The abstinence violation effect (AVE) proposed in Marlatt and Gordon's model of smoking relapse was operationalized as a combination of internal, stable, and global causal attributions for smoking following the attainment of abstinence from smoking. Smoking cessation ...

... Substitute product for abstinence in non-smoking situations (airplane, office, restaurant)> � palliation of uncomfortable symptoms ...

After overnight abstinence, tobacco smokers smoked an average nicotine yield cigarette and nonsmokers sham smoked an unlit placebo cigarette. EEG alpha(1), delta, and theta frequency amplitudes decreased, whereas alpha(2) and beta frequency amplitude increased. Short, middle (EP) and long latency ERP were also studied in nonsmokers and ...

Smoking cessation interventions often target expectancies about the consequences of smoking. Yet little is known about the way smoking-related expectancies vary across different contexts. Two internal contexts that are often linked with smoking relapse are states associated with smoking ...

This study evaluated the efficacy of a contingency management (CM) intervention to promote smoking cessation in methadone-maintained patients. Twenty participants, randomized into contingent (n = 10) or noncontingent (n = 10) experimental conditions, completed the 14-day study. Abstinence was determined using breath carbon monoxide and urine cotinine ...

Objective: Motivation plays an important role in a variety of behaviors, including smoking cessation, and is integral to theory and treatment of smoking. For many women, pregnancy offers a motivational shift that helps them stop smoking and maintain abstinence during pregnancy. However, women's motivation to ...

This study reports the results of the Kaiser-Permanente Stop Smoking Clinic and describes the philosophy and methods employed by the clinic in treating addictive smoking behavior. Of the 1,128 clients who registered for the group program, 57 per cent are abstinent six months after quitting smoking and 47 per cent ...

The present study tested the feasibility of an Internet-based method to obtain objective evidence of smoking abstinence and to deliver vouchers for evidence of abstinence. Four heavy smokers participated in this 4-week study. Twice daily, participants made video recordings of themselves providing a breath carbon monoxide (CO) sample ...

Smoking does not affect every socioeconomic subgroup of the population equally, resulting in major inequalities in terms of smoking-related morbidity and mortality. While previous studies mainly focused on inequalities in smoking prevalence, we have analysed the socioeconomic dimensions that might be associated with two other ...

Since the 1988 Surgeon General's report on nicotine addiction, more attention is being given to nicotine dependence as a substantial contributing factor in cigarette smokers' inability to quit. Many new medications are being investigated for treating nicotine withdrawal and for assisting in long-term smoking abstinence. Medications alone probably will not ...

RationaleSmokers report enhanced concentration after cigarette smoking and difficulty concentrating when abstinent from smoking. These perceived effects may contribute to smoking cessation failures, and if so, clarification of their cognitive bases could inform treatment strategies. Selective attention may be ...

The purpose of this project was to identify the predictors of maintenance of nonsmoking. The study focused on smoking history and environment, health beliefs, attributions, perceived consequences of abstinence, responses to tempting situations and abstine...

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the effectiveness of a nurse-managed smoking cessation intervention during hospitalization on short-term smoking abstinence. Hospitalized smokers (n=28) undergoing general surgery were randomly assigned to ...

Aim? To describe the rate and timing of smoking onset, prolonged abstinence (?1 year) and relapses from ages 18 to 32 years in initially smoking and non-smoking men. Design? A 23-year longitudinal study. Setting? Untreated community sample. Participants? A total of 154 American boys were recruited at age 10 years ...

Individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) smoke at rates significantly higher than the general population and have more difficulty quitting than nondiagnosed individuals. Currently, there are no evidence-based approaches for reducing smoking specifically in individuals with ADHD. Adult regular smokers with or without ADHD ...

Reports an error in "The role of prepartum motivation in the maintenance of postpartum smoking abstinence" by Whitney L. Heppner, Lingyun Ji, Lorraine Reitzel, Yessenia Castro, Virmarie Correa-Fernandez, Jennifer Irvin Vidrine, Yisheng Li, Patricia Dolan-Mullen, Mary M. Velasquez, Paul Cinciripini, Ludmilla Cofta-Woerpel, Anthony Greisinger and David ...

Social learning theory considers self-efficacy as a causal factor in behavior change. However, in line with behavioral theory, recent clinical research suggests self-efficacy ratings may reflect, rather than cause, behavior change. To test these two disparate views, self-efficacy was related to actual smoking abstinence on the next day (i.e., self-efficacy ...

The purpose of this exploratory study was to describe factors that contribute to successful postpartum smoking abstinence among women who quit smoking during pregnancy. Research questions addressed the primary motivators and lifestyle characteristics of women who do not return to postpartum smoking. Participants ...

This application will serve as the foundation on which the Principal Investigator will build a major line of research dedicated to the area of improving smoking abstinence rates in weight-concerned smokers. Many individuals smoke to manage their weight. This subpopulation of smokers has been classified as having weight concerns. Weight ...

... (2007)* λ Some 600 smokers treated with bupropion plus nicotine patch for 2M λ Those abstinent for the last 4 weeks randomised to bupropion +2mg nicotine ...

