) volunteered for this study. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was performed over the motor cortex on neurons corresponding with the FL. All testing was performed with the participant in a seated position with a slightly flexed knee joint and the ankle secured in 10 8 of plantar flexion. The resting motor threshold (RMT), which was expressed as a percentage of 2 T, was considered the lowest amount of magnetic energy that would induce an FL motor evoked potential equal to or greater than 20 l V, as measured with surface electromyography, on 7 consecutive stimuli. In addition, the Functional Ankle Disability <span class="hlt">Index</span> (FADI) and FADI Sport were used to assess self-reported function. Higher RMTs were found in the injured and uninjured FL of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> group (60.8% ± 8.4% and 59.1% ± 8.99%, respectively) than the healthy group (52.8% ± 8.56% and 52% ± 7.0%, respectively; F(1,18) = 4.92, P = .04). No leg x group interactions (F(1,18) = 0.1, P = .76) or between-legs differences (F(1,18) = 0.74, P = .40) were found. A moderate negative correlation was found between RMT and FADI (r = 0.4, P = .04) and FADI Sport (r = 0.44, P = .03), suggesting that higher RMT is related to lower self-reported function. Higher bilateral RMTs may indicate deficits in FL corticomotor excitability in people</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22286506','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22286506"><span>Retrieval of the complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of aerosol droplets from optical tweezers measurements.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Miles, Rachael E H; Walker, Jim S; Burnham, Daniel R; Reid, Jonathan P</p> <p>2012-03-07</p> <p>The cavity enhanced Raman scattering spectrum recorded from an aerosol droplet provides a unique fingerprint of droplet radius and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>, assuming that the droplet is homogeneous in composition. Aerosol optical tweezers are used in this study to capture a single droplet and a Raman fingerprint is recorded using the trapping laser as the source for the Raman excitation. We report here the retrieval of the real part of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> with an uncertainty of ± 0.0012 (better than ± 0.11%), simultaneously measuring the size of the micrometre sized liquid droplet with a precision of better than 1 nm (< ± 0.05% error). In addition, the equilibrium size of the droplet is shown to depend on the laser irradiance due to optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, which elevates the droplet temperature above that of the ambient gas phase. Modulation of the illuminating laser power leads to a modulation in droplet size as the temperature elevation is altered. By measuring induced size changes of <1 nm, we show that the imaginary part of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> can be retrieved even when less than 10 × 10(-9) with an accuracy of better than ± 0.5 × 10(-9). The combination of these measurements allows the complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of a droplet to be retrieved with high accuracy, with the possibility of making extremely sensitive optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurements on aerosol samples and the testing of frequently used mixing rules for treating aerosol optical properties. More generally, this method provides an extremely sensitive approach for measuring refractive indices, particularly under solute supersaturation conditions that cannot be accessed by simple bulk-phase measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19516631','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19516631"><span>Dynamics of short pulses and phase matched second harmonic generation in negative <span class="hlt">index</span> materials.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Scalora, Michael; D'Aguanno, Giuseppe; Bloemer, Mark; Centini, Marco; de Ceglia, Domenico; Mattiucci, Nadia; Kivshar, Yuri S</p> <p>2006-05-29</p> <p>We study pulsed second harmonic generation in metamaterials under conditions of significant <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Tuning the pump in the negative <span class="hlt">index</span> range, a second harmonic signal is generated in the positive <span class="hlt">index</span> region, such that the respective indices of refraction have the same magnitudes but opposite signs. This insures that a forward-propagating pump is exactly phase matched to the backward-propagating second harmonic signal. Using peak intensities of ~500 MW/cm(2), assuming chi((2))~80pm/V, we predict conversion efficiencies of 12% and 0.2% for attenuation lengths of 50 and 5microm, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1708/f1/pdf/pp1708_f1.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1708/f1/pdf/pp1708_f1.pdf"><span>Thermal maturity patterns (conodont color alteration <span class="hlt">index</span> and vitrinite reflectance) in Upper Ordovician and Devonian rocks of the Appalachian basin: a major revision of USGS Map I-917-E using new subsurface collections: Chapter F.1 in Coal and petroleum resources in the Appalachian basin: distribution, geologic framework, and geochemical character</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Repetski, John E.; Ryder, Robert T.; Weary, David J.; Harris, Anita G.; Trippi, Michael H.; Ruppert, Leslie F.; Ryder, Robert T.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The conodont color alteration <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) introduced by Epstein and others (1977) and Harris and others (1978) is an important criterion for estimating the thermal maturity of Ordovician to Mississippian rocks in the Appalachian basin. Consequently, the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> isograd maps of Harris and others (1978) are commonly used by geologists to characterize the thermal and burial history of the Appalachian basin and to better understand the origin and distribution of oil and gas resources in the basin. The main objectives of this report are to present revised <span class="hlt">CAI</span> isograd maps for Ordovician and Devonian rocks in the Appalachian basin and to interpret the geologic and petroleum resource implications of these maps. The <span class="hlt">CAI</span> isograd maps presented herein complement, and in some areas replace, the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-based isograd maps of Harris and others (1978) for the Appalachian basin. The <span class="hlt">CAI</span> data presented in this report were derived almost entirely from subsurface samples, whereas the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> data used by Harris and others (1978) were derived almost entirely from outcrop samples. Because of the different sampling methods, there is little geographic overlap of the two data sets. The new data set is mostly from the Allegheny Plateau structural province and most of the data set of Harris and others (1978) is from the Valley and Ridge structural province, east of the Allegheny structural front (fig. 1). Vitrinite reflectance, based on dispersed vitrinite in Devonian black shale, is another important parameter for estimating the thermal maturity in pre-Pennsylvanian-age rocks of the Appalachian basin (Streib, 1981; Cole and others, 1987; Gerlach and Cercone, 1993; Rimmer and others, 1993; Curtis and Faure, 1997). This chapter also presents a revised percent vitrinite reflectance (%R0) isograd map based on dispersed vitrinite recovered from selected Devonian black shales. The Devonian black shales used for the vitrinite studies reported herein also were analyzed by RockEval pyrolysis and total organic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2562Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.424.2562Z"><span>Influence of synchrotron self-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> on 21-cm experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zheng, Qian; Wu, Xiang-Ping; Gu, Jun-Hua; Wang, Jingying; Xu, Haiguang</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>The presence of spectral curvature resulting from the synchrotron self-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> of extragalactic radio sources could break down the spectral smoothness feature. This leads to the premise that the bright radio foreground can be successfully removed in 21-cm experiments that search for the epoch of reionization (EoR). We present a quantitative estimate of the effect of the spectral curvature resulting from the synchrotron self-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> of extragalactic radio sources on the measurement of the angular power spectrum of the low-frequency sky. We incorporate a phenomenological model, which is characterized by the fraction (f) of radio sources with turnover frequencies in the range of 100-1000 MHz and by a broken power law for the spectral transition around the turnover frequencies νm, into simulated radio sources over a small sky area of 10° × 10°. We compare statistically the changes in their residual maps with and without the inclusion of the synchrotron self-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> of extragalactic radio sources after the bright sources of S150 MHz ≥100 mJy are excised. Furthermore, the best-fitting polynomials in the frequency domain on each pixel are subtracted. It has been shown that the effect of synchrotron self-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> on the detection of the EoR depends sensitively on the spectral profiles of the radio sources around the turnover frequencies νm. A hard transition model, described by the broken power law with the turnover of spectral <span class="hlt">index</span> at νm, would leave pronounced imprints on the residual background and would therefore cause serious confusion with the cosmic EoR signal. However, the spectral signatures on the angular power spectrum of the extragalactic foreground, generated by a soft transition model in which the rising and falling power laws of the spectral distribution around νm are connected through a smooth transition spanning ≥200 MHz in a characteristic width, can be fitted and consequently subtracted by the use of polynomials to an acceptable</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPA....8b5311T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPA....8b5311T"><span>Thermo-optic coefficient and nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of silicon oxynitride waveguides</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Trenti, A.; Borghi, M.; Biasi, S.; Ghulinyan, M.; Ramiro-Manzano, F.; Pucker, G.; Pavesi, L.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Integrated waveguiding devices based on silicon oxynitride (SiON) are appealing for their relatively high refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> contrast and broadband transparency. The lack of two photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at telecom wavelengths and the possibility to fabricate low loss waveguides make SiON an ideal platform for on-chip nonlinear optics and for the realization of reconfigurable integrated quantum lightwave circuits. Despite this, very few studies on its linear and nonlinear optical properties have been reported so far. In this work, we measured the thermo-optic coefficient dn/dT and the nonlinear refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> n2 of relatively high (n ˜ 1.83 at a wavelength of 1.55 μm) refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> SiON by using racetrack resonators. These parameters have been determined to be d/n d T =(1.84 ±0.17 ) × 10-5 K-1 and n2 = (7 ± 1) × 10-16 cm2W-1.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ChPhB..20d7802Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ChPhB..20d7802Z"><span>Ellipsometric analysis and optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> characterization of gallium phosphide nanoparticulate thin film</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Qi-Xian; Wei, Wen-Sheng; Ruan, Fang-Ping</p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>Gallium phosphide (GaP) nanoparticulate thin films were easily fabricated by colloidal suspension deposition via GaP nanoparticles dispersed in N,N-dimethylformamide. The microstructure of the film was performed by x-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The film was further investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry. After the model GaP+void|SiO2 was built and an effective medium approximation was adopted, the values of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> n and the extinction coefficient k were calculated for the energy range of 0.75 eV-4.0 eV using the dispersion formula in DeltaPsi2 software. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of the film was calculated from its k and its energy gaps were further estimated according to the Tauc equation, which were further verified by its fluorescence spectrum measurement. The structure and optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties of the nanoparticulate films are promising for their potential applications in hybrid solar cells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1342030-metal-powder-absorptivity-modeling-experiment','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1342030-metal-powder-absorptivity-modeling-experiment"><span>Metal powder <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span>: Modeling and experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Boley, C. D.; Mitchell, S. C.; Rubenchik, A. M.; ...</p> <p>2016-08-10</p> <p>Here, we present results of numerical modeling and direct calorimetric measurements of the powder <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> for a number of metals. The modeling results generally correlate well with experiment. We show that the powder <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> is determined, to a great extent, by the <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> of a flat surface at normal incidence. Our results allow the prediction of the powder <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> from normal flat-surface <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> measurements.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1342030','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1342030"><span>Metal powder <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span>: Modeling and experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Boley, C. D.; Mitchell, S. C.; Rubenchik, A. M.</p> <p></p> <p>Here, we present results of numerical modeling and direct calorimetric measurements of the powder <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> for a number of metals. The modeling results generally correlate well with experiment. We show that the powder <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> is determined, to a great extent, by the <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> of a flat surface at normal incidence. Our results allow the prediction of the powder <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> from normal flat-surface <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040112428&hterms=pharmacy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dpharmacy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040112428&hterms=pharmacy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dpharmacy"><span>Time-dependent oral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Higaki, K.; Yamashita, S.; Amidon, G. L.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The plasma concentration-time profiles following oral administration of drugs are often irregular and cannot be interpreted easily with conventional models based on first- or zero-order <span class="hlt">absorption</span> kinetics and lag time. Six new models were developed using a time-dependent <span class="hlt">absorption</span> rate coefficient, ka(t), wherein the time dependency was varied to account for the dynamic processes such as changes in fluid <span class="hlt">absorption</span> or secretion, in <span class="hlt">absorption</span> surface area, and in motility with time, in the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, the plasma concentration profiles of propranolol obtained in human subjects following oral dosing were analyzed using the newly derived models based on mass balance and compared with the conventional models. Nonlinear regression analysis indicated that the conventional compartment model including lag time (CLAG model) could not predict the rapid initial increase in plasma concentration after dosing and the predicted Cmax values were much lower than that observed. On the other hand, all models with the time-dependent <span class="hlt">absorption</span> rate coefficient, ka(t), were superior to the CLAG model in predicting plasma concentration profiles. Based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), the fluid <span class="hlt">absorption</span> model without lag time (FA model) exhibited the best overall fit to the data. The two-phase model including lag time, TPLAG model was also found to be a good model judging from the values of sum of squares. This model also described the irregular profiles of plasma concentration with time and frequently predicted Cmax values satisfactorily. A comparison of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> rate profiles also suggested that the TPLAG model is better at prediction of irregular <span class="hlt">absorption</span> kinetics than the FA model. In conclusion, the incorporation of a time-dependent <span class="hlt">absorption</span> rate coefficient ka(t) allows the prediction of nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> characteristics in a more reliable manner.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26658415','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26658415"><span>Intestinal Water <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Varies with Expected Dietary Water Load among Bats but Does Not Drive Paracellular Nutrient <span class="hlt">Absorption</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Price, Edwin R; Brun, Antonio; Gontero-Fourcade, Manuel; Fernández-Marinone, Guido; Cruz-Neto, Ariovaldo P; Karasov, William H; Caviedes-Vidal, Enrique</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Rapid <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and elimination of dietary water should be particularly important to flying species and were predicted to vary with the water content of the natural diet. Additionally, high water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> capacity was predicted to be associated with high paracellular nutrient <span class="hlt">absorption</span> due to solvent drag. We compared the water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> rates of sanguivorous, nectarivorous, frugivorous, and insectivorous bats in intestinal luminal perfusions. High water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> rates were associated with high expected dietary water load but were not highly correlated with previously measured rates of (paracellular) arabinose clearance. In conjunction with these tests, we measured water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and the paracellular <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of nutrients in the intestine and stomach of vampire bats using luminal perfusions to test the hypothesis that the unique elongated vampire stomach is a critical site of water <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Vampire bats' gastric water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was high compared to mice but not compared to their intestines. We therefore conclude that (1) dietary water content has influenced the evolution of intestinal water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> capacity in bats, (2) solvent drag is not the only driver of paracellular nutrient <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, and (3) the vampire stomach is a capable but not critical location for water <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29398092','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29398092"><span>Prenatal testosterone and theory of mind development: Findings from disorders of sex development.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Khorashad, Behzad S; Khazai, Behnaz; Roshan, Ghasem M; Hiradfar, Mehran; Afkhamizadeh, Mozhgan; van de Grift, Tim C</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Women on average perform better than men on the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" test (RMET) which is a measure of Theory of Mind (ToM). The aim of this study was to assess whether these sex differences are influenced by differences in prenatal testosterone levels through a study on individuals with Disorders of Sex Development and matched controls. ToM performance was examined using the RMET in female-assigned-at-birth individuals with increased prenatal testosterone exposure (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) and 5-alpha Reductase type-2 Deficiency (5α-RD-2)), female-assigned-at-birth individuals with testosterone insensitivity (Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (<span class="hlt">CAIS</span>)), and their age-matched unaffected male and female relatives. A total number of 158 individuals participated in the study; 19 with 5α-RD-2, 17 with CAH, 18 women with <span class="hlt">CAIS</span>, 52 matched unaffected men and 52 matched unaffected women. All subgroups were around 20 years of age. Women with CAH scored significantly lower on RMET than control women and <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> individuals. <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> individuals scored significantly higher than control men and participants with 5α-RD. Statistically, <span class="hlt">CAIS</span> individuals' performance on RMET was similar to control women's, women with CAH did not differ significantly from control men and 5α-RD-2 individuals scored significantly lower than control men. These results, which are in line with previous theories, illustrate that performance on the RMET, as an <span class="hlt">index</span> of ToM, may be influenced by variations in prenatal androgens levels. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC23C1087D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC23C1087D"><span>GIS coupled Multiple Criteria based Decision Support for Classification of Urban Coastal Areas in India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dhiman, R.; Kalbar, P.; Inamdar, A. B.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Coastal area classification in India is a challenge for federal and state government agencies due to fragile institutional framework, unclear directions in implementation of costal regulations and violations happening at private and government level. This work is an attempt to improvise the objectivity of existing classification methods to synergies the ecological systems and socioeconomic development in coastal cities. We developed a Geographic information system coupled Multi-criteria Decision Making (GIS-MCDM) approach to classify urban coastal areas where utility functions are used to transform the costal features into quantitative membership values after assessing the sensitivity of urban coastal ecosystem. Furthermore, these membership values for costal features are applied in different weighting schemes to derive Coastal Area <span class="hlt">Index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) which classifies the coastal areas in four distinct categories viz. 1) No Development Zone, 2) Highly Sensitive Zone, 3) Moderately Sensitive Zone and 4) Low Sensitive Zone based on the sensitivity of urban coastal ecosystem. Mumbai, a coastal megacity in India is used as case study for demonstration of proposed method. Finally, uncertainty analysis using Monte Carlo approach to validate the sensitivity of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> under specific multiple scenarios is carried out. Results of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> method shows the clear demarcation of coastal areas in GIS environment based on the ecological sensitivity. <span class="hlt">CAI</span> provides better decision support for federal and state level agencies to classify urban coastal areas according to the regional requirement of coastal resources considering resilience and sustainable development. <span class="hlt">CAI</span> method will strengthen the existing institutional framework for decision making in classification of urban coastal areas where most effective coastal management options can be proposed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=urbanization&pg=7&id=ED515318','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=urbanization&pg=7&id=ED515318"><span>A Comparison of Tuition Disparities among City, Suburban, Town, and Rural Public Community Colleges</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Glover, Louis Charles</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to examine differences in tuition rates and college affordability <span class="hlt">indexes</span> (<span class="hlt">CAIs</span>) between and among U.S. public community colleges formulated upon urbanization criteria extracted from the Integrated Post Secondary Data System (IPEDS) maintained by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), which operates…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050041813','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050041813"><span>Determining CDOM <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Spectra in Diverse Coastal Environments Using a Multiple Pathlength, Liquid Core Waveguide System. Measuring the <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> of CDOM in the Field Using a Multiple Pathlength Liquid Waveguide System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Miller, Richard L.; Belz, Mathias; DelCastillo, Carlos; Trzaska, Rick</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>We evaluated the accuracy, sensitivity and precision of a multiple pathlength, liquid core waveguide (MPLCW) system for measuring colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the UV-visible spectral range (370-700 nm). The MPLCW has four optical paths (2.0, 9.8, 49.3, and 204 cm) coupled to a single Teflon AF sample cell. Water samples were obtained from inland, coastal and ocean waters ranging in salinity from 0 to 36 PSU. Reference solutions for the MPLCW were made having a refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the sample. CDOM <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients, a(sub CDOM), and the slope of the log-linearized <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra, S, were compared with values obtained using a dual-beam spectrophotometer. <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> of phenol red secondary standards measured by the MPLCW at 558 nm were highly correlated with spectrophotometer values (r > 0.99) and showed a linear response across all four pathlengths. Values of a(sub CDOM) measured using the MPLCW were virtually identical to spectrophotometer values over a wide range of concentrations. The dynamic range of a(sub CDOM) for MPLCW measurements was 0.002 - 231.5/m. At low CDOM concentrations (a(sub 370) < 0.1/m) spectrophotometric a(sub CDOM) were slightly greater than MPLCW values and showed larger fluctuations at longer wavelengths due to limitations in instrument precision. In contrast, MPLCW spectra followed an exponential to 600 nm for all samples. The maximum deviation in replicate MPLCW spectra was less than 0.001 absorbance units. The portability, sampling, and optical characteristics of a MPLCW system provide significant enhancements for routine CDOM <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurements in a broad range of natural waters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24840486','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24840486"><span>Aprotic solvents effect on the UV-visible <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of bixin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rahmalia, Winda; Fabre, Jean-François; Usman, Thamrin; Mouloungui, Zéphirin</p> <p>2014-10-15</p> <p>We describe here the effects of aprotic solvents on the spectroscopic characteristics of bixin. Bixin was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, dimethyl carbonate, cyclohexane and hexane, separately, and its spectra in the resulting solutions were determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry at normal pressure and room temperature. We analyzed the effect of aprotic solvents on λmax according to Onsager cavity model and Hansen theory, and determined the approximate <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient with the Beer-Lambert law. We found that the UV-visible <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra of bixin were found to be solvent dependent. The S0→S2 transition energy of bixin in solution was dependent principally on the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the solvents and the bixin-solvent dispersion interaction. There was a small influence of the solvents dielectric constant, permanent dipole interaction and hydrogen bonding occurred between bixin and solvents. The absorbance of bixin in various solvents, with the exception of hexane, increased linearly with concentration. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19143485','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19143485"><span>High refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> nanocomposite fluids for immersion lithography.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bremer, L; Tuinier, R; Jahromi, S</p> <p>2009-02-17</p> <p>The concept of using dispersions of nanoparticles as high refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> fluids in immersion lithography is examined both from a theoretical and experimental point of view. In the theoretical part we show that gelation and demixing can be controlled in high solid dispersions, needed to achieve a high (refractive) <span class="hlt">index</span>, by using short stabilizing brushes. We considered both fluid-fluid demixing by using statistical thermodynamics and percolation, computed using liquid-state approaches. Whenever demixing or percolation takes place, the nanoparticle dispersion is unsuited for immersion lithography. The minimum thickness of the stabilizer layer of a stable suspension is estimated assuming particles plus steric stabilizer to act as hard spheres with van der Waals attraction between the cores. Since the van der Waals attraction can be related to the optical properties of the particles and dispersion medium, it is also possible to estimate the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> that can be attained with composite immersion fluids. Using materials that are known to be highly transparent in the bulk at a wavelength of 193 nm, indices above 1.8 can be attained. Other materials with higher indices are expected to be transparent at 193 nm due to a blue shift of the UV <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and enable much higher indices. In the experiment, we show that it is possible to prepare suspensions with particles of about 4 nm diameter that increase the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the continuous phase with 0.2 at a wavelength of 193 nm. The refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and density of such dispersions are proportional to the volume fraction of the disperse phase, and it is shown that the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the composite fluid can be predicted very well from the optical properties of the components. Furthermore, successful imaging experiments were performed through a dispersion of silica nanoparticles. These findings lead to the conclusion that immersion lithography using nanoparticle dispersions is indeed possible.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MS%26E...67a2020R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MS%26E...67a2020R"><span>Application of the SAROTA <span class="hlt">index</span> in real-life scenario</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rojatkar, A.; Monebhurrun, V.</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>A unique parameter referred to as the SAROTA <span class="hlt">index</span> which accounts for both the specific <span class="hlt">absorption</span> rate (SAR) and the over-the-air (OTA) performance of a mobile phone was previously proposed to characterize the real-life exposure. The applicability of the SAROTA <span class="hlt">index</span> was confirmed using SAR and total radiated power (TRP) data obtained under laboratory conditions wherein the power control (PC) enforced on the mobile phone was implemented artificially. Herein the investigation is extended to measurements conducted for the speech mode of operation in real-life scenarios. Based on the actual PC implemented during the communication with the base station, the instantaneous and average real-life exposure experienced by the mobile phone user is analyzed and compared to the predicted SAROTA <span class="hlt">index</span>. To capture the PC in real-time, a set of hardware modified phones with embedded network monitoring software are used. The instantaneous uplink transmit power level (TX_LEV) along with various downlink parameters such as the receive signal level (RX_LEV) and received signal quality (RX_QUAL) of the communication link are thus available for performing a comprehensive RF exposure analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359326','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359326"><span>Oral health in young women having a low calcium and vitamin D nutritional status.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Antonenko, O; Bryk, G; Brito, G; Pellegrini, G; Zeni, S N</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Oral health plays an important role in an individual's eating choices, which in turn ensure good nutrition throughout life. The deterioration in diet quality may partially explain the association between tooth loss and several systemic diseases, including osteoporosis. The study evaluated the association between oral health and calcium (Ca) and vitamin D nutritional status. The effect of several dietary and lifestyle habits was also evaluated. One hundred six women aged 23.7 ± 0.4 years were evaluated. Ca intake (<span class="hlt">CaI</span>) and protein intake were recorded, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) was evaluated. Dental status and caries risk were assessed by determining the number of decayed (D), missing (M), and filled (F) teeth and DMFT <span class="hlt">index</span>, Löe Silness plaque <span class="hlt">index</span> (PI), and sugar intake (SI). Deficient <span class="hlt">CaI</span> was observed in 59% of women; 71% had 25OHD <30 ng/mL and 72% consumed soft drinks daily. M/T score was 3%, D/T score was 28.4%, and F/T score was 0%. Thirty-nine percent of women were missing at least one tooth. PI and SI were 2.0 ± 0.1 and 5.2 ± 0, respectively, and DMFT score was 6.6 ± 0.4. <span class="hlt">CaI</span> adjusted by other risk factors was associated with higher percentage of caries (p < 0.0001), DMFT (p < 0.001), and PI (p < 0.007). One hundred percent of women presented gingivitis. When considering the one third of the studied group with the highest caries scores, DMFT reached 10.6 ± 0.5. This group had significantly lower <span class="hlt">CaI</span> and 25OHD levels (p < 0.05) and significantly higher protein intake, daily consumption of soft drinks, and PI and SI values compared to the rest of the women (p < 0.05). The results of this cross-sectional report evidenced an association between high cariogenic risk and great severity of oral disease in the studied group of young women and low <span class="hlt">CaI</span>. Although caries progression is a complex process involving multiple factors, an adequate nutritional status of Ca and vitamin D could be an additional factor that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3706250','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3706250"><span>Genomic adaptation of the ISA virus to Salmo salar codon usage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background The ISA virus (ISAV) is an Orthomyxovirus whose genome encodes for at least 10 proteins. Low protein identity and lack of genetic tools have hampered the study of the molecular mechanism behind its virulence. It has been shown that viral codon usage controls several processes such as translational efficiency, folding, tuning of protein expression, antigenicity and virulence. Despite this, the possible role that adaptation to host codon usage plays in virulence and viral evolution has not been studied in ISAV. Methods Intergenomic adaptation between viral and host genomes was calculated using the codon adaptation <span class="hlt">index</span> score with EMBOSS software and the Kazusa database. Classification of host genes according to GeneOnthology was performed using Blast2go. A non parametric test was applied to determine the presence of significant correlations among <span class="hlt">CAI</span>, mortality and time. Results Using the codon adaptation <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) score, we found that the encoding genes for nucleoprotein, matrix protein M1 and antagonist of Interferon I signaling (NS1) are the ISAV genes that are more adapted to host codon usage, in agreement with their requirement for production of viral particles and inactivation of antiviral responses. Comparison to host genes showed that ISAV shares <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values with less than 0.45% of Salmo salar genes. GeneOntology classification of host genes showed that ISAV genes share <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values with genes from less than 3% of the host biological process, far from the 14% shown by Influenza A viruses and closer to the 5% shown by Influenza B and C. As well, we identified a positive correlation (p<0.05) between <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values of a virus and the duration of the outbreak disease in given salmon farms, as well as a weak relationship between codon adaptation values of PB1 and the mortality rates of a set of ISA viruses. Conclusions Our analysis shows that ISAV is the least adapted viral Salmo salar pathogen and Orthomyxovirus family member less adapted to host codon</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014RMRE...47..689H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014RMRE...47..689H"><span>Continuous Monitoring of Pin Tip Wear and Penetration into Rock Surface Using a New Cerchar Abrasivity Testing Device</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hamzaban, Mohammad-Taghi; Memarian, Hossein; Rostami, Jamal</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>Evaluation of rock abrasivity is important when utilizing mechanized excavation in various mining and civil projects in hard rock. This is due to the need for proper selection of the rock cutting tools, estimation of the tool wear, machine downtime for cutter change, and costs. The Cerchar Abrasion <span class="hlt">Index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) test is one of the simplest and most widely used methods for evaluating rock abrasivity. In this study, a new device for the determination of frictional forces and depth of pin penetration into the rock surface during a Cerchar test is discussed. The measured parameters were used to develop an analytical model for calculation of the size of the wear flat (and hence a continuous measure of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> as the pin moves over the sample) and pin tip penetration into the rock during the test. Based on this model, continuous curves of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> changes and pin tip penetration into the rock were plotted. Results of the model were used for introduction of a new parameter describing rock-pin interaction and classification of rock abrasion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/851082','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/851082"><span>Iron <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from Southeast Asian diets. II. Role of various factors that might explain low <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hallberg, L; Björn-Rasmussen, E; Rossander, L; Suwanik, R</p> <p>1977-04-01</p> <p>Previously reported levels of iron <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from common Southeast Asian meals composed of rice, vegetables, and spices were too low to be consistent with the known prevalence of iron deficiency. In the present paper the cause of the low <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was systematically sought. Variables investigated comprised methodological errors, factors in the diet such as certain foodstuffs, or contaminants inhibiting the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and characteristics of the subjects accompanied by malabsorption of dietary iron. The latter was excluded by comparing the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from both wheat rolls and a composit rice meal in Thai and Swedish women using the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of a small dose of ferrous ascorbate as a common basis of comparison. Two main factors were identified as causing the low <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the previous studies: the homogenization of the labeled meals before serving and the use of rice flour instead of rice. Iron <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from nonhomogenized meals of identical composition as studied previously was many times higher (on an average 0.16 mg) and was consistent with the actual prevalence of iron deficiency in lower socioeconomic groups of Thais mainly consuming the simple meals studied. Recent modifications of the method to measure nonheme iron <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from composite meals have thus not only made the determination simpler but also more accurate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150023091','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150023091"><span>Examination of the Measurement of <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Using the Reverberant Room Method for Highly <span class="hlt">Absorptive</span> Acoustic Foam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hughes, William O.; McNelis, Anne M.; Chris Nottoli; Eric Wolfram</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient for material specimens are needed to quantify the expected acoustic performance of that material in its actual usage and environment. The ASTM C423-09a standard, "Standard Test Method for Sound <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> and Sound <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Coefficients by the Reverberant Room Method" is often used to measure the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of material test specimens. This method has its basics in the Sabine formula. Although widely used, the interpretation of these measurements are a topic of interest. For example, in certain cases the measured Sabine <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients are greater than 1.0 for highly <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> materials. This is often attributed to the diffraction edge effect phenomenon. An investigative test program to measure the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties of highly absorbent melamine foam has been performed at the Riverbank Acoustical Laboratories. This paper will present and discuss the test results relating to the effect of the test materials' surface area, thickness and edge sealing conditions. A follow-on paper is envisioned that will present and discuss the results relating to the spacing between multiple piece specimens, and the mounting condition of the test specimen.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27793538','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27793538"><span>Hard X-ray <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction tomography of a whole rabbit knee joint: A feasibility study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gasilov, S; Mittone, A; Horng, A; Geith, T; Bravin, A; Baumbach, T; Coan, P</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>We report results of the computed tomography reconstruction of the <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction in a whole rabbit knee joint examined at the photon energy of 51keV. Refraction based images make it possible to delineate the bone, cartilage, and soft tissues without adjusting the contrast window width and level. Density variations, which are related to tissue composition and are not visible in <span class="hlt">absorption</span> X-ray images, are detected in the obtained refraction based images. We discuss why refraction-based images provide better detectability of low contrast features than <span class="hlt">absorption</span> images. Copyright © 2016 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20389703','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20389703"><span>Deep and tapered silicon photonic crystals for achieving anti-reflection and enhanced <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hung, Yung-Jr; Lee, San-Liang; Coldren, Larry A</p> <p>2010-03-29</p> <p>Tapered silicon photonic crystals (PhCs) with smooth sidewalls are realized using a novel single-step deep reactive ion etching. The PhCs can significantly reduce the surface reflection over the wavelength range between the ultra-violet and near-infrared regions. From the measurements using a spectrophotometer and an angle-variable spectroscopic ellipsometer, the sub-wavelength periodic structure can provide a broad and angular-independent antireflective window in the visible region for the TE-polarized light. The PhCs with tapered rods can further reduce the reflection due to a gradually changed effective <span class="hlt">index</span>. On the other hand, strong optical resonances for TM-mode can be found in this structure, which is mainly due to the existence of full photonic bandgaps inside the material. Such resonance can enhance the optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> inside the silicon PhCs due to its increased optical paths. With the help of both antireflective and <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-enhanced characteristics in this structure, the PhCs can be used for various applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950039445&hterms=infrared+temperature+sensor&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dinfrared%2Btemperature%2Bsensor','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950039445&hterms=infrared+temperature+sensor&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dinfrared%2Btemperature%2Bsensor"><span>Semiconductor-metal graded-<span class="hlt">index</span> composite thin films for infrared applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lamb, James L.; Nagendra, C. L.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Theoretical/experimental studies have been carried out on germanium:silver (Ge:Ag) graded-<span class="hlt">index</span> composite thin films which demonstrate that graded coatings, consisting of varied concentrations of Ag with respect to the Ge film thickness, exhibit different optical properties ranging from selective infrared (IR) reflectance to broadband IR <span class="hlt">absorptance</span>. The graded coatings have been produced by dc magnetron cosputtering of Ge and Ag and the spectral properties are found to be stable against temperature. The coatings have been applied to an infrared tunnel sensor (micro-Golay cell) to improve the device performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25555063','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25555063"><span>Design for approaching Cicada-wing reflectance in low- and high-<span class="hlt">index</span> biomimetic nanostructures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huang, Yi-Fan; Jen, Yi-Jun; Chen, Li-Chyong; Chen, Kuei-Hsien; Chattopadhyay, Surojit</p> <p>2015-01-27</p> <p>Natural nanostructures in low refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> Cicada wings demonstrate ≤ 1% reflectance over the visible spectrum. We provide design parameters for Cicada-wing-inspired nanotip arrays as efficient light harvesters over a 300-1000 nm spectrum and up to 60° angle of incidence in both low-<span class="hlt">index</span>, such as silica and indium tin oxide, and high-<span class="hlt">index</span>, such as silicon and germanium, photovoltaic materials. Biomimicry of the Cicada wing design, demonstrating gradient <span class="hlt">index</span>, onto these material surfaces, either by real electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma processing or by modeling, was carried out to achieve a target reflectance of ∼ 1%. Design parameters of spacing/wavelength and length/spacing fitted into a finite difference time domain model could simulate the experimental reflectance values observed in real silicon and germanium or in model silica and indium tin oxide nanotip arrays. A theoretical mapping of the length/spacing and spacing/wavelength space over varied refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> materials predicts that lengths of ∼ 1.5 μm and spacings of ∼ 200 nm in high-<span class="hlt">index</span> and lengths of ∼ 200-600 nm and spacings of ∼ 100-400 nm in low-<span class="hlt">index</span> materials would exhibit ≤ 1% target reflectance and ∼ 99% optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> over the entire UV-vis region and angle of incidence up to 60°.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Nanos...810415L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Nanos...810415L"><span>Unusual continuous dual <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peaks in Ca-doped BiFeO3 nanostructures for broadened microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Zhong-Jun; Hou, Zhi-Ling; Song, Wei-Li; Liu, Xing-Da; Cao, Wen-Qiang; Shao, Xiao-Hong; Cao, Mao-Sheng</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Electromagnetic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> materials have received increasing attention owing to their wide applications in aerospace, communication and the electronics industry, and multiferroic materials with both polarization and magnetic properties are considered promising ceramics for microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> application. However, the insufficient <span class="hlt">absorption</span> intensity coupled with the narrow effective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bandwidth has limited the development of high-performance multiferroic materials for practical microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. To address such issues, in the present work, we utilize interfacial engineering in BiFeO3 nanoparticles via Ca doping, with the purpose of tailoring the phase boundary. Upon Ca-substitution, the co-existence of both R3c and P4mm phases has been confirmed to massively enhance both dielectric and magnetic properties via manipulating the phase boundary and the destruction of the spiral spin structure. Unlike the commonly reported magnetic/dielectric hybrid microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> composites, Bi0.95Ca0.05FeO3 has been found to deliver unusual continuous dual <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peaks at a small thickness (1.56 mm), which has remarkably broadened the effective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bandwidth (8.7-12.1 GHz). The fundamental mechanisms based on the phase boundary engineering have been discussed, suggesting a novel platform for designing advanced multiferroic materials with wide applications.Electromagnetic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> materials have received increasing attention owing to their wide applications in aerospace, communication and the electronics industry, and multiferroic materials with both polarization and magnetic properties are considered promising ceramics for microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> application. However, the insufficient <span class="hlt">absorption</span> intensity coupled with the narrow effective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bandwidth has limited the development of high-performance multiferroic materials for practical microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. To address such issues, in the present work, we utilize interfacial engineering in BiFeO3</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...687..859S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...687..859S"><span>Dependence of the Broad <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Line Quasar Fraction on Radio Luminosity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shankar, Francesco; Dai, Xinyu; Sivakoff, Gregory R.</p> <p>2008-11-01</p> <p>We find that the fraction of classical broad <span class="hlt">absorption</span> line quasars (BALQSOs) among the FIRST radio sources in the Sloan Data Release 3, is 20.5+ 7.3-5.9% at the faintest radio powers detected (L1.4 GHz ~ 1032 erg s-1), and rapidly drops to lesssim8% at L1.4 GHz ~ 3 × 1033 erg s-1. Similarly, adopting the broader <span class="hlt">absorption</span> <span class="hlt">index</span> (AI) definition of Trump et al., we find the fraction of radio BALQSOs to be 44+ 8.1-7.8%, reducing to 23.1+ 7.3-6.1% at high luminosities. While the high fraction at low radio power is consistent with the recent near-IR estimates by Dai et al., the lower fraction at high radio powers is intriguing and confirms previous claims based on smaller samples. The trend is independent of the redshift range, the optical and radio flux selection limits, or the exact definition of a radio match. We also find that at fixed optical magnitude, the highest bins of radio luminosity are preferentially populated by non-BALQSOs, consistent with the overall trend. We do find, however, that those quasars identified as AI-BALQSOs but not under the classical definition do not show a significant drop in their fraction as a function of radio power, further supporting independent claims that these sources, characterized by lower equivalent width, may represent an independent class from the classical BALQSOs. We find the balnicity <span class="hlt">index</span>, a measure of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> trough in BALQSOs, and the mean maximum wind velocity to be roughly constant at all radio powers. We discuss several plausible physical models which may explain the observed fast drop in the fraction of the classical BALQSOs with increasing radio power, although none is entirely satisfactory. A strictly evolutionary model for the BALQSO and radio emission phases requires a strong fine-tuning to work, while a simple geometric model, although still not capable of explaining polar BALQSOs and the paucity of FRII BALQSOs, is statistically successful in matching the data if part of the apparent radio</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985ornl.confS....M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985ornl.confS....M"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> fluids data survey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Macriss, R. A.; Zawacki, T. S.</p> <p></p> <p>Development of improved data for the thermodynamic, transport and physical properties of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> fluids were studied. A specific objective of this phase of the study is to compile, catalog and coarse screen the available US data of known <span class="hlt">absorption</span> fluid systems and publish it as a first edition document to be distributed to manufacturers, researchers and others active in <span class="hlt">absorption</span> heat pump activities. The methodology and findings of the compilation, cataloguing and coarse screening of the available US data on <span class="hlt">absorption</span> fluid properties and presents current status and future work on this project are summarized. Both in house file and literature searches were undertaken to obtain available US publications with pertinent physical, thermodynamic and transport properties data for <span class="hlt">absorption</span> fluids. Cross checks of literature searches were also made, using available published bibliographies and literature review articles, to eliminate secondary sources for the data and include only original sources and manuscripts. The properties of these fluids relate to the liquid and/or vapor state, as encountered in normal operation of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> equipment employing such fluids, and to the crystallization boundary of the liquid phase, where applicable. The actual data were systematically classified according to the type of fluid and property, as well as temperature, pressure and concentration ranges over which data were available. Data were sought for 14 different properties: Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Crystallization Temperature, Corrosion Characteristics, Heat of Mixing, Liquid-Phase-Densities, Vapor-Liquid-Phase Enthalpies, Specific Heat, Stability, Viscosity, Mass Transfer Rate, Heat Transfer Rate, Thermal Conductivity, Flammability, and Toxicity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5153664','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5153664"><span>Tunneling induced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> with competing Nonlinearities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Peng, Yandong; Yang, Aihong; Xu, Yan; Wang, Peng; Yu, Yang; Guo, Hongju; Ren, Tingqi</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>We investigate tunneling induced nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> phenomena in a coupled quantum-dot system. Resonant tunneling causes constructive interference in the nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> that leads to an increase of more than an order of magnitude over the maximum <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in a coupled quantum dot system without tunneling. Resonant tunneling also leads to a narrowing of the linewidth of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peak to a sublinewidth level. Analytical expressions show that the enhanced nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is largely due to the fifth-order nonlinear term. Competition between third- and fifth-order nonlinearities leads to an anomalous dispersion of the total susceptibility. PMID:27958303</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27958303','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27958303"><span>Tunneling induced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> with competing Nonlinearities.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Peng, Yandong; Yang, Aihong; Xu, Yan; Wang, Peng; Yu, Yang; Guo, Hongju; Ren, Tingqi</p> <p>2016-12-13</p> <p>We investigate tunneling induced nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> phenomena in a coupled quantum-dot system. Resonant tunneling causes constructive interference in the nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> that leads to an increase of more than an order of magnitude over the maximum <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in a coupled quantum dot system without tunneling. Resonant tunneling also leads to a narrowing of the linewidth of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peak to a sublinewidth level. Analytical expressions show that the enhanced nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is largely due to the fifth-order nonlinear term. Competition between third- and fifth-order nonlinearities leads to an anomalous dispersion of the total susceptibility.