... In general, greater education, per se, did not lead to increased quit or abstinence ... For others, it did not provide strong nouuga motivation foc quitting. ...

The implementation of cigarette smoking abstinence reinforcement programs may be hindered by the time intensive burden placed on patients and treatment providers. The use of remote monitoring and reinforcement of smoking abstinence may enhance the accessibility and acceptability of this intervention, particularly ...

Eight smokers were randomly assigned to a deposit contract ($50.00) or to a no-deposit group. Using a reversal design, participants could recoup their deposit (deposit group) or earn vouchers (no-deposit group) for smoking reductions and abstinence (breath carbon monoxide [CO] less than or equal to 4 parts per million) during treatment phases. Treatment ...

Introduction: In smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), smoking cessation was previously demonstrated to reduce lung function decline and disease morbidity if it resulted in a sustained tobacco abstinence. Varenicline is a newer pharmacologic therapeutic agent able to reduce withdrawal symptoms in smokers, and ...

BackgroundThe relationship between subjective social status (SSS), a person's perception of his/her relative position in the social hierarchy, and the ability to achieve long-term smoking abstinence during a specific quit attempt is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between SSS and long-term smoking ...

The purpose of this study was to perform a secondary analysis of smoking patterns and beliefs related to healthy behaviors in adult smokers (N = 71). Data for the secondary analysis were obtained from an original study that examined guided health imagery as a smoking cessation intervention. The imagery intervention resulted in significantly higher 2-year ...

Interest in female smoking behaviors has grown due to research that has highlighted gender differences in smoking cessation trends. Specifically, female smokers tend to lag behind men in their success in smoking cessation and are more likely to report weight gain concerns. The first goal of this project is to examine the effect of ...

Information technology represents an excellent medium to deliver contingencies of reinforcement to change behavior. Recently, we have linked the Internet with a science-based, behavioral treatment for cigarette smoking: abstinence reinforcement therapy. Under abstinence reinforcement interventions, incentives are provided for objective ...

In the early 1950s, recognition that cigarette smoking is a cause of disease led to substantial and sustained efforts to persuade smokers to quit smoking and to assist them in their attempts to achieve abstinence (U.S. DHHS 2000). Approximately half of those who have ever smoked have currently quit ...

Opioid treatment program patients and staff often have concerns that smoking cessation may jeopardize abstinence from illicit drug use. In this study, we evaluated whether smoking abstinence produced with a two-week contingency-management (CM) intervention was associated with relapse to illicit drug use among ...

Opioid treatment program patients and staff often have concerns that smoking cessation may jeopardize abstinence from illicit drug use. In this study, we evaluated whether smoking abstinence produced with a two-week contingency-management (CM) intervention was associated with relapse to illicit drug use among ...

Cancer Control and Population Sciences Home Behavioral Research Home Tobacco Control Research Home TCRB Monographs Home Smoking and Tobacco Control Monographs Search: Monograph 15: Those Who Continue To Smoke Is Achieving Abstinence Harder and Do We

Measured 100 ex-smokers' self-efficacy for recovery of abstinence (SER) after lapse. Moderate SER subjects maintained abstinence nonsignificantly longer than did high SER subjects, significantly longer than low SER subjects. Findings are consistent with Bandura's hypothesis that SER should be high enough to avoid becoming hopeless if lapse occurs, yet not ...

Evaluated changes in food intake and activity levels among 95 subjects who quit smoking. Found significant increases in calories, sucrose, and fats 2 weeks after quitting. Total sugars changes were less consistent. Activity levels did not change significantly. At week 26, caloric intake for abstinent women was approximately equal to baseline intake; intake ...

ObjectiveMost smoking cessation studies use long-term abstinence as their primary outcome measure. Recent research suggests that long-term abstinence may be an insensitive index of important smoking cessation mechanisms. The goal of the current study is to examine the effects of five smoking ...

Objective: Most smoking cessation studies have used long-term abstinence as their primary outcome measure. Recent research has suggested that long-term abstinence may be an insensitive index of important smoking cessation mechanisms. The goal of the current study was to examine the effects of 5 ...

Background: Failure to quit smoking in cancer patients is associated with the development of a second primary tumor and a suboptimal response to chemotherapy. However, data characterizing cancer patients' ability to quit is scarce, particularly in developing countries. Such information is valuable in highlighting the potential of cessation interventions in countries where ...

AimTo evaluate potential mediators of an extended cognitive behavioral smoking cessation intervention.DesignAnalysis of data from a randomized clinical trial of smoking cessation.SettingThe Habit Abatement Clinic, University of California, San Francisco.ParticipantsParticipants were older cigarette smokers (?50 years old). Those receiving Standard ...

PurposeAbstinence effects such as nicotine withdrawal and mood changes contribute to the maintenance of cigarette smoking in adult smokers and emerging reports on adolescent smokers suggest they may experience similar subjective effects when deprived. This study aimed to prospectively document tobacco abstinence induced changes during ...