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=215797','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=215797"><span>An inulin-type fructan enhances calcium <span class="hlt">absorption</span> primarily via an effect on colonic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in humans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Calcium <span class="hlt">absorption</span> efficiency and bone mineral mass are increased in adolescents who regularly consume inulin-type fructans (ITF). The mechanism of action in increasing <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is unknown but may be related to increased colonic calcium <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. We conducted a study in young adults designed to ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8909E..0XY','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8909E..0XY"><span>The application of reduced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cross section on the identification of the compounds with similar function-groups</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yu, Fei; Zuo, Jian; Mu, Kai-jun; Zhang, Zhen-wei; Zhang, Liang-liang; Zhang, Lei-wei; Zhang, Cun-lin</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Terahertz spectroscopy is a powerful tool for materials investigation. The low frequency vibrations were usually investigated by means of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient regardless of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. It leads to the disregard of some inherent low-frequency vibrational information of the chemical compounds. Moreover, due to the scattering inside the sample, there are some distortions of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> features, so that the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> dependent material identification is not valid enough. Here, a statistical parameter named reduced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cross section (RACS) is introduced. This can not only help us investigate the molecular dynamics but also distinguish one chemical compound with another which has similar function-groups. Experiments are carried out on L-Tyrosine and L-Phenylalanine and the different mass ratios of their mixtures as an example of the application of RACS. The results come out that the RACS spectrum of L-Tyrosine and L-Phenylalanine reserve the spectral fingerprint information of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum. The log plot of RACSs of the two amino acids show power-law behavior σR(~ν) ~ (ν~α), and there is a linear relation between the wavenumber and the RACS in the double logarithmic plot. The exponents α, at the same time, are the slopes of the RACS curves in the double logarithmic plot. The big differences of the exponents α between the two amino acids and their mixtures can be seen visually from the slopes of the RACS curves. So we can use RACS analytical method to distinguish some complex compounds with similar function-groups and mixtures from another which has similar <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peaks in THz region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863004','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863004"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">absorption</span> surface panel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Santala, Teuvo J.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>A composite metal of aluminum and nickel is used to form an economical solar <span class="hlt">absorption</span> surface for a collector plate wherein an intermetallic compound of the aluminum and nickel provides a surface morphology with high <span class="hlt">absorptance</span> and relatively low infrared emittance along with good durability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441901','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441901"><span>A method for the detection of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of irregular shape solid pigments in light absorbing liquid matrix.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Niskanen, Ilpo; Räty, Jukka; Peiponen, Kai-Erik</p> <p>2010-06-15</p> <p>The immersion liquid method is powerful for the measurement of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of solid particles in a liquid matrix. However, this method applies best for cases when the liquid matrix is transparent. A problem is usually how to assess the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of a pigment when it is in a colored host liquid. In this article we introduce a method, and show that by combining so-called multifunction spectrophotometer, immersion liquid method and detection of light transmission and reflection we can assess the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of a pigment in a colored liquid, and also the extinction or <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of the host liquid.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89e4102S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RScI...89e4102S"><span>A fibre-coupled UHV-compatible variable angle reflection-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> UV/visible spectrometer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stubbing, J. W.; Salter, T. L.; Brown, W. A.; Taj, S.; McCoustra, M. R. S.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>We present a novel UV/visible reflection-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrometer for determining the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>, n, and thicknesses, d, of ice films. Knowledge of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of these films is of particular relevance to the astrochemical community, where they can be used to model radiative transfer and spectra of various regions of space. In order to make these models more accurate, values of n need to be recorded under astronomically relevant conditions, that is, under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and cryogenic cooling. Several design considerations were taken into account to allow UHV compatibility combined with ease of use. The key design feature is a stainless steel rhombus coupled to an external linear drive (z-shift) allowing a variable reflection geometry to be achieved, which is necessary for our analysis. Test data for amorphous benzene ice are presented as a proof of concept, the film thickness, d, was found to vary linearly with surface exposure, and a value for n of 1.43 ± 0.07 was determined.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3499885','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3499885"><span>Chronic Ankle Instability and Corticomotor Excitability of the Fibularis Longus Muscle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Pietrosimone, Brian G.; Gribble, Phillip A.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Context Neuromuscular deficits are common in people with chronic ankle instability (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>). Corticomotor pathways are very influential in the production of voluntary muscle function, yet these pathways have not been evaluated in people with <span class="hlt">CAI</span>. Objective To determine if corticomotor excitability of the fibularis longus (FL) differs between individuals with unilateral <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and matched control participants without <span class="hlt">CAI</span>. Design Case-control study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Ten people with <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (4 men, 6 women; age = 21.2 ± 1.23 years, height = 175.13 ± 9.7 cm, mass = 77.1 ± 13.58 kg) and 10 people without <span class="hlt">CAI</span> (4 men, 6 women; age = 21.2 ± 2.3 years; height = 172.34 ± 8.86 cm, mass = 73.4 ± 7.15 kg) volunteered for this study. Main Outcome Measure(s) Transcranial magnetic stimulation was performed over the motor cortex on neurons corresponding with the FL. All testing was performed with the participant in a seated position with a slightly flexed knee joint and the ankle secured in 10° of plantar flexion. The resting motor threshold (RMT), which was expressed as a percentage of 2 T, was considered the lowest amount of magnetic energy that would induce an FL motor evoked potential equal to or greater than 20 μV, as measured with surface electromyography, on 7 consecutive stimuli. In addition, the Functional Ankle Disability <span class="hlt">Index</span> (FADI) and FADI Sport were used to assess self-reported function. Results Higher RMTs were found in the injured and uninjured FL of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> group (60.8% ± 8.4% and 59.1% ± 8.99%, respectively) than the healthy group (52.8% ± 8.56% and 52% ± 7.0%, respectively; F1,18 = 4.92, P = .04). No leg × group interactions (F1,18 = 0.1, P = .76) or between-legs differences (F1,18 = 0.74, P = .40) were found. A moderate negative correlation was found between RMT and FADI (r = −0.4, P = .04) and FADI Sport (r = −0.44, P = .03), suggesting that higher RMT is related to lower self-reported function. Conclusions Higher</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760000494&hterms=causes+absorption+window&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DWhat%2Bcauses%2Babsorption%2Bwindow','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760000494&hterms=causes+absorption+window&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DWhat%2Bcauses%2Babsorption%2Bwindow"><span>Differential-optoacoustic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> detector</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Shumate, M. S.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>Two-cell spectrophone detects trace amounts of atmospheric pollutants by measuring <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients of gases with various laser sources. Device measures pressure difference between two tapered cells with differential manometer. Background signal is reduced by balanced window heating and balanced carrier gas <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in two cells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23992765','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23992765"><span>Impact of country of birth on progression of steady and pulsatile hemodynamic parameters in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thomas, Frédérique; Pannier, Bruno; Safar, Michel E</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The impact of country of birth (Africa, Asia, or France) on variations of hemodynamic, clinical, and biological parameters of a French general population was evaluated. The study included 2743 subjects (1641 men, 1102 women; mean age 45.4 ± 13.5 years) with at least two health checkups at the Centre d'Investigations Préventives et Cliniques, Paris, between 2008 and 2011. The interval between the two visits (V1, V2) was 1.74 ± 0.66 years. Changes of hemodynamic, biological and clinical markers were calculated using the V2-V1 absolute difference or percent variation. African- and Asian-born were compared separately to French-born subjects using variance analysis and χ² tests. In men, country of birth was not associated with any significant mean hemodynamic parameter variation. In women, mean brachial and central pulse pressures, heart rate (HR), and central augmentation <span class="hlt">index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) varied significantly more among African- than Asian-born women, when compared with French-born women. For each hemodynamic parameter, V1 values were the first predictive of this change. Country of birth was a significant predictor of HR and <span class="hlt">CAI</span> changes. Evaluation of interactions showed that a gender × birth country interaction was significant with <span class="hlt">CAI</span> variation and, to a lesser extent, HR. Finally, country of birth impacted changes in <span class="hlt">CAI</span> differently in men and women, suggesting that wave reflections play an important role in cardiovascular risk mainly in women. Their effects act predominantly on pulse pressure level and its amplification, indicating an increasing contribution of <span class="hlt">CAI</span> with age. Copyright © 2013 American Society of Hypertension. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930044363&hterms=burkholder&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dburkholder','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930044363&hterms=burkholder&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dburkholder"><span>Ultraviolet <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum of HOCl</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Burkholder, James B.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The room temperature UV <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum of HOCl was measured over the wavelength range 200 to 380 nm with a diode array spectrometer. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum was identified from UV <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra recorded following UV photolysis of equilibrium mixtures of Cl2O/H2O/HOCl. The HOCl spectrum is continuous with a maximum at 242 nm and a secondary peak at 304 nm. The measured <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cross section at 242 nm was (2.1 +/- 0.3) x 10 exp -19/sq cm (2 sigma error limits). These results are in excellent agreement with the work of Knauth et al. (1979) but in poor agreement with the more recent measurements of Mishalanie et al. (1986) and Permien et al. (1988). An HOCl nu2 infrared band intensity of 230 +/- 35/sq cm atm was determined based on this UV <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cross section. The present results are compared with these previous measurements and the discrepancies are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493913','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493913"><span>Detection of non-absorbing charge dynamics via refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> change in dye-sensitized solar cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kuwahara, Shota; Hata, Hiroaki; Taya, Soichiro; Maeda, Naotaka; Shen, Qing; Toyoda, Taro; Katayama, Kenji</p> <p>2013-04-28</p> <p>The carrier dynamics in dye-sensitized solar cells was investigated by using the transient grating, in addition to the transient <span class="hlt">absorption</span> method and transient photocurrent method on the order of microseconds to seconds. The signals for the same sample were obtained under a short-circuit condition to compare the carrier dynamics via refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> change with the transient photocurrent measurement. Optically silent carrier dynamics by transient <span class="hlt">absorption</span> have been successfully observed via a refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> change. The corresponding signal components were originated from the charge dynamics at the solid/liquid interface, especially on the liquid side; rearrangement or diffusion motion of charged redox species occurred when the injected electrons were trapped at the TiO2 surface and when the electron-electrolyte recombination occurred at the interface. The assignments were confirmed from the dependence on the viscosity of the solvent and the presence of 4-tert-butyl pyridine. As the viscosity of the solvent increased, the rearrangement and the motion of the charged redox species were delayed. Since the rearrangement dynamics was changed by the presence of 4-tert-butyl pyridine, it affected not only the TiO2 surface but also the redox species close to the interface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24669749','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24669749"><span>Dependence of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and optical surface plasmon scattering of MoS₂ nanoparticles on aspect ratio, size, and media.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yadgarov, Lena; Choi, Charina L; Sedova, Anastasiya; Cohen, Ayala; Rosentsveig, Rita; Bar-Elli, Omri; Oron, Dan; Dai, Hongjie; Tenne, Reshef</p> <p>2014-04-22</p> <p>The optical and electronic properties of suspensions of inorganic fullerene-like nanoparticles of MoS2 are studied through light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and zeta-potential measurements and compared to those of the corresponding microscopic platelets. The total extinction measurements show that, in addition to excitonic peaks and the indirect band gap transition, a new peak is observed at 700-800 nm. This spectral peak has not been reported previously for MoS2. Comparison of the total extinction and decoupled <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrum indicates that this peak largely originates from scattering. Furthermore, the dependence of this peak on nanoparticle size, shape, and surface charge, as well as solvent refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>, suggests that this transition arises from a plasmon resonance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/34851','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/34851"><span>Modeling seasonal changes in live fuel moisture and equivalent water thickness using a cumulative water balance <span class="hlt">index</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Philip E. Dennison; Dar A. Roberts; Sommer R. Thorgusen; Jon C. Regelbrugge; David Weise; Christopher Lee</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Live fuel moisture, an important determinant of fire danger in Mediterranean ecosystems, exhibits seasonal changes in response to soil water availability. Both drought stress indices based on meteorological data and remote sensing indices based on vegetation water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> can be used to monitor live fuel moisture. In this study, a cumulative water balance <span class="hlt">index</span> (...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27143336','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27143336"><span>Unusual continuous dual <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peaks in Ca-doped BiFeO3 nanostructures for broadened microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Zhong-Jun; Hou, Zhi-Ling; Song, Wei-Li; Liu, Xing-Da; Cao, Wen-Qiang; Shao, Xiao-Hong; Cao, Mao-Sheng</p> <p>2016-05-21</p> <p>Electromagnetic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> materials have received increasing attention owing to their wide applications in aerospace, communication and the electronics industry, and multiferroic materials with both polarization and magnetic properties are considered promising ceramics for microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> application. However, the insufficient <span class="hlt">absorption</span> intensity coupled with the narrow effective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bandwidth has limited the development of high-performance multiferroic materials for practical microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. To address such issues, in the present work, we utilize interfacial engineering in BiFeO3 nanoparticles via Ca doping, with the purpose of tailoring the phase boundary. Upon Ca-substitution, the co-existence of both R3c and P4mm phases has been confirmed to massively enhance both dielectric and magnetic properties via manipulating the phase boundary and the destruction of the spiral spin structure. Unlike the commonly reported magnetic/dielectric hybrid microwave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> composites, Bi0.95Ca0.05FeO3 has been found to deliver unusual continuous dual <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peaks at a small thickness (1.56 mm), which has remarkably broadened the effective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> bandwidth (8.7-12.1 GHz). The fundamental mechanisms based on the phase boundary engineering have been discussed, suggesting a novel platform for designing advanced multiferroic materials with wide applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JQSRT.167...23M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JQSRT.167...23M"><span>Solar cells based on particulate structure of active layer: Investigation of light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by an ordered system of spherical submicron silicon particles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Miskevich, Alexander A.; Loiko, Valery A.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Enhancement of the performance of photovoltaic cells through increasing light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> due to optimization of an active layer is considered. The optimization consists in creation of particulate structure of active layer. The ordered monolayers and multilayers of submicron crystalline silicon (c-Si) spherical particles are examined. The quasicrystalline approximation (QCA) and the transfer matrix method (TMM) are used to calculate light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the wavelength range from 0.28 μm to 1.12 μm. The integrated over the terrestial solar spectral irradiance "Global tilt" ASTM G173-03 <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient is calculated. In the wavelength range of small <span class="hlt">absorption</span> <span class="hlt">index</span> of c-Si (0.8-1.12 μm) the integral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of monolayer can be more than 20 times higher than the one of the plane-parallel plate of the equivalent volume of material. In the overall considered range (0.28-1.12 μm) the enhancement factor up to ~1.45 for individual monolayer is observed. Maximum value of the spectral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient approaches unity for multilayers consisting of large amount of sparse monolayers of small particles. Multilayers with variable concentration and size of particles in the monolayer sequences are considered. <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> increasing by such gradient multilayers as compared to the non-gradient ones is illustrated. The considered structures are promising for creation of high efficiency thin-film solar cells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7246965','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7246965"><span>Apparatus and method for quantitative measurement of small differences in optical <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> between two samples using differential interferometry and the thermooptic effect</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Cremers, D.A.; Keller, R.A.</p> <p>1984-05-08</p> <p>An apparatus and method for the measurement of small differences in optical <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> of weakly absorbing solutions using differential interferometry and the thermooptic effect have been developed. Two sample cells are placed in each arm of an interferometer and are traversed by colinear probe and heating laser beams. The interrogation probe beams are recombined forming a fringe pattern, the intensity of which can be related to changes in optical path length of these laser beams through the cells. This in turn can be related to small differences in optical <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> which results in different amounts of sample heating when the heating laser beams are turned on, by the fact that the <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction of a liquid is temperature dependent. A critical feature of this invention is the stabilization of the optical path of the probe beams against drift. Background (solvent) <span class="hlt">absorption</span> can then be suppressed by a factor of approximately 400. Solute <span class="hlt">absorptivities</span> of about 10[sup [minus]5] cm[sup [minus]1] can then be determined in the presence of background <span class="hlt">absorptions</span> in excess of 10[sup [minus]3] cm[sup [minus]1]. In addition, the smallest <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measured with the instant apparatus and method is about 5 [times] 10[sup [minus]6] cm[sup [minus]1]. 6 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864988','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864988"><span>Apparatus and method for quantitative measurement of small differences in optical <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> between two samples using differential interferometry and the thermooptic effect</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Cremers, David A.; Keller, Richard A.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>An apparatus and method for the measurement of small differences in optical <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> of weakly absorbing solutions using differential interferometry and the thermooptic effect has been developed. Two sample cells are placed in each arm of an interferometer and are traversed by colinear probe and heating laser beams. The interrogation probe beams are recombined forming a fringe pattern, the intensity of which can be related to changes in optical pathlength of these laser beams through the cells. This in turn can be related to small differences in optical <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> which results in different amounts of sample heating when the heating laser beams are turned on, by the fact that the <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction of a liquid is temperature dependent. A critical feature of this invention is the stabilization of the optical path of the probe beams against drift. Background (solvent) <span class="hlt">absorption</span> can then be suppressed by a factor of approximately 400. Solute <span class="hlt">absorptivities</span> of about 10.sup.-5 cm.sup.-1 can then be determined in the presence of background <span class="hlt">absorptions</span> in excess of 10.sup.-3 cm.sup.-1. In addition, the smallest <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measured with the instant apparatus and method is about 5.times. 10.sup.-6 cm.sup.-1.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6441020','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6441020"><span>Apparatus and method for quantitative measurement of small differences in optical <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> between two samples using differential interferometry and the thermooptic effect</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Cremers, D.A.; Keller, R.A.</p> <p>1982-06-08</p> <p>An apparatus and method for the measurement of small differences in optical <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> of weakly absorbing solutions using differential interferometry and the thermooptic effect has been developed. Two sample cells are placed in each arm of an interferometer and are traversed by colinear probe and heating laser beams. The interrogation probe beams are recombined forming a fringe pattern, the intensity of which can be related to changes in optical pathlength of these laser beams through the cells. This in turn can be related to small differences in optical <span class="hlt">absorptivity</span> which results in different amounts of sample heating when the heating laser beams are turned on, by the fact that the <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction of a liquid is temperature dependent. A critical feature of this invention is the stabilization of the optical path of the probe beams against drift. Background (solvent) <span class="hlt">absorption</span> can then be suppressed by a factor of approximately 400. Solute <span class="hlt">absorptivities</span> of about 10/sup -5/ cm/sup -1/ can then be determined in the presence of background <span class="hlt">absorptions</span> in excess of 10/sup -3/ cm/sup -1/. In addition, the smallest <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measured with the instant apparatus and method is about 5 x 10/sup -6/ cm/sup -1/.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23852196','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23852196"><span>Z-scan theory for nonlocal nonlinear media with simultaneous nonlinear refraction and nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rashidian Vaziri, Mohammad Reza</p> <p>2013-07-10</p> <p>In this paper, the Z-scan theory for nonlocal nonlinear media has been further developed when nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and nonlinear refraction appear simultaneously. To this end, the nonlinear photoinduced phase shift between the impinging and outgoing Gaussian beams from a nonlocal nonlinear sample has been generalized. It is shown that this kind of phase shift will reduce correctly to its known counterpart for the case of pure refractive nonlinearity. Using this generalized form of phase shift, the basic formulas for closed- and open-aperture beam transmittances in the far field have been provided, and a simple procedure for interpreting the Z-scan results has been proposed. In this procedure, by separately performing open- and closed-aperture Z-scan experiments and using the represented relations for the far-field transmittances, one can measure the nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient and nonlinear <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction as well as the order of nonlocality. Theoretically, it is shown that when the <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> nonlinearity is present in addition to the refractive nonlinearity, the sample nonlocal response can noticeably suppress the peak and enhance the valley of the Z-scan closed-aperture transmittance curves, which is due to the nonlocal action's ability to change the beam transverse dimensions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24529777','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24529777"><span>Invisible ink mark detection in the visible spectrum using <span class="hlt">absorption</span> difference.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lee, Joong; Kong, Seong G; Kang, Tae-Yi; Kim, Byounghyun; Jeon, Oc-Yeub</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>One of popular techniques in gambling fraud involves the use of invisible ink marks printed on the back surface of playing cards. Such covert patterns are transparent in the visible spectrum and therefore invisible to unaided human eyes. Invisible patterns can be made visible with ultraviolet (UV) illumination or a CCD camera installed with an infrared (IR) filter depending on the type of ink materials used. Cheating gamers often wear contact lenses or eyeglasses made of IR or UV filters to recognize the secret marks on the playing cards. This paper presents an image processing technique to reveal invisible ink patterns in the visible spectrum without the aid of special equipment such as UV lighting or IR filters. A printed invisible ink pattern leaves a thin coating on the surface with different refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> for different wavelengths of light, which results in color dispersion or <span class="hlt">absorption</span> difference. The proposed method finds the differences of color components caused by <span class="hlt">absorption</span> difference to detect invisible ink patterns on the surface. Experiment results show that the proposed scheme is effective for both UV-active and IR-active invisible ink materials. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29287372','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29287372"><span>Qualitative identification of food materials by complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> mapping in the terahertz range.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shin, Hee Jun; Choi, Sung-Wook; Ok, Gyeongsik</p> <p>2018-04-15</p> <p>We investigated the feasibility of qualitative food analysis using complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> mapping of food materials in the terahertz (THz) frequency range. We studied optical properties such as the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of food materials, including insects as foreign substances, from 0.2 to 1.3 THz. Although some food materials had a complex composition, their refractive indices were approximated with effective medium values, and therefore, they could be discriminated on the complex refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> map. To demonstrate food quality inspection with THz imaging, we obtained THz reflective images and time-of-flight imaging of hidden defects in a sugar and milk powder matrix by using time domain THz pulses. Our results indicate that foreign substances can be clearly classified and detected according to the optical parameters of the foods and insects by using THz pulses. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10992632','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10992632"><span>[Bibliometric analysis of publications by the Mexican Social Security Institute staff].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Valdez-Martínez, E; Garduño-Espinosa, J; Gómez-Delgado, A; Dante Amato-Martínez, J; Morales-Mori, L; Blanco-Favela, F; Muñoz-Hernández, O</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>To describe and analyze the general characteristics and methodology of <span class="hlt">indexed</span> publications by the health staff of the Mexican Social Security Institute in 1997. Original articles were evaluated. The primary sources included <span class="hlt">Index</span> Medicus, Current Contents and the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) <span class="hlt">index</span>. The following information was gathered for each article: affiliation and chief activity of the first author; impact factor of the journal; research type; field of study; topic of study, and methodological conduction. This latter point included congruence between design and objective, reproducibility of methods, applicability of the analysis, and pertinence of the conclusions. A total of 300 original articles was published of which 212 (71%) were available for the present study: full-time investigators (FTI) generated 109 articles and investigators with clinical activities (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) wrote 103 articles. The median impact factor of the journals in which FTI published was 1.337 (0.341 to 37.297) and for <span class="hlt">CAI</span> publications, 0.707 (0.400 to 4.237). Biomedical research predominated in the first group (41%) and clinical investigation in the second (66%). Statistically significant differences were identified for the methodological conduction between groups of investigators. Descriptive studies and publications in journals without impact factor predominated. The FTI group had the highest bibliographic production of original articles in <span class="hlt">indexed</span> journals with an impact factor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15360816','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15360816"><span>The NLM <span class="hlt">Indexing</span> Initiative's Medical Text <span class="hlt">Indexer</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aronson, Alan R; Mork, James G; Gay, Clifford W; Humphrey, Susanne M; Rogers, Willie J</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>The Medical Text <span class="hlt">Indexer</span> (MTI) is a program for producing MeSH <span class="hlt">indexing</span> recommendations. It is the major product of NLM's <span class="hlt">Indexing</span> Initiative and has been used in both semi-automated and fully automated <span class="hlt">indexing</span> environments at the Library since mid 2002. We report here on an experiment conducted with MEDLINE <span class="hlt">indexers</span> to evaluate MTI's performance and to generate ideas for its improvement as a tool for user-assisted <span class="hlt">indexing</span>. We also discuss some filtering techniques developed to improve MTI's accuracy for use primarily in automatically producing the <span class="hlt">indexing</span> for several abstracts collections.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003441&hterms=Biomass+shells&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DBiomass%2Bshells','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003441&hterms=Biomass+shells&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DBiomass%2Bshells"><span>Evaluating Model Parameterizations of Submicron Aerosol Scattering and <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> with in situ Data from ARCTAS 2008</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Alvarado, Matthew J.; Lonsdale, Chantelle R.; Macintyre, Helen L.; Bian, Huisheng; Chin, Mian; Ridley, David A.; Heald, Colette L.; Thornhill, Kenneth L.; Anderson, Bruce E.; Cubison, Michael J.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20170003441'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170003441_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170003441_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170003441_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170003441_hide"></p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Accurate modeling of the scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of ultraviolet and visible radiation by aerosols is essential for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. Closure studies using in situ measurements of aerosol scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> can be used to evaluate and improve models of aerosol optical properties without interference from model errors in aerosol emissions, transport, chemistry, or deposition rates. Here we evaluate the ability of four externally mixed, fixed size distribution parameterizations used in global models to simulate submicron aerosol scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at three wavelengths using in situ data gathered during the 2008 Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) campaign. The four models are the NASA Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) Combo model, GEOS-Chem v9- 02, the baseline configuration of a version of GEOS-Chem with online radiative transfer calculations (called GC-RT), and the Optical Properties of Aerosol and Clouds (OPAC v3.1) package. We also use the ARCTAS data to perform the first evaluation of the ability of the Aerosol Simulation Program (ASP v2.1) to simulate submicron aerosol scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> when in situ data on the aerosol size distribution are used, and examine the impact of different mixing rules for black carbon (BC) on the results. We find that the GMI model tends to overestimate submicron scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at shorter wavelengths by 10-23 percent, and that GMI has smaller absolute mean biases for submicron <span class="hlt">absorption</span> than OPAC v3.1, GEOS-Chem v9-02, or GC-RT. However, the changes to the density and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of BC in GCRT improve the simulation of submicron aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at all wavelengths relative to GEOS-Chem v9-02. Adding a variable size distribution, as in ASP v2.1, improves model performance for scattering but not for <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, likely due to the assumption in ASP v2.1 that BC is present at a constant mass fraction</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....16.9435A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....16.9435A"><span>Evaluating model parameterizations of submicron aerosol scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> with in situ data from ARCTAS 2008</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alvarado, Matthew J.; Lonsdale, Chantelle R.; Macintyre, Helen L.; Bian, Huisheng; Chin, Mian; Ridley, David A.; Heald, Colette L.; Thornhill, Kenneth L.; Anderson, Bruce E.; Cubison, Michael J.; Jimenez, Jose L.; Kondo, Yutaka; Sahu, Lokesh K.; Dibb, Jack E.; Wang, Chien</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Accurate modeling of the scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of ultraviolet and visible radiation by aerosols is essential for accurate simulations of atmospheric chemistry and climate. Closure studies using in situ measurements of aerosol scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> can be used to evaluate and improve models of aerosol optical properties without interference from model errors in aerosol emissions, transport, chemistry, or deposition rates. Here we evaluate the ability of four externally mixed, fixed size distribution parameterizations used in global models to simulate submicron aerosol scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at three wavelengths using in situ data gathered during the 2008 Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) campaign. The four models are the NASA Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) Combo model, GEOS-Chem v9-02, the baseline configuration of a version of GEOS-Chem with online radiative transfer calculations (called GC-RT), and the Optical Properties of Aerosol and Clouds (OPAC v3.1) package. We also use the ARCTAS data to perform the first evaluation of the ability of the Aerosol Simulation Program (ASP v2.1) to simulate submicron aerosol scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> when in situ data on the aerosol size distribution are used, and examine the impact of different mixing rules for black carbon (BC) on the results. We find that the GMI model tends to overestimate submicron scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at shorter wavelengths by 10-23 %, and that GMI has smaller absolute mean biases for submicron <span class="hlt">absorption</span> than OPAC v3.1, GEOS-Chem v9-02, or GC-RT. However, the changes to the density and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of BC in GC-RT improve the simulation of submicron aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at all wavelengths relative to GEOS-Chem v9-02. Adding a variable size distribution, as in ASP v2.1, improves model performance for scattering but not for <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, likely due to the assumption in ASP v2.1 that BC is present at a constant mass fraction</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010119956','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010119956"><span>Determining CDOM <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Spectra in Diverse Aquatic Environments Using a Multiple Pathlength, Liquid Core Waveguide System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Miller, Richard L.; Belz, Mathias; DelCastillo, Carlos; Trzaska, Rick</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>We evaluated the accuracy, sensitivity and precision of a multiple pathlength, liquid core waveguide (MPLCW) system for measuring colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the UV-visible spectral range (370-700 nm). The MPLCW has four optical paths (2.0, 9.8, 49.3, and 204 cm) coupled to a single Teflon AF sample cell. Water samples were obtained from inland, coastal and ocean waters ranging in salinity from 0 to 36 PSU. Reference solutions for the MPLCW were made having a refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the sample. CDOM <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficients, aCDOM, and the slope of the log-linearized <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra, S, were compared with values obtained using a dual-beam spectrophotometer. <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> of phenol red secondary standards measured by the MPLCW at 558 nm were highly correlated with spectrophotometer values and showed a linear response across all four pathlengths. Values of aCDOM measured using the MPLCW were virtually identical to spectrophotometer values over a wide range of concentrations. The dynamic range of aCDOM for MPLCW measurements was 0.002 - 231.5 m-1. At low CDOM concentrations spectrophotometric aCDOM were slightly greater than MPLCW values and showed larger fluctuations at longer wavelengths due to limitations in instrument precision. In contrast, MPLCW spectra followed an exponential to 600 nm for all samples.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20100017373&hterms=safari&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsafari','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20100017373&hterms=safari&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsafari"><span>Spectral <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bergstrom, R. W.; Pilewskie, P.; Russell, P. B.; Redemann, J.; Bond, T. C.; Quinn, P. K.; Sierau, B.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>We have determined the solar spectral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> optical depth of atmospheric aerosols for specific case studies during several field programs (three cases have been reported previously; two are new results). We combined airborne measurements of the solar net radiant flux density and the aerosol optical depth with a detailed radiative transfer model for all but one of the cases. The field programs (SAFARI 2000, ACE Asia, PRIDE, TARFOX, INTEX-A) contained aerosols representing the major absorbing aerosol types: pollution, biomass burning, desert dust and mixtures. In all cases the spectral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> optical depth decreases with wavelength and can be approximated with a power-law wavelength dependence (<span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Angstrom Exponent or AAE). We compare our results with other recent spectral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurements and attempt to briefly summarize the state of knowledge of aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectra in the atmosphere. We discuss the limitations in using the AAE for calculating the solar <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. We also discuss the resulting spectral single scattering albedo for these cases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9822E..0WL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9822E..0WL"><span>Raman and CT scan mapping of chalcogenide glass diffusion generated gradient <span class="hlt">index</span> profiles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lindberg, G. P.; Berg, R. H.; Deegan, J.; Benson, R.; Salvaggio, P. S.; Gross, N.; Weinstein, B. A.; Gibson, D.; Bayya, S.; Sanghera, J.; Nguyen, V.; Kotov, M.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Metrology of a gradient <span class="hlt">index</span> (GRIN) material is non-trivial, especially in the realm of infrared and large refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. Traditional methods rely on <span class="hlt">index</span> matching fluids which are not available for <span class="hlt">indexes</span> as high as those found in the chalcogenide glasses (2.4-3.2). By diffusing chalcogenide glasses of similar composition one can blend the properties in a continuous way. In an effort to measure this we will present data from both x-ray computed tomography scans (CT scans) and Raman mapping scans of the diffusion profiles. Proof of concept measurements on undiffused bonded sheets of chalcogenide glasses were presented previously. The profiles measured will be of axially stacked sheets of chalcogenide glasses diffused to create a linear GRIN profile and nested tubes of chalcogenide glasses diffused to create a radial parabolic GRIN profile. We will show that the x-ray <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the CT scan and the intensity of select Raman peaks spatially measured through the material are indicators of the concentration of the diffusion ions and correlate to the spatial change in refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. We will also present finite element modeling (FEM) results and compare them to post precision glass molded (PGM) elements that have undergone CT and Raman mapping.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=lithium&pg=4&id=EJ181472','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=lithium&pg=4&id=EJ181472"><span>Corrosion Problems in <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Chillers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Stetson, Bruce</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> chillers use a lithium bromide solution as the medium of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and water as the refrigerant. Discussed are corrosion and related problems, tests and remedies, and cleaning procedures. (Author/MLF)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751228','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751228"><span>[Effect of leptin on expression of calpain-1 and Bcl-2 and apoptosis in myocardial tissue of neonatal rats after asphyxia].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Dan-Dan; Wu, Xing-Heng; Zhang, Li-Na</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>To study the effect of leptin on the expression of calcium-activated neutral protease 1 (calpain-1) and B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and apoptosis in the myocardial tissue of neonatal rats after asphyxia. A total of 48 neonatal rats were randomly and equally divided into normal control group, asphyxia group, leptin treatment groups, and calpain-1 inhibitor (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>-1) group. The neonatal rat model of asphyxia under normal atmospheric condition was established in all groups except the control group. For the leptin treatment groups, rats received 20, 80, and 160 μg/kg leptin by intraperitoneal injection immediately after model establishment, respectively. For the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-1 group, rats received 10 mg/kg <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-1 by intraperitoneal injection immediately after model establishment. For all the groups, the myocardial tissue was collected at 2 hours after model establishment. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of calpain-1 and Bcl-2. The TUNEL method was used to evaluate apoptosis of myocardial cells. The expression of calpain-1 and Bcl-2 and apoptosis <span class="hlt">index</span> (AI) were significantly higher in the asphyxia group than in the normal control group (P˂0.05). The leptin treatment groups and the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-1 group had significantly lower expression of calpain-1, significantly lower AI, and significantly higher expression of Bcl-2 than the asphyxia group (P˂0.05). The <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-1 group had the largest changes in all the indices compared with the asphyxia group. However, there were no significant differences in all indices between the 160 μg/kg leptin treatment group and the <span class="hlt">CAI</span>-1 group. After asphyxia, the expression of calpain-1 was positively correlated with AI, while the expression of Bcl-2 was negatively correlated with AI and the expression of calpain-1 (P˂0.05). Leptin reduces apoptosis of myocardial cells in asphyxiated neonatal rats by the inhibition of calpain-1 activation and upregulation of Bcl-2 expression.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16790959','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16790959"><span>[Shock <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of mouthguard materials--influence of temperature conditions and shore hardness on shock <span class="hlt">absorption</span>].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tomita, Takashi; Tsukimura, Naoki; Ohno, Shigeru; Umekawa, Yoshitada; Sawano, Muneyuki; Fujimoto, Toshiki; Takamura, Masaaki; Majima, Aiko; Katakura, Yuusuke; Kurata, Akemi; Ohyama, Tetsuo; Ishigami, Tomohiko</p> <p>2006-04-01</p> <p>To consider changes in the physical properties of mouthguard materials with the change of temperature, shock-absorbing examination and Shore hardness measurement of existing MG materials and other elastic materials were carried out. Both examinations were done under two temperature conditions: at room temperature (25 degrees C) and simulated intraoral temperature (37 degrees C). In addition, a comparative study of the relation between Shore hardness and shock <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the materials was made. A self-made drop impact machine was used for the shock-absorbing examination. The thickness of a sample was assumed to be 3 mm. The loading was applied by dropping 3 kinds of steel ball, phi 10 mm (4.0 g), phi 15 mm (13.7 g), and phi 20 mm (32.6 g) from a height of 60 cm. The shock <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of all materials was compared by the maximum impact force. Shore hardness was measured based on the JIS standard. The shock <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of each material showed a different tendency depending on the loading condition. Furthermore, the shock <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the same material showed different results depending on the temperature condition. Shore hardness measurements tended to show low values with the condition of 37 degrees C for all materials. From the relation between shock <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and Shore hardness, it was confirmed that there is a correlation between hardness and the maximum impact force in the materials that showed shock <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by elastic deformation. Some materials showed high shock <span class="hlt">absorption</span> compared with existing MG materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3683099','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3683099"><span>Mathematical model of zinc <span class="hlt">absorption</span>: effects of dietary calcium, protein and iron on zinc <span class="hlt">absorption</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Miller, Leland V.; Krebs, Nancy F.; Hambidge, K. Michael</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>A previously described mathematical model of Zn <span class="hlt">absorption</span> as a function of total daily dietary Zn and phytate was fitted to data from studies in which dietary Ca, Fe and protein were also measured. An analysis of regression residuals indicated statistically significant positive relationships between the residuals and Ca, Fe and protein, suggesting that the presence of any of these dietary components enhances Zn <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Based on the hypotheses that (1) Ca and Fe both promote Zn <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by binding with phytate and thereby making it unavailable for binding Zn and (2) protein enhances the availability of Zn for transporter binding, the model was modified to incorporate these effects. The new model of Zn <span class="hlt">absorption</span> as a function of dietary Zn, phytate, Ca, Fe and protein was then fitted to the data. The proportion of variation in absorbed Zn explained by the new model was 0·88, an increase from 0·82 with the original model. A reduced version of the model without Fe produced an equally good fit to the data and an improved value for the model selection criterion, demonstrating that when dietary Ca and protein are controlled for, there is no evidence that dietary Fe influences Zn <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Regression residuals and testing with additional data supported the validity of the new model. It was concluded that dietary Ca and protein modestly enhanced Zn <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and Fe had no statistically discernable effect. Furthermore, the model provides a meaningful foundation for efforts to model nutrient interactions in mineral <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. PMID:22617116</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22617116','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22617116"><span>Mathematical model of zinc <span class="hlt">absorption</span>: effects of dietary calcium, protein and iron on zinc <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Miller, Leland V; Krebs, Nancy F; Hambidge, K Michael</p> <p>2013-02-28</p> <p>A previously described mathematical model of Zn <span class="hlt">absorption</span> as a function of total daily dietary Zn and phytate was fitted to data from studies in which dietary Ca, Fe and protein were also measured. An analysis of regression residuals indicated statistically significant positive relationships between the residuals and Ca, Fe and protein, suggesting that the presence of any of these dietary components enhances Zn <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Based on the hypotheses that (1) Ca and Fe both promote Zn <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by binding with phytate and thereby making it unavailable for binding Zn and (2) protein enhances the availability of Zn for transporter binding, the model was modified to incorporate these effects. The new model of Zn <span class="hlt">absorption</span> as a function of dietary Zn, phytate, Ca, Fe and protein was then fitted to the data. The proportion of variation in absorbed Zn explained by the new model was 0·88, an increase from 0·82 with the original model. A reduced version of the model without Fe produced an equally good fit to the data and an improved value for the model selection criterion, demonstrating that when dietary Ca and protein are controlled for, there is no evidence that dietary Fe influences Zn <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Regression residuals and testing with additional data supported the validity of the new model. It was concluded that dietary Ca and protein modestly enhanced Zn <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and Fe had no statistically discernable effect. Furthermore, the model provides a meaningful foundation for efforts to model nutrient interactions in mineral <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000052537&hterms=Russell&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26Nf%3DPublication-Date%257CBTWN%2B20000101%2B20001231%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DRussell','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000052537&hterms=Russell&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26Nf%3DPublication-Date%257CBTWN%2B20000101%2B20001231%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DRussell"><span>Measurements and Modeling of Aerosol <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> and Single Scattering Albedo at Ambient Relative Hum</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Redemann, J.; Russell, P. B.; Hamill, P.