Women are more likely than men to relapse after initiating abstinence from cigarette smoking. The reasons for this phenomenon are unclear but may relate to negative mood, cigarette craving, or other symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. We addressed this issue in a study of 26 female and 38 male smokers. The Profile of Mood States, Shiffman�Jarvik Withdrawal ...

BackgroundSchizophrenics smoke at higher rates (58-88%) than the general population (~22%), and have great difficulty with quitting smoking. We determined if the combination of sustained-release (SR) bupropion (BUP) with transdermal nicotine patch (TNP) is well-tolerated, and superior to placebo (PLO) + TNP for smoking cessation in ...

Male smokers responded on a free-operant avoidance schedule with a response--point loss interval of 20 seconds and a point loss--point loss interval of 5 seconds. Unavoidable point losses were presented at variable times during the sessions. In Experiment 1 subjects were exposed to three tobacco abstinence conditions and an ad lib smoking condition. The ...

This study's objective is to examine the relative effectiveness of cigarettes and waterpipe (WP) in reducing tobacco abstinence symptoms in dual cigarette/WP smokers. Sixty-one dual cigarette/WP smokers participated (mean age�SD 22.0�2.6 year; mean cigarettes/day 22.4�10.1; mean WPs/week 5.2�5.6). After 12-hour abstinence participants completed two ...

Aims? To examine person-specific urge-to-smoke trajectories during the first 7 days of abstinence and the relationship of trajectory parameters to continuous abstinence, demographics, medication and smoking history. Design? Hierarchical linear modeling was used to model person-specific trajectories for ...

Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and premature death. Physicians are in the unique position to promote smoking cessation and to support patients in quitting smoking is a key task for every single health care provider. Counselling smoking cessation is clearly shown to be both efficient ...

RATIONALE: Impulsivity, a multifaceted construct that includes inhibitory control and heightened preference for immediate reward, is central to models of drug use and abuse. Within a self-medication framework, abstinence from smoking may lead to an increase in impulsive behavior and the likelihood of relapse, particularly among persons with disorders ...

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, nortriptyline and combination therapy and describe factors associated with treatment success.INTRODUCTION:Clinical trials clearly demonstrate the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in smoking cessation. However, it is only after its use in real?life settings that clinical effectiveness and ...

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the influence of prepartum menthol cigarette use on postpartum smoking abstinence or how race/ethnicity might moderate this relationship. The current study addressed that gap by testing these relationships among racially/ethnically diverse women who quit smoking during pregnancy (N = 244; 33% African ...

Introduction:The time of day in which craving, withdrawal, and other tobacco abstinence symptoms are assessed may moderate the influences of abstinence or medication on those symptoms.Methods:Participants were 209 smokers participating in a 4-week crossover study assessing symptoms due to smoking versus abstinence ...

Smoking abstinence differentially affects cognitive functioning in smokers with ADHD, compared to non-ADHD smokers. Alternative approaches for analyzing reaction time data from these tasks may further elucidate important group differences. Adults smoking ?15 cigarettes with (n = 12) or without (n = 14) a diagnosis of ADHD completed a ...

Postpartum smoking contributes to child health problems and is a barrier to breastfeeding, which promotes child health. There is a risk of postpartum smoking relapse for smokers and they are less likely to breastfeed. Understanding of smoking-breastfeeding associations must be improved. Enhancing smoking cessation ...

Many ex-smokers fail to remain abstinent after the completion of a formal cessation programme, and relapse rates of 60% to 80% are common. Smokers identify stress as a major factor in relapse. Healthy coping skills are required to prevent a return to smoking. The effectiveness of relaxation imagery was investigated for reducing stress and prolonging ...

The present study evaluated a new 30-day Web-based contingency management program for smoking abstinence with 4 daily-smoking adolescents. Participants made 3 daily video recordings of themselves giving breath carbon monoxide (CO) samples at home that were sent electronically to study personnel. Using a reversal design, participants ...

AimThe primary aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of the monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor selegiline hydrochloride (SEL, L-Deprenyl; Eldepryl) as an aid for smoking cessation in cigarette smokers.MethodsOne hundred and one nicotine-dependent adult cigarette smokers without current psychiatric or substance use disorders participated in this 8-week ...

BackgroundNeuroimaging studies reported cerebral perfusion abnormalities in individuals with alcohol use disorders. However, no longitudinal MRI studies of cerebral perfusion changes during abstinence from alcohol have been reported.MethodsArterial spin labeling MRI was used to evaluate cortical gray matter perfusion changes in short-term abstinent alcohol ...

Little is known about the motivation of ex-smokers to stay abstinent. In the present study we argue that ex-smokers compare their present to their past when they still smoked to conclude whether they make good progress towards a satisfactory state of continued abstinence. These temporal comparisons are thought to be central in the ...

Smokers� expectancies regarding the effects of cigarette use are powerful predictors of smoking motivation and behavior. However, studies have not investigated the consequences that smokers expect when they attempt to quit smoking: abstinence-related expectancies. The primary goal of this qualitative study was to gain initial insight ...