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Uncertainties in the aerosol single scattering albedo have been identified to be an important source of errors in current large-scale model estimates of the direct aerosol radiative forcing of climate. A number of investigators have obtained estimates of the single scattering albedo from a variety of remote sensing and in situ measurements during aerosol field experiments. During the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational Experiment (TARFOX, 1996) for example, estimates of the aerosol single scattering albedo were obtained (1) as a best-fit parameter in comparing radiative flux changes measured by airborne pyranometer to those computed from independently measured aerosol properties; (2) from estimates of the aerosol complex <span class="hlt">index</span> of refraction derived using a combination of airborne sunphotometer, lidar backscatter and in situ size distribution measurements; and (3) from airborne measurements of aerosol scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> using nephelometers and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> photometers. In this paper, we briefly compare the results of the latter two methods for two TARFOX case studies, since those techniques provide height-resolved information about the aerosol single scattering albedo. Estimates of the aerosol single scattering albedo from nephelometer and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> photometer measurements require knowledge of the scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> humidification (i.e., the increase in these properties in response to an increase in ambient relative humidity), since both measurements are usually carried out at a relative humidity different from the ambient atmosphere. In principle, the scattering humidification factor can be measured, but there is currently no technique widely available to measure the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of an aerosol sample as a function of relative humidity. Frequently, for lack of better knowledge, the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> humidification is assumed to be unity (meaning that there is no change in aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> due to an increase in ambient relative humidity). This</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29529571','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29529571"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a highly <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> polymeric medium.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Francisco, Olga; Idowu, Ifeoluwa; Friesen, Kelsey L; McDougall, Matthew; Choi, Sara Seoin; Bolluch, Patrique; Daramola, Oluwadamilola; Johnson, Wesley; Palace, Vince; Stetefeld, Jörg; Tomy, Gregg T</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The efficacy of a lightly cross-linked polymeric bead to absorb polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the surface of fresh- and salt-water in a simulated oil-spill scenario was assessed in this study. A layer of PAHs at the water surface was created by first preparing the PAHs in hexane and then carefully spiking this mixture onto the surface of water. Beads were then applied to the surface of the organic phase and the amount of hydrocarbons absorbed by the beads was examined at prescribed time intervals and at different temperatures. <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> of PAHs into the beads was exhaustive with ∼86 ± 4% being selectively removed from the organic phase by 120 s. First order reaction rates best described the uptake kinetics and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> rates ranged from 0.0085 (naphthalene) to 0.0325 s- 1 (dibenzo[a,h]anthracene). <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> of PAHs into the beads was driven by molecular volume (A 3 ). Uptake rates increased markedly for PAHs with molecular volumes between 130 A 3 and 190 A 3 . Beyond this molecular volume there was no apparent change in the rate of uptake. This study shows that these polymeric beads have a high affinity for PAHs and can be used under various environmental conditions with negligible difference in <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> efficacy. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995STIN...9612538A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995STIN...9612538A"><span>Ammonia and ammonium hydroxide sensors for ammonia/water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> machines: Literature review and data compilation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Anheier, N. C., Jr.; McDonald, C. E.; Cuta, J. M.; Cuta, F. M.; Olsen, K. B.</p> <p>1995-05-01</p> <p>This report describes an evaluation of various sensing techniques for determining the ammonia concentration in the working fluid of ammonia/water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cycle systems. The purpose was to determine if any existing sensor technology or instrumentation could provide an accurate, reliable, and cost-effective continuous measure of ammonia concentration in water. The resulting information will be used for design optimization and cycle control in an ammonia-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> heat pump. Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) researchers evaluated each sensing technology against a set of general requirements characterizing the potential operating conditions within the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cycle. The criteria included the physical constraints for in situ operation, sensor characteristics, and sensor application. PNL performed an extensive literature search, which uncovered several promising sensing technologies that might be applicable to this problem. Sixty-two references were investigated, and 33 commercial vendors were identified as having ammonia sensors. The technologies for ammonia sensing are acoustic wave, refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>, electrode, thermal, ion-selective field-effect transistor (ISFET), electrical conductivity, pH/colormetric, and optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Based on information acquired in the literature search, PNL recommends that follow-on activities focus on ISFET devices and a fiber optic evanescent sensor with a colormetric indicator. The ISFET and fiber optic evanescent sensor are inherently microminiature and capable of in situ measurements. Further, both techniques have been demonstrated selective to the ammonium ion (NH4(+)). The primary issue remaining is how to make the sensors sufficiently corrosion-resistant to be useful in practice.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1334376-laser-damage-comparisons-broad-bandwidth-high-reflection-optical-coatings-containing-tio2-nb2o5-ta2o5-high-index-layers','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1334376-laser-damage-comparisons-broad-bandwidth-high-reflection-optical-coatings-containing-tio2-nb2o5-ta2o5-high-index-layers"><span>Laser damage comparisons of broad-bandwidth, high-reflection optical coatings containing TiO 2, Nb 2O 5, or Ta 2O 5 high-<span class="hlt">index</span> layers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Field, Ella Suzanne; Bellum, John Curtis; Kletecka, Damon E.</p> <p>2016-09-21</p> <p>Broad bandwidth coatings allow angle of incidence flexibility and accommodate spectral shifts due to aging and water <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Higher refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> materials in optical coatings, such as TiO 2, Nb 2O 5, and Ta 2O 5, can be used to achieve broader bandwidths compared to coatings that contain HfO 2 high <span class="hlt">index</span> layers. We have identified the deposition settings that lead to the highest <span class="hlt">index</span>, lowest <span class="hlt">absorption</span> layers of TiO 2, Nb 2O 5, and Ta 2O 5, via e-beam evaporation using ion-assisted deposition. We paired these high <span class="hlt">index</span> materials with SiO 2 as the low <span class="hlt">index</span> material to createmore » broad bandwidth high reflection coatings centered at 1054 nm for 45 deg angle of incidence and P polarization. Furthermore, high reflection bandwidths as large as 231 nm were realized. Laser damage tests of these coatings using the ISO 11254 and NIF-MEL protocols are presented, which revealed that the Ta 2O 5/SiO 2 coating exhibits the highest resistance to laser damage, at the expense of lower bandwidth compared to the TiO 2/SiO 2 and Nb 2O 5/SiO 2 coatings.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B22C..04A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B22C..04A"><span>Canopy structural complexity predicts forest canopy light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> at continental scales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Atkins, J. W.; Fahey, R. T.; Hardiman, B. S.; Gough, C. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Understanding how the physical structure of forest canopies influence light acquisition is a long-standing area of inquiry fundamental to advancing understanding of many areas of the physical sciences, including the modeling and interpretation of biogeochemical cycles. Conventional measures of forest canopy structure employed in earth system models are often limited to leaf area <span class="hlt">index</span> (LAI)—a measure of the quantity of leaves in the canopy. However, more novel multi-dimensional measures of canopy structural complexity (CSC) that describe the arrangement of vegetation are now possible because of technological advances, and may improve modeled estimates of canopy light <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. During 2016 and 2017, we surveyed forests at sites from across the eastern, southern, and midwestern United States using portable canopy LiDAR (PCL). This survey included 14 National Ecological Observation Network (NEON), Long-Term Ecological Research Network (LTER,) Ameriflux, and University affiliated sites. Our findings show that a composite model including CSC parameters and LAI explains 96.8% of the variance in light acquisition, measured as the fraction of photosynthetically absorbed radiation (fPAR) at the continental scale, and improvement of 12% over an LAI only model. Under high light sky conditions, measures of CSC are more strongly coupled with light acquisition than under low light, possibly because light scattering partially decouples CSC from canopy light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> under low, predominately diffuse light conditions. We conclude that scalable estimates of CSC metrics may improve continent-wide estimates of canopy light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and, therefore, carbon uptake, with implications for remote sensing and earth system modeling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MARR17009S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..MARR17009S"><span>Coupling between <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and scattering in disordered colloids</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stephenson, Anna; Hwang, Victoria; Park, Jin-Gyu; Manoharan, Vinothan N.</p> <p></p> <p>We aim to understand how scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> are coupled in disordered colloidal suspensions containing absorbing molecules (dyes). When the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> length is shorter than the transport length, <span class="hlt">absorption</span> dominates, and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and scattering can be seen as two additive effects. However, when the transport length is shorter than the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> length, the scattering and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> become coupled, as multiple scattering increases the path length of the light in the sample, leading to a higher probability of <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. To quantify this synergistic effect, we measure the diffuse reflectance spectra of colloidal samples of varying dye concentrations, thicknesses, and particle concentrations, and we calculate the transport length and <span class="hlt">absorption</span> length from our measurements, using a radiative transfer model. At particle concentrations so high that the particles form disordered packings, we find a minimum in the transport length. We show that selecting a dye where the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peak matches the location of the minimum in the transport length allows for enhanced <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Kraft-Heinz Corporation, NSF GRFP 2015200426.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22362432','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22362432"><span>A method for evaluating competency in assessment and management of suicide risk.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hung, Erick K; Binder, Renée L; Fordwood, Samantha R; Hall, Stephen E; Cramer, Robert J; McNiel, Dale E</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Although health professionals increasingly are expected to be able to assess and manage patients' risk for suicide, few methods are available to evaluate this competency. This report describes development of a competency-assessment instrument for suicide risk-assessment (<span class="hlt">CAI-S</span>), and evaluates its use in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). The authors developed the <span class="hlt">CAI-S</span> on the basis of the literature on suicide risk-assessment and management, and consultation with faculty focus groups from three sites in a large academic psychiatry department. The <span class="hlt">CAI-S</span> structures faculty ratings regarding interviewing and data collection, case formulation and presentation, treatment-planning, and documentation. To evaluate the <span class="hlt">CAI-S</span>, 31 faculty members used it to rate the performance of 31 learners (26 psychiatric residents and 5 clinical psychology interns) who participated in an OSCE. After interviewing a standardized patient, learners presented their risk-assessment findings and treatment plans. Faculty used the <span class="hlt">CAI-S</span> to structure feedback to the learners. In a subsidiary study of interrater reliability, six faculty members rated video-recorded suicide risk-assessments. The <span class="hlt">CAI-S</span> showed good internal consistency, reliability, and interrater reliability. Concurrent validity was supported by the finding that <span class="hlt">CAI-S</span> ratings were higher for senior learners than junior learners, and were higher for learners with more clinical experience with suicidal patients than learners with less clinical experience. Faculty and learners rated the method as helpful for structuring feedback and supervision. The findings support the usefulness of the <span class="hlt">CAI-S</span> for evaluating competency in suicide risk-assessment and management.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22475831-compositional-dependence-optical-band-gap-refractive-index-lead-bismuth-borate-glasses','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22475831-compositional-dependence-optical-band-gap-refractive-index-lead-bismuth-borate-glasses"><span>Compositional dependence of optical band gap and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> in lead and bismuth borate glasses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mallur, Saisudha B.; Czarnecki, Tyler; Adhikari, Ashish</p> <p>2015-08-15</p> <p>Highlights: • Refractive indices increase with increasing PbO/Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} content. • Optical band gap arises due to direct forbidden transition. • Optical band gaps decrease with increasing PbO/Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} content. • New empirical relation between the optical band gap and the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. - Abstract: We prepared a series of lead and bismuth borate glasses by varying PbO/Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} content and studied refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and optical band gap as a function of glass composition. Refractive indices were measured very accurately using a Brewster’s angle set up while the optical band gaps were determined by analyzing the opticalmore » <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge using the Mott–Davis model. Using the Lorentz–Lorentz method and the effective medium theory, we calculated the refractive indices and then compared them with the measured values. Bismuth borate glasses show better agreement between the calculated values of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and experimental values. We used a differential method based on Mott–Davis model to obtain the type of transition and optical band gap (E{sub opt}) which in turn was compared with the value of E{sub opt} obtained using the extinction coefficient. Our analysis shows that in both lead and bismuth borate glasses, the optical band gap arises due to direct forbidden transition. With increasing PbO/Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} content, the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> edge shifts toward longer wavelengths and the optical band gap decreases. This behavior can be explained in terms of changes to the Pb−O/Bi−O chemical bonds with glass composition. We obtained a new empirical relation between the optical band gap and the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> which can be used to accurately determine the electronic oxide polarizability in lead and bismuth oxide glasses.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10757822','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10757822"><span>Glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in acute peritoneal dialysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Podel, J; Hodelin-Wetzel, R; Saha, D C; Burns, G</p> <p>2000-04-01</p> <p>During acute peritoneal dialysis (APD), it is known that glucose found in the dialysate solution contributes to the provision of significant calories. It has been well documented in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) that glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> occurs. In APD, however, it remains unclear how much glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> actually does occur. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether it is appropriate to use the formula used to calculate glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in CAPD (Grodstein et al) among patients undergoing APD. Actual measurements of glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (Method I) were calculated in 9 patients undergoing APD treatment for >24 hours who were admitted to the intensive care unit. Glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> using the Grodstein et al formula (Method II) was also determined and compared with the results of actual measurements. The data was then further analyzed based on the factors that influence glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, specifically dwell time and concentration. The mean total amount of glucose absorbed was 43% +/- 15%. However, when dwell time and concentration were further examined, significant differences were noted. Method I showed a cumulative increase over time. Method II showed that <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was fixed. This suggests that with the variation in dwell time commonly seen in the acute care setting, the use of Method II may not be accurate. In each of the 2 methods, a significant difference in glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was noted when comparing the use of 1.5% and 4.25% dialysate concentrations. The established formula designed for CAPD should not be used for calculating glucose <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in patients receiving APD because variation in dwell time and concentration should be taken into account. Because of the time constraints and staffing required to calculate each exchange individually, combined with the results of the study, we recommend the use of the percentage estimate of 40% to 50%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A41G0155R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A41G0155R"><span>Imaginary refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> and other microphysical properties of volcanic ash, Sarahan dust, and other mineral aerosols</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rocha Lima, A.; Martins, J.; Krotkov, N. A.; Artaxo, P.; Todd, M.; Ben Ami, Y.; Dolgos, G.; Espinosa, R.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Aerosol properties are essential to support remote sensing measurements, atmospheric circulation and climate models. This research aims to improve the understanding of the optical and microphysical properties of different types of aerosols particles. Samples of volcanic ash, Saharan dust and other mineral aerosols particles were analyzed by different techniques. Ground samples were sieved down to 45um, de-agglomerated and resuspended in the laboratory using a Fluidized Bed Aerosol Generator (FBAG). Particles were collected on Nuclepore filters into PM10, PM2.5, or PM1.0. and analyzed by different techniques, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for determination of size distribution and shape, spectral reflectance for determination of the optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties as a function of the wavelength, material density, and X-Ray fluorescence for the elemental composition. The spectral imaginary part of refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> from the UV to the short wave infrared (SWIR) wavelength was derived empirically from the measurements of the spectral mass <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient, size distribution and density of the material. Some selected samples were also analyzed with the Polarized Imaging Nephelometer (PI-Neph) instrument for the characterization of the aerosol polarized phase function. This work compares results of the spectral refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of different materials obtained by our methodology with those available in the literature. In some cases there are significant differences both in magnitude and spectral dependence of the imaginary refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. These differences are evaluated and discussed in this work.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A11K..07S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A11K..07S"><span>Understanding the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> Angstrom exponent provided in the AERONET database</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schuster, G. L.; Dubovik, O.; Arola, A. T.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Recently, some authors have suggested that the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> Angstrom exponent (AAE) can be used to deduce the component aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> optical depths (AAOD) of dust, brown carbon, and soot carbon in the atmosphere. The premise behind this AAE approach is that AAE is a species-dependent aerosol property that does not depend upon particle size or mass, that absorbing aerosol species are externally mixed with one another, and that AAE is much less than 1 for black carbon. Other authors have found that AAE does not contain enough information to unambiguously speciate the absorbing aerosols. Thus, we explore this topic here, and point out some theoretical inconsistencies associated with using the AAE approach to deduce component AAODs from the AERONET retrievals. For instance, Level 2.0 retrievals at 15 West African sites subsampled for AAE < 1.0 indicate that 86% of the fine volume fractions are less than 0.2, 56% of the depolarization ratios are greater than 0.2, and 94% of the Angstrom exponents are less than 1.0. This indicates that most of the West African data with AAE < 1 are dominated by coarse mode dust, and that low AAE does not indicate pure BC, and that therefore AAE can not be used to separate carbonaceous aerosols from dust. We obtained similar results at five Middle East dust sites subsampled for AAE < 1.0, with 59% of the fine volume fractions less than 0.2, 88% of the depolarization ratios greater than 0.2, and 73% of the Angstrom exponents less than 1.0.Additionally, we find that AAE << 1 is very unlikely to occur for size distributions with fine volume fractions greater than 0.5 at nine southern Africa and South America sites, unless the imaginary refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> at the 440 nm wavelength is less than the imaginary refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> at the red and near infrared wavelengths (i.e., k(440) < k(rnir)). Since black carbon has a spectrally invariant imaginary refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> at these wavelengths, it is unlikely to be the cause of k(440) < k(rnir) and AAE</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27258082','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27258082"><span>Achieving an Accurate Surface Profile of a Photonic Crystal for Near-Unity Solar <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> in a Super Thin-Film Architecture.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kuang, Ping; Eyderman, Sergey; Hsieh, Mei-Li; Post, Anthony; John, Sajeev; Lin, Shawn-Yu</p> <p>2016-06-28</p> <p>In this work, a teepee-like photonic crystal (PC) structure on crystalline silicon (c-Si) is experimentally demonstrated, which fulfills two critical criteria in solar energy harvesting by (i) its Gaussian-type gradient-<span class="hlt">index</span> profile for excellent antireflection and (ii) near-orthogonal energy flow and vortex-like field concentration via the parallel-to-interface refraction effect inside the structure for enhanced light trapping. For the PC structure on 500-μm-thick c-Si, the average reflection is only ∼0.7% for λ = 400-1000 nm. For the same structure on a much thinner c-Si ( t = 10 μm), the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is near unity (A ∼ 99%) for visible wavelengths, while the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the weakly absorbing range (λ ∼ 1000 nm) is significantly increased to 79%, comparing to only 6% <span class="hlt">absorption</span> for a 10-μm-thick planar c-Si. In addition, the average <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (∼94.7%) of the PC structure on 10 μm c-Si for λ = 400-1000 nm is only ∼3.8% less than the average <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (∼98.5%) of the PC structure on 500 μm c-Si, while the equivalent silicon solid content is reduced by 50 times. Furthermore, the angular dependence measurements show that the high <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is sustained over a wide angle range (θinc = 0-60°) for teepee-like PC structure on both 500 and 10-μm-thick c-Si.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.A32A..01G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.A32A..01G"><span>Aerosol <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Measurements in MILAGRO.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gaffney, J. S.; Marley, N. A.; Arnott, W. P.; Paredes-Miranda, L.; Barnard, J. C.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>During the month of March 2006, a number of instruments were used to determine the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> characteristics of aerosols found in the Mexico City Megacity and nearby Valley of Mexico. These measurements were taken as part of the Department of Energy's Megacity Aerosol Experiment - Mexico City (MAX-Mex) that was carried out in collaboration with the Megacity Interactions: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) campaign. MILAGRO was a joint effort between the DOE, NSF, NASA, and Mexican agencies aimed at understanding the impacts of a megacity on the urban and regional scale. A super-site was operated at the Instituto Mexicano de Petroleo in Mexico City (designated T-0) and at the Universidad Technologica de Tecamac (designated T-1) that was located about 35 km to the north east of the T-0 site in the State of Mexico. A third site was located at a private rancho in the State of Hidalgo approximately another 35 km to the northeast (designated T-2). Aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurements were taken in real time using a number of instruments at the T-0 and T-1 sites. These included a seven wavelength aethalometer, a multi-angle <span class="hlt">absorption</span> photometer (MAAP), and a photo-acoustic spectrometer. Aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was also derived from spectral radiometers including a multi-filter rotating band spectral radiometer (MFRSR). The results clearly indicate that there is significant aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by the aerosols in the Mexico City megacity region. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> can lead to single scattering albedo reduction leading to values below 0.5 under some circumstances. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is also found to deviate from that expected for a "well-behaved" soot anticipated from diesel engine emissions, i.e. from a simple 1/lambda wavelength dependence for <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Indeed, enhanced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is seen in the region of 300-450 nm in many cases, particularly in the afternoon periods indicating that secondary organic aerosols are contributing to the aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. This is likely due</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B33F0689W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B33F0689W"><span>TEMPO Specific Photochemical Reflectance <span class="hlt">Index</span> for Monitoring Crop Productivity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wulamu, A.; Fishman, J.; Maimaitiyiming, M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Chlorophyll fluorescence and Photochemical Reflectance <span class="hlt">Index</span> (PRI) are two key indicators of plant functional status used for early stress detection. With its less than one nanometer hyperspectral resolution and hourly revisit capabilities, NASA's Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) sensor provides new opportunities for monitoring regional food security. Chlorophyll fluorescence can be retrieved by TEMPO using Oxygen B (O2-B) <span class="hlt">absorption</span> region at 687 nm. The Photochemical Reflectance <span class="hlt">Index</span> (PRI) is calculated from spectral reflectance at 531 and 570. However, TEMPO spectral range covers from 290 mm - 490 nm and 540 nm -740 nm, does not provide the 531 nm measurement band for PRI. It is imperative to develop alternate wavelengths within the TEMPO spectral range for these early stress indicators so that regional crop health can be observed by TEMPO with unparalleled spectral and temporal resolutions to address food security. Combining field and airborne remote sensing experiments and radiative transfer simulations, this work proposes a TEMPO specific PRI and demonstrates that TEMPO offers a new set of high-resolution spectral data for crop monitoring.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086025','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086025"><span>High-precision diode-laser-based temperature measurement for air refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> compensation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hieta, Tuomas; Merimaa, Mikko; Vainio, Markku; Seppä, Jeremias; Lassila, Antti</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>We present a laser-based system to measure the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of air over a long path length. In optical distance measurements, it is essential to know the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of air with high accuracy. Commonly, the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of air is calculated from the properties of the ambient air using either Ciddor or Edlén equations, where the dominant uncertainty component is in most cases the air temperature. The method developed in this work utilizes direct <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectroscopy of oxygen to measure the average temperature of air and of water vapor to measure relative humidity. The method allows measurement of temperature and humidity over the same beam path as in optical distance measurement, providing spatially well-matching data. Indoor and outdoor measurements demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. In particular, we demonstrate an effective compensation of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of air in an interferometric length measurement at a time-variant and spatially nonhomogeneous temperature over a long time period. Further, we were able to demonstrate 7 mK RMS noise over a 67 m path length using a 120 s sample time. To our knowledge, this is the best temperature precision reported for a spectroscopic temperature measurement. © 2011 Optical Society of America</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5155190','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5155190"><span>Obstructive Sleep-Disordered Breathing Is More Common than Central in Mild Familial Dysautonomia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hilz, Max J.; Moeller, Sebastian; Buechner, Susanne; Czarkowska, Hanna; Ayappa, Indu; Axelrod, Felicia B.; Rapoport, David M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Study Objectives: In familial dysautonomia (FD) patients, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) might contribute to their high risk of sleep-related sudden death. Prevalence of central versus obstructive sleep apneas is controversial but may be therapeutically relevant. We, therefore, assessed sleep structure and SDB in FD-patients with no history of SDB. Methods: 11 mildly affected FD-patients (28 ± 11 years) without clinically overt SDB and 13 controls (28 ± 10 years) underwent polysomnographic recording during one night. We assessed sleep stages, obstructive and central apneas (≥ 90% air flow reduction) and hypopneas (> 30% decrease in airflow with ≥ 4% oxygen-desaturation), and determined obstructive (oAI) and central (<span class="hlt">cAI</span>) apnea indices and the hypopnea <span class="hlt">index</span> (HI) as count of respective apneas/hypopneas divided by sleep time. We obtained the apnea-hypopnea <span class="hlt">index</span> (AHI4%) from the total of apneas and hypopneas divided by sleep time. We determined differences between FD-patients and controls using the U-test and within-group differences between oAIs, <span class="hlt">cAIs</span>, and HIs using the Friedman test and Wilcoxon test. Results: Sleep structure was similar in FD-patients and controls. AHI4% and HI were significantly higher in patients than controls. In patients, HIs were higher than oAIs and oAIs were higher than <span class="hlt">cAIs</span>. In controls, there was no difference between HIs, oAIs, and <span class="hlt">cAIs</span>. Only patients had apneas and hypopneas during slow wave sleep. Conclusions: In our FD-patients, obstructive apneas were more common than central apneas. These findings may be related to FD-specific pathophysiology. The potential ramifications of SDB in FD-patients suggest the utility of polysomnography to unveil SDB and initiate treatment. Commentary: A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 1583. Citation: Hilz MJ, Moeller S, Buechner S, Czarkowska H, Ayappa I, Axelrod FB, Rapoport DM. Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing is more common than central in mild familial</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9482E..0AN','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9482E..0AN"><span>Characterization of ion-assisted induced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in A-Si thin-films used for multivariate optical computing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nayak, Aditya B.; Price, James M.; Dai, Bin; Perkins, David; Chen, Ding Ding; Jones, Christopher M.</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Multivariate optical computing (MOC), an optical sensing technique for analog calculation, allows direct and robust measurement of chemical and physical properties of complex fluid samples in high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) downhole environments. The core of this MOC technology is the integrated computational element (ICE), an optical element with a wavelength-dependent transmission spectrum designed to allow the detector to respond sensitively and specifically to the analytes of interest. A key differentiator of this technology is it uses all of the information present in the broadband optical spectrum to determine the proportion of the analyte present in a complex fluid mixture. The detection methodology is photometric in nature; therefore, this technology does not require a spectrometer to measure and record a spectrum or a computer to perform calculations on the recorded optical spectrum. The integrated computational element is a thin-film optical element with a specific optical response function designed for each analyte. The optical response function is achieved by fabricating alternating layers of high-<span class="hlt">index</span> (a-Si) and low-<span class="hlt">index</span> (SiO2) thin films onto a transparent substrate (BK7 glass) using traditional thin-film manufacturing processes (e.g., ion-assisted e-beam vacuum deposition). A proprietary software and process are used to control the thickness and material properties, including the optical constants of the materials during deposition to achieve the desired optical response function. The ion-assisted deposition is useful for controlling the densification of the film, stoichiometry, and material optical constants as well as to achieve high deposition growth rates and moisture-stable films. However, the ion-source can induce undesirable <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the film; and subsequently, modify the optical constants of the material during the ramp-up and stabilization period of the e-gun and ion-source, respectively. This paper characterizes the unwanted</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT........22O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT........22O"><span>High <span class="hlt">index</span> glass thin film processing for photonics and photovoltaic (PV) applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ogbuu, Okechukwu Anthony</p> <p></p> <p>To favorably compete with fossil-fuel technology, the greatest challenge for thin film solar-cells is to improve efficiency and reduce material cost. Thickness scaling to thin film reduces material cost but affects the light <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the cells; therefore a concept that traps incident photons and increases its optical path length is needed to boost <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in thin film solar cells. One approach is the integration of low symmetric gratings (LSG), using high <span class="hlt">index</span> material, on either the front-side or backside of 30 um thin c-Si cells. In this study, Multicomponent TeO2--Bi2O 3--ZnO (TBZ) glass thin films were prepared using RF magnetron sputtering under different oxygen flow rates. The influences of oxygen flow rate on the structural and optical properties of the resulting thin films were investigated. The structural origin of the optical property variation was studied using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that TBZ glass thin film is a suitable material for front side LSG material photovoltaic and photonics applications due to their amorphous nature, high refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> (n > 2), broad band optical transparency window, low processing temperature. We developed a simple maskless method to pattern sputtered tellurite based glass thin films using unconventional agarose hydrogel mediated wet etching. Conventional wet etching process, while claiming low cost and high throughput, suffers from reproducibility and pattern fidelity issues due to the isotropic nature of wet chemical etching when applied to glasses and polymers. This method overcomes these challenges by using an agarose hydrogel stamp to mediate a conformal etching process. In our maskless method, agarose hydrogel stamps are patterned following a standard soft lithography and replica molding process from micropatterned masters and soaked in a chemical etchant. The micro-scale features on the stamp are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120013062','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120013062"><span>Satellite-Based Evidence of Wavelength-Dependent Aerosol <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> in Biomass Burning Smoke Inferred from Ozone Monitoring Instrument</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jethva, H.; Torres, O.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We provide satellite-based evidence of the spectral dependence of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in biomass burning aerosols over South America using near-UV measurements made by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) during 2005-2007. In the current near-UV OMI aerosol algorithm (OMAERUV), it is implicitly assumed that the only absorbing component in carbonaceous aerosols is black carbon whose imaginary component of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> is wavelength independent. With this assumption, OMI-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) is found to be significantly over-estimated compared to that of AERONET at several sites during intense biomass burning events (August-September). Other well-known sources of error affecting the near-UV method of aerosol retrieval do not explain the large observed AOD discrepancies between the satellite and the ground-based observations. A number of studies have revealed strong spectral dependence in carbonaceous aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the near-UV region suggesting the presence of organic carbon in biomass burning generated aerosols. A sensitivity analysis examining the importance of accounting for the presence of wavelength-dependent aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in carbonaceous particles in satellite-based remote sensing was carried out in this work. The results convincingly show that the inclusion of spectrally-dependent aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the radiative transfer calculations leads to a more accurate characterization of the atmospheric load of carbonaceous aerosols.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29569943','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29569943"><span>Whole-Body-Vibration Training and Balance in Recreational Athletes With Chronic Ankle Instability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sierra-Guzmán, Rafael; Jiménez-Diaz, Fernando; Ramírez, Carlos; Esteban, Paula; Abián-Vicén, Javier</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>  Deficits in the propioceptive system of the ankle contribute to chronic ankle instability (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>). Recently, whole-body-vibration (WBV) training has been introduced as a preventive and rehabilitative tool.   To evaluate how a 6-week WBV training program on an unstable surface affected balance and body composition in recreational athletes with <span class="hlt">CAI</span>.   Randomized controlled clinical trial.   Research laboratory.   Fifty recreational athletes with self-reported <span class="hlt">CAI</span> were randomly assigned to a vibration (VIB), nonvibration (NVIB), or control group.   The VIB and NVIB groups performed unilateral balance training on a BOSU 3 times weekly for 6 weeks. The VIB group trained on a vibration platform, and the NVIB group trained on the floor.   We assessed balance using the Biodex Balance System and the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.   After 6 weeks of training, improvements on the Biodex Balance System occurred only on the Overall Stability <span class="hlt">Index</span> ( P = .01) and Anterior-Posterior Stability <span class="hlt">Index</span> ( P = .03) in the VIB group. We observed better performance in the medial ( P = .008) and posterolateral ( P = .04) directions and composite score of the SEBT in the VIB group ( P = .01) and in the medial ( P < .001), posteromedial ( P = .002), and posterolateral ( P = .03) directions and composite score of the SEBT in the NVIB group ( P < .001). No changes in body composition were found for any of the groups.   Only the VIB group showed improvements on the Biodex Balance System, whereas the VIB and NVIB groups displayed better performance on the SEBT.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/982795','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/982795"><span>Solar selective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coatings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Mahoney, Alan R [Albuquerque, NM; Reed, Scott T [Albuquerque, NM; Ashley, Carol S [Albuquerque, NM; Martinez, F Edward [Horseheads, NY</p> <p>2004-08-31</p> <p>A new class of solar selective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coatings are disclosed. These coatings comprise a structured metallic overlayer such that the overlayer has a sub-micron structure designed to efficiently absorb solar radiation, while retaining low thermal emissivity for infrared thermal radiation. A sol-gel layer protects the structured metallic overlayer from mechanical, thermal, and environmental degradation. Processes for producing such solar selective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coatings are also disclosed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/985342','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/985342"><span>Solar selective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coatings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Mahoney, Alan R [Albuquerque, NM; Reed, Scott T [Albuquerque, NM; Ashley, Carol S [Albuquerque, NM; Martinez, F Edward [Horseheads, NY</p> <p>2003-10-14</p> <p>A new class of solar selective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coatings are disclosed. These coatings comprise a structured metallic overlayer such that the overlayer has a sub-micron structure designed to efficiently absorb solar radiation, while retaining low thermal emissivity for infrared thermal radiation. A sol-gel layer protects the structured metallic overlayer from mechanical, thermal, and environmental degradation. Processes for producing such solar selective <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coatings are also disclosed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JaJAP..57d2701H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JaJAP..57d2701H"><span>Lasing characteristics of refractive-<span class="hlt">index</span>-matched composite Y3Al5O12 rods employing transparent ceramics for solar-pumped lasers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hasegawa, Kazuo; Ichikawa, Tadashi; Takeda, Yasuhiko; Ikesue, Akio; Ito, Hiroshi; Motohiro, Tomoyoshi</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>We have proposed a new configuration of solar-pumped lasers employing transparent ceramic rods. The laser rod has a composite structure consisting of a Nd/Cr:YAG gain domain surrounded by Gd:YAG with the same refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> as that of Nd/Cr:YAG. The lasing mode is well controlled by the output coupler, and the parasitic oscillation is suppressed, owing to the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> matching. A high laser slope efficiency and a low laser oscillation threshold were achieved owing to the suppressed <span class="hlt">absorption</span> outside the lasing mode, which was previously a serious issue for the end-pumping configuration using a high-NA focusing optics. The laser oscillation threshold of 136 mW and the slope efficiency of 25.3% were derived. Thus, we have resolved the issue of useless <span class="hlt">absorption</span> associated with the high-NA end-pumping, and achieved significant improvements compared with the conventional structure of uniform Nd/Cr:YAG.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184931','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184931"><span>Polyamidoamine dendrimers as novel potential <span class="hlt">absorption</span> enhancers for improving the small intestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of poorly absorbable drugs in rats.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lin, Yulian; Fujimori, Takeo; Kawaguchi, Naoko; Tsujimoto, Yuiko; Nishimi, Mariko; Dong, Zhengqi; Katsumi, Hidemasa; Sakane, Toshiyasu; Yamamoto, Akira</p> <p>2011-01-05</p> <p>Effects of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers on the intestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of poorly absorbable drugs were examined by an in situ closed loop method in rats. 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein (CF), fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextrans (FDs) with various molecular weights, calcitonin and insulin were used as model drugs of poorly absorbable drugs. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of CF, FD4 and calcitonin from the rat small intestine was significantly enhanced in the presence of PAMAM dendrimers. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-enhancing effects of PAMAM dendrimers for improving the small intestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of CF were concentration and generation dependent and a maximal <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-enhancing effect was observed in the presence of 0.5% (w/v) G2 PAMAM dendrimer. However, G2 PAMAM dendrimer had almost no <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-enhancing effect on the small intestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of macromolecular drugs including FD10 and insulin. Overall, the <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-enhancing effects of G2 PAMAM dendrimer in the small intestine decreased as the molecular weights of drug increased. However, G2 PAMAM dendrimer did not enhance the intestinal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of these drugs with different molecular weights in the large intestine. Furthermore, we evaluated the intestinal membrane damage with or without G2 PAMAM dendrimer. G2 PAMAM dendrimer (0.5% (w/v)) significantly increased the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the amounts of protein released from the intestinal membranes, but the activities and amounts of these toxic markers were less than those in the presence of 3% Triton X-100 used as a positive control. Moreover, G2 PAMAM dendrimer at concentrations of 0.05% (w/v) and 0.1% (w/v) did not increase the activities and amounts of these toxic markers. These findings suggested that PAMAM dendrimers at lower concentrations might be potential and safe <span class="hlt">absorption</span> enhancers for improving <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of poorly absorbable drugs from the small intestine. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5503415','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5503415"><span>Food Ingredients That Inhibit Cholesterol <span class="hlt">Absorption</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jesch, Elliot D.; Carr, Timothy P.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Cholesterol is a vital component of the human body. It stabilizes cell membranes and is the precursor of bile acids, vitamin D and steroid hormones. However, cholesterol accumulation in the bloodstream (hypercholesterolemia) can cause atherosclerotic plaques within artery walls, leading to heart attacks and strokes. The efficiency of cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the small intestine is of great interest because human and animal studies have linked cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> with plasma concentration of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is highly regulated and influenced by particular compounds in the food supply. Therefore, it is desirable to learn more about natural food components that inhibit cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> so that food ingredients and dietary supplements can be developed for consumers who wish to manage their plasma cholesterol levels by non-pharmacological means. Food components thus far identified as inhibitors of cholesterol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> include phytosterols, soluble fibers, phospholipids, and stearic acid. PMID:28702423</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...838...88S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...838...88S"><span>Photoionization-driven <span class="hlt">Absorption</span>-line Variability in Balmer <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Line Quasar LBQS 1206+1052</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sun, Luming; Zhou, Hongyan; Ji, Tuo; Jiang, Peng; Liu, Bo; Liu, Wenjuan; Pan, Xiang; Shi, Xiheng; Wang, Jianguo; Wang, Tinggui; Yang, Chenwei; Zhang, Shaohua; Miller, Lauren P.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>In this paper we present an analysis of <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-line variability in mini-BAL quasar LBQS 1206+1052. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectrum demonstrates that the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> troughs can be divided into two components of blueshift velocities of ˜700 and ˜1400 km s-1 relative to the quasar rest frame. The former component shows rare Balmer <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, which is an indicator of high-density absorbing gas; thus, the quasar is worth follow-up spectroscopic observations. Our follow-up optical and near-infrared spectra using MMT, YFOSC, TSpec, and DBSP reveal that the strengths of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> lines vary for both components, while the velocities do not change. We reproduce all of the spectral data by assuming that only the ionization state of the absorbing gas is variable and that all other physical properties are invariable. The variation of ionization is consistent with the variation of optical continuum from the V-band light curve. Additionally, we cannot interpret the data by assuming that the variability is due to a movement of the absorbing gas. Therefore, our analysis strongly indicates that the <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-line variability in LBQS 1206+1052 is photoionization driven. As shown from photoionization simulations, the absorbing gas with blueshift velocity of ˜700 km s-1 has a density in the range of 109 to 1010 cm-3 and a distance of ˜1 pc, and the gas with blueshift velocity of ˜1400 km s-1 has a density of 103 cm-3 and a distance of ˜1 kpc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA344695','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA344695"><span>Laser Atmospheric <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1977-05-01</p> <p>A. Modification of Commercial C09 Laser 50 B. CW HF/DF Laser System * 53 C. Microcomputer Data Link 55 D . Fourier Transform...improved accuracy are used [5]. c. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient is listed for each absorbing species separately which some codes require. d . A super...series of water vapor <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurements was planned. The results of the first four lines studied are presented here in Figures 33a- d . Figure</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...832..189Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...832..189Q"><span>A Hot Gaseous Galaxy Halo Candidate with Mg X <span class="hlt">Absorption</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Qu, Zhijie; Bregman, Joel N.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The hot gas in galaxy halos may account for a significant fraction of missing baryons in galaxies, and some of these gases can be traced by high ionization <span class="hlt">absorption</span> systems in QSO UV spectra. Using high S/N Hubble Space Telescope/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph spectra, we discovered a high ionization state system at z = 1.1912 in the sightline toward LBQS 1435-0134, and two-component <span class="hlt">absorption</span> lines are matched for Mg x, Ne viii, Ne VI, O VI, Ne v, O v, Ne IV, O IV, N IV, O III, and H I. Mg x, detected for the first time (5.8σ), is a particularly direct tracer of hot galactic halos, as its peak ion fraction occurs near 106.1 K, about the temperature of a virialized hot galaxy halo of mass ˜ 0.5{M}* . With Mg x and Ne viii, a photoionization model cannot reproduce the observed column densities with path lengths of galaxy halos. For collisional ionization models, one or two-temperature models do not produce acceptable fits, but a three-temperature model or a power-law model can produce the observed results. In the power-law model, {dN}/{dT}={10}4.4+/- 2.2-[Z/X]{T}1.55+/- 0.41 with temperatures in the range of {10}4.39+/- 0.13 {{K}}\\lt T\\lt {10}6.04+/- 0.05 {{K}}, the total hydrogen column density is 8.2× {10}19(0.3 {Z}⊙ /Z) {{cm}}-2 and the positive power-law <span class="hlt">index</span> indicates most of the mass is at the high temperature end. We suggest that this <span class="hlt">absorption</span> system is a hot volume-filled galaxy halo rather than interaction layers between the hot halo and cool clouds. The temperature dependence of the column density is likely due to the local mixture of multiple phase gases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70014260','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70014260"><span>Conodont color and textural alteration: an <span class="hlt">index</span> to regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, and hydrothermal alteration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Rejebian, V.A.; Harris, A.G.; Huebner, J.S.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Experimental and field data are used to extend the utility of conodonts as semi-quantitative thermal indices into the regimes of regional and contact metamorphism, as well as hydrothermal alteration. These experiments approximate the type of Colour Alteration Indices mixture characteristically found in conodonts recovered from hydrothermally altered rocks. These data indicate that <span class="hlt">CAI</span> values of 6 to 8 cannot be used to assess precise temperatures of hydrothermally altered rocks but may serve as useful indicators of potential mineralization. - from Authors</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/86305','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/86305"><span>Ammonia and ammonium hydroxide sensors for ammonia/water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> machines: Literature review and data compilation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Anheier, N.C. Jr.; McDonald, C.E.; Cuta, J.M.