The objective of this longitudinal (3 year) study was to determine predictors of abstinence in 515 employees of a steel plant (28% female, age 18-67 years) after participation in Allen Carr seminars (intensive group counselling in a single session of 6 h). Answers given in computer aided phone interviews were analysed by stepwise and Cox regression. Of 510 responding persons ...

ObjectivesThe current study examined the influence of gender, acculturation indicators, and their interaction on smoking cessation among Latinos.MethodsLogistic regression analysis was used to examine the main effects of gender, acculturation indicators, and their interactions on self-reported 7-day abstinence at 12 week follow-up among 271 Latino smokers ...

The present study examined plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels in 18 smokers (10 men, 8 women) and in 22 non-smokers (12 men, 10 women). Non-smokers came to the laboratory once, whereas smokers came twice: while smoking freely and following 24-hr abstinence. Plasma was collected for AVP assessment; salivary cotinine and expired carbon monoxide levels ...

Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent among patients who are being treated for opioid-dependence, yet there have been limited scientific efforts to promote smoking cessation in this population. Contingency management (CM) is a behavioral treatment that provides monetary incentives contingent upon biochemical evidence of drug ...

Aim: Chronic cigarette smoking appears to adversely affect several domains of neurocognition in those with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). The primary goal of this study was to identify which measures commonly used to assess neurocognition in AUDs accurately predict smoking status of individuals seeking treatment of alcohol dependence. Methods: ...

BackgroundIdentifying predictors of smoking relapse helps to elucidate the challenges of long-term smoking cessation and provides direction for improved treatment development.MethodsIn this post hoc data analysis, we examined predictors of relapse from end-of-treatment (week 13) through 1-year follow-up (week 52) for treatment-responding participants who ...

Background:Nicotine alters auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) in rodents and humans and is an effective treatment for smoking cessation. Less is known about the effects of the partial nicotine agonist varenicline on ERPs.Methods:We measured the effects of varenicline and nicotine on the mouse P20 and varenicline and smoking on the human P50 in a ...

The decline in U.S. smoking prevalence since the publication of the first Surgeon General's Report in 1964 has been hailed as one of the greatest public health accomplishments of the past century (Warner 2001). Yet the papers in this monograph, Those Who ...

Followed eight male smokers with chronic pulmonary or cardiac disease through a smoking cessation program of gradual nicotine withdrawal, self-management, and relapse prevention. At one year, half remained abstinent, while relapsers smoked substantially less than before treatment. Reductions in carbon monoxide and thiocyanate levels ...

Little is known about the risk of cigarette smoking relapse after 2 or more years of abstinence. The rates and predictors of late smoking relapse were estimated in 483 men who participated in a prospective study for up to 35 years. Subjects are participants in the VA Normative Aging Study, a prospective observational study of aging in ...

IntroductionThe study objectives were to examine smoking abstinence and reinstatement effects on subjective experience and cognitive performance among adolescent smokers.MethodsAdolescents (aged 14�17 years, 60 daily smokers and 32 nonsmokers) participated. Participants completed baseline assessments (Session 1) and returned to the laboratory 1�3 days ...

Contents: Behavior Game Played in Primary Grades Reduces Later Drug-Related Problems; Young Opioid Abusers Benefit From Extended Buprenorphine-Naloxone Treatment; Vouchers Boost Smoking Abstinence During Pregnancy; Attention to Bipolar Disorder Strengthen...

S M O K I N G A N D T O B A C C O C O N T R O L Those Who Continue To Smoke Is Achieving Abstinence Harder and Do We Need to Change Our Interventions?

Most previous neuroimaging studies of alcohol-induced brain injury and recovery thereof during abstinence from alcohol used a single imaging modality. They have demonstrated widespread microstructural, macrostructural or metabolite abnormalities that were partially reversible with abstinence, with the cigarette smoking potentially ...

Most previous neuroimaging studies of alcohol-induced brain injury and recovery thereof during abstinence from alcohol used a single imaging modality. They have demonstrated widespread microstructural, macrostructural or metabolite abnormalities that were partially reversible with abstinence, with the cigarette smoking potentially ...

RationaleVarenicline may aid smoking cessation by attenuating smoking behavior and reward. We compared the effects of varenicline versus placebo on smoking behavior and reward, assessed both prospectively and retrospectively, and related these effects to subsequent success in a brief simulated quit attempt with medication.Materials and ...

ObjectivesWe assessed the prospective impact of individual, social-normative, and policy predictors of quit attempts and smoking cessation among Massachusetts adults.MethodsWe interviewed a representative sample of current and recent smokers in Massachusetts by telephone in 2001 through 2002 and then again twice at 2-year intervals. The unit of analysis was the 2-year ...

Survival functions from smoking cessation interventions are described by a three-state Markov model. On quitting, smokers transit through a state of withdrawal characterized by a high rate of relapse, and then into a more secure state of long-term abstinence. The Markov model embodies the dynamic nature of the cessation/relapse process; it permits stronger ...

IntroductionThis study replicated prior observations of racial differences in smoking cessation in which Black smokers have demonstrated lower smoking cessation rates than White smokers.MethodsThe study used data from a smoking cessation intervention and compared White and Black female prisoners (N = 233) on a 10-week intervention of ...

Smokers experience cognitive decrements during tobacco abstinence and boosts in performance on resumption of smoking. Few studies have examined whether smoking cessation treatments such as transdermal nicotine (TN) ameliorate these decrements or attenuate the cognitive effects of smoking. Identifying the effects of ...

Prevalence of cigarette smoking among opioid-maintained patients is more than threefold that of the general population and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Relatively few studies have evaluated smoking interventions in this population. The purpose of the present study was to examine the efficacy of contingency management for promoting ...

Contingent incentives can reduce substance abuse. Escalating payment schedules, which begin with a small incentive magnitude and progressively increase with meeting the contingency, increase smoking abstinence. Likewise, descending payment schedules can increase cocaine abstinence. The current experiment enrolled smokers without plans ...

Introduction:This survey estimated the prevalence and correlates of craving among long-abstinent smokers.Methods:We surveyed 403 former smokers (abstinent 1�10 years) via an Internet consumer sample (www.zoomerang.com).Results:Although the majority (59%) of former smokers reported a desire to smoke in the last year, this desire ...

RATIONALE: Acute nicotine abstinence is associated with disruption of executive function and reward processes; however, the neurobiological basis of these effects has not been fully elucidated. METHODS: The effects of nicotine abstinence on brain function during reward-based probabilistic decision making were preliminarily investigated by scanning adult ...

Introduction:Studies examining the efficacy of tobacco dependence treatment among recovering alcoholic smokers have produced mixed findings. We set out to investigate this issue further by conducting a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of bupropion sustained-release (SR) for smoking relapse prevention among abstinent alcoholic ...

Nicotine replacement products are commonly used to promote smoking cessation, but alternative and complementary methods may increase cessation rates. The current experiment compared the short-term effects of a transdermal nicotine patch to voucher-based reinforcement of smoking abstinence on cigarette smoking. ...

This study reports an experimental, randomized controlled clinical trial comparing three treatments for smoking cessation: sustained-release bupropion, nicotine patch, and combination nicotine and bupropion, to a counseling-only control group (N = 140), for smoking sailors aboard seven Navy ships. The purpose was to determine the effectiveness of different ...

The study examined the impact of counseling intensity (high vs. low) combined with either bupropion or the nicotine patch. Two hundred sixty participants smoking 6�15 cigarettes per day (cpd) were enrolled in a yearlong study to examine the effects of treatment. Four groups of smokers under medication-blinded conditions were compared for treatment completion and ...

BackgroundSmoking withdrawal is associated with significant deficits in the ability to initiate and maintain attention for extended periods of time (i.e. sustained attention; SA). However, the effects of smoking abstinence on the temporal dynamics of neurocognition during SA have not been evaluated.MethodsTwenty adult smokers underwent ...

This article encourages the incorporation of smoking cessation activities into routine nursing care in the prenatal period. A brief background is given regarding the problem of smoking in women--especially pregnant women and adolescents. A model is suggested that integrates the Stages of Change framework with a program for planning, implementing, and ...

Physician antismoking advice has been shown to increase smoking cessation, particularly among patients who have medical problems or perceive themselves to be at risk. The present study tested three hypotheses: (a) providing 3 to 5 min of behavioral counseling regarding a cessation strategy would be more effective than simply warning the smoker to quit ...

ObjectivesFor smoking cessation, physical activity (PA) may help manage withdrawal symptoms, mood, stress, and weight; yet studies of PA as an aid for smoking cessation have been mixed. This study examined: (1) the impact of an extended relapse prevention program on increasing moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) in adults enrolled in a tobacco cessation ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Smoking is the world's fourth most common risk factor for disease, the leading preventable cause of death, and it is associated with tremendous social costs. In the Netherlands, the smoking prevalence rate is high. A total of 27.7% of the population over age 15 years smokes. In addition to the direct advantages ...

The possibility that naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal behaviors varied qualitatively over the course of the year was investigated. The experiments were carried out at monthly intervals over a 2-year period using rats treated with a morphine-containing slow-release emulsion. The results obtained from these experiments were equivocal, neither providing support for ...

BACKGROUNDSmoking cessation has been demonstrated to reduce the rate of loss of lung function and mortality among patients with mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is a paucity of evidence about the effects of smoking cessation on the risk of COPD exacerbations.OBJECTIVEWe sought to examine whether smoking status and the ...

BackgroundOne problem with assessing effects of smoking cessation interventions on withdrawal symptoms is that symptoms are affected by whether participants abstain from smoking during trials. Those who enter a randomized trial but do not change smoking behavior might not experience withdrawal related symptoms.PurposeWe present a ...

BackgroundDentists are in a unique position to advise smokers to quit by providing effective counseling on the various aspects of tobacco-induced diseases. The present study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of integrating dentists in a medical smoking cessation intervention.MethodsSmokers willing to quit underwent an 8-week smoking cessation ...

BackgroundIn contingency management (CM) interventions, monetary consequences are contingent on evidence of drug abstinence. Typically, these consequences are contingent on individual performance. Consequences contingent on group performance may promote social support (e.g., praise).MethodsThus, to combine social support with the monetary incentives of CM, we integrated ...