</p> <p>1995-05-01</p> <p>This report describes an evaluation of various sensing techniques for determining the ammonia concentration in the working fluid of ammonia/water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cycle systems. The purpose of this work was to determine if any existing sensor technology or instrumentation could provide an accurate, reliable, and cost-effective continuous measure of ammonia concentration in water. The resulting information will be used for design optimization and cycle control in an ammonia-<span class="hlt">absorption</span> heat pump. PNL researchers evaluated each sensing technology against a set of general requirements characterizing the potential operating conditions within the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cycle. The criteria included the physical constraints for in situ operation,more » sensor characteristics, and sensor application. PNL performed an extensive literature search, which uncovered several promising sensing technologies that might be applicable to this problem. Sixty-two references were investigated, and 33 commercial vendors were identified as having ammonia sensors. The technologies for ammonia sensing are acoustic wave, refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>, electrode, thermal, ion-selective field-effect transistor (ISFET), electrical conductivity, pH/colormetric, and optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Based on information acquired in the literature search, PNL recommends that follow-on activities focus on ISFET devices and a fiber optic evanescent sensor with a colormetric indicator. The ISFET and fiber optic evanescent sensor are inherently microminiature and capable of in situ measurements. Further, both techniques have been demonstrated selective to the ammonium ion (NH{sub 4}{sup +}). The primary issue remaining is how to make the sensors sufficiently corrosion-resistant to be useful in practice.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830000110&hterms=heat+sink&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bsink','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830000110&hterms=heat+sink&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dheat%2Bsink"><span>High-<span class="hlt">Absorptance</span> Radiative Heat Sink</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cafferty, T.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Absorptance</span> of black-painted open-cell aluminum honeycomb improved by cutting honeycomb at angle or bias rather than straight across. This ensures honeycomb cavities escapes. At each reflection radiation attenuated by <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. Applications include space-background simulators, space radiators, solar absorbers, and passive coolers for terrestrial use.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA129061','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA129061"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Coefficient of Alkaline Earth Halides.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1980-04-01</p> <p>not observed at low energy level , are developed at high power levels . No matter how low the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is. the effect is objectionable at high-energy... levels . As a natural consequence, the magnitude of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient is the key parameter in selecting laser window materials. Over the past...Presence of impurities can complicate the exponential tail. particularly at low <span class="hlt">absorption</span> levels . The impurities may enter 12 the lattice singly or</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1892b0018B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1892b0018B"><span>Water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> characteristic of interlocking compressed earth brick units</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bakar, B. H. Abu; Saari, S.; Surip, N. A.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>This study aims to investigate the water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> characteristic of interlocking compressed earth brick (ICEB) units. Apart from compressive strength, water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is an important property in masonry. This property can affect the quality of the brick itself and the bond strength between the brick and mortar in masonry structures and can result in reducing its strength properties. The units were tested for 24 h water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and 5 h boiling water <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. A total of 170 ICEB units from four ICEB types underwent both tests. For the 24 h water <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, the ICEB units were dried in the oven for 24 h and then cooled before being weighed. Thereafter, each brick was immersed in water for 24 h and weighed. The same specimens used for the 24 h water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> test were re-used for the 5 h boiling water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> test. After completing the 24 h water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> test, the brick was boiled for 5-hours and weighed. The highest water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> for the ICEBs in the 24-hour water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and 5 h boiling water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> tests are 15.09% and 17.18%, respectively. The half brick has the highest water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (15.87%), whereas the beam brick has the lowest (13.20%). The water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of an ICEB unit is higher than that of normal bricks, although the water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the former remains below the maximum rate of the brick water <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (21%).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CPL...671..113Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CPL...671..113Y"><span>The saturable <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and reverse saturable <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties of Cu doped zinc oxide thin films</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yao, Cheng-Bao; Wen, Xin; Li, Qiang-Hua; Yan, Xiao-Yan; Li, Jin; Zhang, Ke-Xin; Sun, Wen-Jun; Bai, Li-Na; Yang, Shou-Bin</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>We present the structure and nonlinear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (NLA) properties of Cu-doped ZnO (CZO) films prepared by magnetron sputtering. The films were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The results show that the CZO films can maintain a wurtzite structure. Furthermore, the open-aperture (OA) Z-scan measurements of the film were carried out by nanosecond laser pulse. A transition from saturable <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (SA) to reverse saturable <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (RSA) was observed as the excitation intensity increasing. With good excellent nonlinear optical coefficient, the samples were expected to be the potential applications in optical devices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........27L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........27L"><span><span class="hlt">Index</span>-antiguided planar waveguide lasers with large mode area</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Yuanye</p> <p></p> <p>The on-going research and application interests with high power large-mode-area (LMA) waveguide lasers, especially in fiber geometry, at the beginning of this century drive the development of many novel waveguide designs. <span class="hlt">Index</span> antiguiding, proposed by Siegman in 2003, is among one of them. The goal for <span class="hlt">index</span> antiguiding is to introduce transversal modal loss with the relative simple waveguide design while maintain single transverse mode operation for good beam quality. The idea which is selectively support of fundamental mode is facilitated by involving certain level of signal regeneration inside the waveguide core. Since the modal loss is closed associated with waveguide design parameters such as core size and refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>, the amount of gain inside the core provides active control of transverse modes inside <span class="hlt">index</span>-antiguiding waveguide. For example, fundamental transverse mode inside such waveguide can be excited and propagate lossless when sufficient optical gain is provided. This often requires doped waveguide core and optical pumping at corresponding <span class="hlt">absorption</span> band. However, the involvement of optical pumping also has its consequences. Phenomena such as thermal-optic effect and gain spatial hole-burning which are commonly found in bulk lasers request attention when scaling up output power with LMA <span class="hlt">index</span>-antiguided waveguide amplifiers and resonators. In response, three key challenges of <span class="hlt">index</span>-antiguided planar waveguide lasers, namely, guiding mechanism, power efficiency and transverse mode discrimination, are analyzed theoretically and experimentally in this dissertation. Experiments are based on two <span class="hlt">index</span>-antiguided planar waveguide chips, whose core thickness are 220 microm and 400 microm respectively. The material of waveguide core is 1% Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium garnet, or Nd:YAG while the cladding is made from Terbium Gallium garnet, or TGG. Due to the face pumping and limited pump power, it is found, with 220 microm-thick-core chip, that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...651...84A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...651...84A"><span>Discovery of Hα <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> in the Unusual Broad <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Line Quasar SDSS J083942.11+380526.3</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aoki, Kentaro; Iwata, Ikuru; Ohta, Kouji; Ando, Masataka; Akiyama, Masayuki; Tamura, Naoyuki</p> <p>2006-11-01</p> <p>We discovered Hα <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the broad Hα emission line of an unusual broad <span class="hlt">absorption</span> line quasar, SDSS J083942.11+380526.3, at z=2.318, through near-infrared spectroscopy with the Cooled Infrared Spectrograph and Camera for OHS (CISCO) on the Subaru telescope. The presence of nonstellar Hα <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is known only in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 to date; thus, our discovery is the first case for quasars. The Hα <span class="hlt">absorption</span> line is blueshifted by 520 km s-1 relative to the Hα emission line, and its redshift almost coincides with those of UV low-ionization metal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> lines. The width of the Hα <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (~340 km s-1) is similar to those of the UV low-ionization <span class="hlt">absorption</span> lines. These facts suggest that the Hα and low-ionization metal <span class="hlt">absorption</span> lines are produced by the same low-ionization gas, which has a substantial amount of neutral gas. The column density of the neutral hydrogen is estimated to be ~1018 cm-2 by assuming a gas temperature of 10,000 K from the analysis of the curve of growth. The continuum spectrum is reproduced by a reddened [E(B-V)~0.15 mag for the SMC-like reddening law] composite quasar spectrum. Furthermore, the UV spectrum of SDSS J083942.11+380526.3 shows a remarkable similarity to that of NGC 4151 in its low state, suggesting that the physical condition of the absorber in SDSS J083942.11+380526.3 is similar to that of NGC 4151 in the low state. As proposed for NGC 4151, SDSS J083942.11+380526.3 may also be seen through the edge of the obscuring torus. Based in part on data collected at Subaru Telescope, which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26176889','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26176889"><span>The effect of volatility on percutaneous <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rouse, Nicole C; Maibach, Howard I</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Topically applied chemicals may volatilize, or evaporate, from skin leaving behind a chemical residue with new percutaneous <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> capabilities. Understanding volatilization of topical medications, such as sunscreens, fragrances, insect repellants, cosmetics and other commonly applied topicals may have implications for their safety and efficacy. A systematic review of English language articles from 1979 to 2014 was performed using key search terms. Articles were evaluated to assess the relationship between volatility and percutaneous <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. A total of 12 articles were selected and reviewed. Key findings were that <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is enhanced when coupled with a volatile substance, occlusion prevents evaporation and increases <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, high ventilation increases volatilization and reduces <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, and pH of skin has an affect on a chemical's volatility. The articles also brought to light that different methods may have an affect on volatility: different body regions; in vivo vs. in vitro; human vs. Data suggest that volatility is crucial for determining safety and efficacy of cutaneous exposures and therapies. Few articles have been documented reporting evaporation in the context of percutaneous <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, and of those published, great variability exists in methods. Further investigation of volatility is needed to properly evaluate its role in percutaneous <span class="hlt">absorption</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22661222-photoionization-driven-absorption-line-variability-balmer-absorption-line-quasar-lbqs','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22661222-photoionization-driven-absorption-line-variability-balmer-absorption-line-quasar-lbqs"><span>Photoionization-driven <span class="hlt">Absorption</span>-line Variability in Balmer <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> Line Quasar LBQS 1206+1052</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sun, Luming; Zhou, Hongyan; Ji, Tuo</p> <p></p> <p>In this paper we present an analysis of <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-line variability in mini-BAL quasar LBQS 1206+1052. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectrum demonstrates that the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> troughs can be divided into two components of blueshift velocities of ∼700 and ∼1400 km s{sup −1} relative to the quasar rest frame. The former component shows rare Balmer <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, which is an indicator of high-density absorbing gas; thus, the quasar is worth follow-up spectroscopic observations. Our follow-up optical and near-infrared spectra using MMT, YFOSC, TSpec, and DBSP reveal that the strengths of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> lines vary for both components, while the velocities do notmore » change. We reproduce all of the spectral data by assuming that only the ionization state of the absorbing gas is variable and that all other physical properties are invariable. The variation of ionization is consistent with the variation of optical continuum from the V -band light curve. Additionally, we cannot interpret the data by assuming that the variability is due to a movement of the absorbing gas. Therefore, our analysis strongly indicates that the <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-line variability in LBQS 1206+1052 is photoionization driven. As shown from photoionization simulations, the absorbing gas with blueshift velocity of ∼700 km s{sup −1} has a density in the range of 10{sup 9} to 10{sup 10} cm{sup −3} and a distance of ∼1 pc, and the gas with blueshift velocity of ∼1400 km s{sup −1} has a density of 10{sup 3} cm{sup −3} and a distance of ∼1 kpc.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820033431&hterms=geophysique&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dgeophysique','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820033431&hterms=geophysique&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dgeophysique"><span>On pulsating cosmic /radio/ noise <span class="hlt">absorption</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dangelo, N.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>It has been proposed that some <span class="hlt">absorption</span> events measured on riometers are actually due to backscatter of cosmic radio noise by E-region plasma waves (D'Angelo, 1976, 1978; D'Angelo and Mehta, 1980). Assuming that DC or nearly DC <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is a viable process, it is shown that it may also be operative in producing pulsations in cosmic noise <span class="hlt">absorption</span> on riometers, with periods ranging from a few seconds to several minutes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22CPU%22&pg=3&id=ED022687','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22CPU%22&pg=3&id=ED022687"><span>Computer-Assisted Instruction Guide.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Entelek, Inc., Newburyport, MA.</p> <p></p> <p>Provided is a compilation of abstracts of currently available computer-assisted instructional (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>) programs. The guide contains the specifications of all operational <span class="hlt">CAI</span> programs that have come under the surveillance of ENTELEK's <span class="hlt">CAI</span> Information Exchange since its establishment in 1965. A total of 226 <span class="hlt">CAI</span> programs by 160 authors at 38 <span class="hlt">CAI</span> centers…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptCo.419...53H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptCo.419...53H"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> enhancement in non-coplanar silver nanowire networks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>He, Zhihui; Zhou, Zhiping; Ren, Xincheng; Bai, Shaomin; Li, Hongjian; Cao, Dongmei; Li, Gang; Cao, Guangtao</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>We propose non-coplanar silver nanowire (AgNW) networks placed on a SiO2 layer. A notable <span class="hlt">absorption</span> peak is observed in our proposed structure, and compared with the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of coplanar periodic AgNW networks and periodic AgNW gratings, the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> performance of the non-coplanar AgNW networks demonstrates obvious advantages. It could be determined that the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> ratio in this non-coplanar AgNW networks can reach 95%. In addition, several parameters that have important effects on the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the non-coplanar AgNW networks are discussed in detail. Our research may provide guidance for the fundamental exploration of plasmonic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> device applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28293810','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28293810"><span>Importance of the green color, <span class="hlt">absorption</span> gradient, and spectral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of chloroplasts for the radiative energy balance of leaves.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kume, Atsushi</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Terrestrial green plants absorb photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400-700 nm) but do not absorb photons evenly across the PAR waveband. The spectral absorbance of photosystems and chloroplasts is lowest for green light, which occurs within the highest irradiance waveband of direct solar radiation. We demonstrate a close relationship between this phenomenon and the safe and efficient utilization of direct solar radiation in simple biophysiological models. The effects of spectral <span class="hlt">absorptance</span> on the photon and irradiance <span class="hlt">absorption</span> processes are evaluated using the spectra of direct and diffuse solar radiation. The radiation <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of a leaf arises as a consequence of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of chloroplasts. The photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of chloroplasts is strongly dependent on the distribution of pigment concentrations and their absorbance spectra. While chloroplast movements in response to light are important mechanisms controlling PAR <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, they are not effective for green light because chloroplasts have the lowest spectral <span class="hlt">absorptance</span> in the waveband. With the development of palisade tissue, the incident photons per total palisade cell surface area and the absorbed photons per chloroplast decrease. The spectral absorbance of carotenoids is effective in eliminating shortwave PAR (<520 nm), which contains much of the surplus energy that is not used for photosynthesis and is dissipated as heat. The PAR <span class="hlt">absorptance</span> of a whole leaf shows no substantial difference based on the spectra of direct or diffuse solar radiation. However, most of the near infrared radiation is unabsorbed and heat stress is greatly reduced. The incident solar radiation is too strong to be utilized for photosynthesis under the current CO 2 concentration in the terrestrial environment. Therefore, the photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of a whole leaf is efficiently regulated by photosynthetic pigments with low spectral <span class="hlt">absorptance</span> in the highest irradiance waveband and through a combination of pigment density</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866433','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866433"><span>Split-flow regeneration in <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> air separation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Weimer, Robert F.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>A chemical <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> separation of air in multiple stage of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and desorption is performed with partial recycle of absorbent between stages of desorption necessary to match equilibrium conditions in the various stages of <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. This allows reduced absorbent flow, reduced energy demand and reduced capital costs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910043554&hterms=sutherland&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsutherland','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910043554&hterms=sutherland&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsutherland"><span>Atmospheric <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of sound - Update</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bass, H. E.; Sutherland, L. C.; Zuckerwar, A. J.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Best current expressions for the vibrational relaxation times of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere are used to compute total <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. The resulting graphs of total <span class="hlt">absorption</span> as a function of frequency for different humidities should be used in lieu of the graph published earlier by Evans et al (1972).</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864976','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864976"><span>Dilution cycle control for an <span class="hlt">absorption</span> refrigeration system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Reimann, Robert C.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>A dilution cycle control system for an <span class="hlt">absorption</span> refrigeration system is disclosed. The control system includes a time delay relay for sensing shutdown of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> refrigeration system and for generating a control signal only after expiration of a preselected time period measured from the sensed shutdown of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> refrigeration system, during which the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> refrigeration system is not restarted. A dilution cycle for the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> refrigeration system is initiated in response to generation of a control signal by the time delay relay. This control system is particularly suitable for use with an <span class="hlt">absorption</span> refrigeration system which is frequently cycled on and off since the time delay provided by the control system prevents needless dilution of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> refrigeration system when the system is turned off for only a short period of time and then is turned back on.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26241024','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26241024"><span>Dissociative <span class="hlt">absorption</span>: An empirically unique, clinically relevant, dissociative factor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Soffer-Dudek, Nirit; Lassri, Dana; Soffer-Dudek, Nir; Shahar, Golan</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Research of dissociative <span class="hlt">absorption</span> has raised two questions: (a) Is <span class="hlt">absorption</span> a unique dissociative factor within a three-factor structure, or a part of one general dissociative factor? Even when three factors are found, the specificity of the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> factor is questionable. (b) Is <span class="hlt">absorption</span> implicated in psychopathology? Although commonly viewed as "non-clinical" dissociation, <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was recently hypothesized to be specifically associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. To address these questions, we conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on 679 undergraduates. Analyses supported the three-factor model, and a "purified" <span class="hlt">absorption</span> scale was extracted from the original inclusive <span class="hlt">absorption</span> factor. The purified scale predicted several psychopathology scales. As hypothesized, <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was a stronger predictor of obsessive-compulsive symptoms than of general psychopathology. In addition, <span class="hlt">absorption</span> was the only dissociative scale that longitudinally predicted obsessive-compulsive symptoms. We conclude that <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is a unique and clinically relevant dissociative tendency that is particularly meaningful to obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1014','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1014"><span><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> characteristics of forest fire particulate matter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>E.M. Patterson; Charles K. McMahon</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>Abstract. <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> properties of smokes from laboratory fires that represent prescription hums in the Southern states have been quantified to relate variations in measured <span class="hlt">absorption</span> parameters to variation in fire conditions and to estimate emission factors for elemental carbon. Results showed significant differences in <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the smoke...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7152233','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7152233"><span>Split-flow regeneration in <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> air separation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Weimer, R.F.</p> <p>1987-11-24</p> <p>A chemical <span class="hlt">absorptive</span> separation of air in multiple stage of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> and desorption is performed with partial recycle of absorbent between stages of desorption necessary to match equilibrium conditions in the various stages of <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. This allows reduced absorbent flow, reduced energy demand and reduced capital costs. 