Although cigarette smoking is endemic among illicit drug users, drug abuse treatment programs rarely encourage smoking cessation and often discourage it. The purpose of this study was to determine whether smoking cessation after entering drug abuse treatment influenced drug use 12 months after drug abuse treatment. We analyzed 2316 ...

Cigarette smoking and caffeine use are established and problematic drug-use behaviors in people with schizophrenia. Associative links between drugs of abuse may occur but the relationship between caffeine use and cigarette smoking has received little attention in schizophrenia. In this cross-cue reactivity laboratory study, we examined the effects of ...

Despite the declining overall rate of cigarette smoking in the general population in the United States, the prevalence of smoking is estimated to be as high as 80% among treatment-seeking alcoholics. The serious adverse health effects of tobacco and heavy alcohol use are synergistic and recent evidence suggests that smoking slows the ...

Despite the declining overall rate of cigarette smoking in the general population in the United States, the prevalence of smoking is estimated to be as high as 80% among treatment-seeking alcoholics. The serious adverse health effects of tobacco and heavy alcohol use are synergistic and recent evidence suggests that smoking slows the ...

INTRODUCTION: The factors that influence the initial phase of quitting smoking have been understudied. Although maintenance of change is the ultimate test of the efficacy of treatment, maintenance is a nonissue for those who fail to manage even brief periods of abstinence. We examined factors associated with smokers' ability to achieve a targeted 24-hr ...

... Morse. 1994. Up in smoke. II. Germination of Nicotiana attenuata in response to smoke-derived cues and nutrients ... ...

of TOMS measurements to detect smoke from biomass burning, and other tropospheric absorbing ... In order to study the seasonal variation of biomass buming ...

Compared 2 relapse crises from each of 49 ex-smokers using reversal theory constructs. Maintaining abstinence in both crises was consistently associated with being in serious-minded (telic) and conformist states. Smoking in both crises was consistently associated with being in playful (paratelic) or negativistic states. Findings suggest that coping ...

Introduction:Few studies have assessed differences between intermittent and light smokers, particularly among young adults. Exploring these differences promotes a systematic approach to research and treatment in low-level smokers. This study explored demographic, tobacco-related, and psychosocial predictors of intermittent nondaily smoking relative to light ...

Tobacco control efforts increased smoking abstinence up until 1990; however, in the mid-1990s, smoking prevalence rates and the U.S. per capita consumption leveled off and remained constant (CDC 1999b; Taylor 2001; see Chapter 8). Per capita consumption again declined in 1999 following the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) and a ...

Prior research suggests that abrupt initiation of abstinence from cigarette smoking reduces neural cognitive efficiency. When cognitive efficiency is high, processing speed and accuracy are maximized with minimal allocation of cognitive resources. The study presented here tested the effects of resumption of smoking on cognitive ...

Prior research suggests that abrupt initiation of abstinence from cigarette smoking reduces neural cognitive efficiency. When cognitive efficiency is high, processing speed and accuracy are maximized with minimal allocation of cognitive resources. The study presented here tested the effects of resumption of smoking on cognitive ...

RationaleNegative mood increases smoking reinforcement and may do so to a greater degree in smokers vulnerable to negative mood dysregulation.MethodsAdult smokers (N = 71) without current depression were randomly assigned to one of two smoking conditions (nicotine or denic cigarettes, presented blind) maintained across all sessions. Subjects completed one ...

BackgroundSmoking is common among medically underserved populations. Accessible resources to encourage and support smoking cessation among these patients are limited. Volunteer medical student-run free smoking cessation clinics may provide an effective option to help these individuals achieve smoking ...

Objective: To conduct and evaluate Quit & Win contests at 2 2-year college and 2 4-year university campuses. Participants: During Spring semester, 2006, undergraduates (N = 588) interested in quitting smoking signed up for a Quit & Win 30-day cessation contest for a chance to win a lottery prize. Methods: Participants (N = 588) completed a baseline survey, provided a ...

Objective: The authors developed a smoking cessation program using mobile phone text messaging to provide tailored and stage-specific messages to college smokers. Participants and Methods: The authors recruited 31 daily smokers who desired to quit from a college campus and asked them to use an Internet and mobile phone text messaging program to quit ...

Electric aversion was administered to 14 cigarette smokers. Six of the nine who completed the treatment were still abstinent at one-year follow-up. Three cases relapsed (at one, three, and four months) and five dropped out of treatment. Depression was a troublesome side-effect and was responsible for two of the drop-outs. The overall average of 21�5 cigarettes on the day ...

We conducted a double-blind pilot study involving 11 alcohol- and nicotine-dependent patients randomized to receive either bupropion or placebo. Four of six patients on bupropion and one of five patients on placebo were abstinent from smoking at the end of medication phase. Those in the bupropion group reported significantly less craving (p < .02) and ...

This study explored stress in relation to smoking and how non-smokers (never-smoked and ex-smokers) are 'resilient' to smoking in a population where there is a high prevalence of smoking (people diagnosed with depression). In-depth oral history interviews were conducted with 34 adult participants from metropolitan ...