4 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23123974','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23123974"><span>Refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of solutions of human hemoglobin from the near-infrared to the ultraviolet range: Kramers-Kronig analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sydoruk, Oleksiy; Zhernovaya, Olga; Tuchin, Valery; Douplik, Alexandre</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>Because direct measurements of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of hemoglobin over a large wavelength range are challenging, indirect methods deserve particular attention. Among them, the Kramers-Kronig relations are a powerful tool often used to derive the real part of a refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> from its imaginary part. However, previous attempts to apply the relations to solutions of human hemoglobin have been somewhat controversial, resulting in disagreement between several studies. We show that this controversy can be resolved when careful attention is paid not only to the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of hemoglobin but also to the dispersion of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the nonabsorbing solvent. We present a Kramers-Kroning analysis taking both contributions into account and compare the results with the data from several studies. Good agreement with experiments is found across the visible and parts of near-infrared and ultraviolet regions. These results reinstate the use of the Kramers-Kronig relations for hemoglobin solutions and provide an additional source of information about their refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28505462','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28505462"><span>Giant Gating Tunability of Optical Refractive <span class="hlt">Index</span> in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yu, Yiling; Yu, Yifei; Huang, Lujun; Peng, Haowei; Xiong, Liwei; Cao, Linyou</p> <p>2017-06-14</p> <p>We report that the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of transition metal dichacolgenide (TMDC) monolayers, such as MoS 2 , WS 2 , and WSe 2 , can be substantially tuned by >60% in the imaginary part and >20% in the real part around exciton resonances using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible electrical gating. This giant tunablility is rooted in the dominance of excitonic effects in the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span> of the monolayers and the strong susceptibility of the excitons to the influence of injected charge carriers. The tunability mainly results from the effects of injected charge carriers to broaden the spectral width of excitonic interband transitions and to facilitate the interconversion of neutral and charged excitons. The other effects of the injected charge carriers, such as renormalizing bandgap and changing exciton binding energy, only play negligible roles. We also demonstrate that the atomically thin monolayers, when combined with photonic structures, can enable the efficiencies of optical <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (reflection) tuned from 40% (60%) to 80% (20%) due to the giant tunability of the refractive <span class="hlt">index</span>. This work may pave the way toward the development of field-effect photonics in which the optical functionality can be controlled with CMOS circuits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=442577','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=442577"><span>Bicarbonate <span class="hlt">absorption</span> stimulates active calcium <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in the rat proximal tubule.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bomsztyk, K; Calalb, M B</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>To evaluate the effect of luminal bicarbonate on calcium reabsorption, rat proximal tubules were perfused in vivo. Perfusion solution contained mannitol to reduce water flux to zero. Total Ca concentration was measured by atomic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> spectrometry, Ca ion concentration in the tubule lumen (CaL2+) and the peritubular capillary (CaP2+), and luminal pH (pHL) with ion-selective microelectrodes and transepithelial voltage (VTE) with conventional microelectrodes. When tubules were perfused with buffer-free Cl-containing solution, net Ca <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (JCa) averaged 3.33 pmol/min. Even though VTE was 1.64 mV lumen-positive, CaL2+, 1.05 mM, did not fall below the concentration in the capillary blood, 1.07 mM. When 27 mM of Cl was replaced with HCO3, there was luminal fluid acidification. Despite a decrease in VTE and CaL2+, JCa increased to 7.13 pmol/min, indicating that the enhanced JCa could not be accounted for by the reduced electrochemical gradient, delta CCa. When acetazolamide or an analogue of amiloride was added to the HCO3 solution, JCa was not different from the buffer-free solution, suggesting that HCO3-stimulated JCa may be linked to acidification. To further test this hypothesis, we used 27 mM Hepes as the luminal buffer. With Hepes there was luminal fluid acidification and JCa was not different from the buffer-free solution but delta CCa was significantly reduced, indicating enhanced active calcium transport. We conclude from the results of the present study that HCO3 stimulates active Ca <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, a process that may be linked to acidification-mediated HCO3 <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. PMID:3366902</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70158620','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70158620"><span>Hyperspectral remote sensing tools for quantifying plant litter and invasive species in arid ecosystems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Nagler, Pamela L.; Sridhar, B.B. Maruthi; Olsson, Aaryn Dyami; Glenn, Edward P.; van Leeuwen, Willem J.D.; Thenkabail, Prasad S.; Huete, Alfredo; Lyon, John G.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Green vegetation can be distinguished using visible and infrared multi-band and hyperspectral remote sensing methods. The problem has been in identifying and distinguishing the non-photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) landscape components, such as litter and soils, and from green vegetation. Additionally, distinguishing different species of green vegetation is challenging using the relatively few bands available on most satellite sensors. This chapter focuses on hyperspectral remote sensing characteristics that aim to distinguish between green vegetation, soil, and litter (or senescent vegetation). Quantifying litter by remote sensing methods is important in constructing carbon budgets of natural and agricultural ecosystems. Distinguishing between plant types is important in tracking the spread of invasive species. Green leaves of different species usually have similar spectra, making it difficult to distinguish between species. However, in this chapter we show that phenological differences between species can be used to detect some invasive species by their distinct patterns of greening and dormancy over an annual cycle based on hyperspectral data. Both applications require methods to quantify the non-green cellulosic fractions of plant tissues by remote sensing even in the presence of soil and green plant cover. We explore these methods and offer three case studies. The first concerns distinguishing surface litter from soil using the Cellulose <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> <span class="hlt">Index</span> (<span class="hlt">CAI</span>), as applied to no-till farming practices where plant litter is left on the soil after harvest. The second involves using different band combinations to distinguish invasive saltcedar from agricultural and native riparian plants on the Lower Colorado River. The third illustrates the use of the <span class="hlt">CAI</span> and NDVI in time-series analyses to distinguish between invasive buffelgrass and native plants in a desert environment in Arizona. Together the results show how hyperspectral imagery can be applied to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4196991','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4196991"><span>Resveratrol Increases Nitric Oxide Production in the Rat Thick Ascending Limb via Ca2+/Calmodulin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gonzalez-Vicente, Agustin; Cabral, Pablo D.; Garvin, Jeffrey L.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle reabsorbs 30% of the NaCl filtered through the glomerulus. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by NO synthase 3 (NOS3) inhibits NaCl <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by this segment. Resveratrol, a polyphenol, has beneficial cardiovascular and renal effects, many of which are mediated by NO. Resveratrol increases intracellular Ca2+ (<span class="hlt">Cai</span>) and AMP kinase (AMPK) and NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin1 (SIRT1) activities, all of which could activate NO production. We hypothesized that resveratrol stimulates NO production by thick ascending limbs via a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent mechanism. To test this, the effect of resveratrol on NO bioavailability was measured in thick ascending limb suspensions. <span class="hlt">Cai</span> was measured in single perfused thick ascending limbs. SIRT1 activity and expression were measured in thick ascending limb lysates. Resveratrol (100 µM) increased NO bioavailability in thick ascending limb suspensions by 1.3±0.2 AFU/mg/min (p<0.03). The NOS inhibitor L-NAME blunted resveratrol-stimulated NO bioavailability by 96±11% (p<0.03). The superoxide scavenger tempol had no effect. Resveratrol elevated <span class="hlt">Cai</span> from 48±7 to 135±24 nM (p<0.01) in single tubules. In Ca2+-free media, the resveratrol-induced increase in NO was blunted by 60±20% (p<0.05) and the rise in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> reduced by 80%. Calmodulin inhibition prevented the resveratrol-induced increase in NO (p<0.002). AMPK inhibition had no effect. Resveratrol did not increase SIRT1 activity. We conclude that resveratrol increases NO production in thick ascending limbs via a Ca2+/calmodulin dependent mechanism, and SIRT1 and AMPK do not participate. Resveratrol-stimulated NO production in thick ascending limbs may account for part of its beneficial effects. PMID:25314136</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25314136','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25314136"><span>Resveratrol increases nitric oxide production in the rat thick ascending limb via Ca2+/calmodulin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gonzalez-Vicente, Agustin; Cabral, Pablo D; Garvin, Jeffrey L</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle reabsorbs 30% of the NaCl filtered through the glomerulus. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by NO synthase 3 (NOS3) inhibits NaCl <span class="hlt">absorption</span> by this segment. Resveratrol, a polyphenol, has beneficial cardiovascular and renal effects, many of which are mediated by NO. Resveratrol increases intracellular Ca2+ (<span class="hlt">Cai</span>) and AMP kinase (AMPK) and NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin1 (SIRT1) activities, all of which could activate NO production. We hypothesized that resveratrol stimulates NO production by thick ascending limbs via a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent mechanism. To test this, the effect of resveratrol on NO bioavailability was measured in thick ascending limb suspensions. <span class="hlt">Cai</span> was measured in single perfused thick ascending limbs. SIRT1 activity and expression were measured in thick ascending limb lysates. Resveratrol (100 µM) increased NO bioavailability in thick ascending limb suspensions by 1.3±0.2 AFU/mg/min (p<0.03). The NOS inhibitor L-NAME blunted resveratrol-stimulated NO bioavailability by 96±11% (p<0.03). The superoxide scavenger tempol had no effect. Resveratrol elevated <span class="hlt">Cai</span> from 48±7 to 135±24 nM (p<0.01) in single tubules. In Ca2+-free media, the resveratrol-induced increase in NO was blunted by 60±20% (p<0.05) and the rise in <span class="hlt">Cai</span> reduced by 80%. Calmodulin inhibition prevented the resveratrol-induced increase in NO (p<0.002). AMPK inhibition had no effect. Resveratrol did not increase SIRT1 activity. We conclude that resveratrol increases NO production in thick ascending limbs via a Ca2+/calmodulin dependent mechanism, and SIRT1 and AMPK do not participate. Resveratrol-stimulated NO production in thick ascending limbs may account for part of its beneficial effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17116770','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17116770"><span>Intracellular calcium and vulnerability to fibrillation and defibrillation in Langendorff-perfused rabbit ventricles.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hwang, Gyo-Seung; Hayashi, Hideki; Tang, Liang; Ogawa, Masahiro; Hernandez, Heidy; Tan, Alex Y; Li, Hongmei; Karagueuzian, Hrayr S; Weiss, James N; Lin, Shien-Fong; Chen, Peng-Sheng</p> <p>2006-12-12</p> <p>The role of intracellular calcium (<span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>)) in defibrillation and vulnerability is unclear. We simultaneously mapped epicardial membrane potential and <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) during shock on T-wave episodes (n=104) and attempted defibrillation episodes (n=173) in 17 Langendorff-perfused rabbit ventricles. Unsuccessful and type B successful defibrillation shocks were followed by heterogeneous distribution of <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>), including regions of low <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) surrounded by elevated <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) ("<span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) sinkholes") 31+/-12 ms after shock. The first postshock activation then originated from the <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) sinkhole 53+/-14 ms after the shock. No sinkholes were present in type A successful defibrillation. A <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) sinkhole also was present 39+/-32 ms after a shock on T that induced ventricular fibrillation, followed 22+/-15 ms later by propagated wave fronts that arose from the same site. This wave propagated to form a spiral wave and initiated ventricular fibrillation. Thapsigargin and ryanodine significantly decreased the upper limit of vulnerability and defibrillation threshold. We studied an additional 7 rabbits after left ventricular endocardial cryoablation, resulting in a thin layer of surviving epicardium. <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) sinkholes occurred 31+/-12 ms after the shock, followed in 19+/-7 ms by first postshock activation in 63 episodes of unsuccessful defibrillation. At the <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) sinkhole, the rise of <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) preceded the rise of epicardial membrane potential in 5 episodes. There is a heterogeneous postshock distribution of <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>). The first postshock activation always occurs from a <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) sinkhole. The <span class="hlt">Ca(i</span>) prefluorescence at the first postshock early site suggests that reverse excitation-contraction coupling might be responsible for the initiation of postshock activations that lead to ventricular fibrillation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28424261','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28424261"><span>Zinc <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> from Milk Is Affected by Dilution but Not by Thermal Processing, and Milk Enhances <span class="hlt">Absorption</span> of Zinc from High-Phytate Rice in Young Dutch Women.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Talsma, Elise F; Moretti, Diego; Ly, Sou Chheng; Dekkers, Renske; van den Heuvel, Ellen Ghm; Fitri, Aditia; Boelsma, Esther; Stomph, Tjeerd Jan; Zeder, Christophe; Melse-Boonstra, Alida</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Background: Milk has been suggested to increase zinc <span class="hlt">absorption</span>. The effect of processing and the ability of milk to enhance zinc <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from other foods has not been measured directly in humans. Objective: We aimed to assess zinc <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from 1 ) milk undergoing various processing and preparatory steps and 2 ) from intrinsically labeled high-phytate rice consumed with milk or water. Methods: Two randomized crossover studies were conducted in healthy young women [age:18-25 y; body mass <span class="hlt">index</span> (in kg/m 2 ): 20-25]: 1 ) a milk study ( n = 19) comparing the consumption of 800 mL full-fat ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk [heat-treated milk (HTM)], full-fat UHT milk diluted 1:1 with water [heat-treated milk and water (MW)], water, or unprocessed (raw) milk (UM), each extrinsically labeled with 67 Zn, and 2 ) a rice study ( n = 18) comparing the consumption of 90 g intrinsically 67 Zn-labeled rice with 600 mL of water [rice and water (RW)] or full-fat UHT milk [rice and milk (RM)]. The fractional <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of zinc (FAZ) was measured with the double-isotope tracer ratio method. In vitro, we assessed zinc extraction from rice blended into water, UM, or HTM with or without phytate. Results: FAZ from HTM was 25.5% (95% CI: 21.6%, 29.4%) and was not different from UM (27.8%; 95% CI: 24.2%, 31.4%). FAZ from water was higher (72.3%; 95% CI: 68.7%, 75.9%), whereas FAZ from MW was lower (19.7%; 95% CI: 17.5%, 21.9%) than HTM and UM (both P < 0.01). FAZ from RM (20.7%; 95% CI: 18.8%, 22.7%) was significantly higher than from RW (12.8%; 95% CI: 10.8%, 14.6%; P < 0.01). In vitro, HTM and UM showed several orders of magnitude higher extraction of zinc from rice with HTM than from rice with water at various phytate concentrations. Conclusions: Milk enhanced human FAZ from high-phytate rice by 62% compared with water. Diluting milk with water decreases its <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-enhancing proprieties, whereas UHT processing does not. This trial was registered at the Dutch trial registry as</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IAUS..292..162R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IAUS..292..162R"><span>A search for intervening HI <span class="hlt">absorption</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Reeves, Sarah N.; Sadler, Elaine M.; Allison, James R.; Koribalski, Baerbel S.; Curran, Stephen J.</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>HI <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-line studies provide a unique probe of the gas distribution and kinematics in galaxies well beyond the local universe (z ≳ 0.3). HI <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-line surveys with next-generation radio telescopes will provide the first large-scale studies of HI in a redshift regime which is poorly understood. However, we currently lack the understanding to infer galaxy properties from <span class="hlt">absorption</span>-line observations alone. To address this issue, we are conducting a search for intervening HI <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in a sample of 20 nearby galaxies. Our aim is to investigate how the detection rate varies with distance from the galaxy. We target sight-lines to bright continuum sources, which intercept known gas-rich galaxies, selected from the HIPASS Bright Galaxy Catalogue (Koribalski et al. 2004). In our pilot sample, six galaxies with impact parameters < 20 kpc, we do not detect any <span class="hlt">absorption</span> lines - although all are detected in 21cm emission. This indicates that an <span class="hlt">absorption</span> non-detection cannot simply be interpreted as an absence of neutral gas - see Fig. 1. Our detection rate is low compared to previous surveys e.g. Gupta et al. (2010). This is, at least partially, due to the high resolution of the observations reducing the flux of the background source, which will also be an issue in future surveys, such as ASKAP-FLASH.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993STIN...9423793G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993STIN...9423793G"><span>Enhanced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cycle computer model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grossman, G.; Wilk, M.</p> <p>1993-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Absorption</span> heat pumps have received renewed and increasing attention in the past two decades. The rising cost of electricity has made the particular features of this heat-powered cycle attractive for both residential and industrial applications. Solar-powered <span class="hlt">absorption</span> chillers, gas-fired domestic heat pumps, and waste-heat-powered industrial temperature boosters are a few of the applications recently subjected to intensive research and development. The <span class="hlt">absorption</span> heat pump research community has begun to search for both advanced cycles in various multistage configurations and new working fluid combinations with potential for enhanced performance and reliability. The development of working <span class="hlt">absorption</span> systems has created a need for reliable and effective system simulations. A computer code has been developed for simulation of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> systems at steady state in a flexible and modular form, making it possible to investigate various cycle configurations with different working fluids. The code is based on unit subroutines containing the governing equations for the system's components and property subroutines containing thermodynamic properties of the working fluids. The user conveys to the computer an image of his cycle by specifying the different subunits and their interconnections. Based on this information, the program calculates the temperature, flow rate, concentration, pressure, and vapor fraction at each state point in the system, and the heat duty at each unit, from which the coefficient of performance (COP) may be determined. This report describes the code and its operation, including improvements introduced into the present version. Simulation results are described for LiBr-H2O triple-effect cycles, LiCl-H2O solar-powered open <span class="hlt">absorption</span> cycles, and NH3-H2O single-effect and generator-absorber heat exchange cycles. An appendix contains the user's manual.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRA..115.7303T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRA..115.7303T"><span>Variance of transionospheric VLF wave power <span class="hlt">absorption</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tao, X.; Bortnik, J.; Friedrich, M.</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>To investigate the effects of D-region electron-density variance on wave power <span class="hlt">absorption</span>, we calculate the power reduction of very low frequency (VLF) waves propagating through the ionosphere with a full wave method using the standard ionospheric model IRI and in situ observational data. We first verify the classic <span class="hlt">absorption</span> curves of Helliwell's using our full wave code. Then we show that the IRI model gives overall smaller wave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> compared with Helliwell's. Using D-region electron densities measured by rockets during the past 60 years, we demonstrate that the power <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of VLF waves is subject to large variance, even though Helliwell's <span class="hlt">absorption</span> curves are within ±1 standard deviation of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> values calculated from data. Finally, we use a subset of the rocket data that are more representative of the D region of middle- and low-latitude VLF wave transmitters and show that the average quiet time wave <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is smaller than that of Helliwell's by up to 100 dB at 20 kHz and 60 dB at 2 kHz, which would make the model-observation discrepancy shown by previous work even larger. This result suggests that additional processes may be needed to explain the discrepancy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuEle..46..895C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuEle..46..895C"><span>Two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in arsenic sulfide glasses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chunaev, D. S.; Snopatin, G. E.; Plotnichenko, V. G.; Karasik, A. Ya.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>The two-photon <span class="hlt">absorption</span> coefficient of 1047-{\\text{nm}} light in {\\text{As}}35{\\text{S}}65 chalcogenide glass has been measured. CW probe radiation has been used to observe the linear <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in glass induced by two-photon excitation. The induced <span class="hlt">absorption</span> lifetime was found to be ∼ 2 {\\text{ms}}.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010089249&hterms=causes+absorption+window&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DWhat%2Bcauses%2Babsorption%2Bwindow','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010089249&hterms=causes+absorption+window&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DWhat%2Bcauses%2Babsorption%2Bwindow"><span>Remote Sensing of Aerosol and Non-Aerosol <span class="hlt">Absorption</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kaufman, Y. J.; Dubovik, O.; Holben, B. N.; Remer, L. A.; Tanre, D.; Lau, William K. M. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Remote sensing of aerosol from the new satellite instruments (e.g. MODIS from Terra) and ground based radiometers (e.g. the AERONET) provides the opportunity to measure the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> characteristics of the ambient undisturbed aerosol in the entire atmospheric column. For example Landsat and AERONET data are used to measure spectral <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of sunlight by dust from West Africa. Both Application of the Landsat and AERONET data demonstrate that Saharan dust <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of solar radiation is several times smaller than the current international standards. This is due to difficulties of measuring dust <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in situ, and due to the often contamination of dust properties by the presence of air pollution or smoke. We use the remotely sensed aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> properties described by the spectral sin le scattering albedo, together with statistics of the monthly optical thickness for the fine and coarse aerosol derived from the MODIS data. The result is an estimate of the flux of solar radiation absorbed by the aerosol layer in different regions around the globe where aerosol is prevalent. If this aerosol forcing through <span class="hlt">absorption</span> is not included in global circulation models, it may be interpreted as anomalous <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in these regions. In a preliminary exercise we also use the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> measurements by AERONET, to derive the non-aerosol <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of the atmosphere in cloud free conditions. The results are obtained for the atmospheric windows: 0.44 microns, 0.66 microns, 0.86 microns and 1.05 microns. In all the locations over the land and ocean that were tested no anomalous <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in these wavelengths, was found within <span class="hlt">absorption</span> optical thickness of +/- 0.005.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22392002-selective-coherent-perfect-absorption-metamaterials','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22392002-selective-coherent-perfect-absorption-metamaterials"><span>Selective coherent perfect <span class="hlt">absorption</span> in metamaterials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Nie, Guangyu; Shi, Quanchao; Zhu, Zheng</p> <p>2014-11-17</p> <p>We show multi-band coherent perfect <span class="hlt">absorption</span> (CPA) in simple bilayered asymmetrically split ring metamaterials. The selectivity of <span class="hlt">absorption</span> can be accomplished by separately excited electric and magnetic modes in a standing wave formed by two coherent counterpropagating beams. In particular, each CPA can be completely switched on/off by the phase of a second coherent wave. We propose a practical scheme for realizing multi-band coherent perfect <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of 100% that is allowed to work from microwave to optical frequency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1172618','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1172618"><span>Vitamin B12 <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from eggs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Doscherholmen, A; McMahon, J; Ripley, D</p> <p>1975-09-01</p> <p>The assimilation of 57Co B12 from in vivo labeled eggs was much inferior to that of a comparable amount of crystalline 57Co B12. Furthermore, the <span class="hlt">absorption</span> varied with the form in which the eggs were served. Judged by the urinary excretion test and the plasma <span class="hlt">absorption</span> of radioactivity the average <span class="hlt">absorption</span> from boiled and fried eggs was more than twice that from scrambled whole eggs, but less than half that absorbed from crystalline 57Co B12.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740056895&hterms=Thermodynamic+parameter&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DThermodynamic%2Bparameter','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740056895&hterms=Thermodynamic+parameter&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DThermodynamic%2Bparameter"><span>Thermodynamic derivatives of infrared <span class="hlt">absorptance</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Broersma, S.; Walls, W. L.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>Calculation of the concentration, pressure, and temperature dependence of the spectral <span class="hlt">absorptance</span> of a vibrational <span class="hlt">absorption</span> band. A smooth thermodynamic dependence was found for wavelength intervals where the average <span class="hlt">absorptance</span> is less than 0.65. Individual rotational lines, whose parameters are often well known, were used as bases in the calculation of medium resolution spectra. Two modes of calculation were combined: well-separated rotational lines plus interaction terms, or strongly overlapping lines that were represented by a compound line of similar shape plus corrections. The 1.9- and 6.3-micron bands of H2O and the 4.3-micron band of CO2 were examined in detail and compared with experiment.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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