While numerous studies show that higher levels of smoking cessation self-efficacy predicts motivation to quit smoking and successful smoking cessation, few studies have evaluated factors related to smoking cessation self-efficacy that could be targets of behavioral interventions to promote greater confidence to ...

The purpose of this study was to obtain preliminary evidence of the efficacy of a 12-week course of varenicline for 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence among recovering alcohol-dependent smokers. We enrolled 32 smokers with 6 months or more of recovery from alcohol dependence in an open-label clinical trial. Participants received varenicline 1 mg ...

We tested an intervention to help smokers abstain (fast) from smoking before surgery, maintain abstinence postoperatively, and achieve long-term cessation. A randomized experiment included 237 patients admitted for presurgical assessment who smoked. The intervention included counseling and nicotine replacement therapy. Treatment group ...

Candidate medications for smoking cessation may be screened more efficiently if initial evaluations in humans combine the practical advantages of laboratory studies with the clinical validity of clinical trials, such as by increasing participants' "quit motivation" during brief testing. We manipulated "intrinsic" quit motivation by recruiting smokers who either did intend to ...

Women may have difficulty maintaining smoking cessation efforts due to negative affect and fear of weight gain. Dieting smokers who rely on cigarettes for affect regulation and weight management may be especially prone to weight gain and smoking relapse following initial smoking abstinence. The present study, which ...

We evaluated the effects of adding a social support component to a worksite controlled smoking treatment program. Twenty-four participants were randomly assigned to either a controlled smoking or a controlled smoking plus partner support condition. Within a multiple baseline across behaviors design, smokers in both conditions made ...

A total smoking ban in prisons comes into effect from July 2011. The ban, introduced by the Corrections Minister, Judith Collins, aims to provide a healthier environment for prison staff and inmates through the elimination of secondhand smoke. Overseas experience has shown that simply banning smoking will not necessarily result in ...

Variables of smoking were measured when subjects smoked the first cigarette of the day after an eight- to 10-hour period of abstinence. The cigarettes smoked had high, medium, or low nicotine yields but the tar and carbon monoxide yields, taste, and draw characteristics remained constant. The number of puffs and ...

Introduction:Studies have evaluated smoking reduction with nicotine replacement therapy to reduce tobacco exposure and facilitate abstinence among cigarette smokers, but none have evaluated a reduction approach in smokeless tobacco (ST) users.Methods:We conducted an open-label pilot study to determine if the 4-mg nicotine lozenge with a behavioral ...

This randomized clinical trial was designed to test the efficacy of intensive versus brief smoking cessation interventions for hospital patients. The interventions included advice and pamphlets for Brief and bedside counselling, take-home materials, and 7 post-discharge telephone counselling calls over 2 months for Intensive. Confirmed 1-year abstinence ...

Individuals with ADHD may self-medicate with nicotine, the main psychoactive ingredient in tobacco smoke, in order to reduce symptoms and negative moods associated with ADHD. ADHD medication (e.g., methylphenidate and atomoxetine) may mimic some of the effects of nicotine and may aid smoking cessation in smokers with ADHD. The present study examined if ...

Use of human laboratory analogues of smoking behavior can provide an efficient, cost-effective mechanistic evaluation of a medication signal on smoking behavior, with the result of facilitating translational work in medications development. Although a number of human laboratory models exist to investigate various aspects of smoking ...

ObjectiveTo explore racial/ethnic difference in OROS-methylphenidate (OMPH) efficacy when added to nicotine patch and counseling for treating nicotine dependence among smokers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodParticipants were adult smokers with ADHD (202 whites and 51 non-whites) randomly assigned to OMPH or placebo in a multi-site, randomized controlled trial. Study ...

Introduction:Although a great deal of research has focused on measuring motivation and readiness to quit smoking, little research has assessed gross motivational changes after a smoker has made an attempt to quit smoking. Unlike previous single-item global measures of motivation to remain abstinent, we developed the ...

AbstractIntroductionSt. John's wort (SJW) is a widely used herbal supplement. The predominant mechanism(s) accounting for the activity of SJW in vivo are, however, unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of SJW for smoking cessation.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, three-arm, dose-ranging clinical trial. A total of 118 ...

Relapse to smoking is common after initial abstinence with pharmacotherapy and behavioral support and represents a major clinical challenge. Although mechanisms underlying relapse to smoking have not been elucidated, preclinical studies suggest that glutamate receptors may be involved. We sought to test a selective antagonist of the ...

AimsThis study examined whether voucher-based reinforcement therapy (VBRT) contingent on smoking abstinence during pregnancy is an effective method for decreasing maternal smoking during pregnancy and improving fetal growth.DesignA two-condition, parallel groups, randomized controlled trial was conducted.SettingThe trial was conducted ...

In a retrospective program evaluation analysis, we compared abstinence rates in 78 smokers participating in a 2-, 3-, or 6-week clinic-based behavioral-pharmacological smoking cessation program. The three treatment formats consisted of six sessions that varied in session frequency. Retention and end-of-treatment smoking cessation rates ...

Prospect theory suggests that because smoking cessation is a prevention behavior with a fairly certain outcome, gain-framed messages will be more persuasive than loss-framed messages when attempting to encourage smoking cessation. To test this hypothesis, the authors randomly assigned participants (N=258) in a clinical trial to either a gain- or ...

The purpose of this study was to test two combination motivational plus pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation among HIV positive smokers. Participants were 40 adults receiving HIV care who smoked daily reporting interest in smoking reduction. Measures were administered at baseline, 1-month, and 3-month follow-ups. ...

In a series of exploratory analyses, we examined the roles of gender, reproductive status and negative affect on smoking abstinence in subjects participating in a large (n=385) 6-week randomized clinical trial (RCT) of nicotine patch therapy, with varying doses of oral naltrexone (0mg, 25mg, 50mg, 100mg) treatment. Negative affect was assessed daily during ...

The integration of tobacco cessation treatment into mental health care for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), known as Integrated Care (IC), was evaluated in an uncontrolled feasibility and effectiveness study. Veterans (N = 107) in PTSD treatment at two outpatient clinics received IC delivered by mental health practitioners. Outcomes were seven-day point prevalence ...

Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with adverse effects on cardiac, pulmonary, and vascular function as well as the increased risk for various forms of cancer. However, little is known about the effects of chronic smoking on human brain function. Although smoking rates have decreased in the developed world, they remain high in ...

The purpose of this project was to modify a smoking cessation program that uses computerized scheduled gradual reduction for use with adolescent smokers and to test the feasibility of this cessation approach in group support and minimal contact modalities. Utilizing a lesson plan approach with high school marketing students in five high schools and student survey feedback, the ...

Smoking is thought to produce immediate reinforcement, and subjective satisfaction with smoking is thought to influence subsequent smoking. We used Ecological Momentary Assessment to assess cigarette-by-cigarette smoking satisfaction in 394 heavy smokers who subsequently attempted to quit. Across 14,882 cigarettes ...

Demonstrated effectiveness of computer-delivered smoking cessation program for worksite. Veterans Administration Medical Center employees (N=58) were assigned to computer group or contest-only group. Computer group showed nonsignificantly higher abstinence rates across follow-up, had marginally lower carbon monoxide levels at 3- and 6- month follow-ups, ...

Objective: Secondhand smoke exposure is associated with asthma onset and exacerbation. Latino children have higher rates of asthma morbidity than other groups. The current study compared the effectiveness of a newly developed smoking cessation treatment with existing clinical guidelines for smoking cessation. Method: Latino caregivers ...

RATIONALE: Long-term smoking can lead to changes in autonomic function, including decreased vagal tone and altered stress responses. One index of the inability to adapt to stress may be blunted vagal reactivity. Stress is a primary mechanism involved in relapse to smoking, but mechanisms leading to stress-precipitated relapse are not well understood. ...

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INTRODUCTION:Several meta-analyses have examined the efficacy of smoking cessation therapies in the general population. However, little is known about the efficacy of these therapies in cardiac patients. Therefore, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to determine the efficacy of behavioural therapy and pharmacotherapy for ...

BackgroundNHS Stop Smoking Services in the UK provide cost effective smoking cessation interventions, but approximately 75% of smokers who are abstinent at 4 weeks relapse to smoking by 12 months. This study aimed to explore health professionals' understanding of relapse prevention interventions (RPIs), the ...

Excessive maternal weight gain during pregnancy can result in serious adverse maternal and neonatal health consequences making it an important outcome to monitor in developing smoking-cessation interventions for pregnant women. Maternal weight gain was investigated in the present study with 154 pregnant participants in controlled trials investigating the efficacy of ...

RATIONALE: Little is known about the smoking topography characteristics of heavy cannabis users. Such measures may be able to predict cannabis use-related outcomes and could be used to validate self-reported measures of cannabis use. OBJECTIVES: The current study was conducted to measure cannabis smoking topography characteristics during periods of ad ...

BackgroundThis study evaluates differences in smoking abstinence between white and minority smokers using pharmaceutical aids.MethodsThis is an analysis of data from a multi-center, randomized, clinical trial conducted in the United States. Of the 1,684 subjects randomized to one of three medications (nicotine inhaler, bupropion, or a combination of both), ...

This paper measures tobacco policies in statewide representative samples of secondary and mixed schools in Victoria, Australia and Washington, US (N = 3,466 students from 285 schools) and tests their association with student smoking. Results from confounder-adjusted random effects (multi-level) regression models revealed that the odds of student perception of peer ...

This paper measures tobacco polices in statewide representative samples of secondary and mixed schools in Victoria, Australia and Washington, US (N = 3,466 students from 285 schools) and tests their association with student smoking. Results from confounder-adjusted random effects (multi-level) regression models revealed that the odds of student perception of peer ...

Factors associated with outcome were investigated in the British Thoracic Society's study of smoking withdrawal in 1550 patients attending hospital with smoking related diseases. A long term abstinence rate of 9.7% was found. Men did better than women, 12.2% of them succeeding in stopping smoking compared with 5.3% ...

The burden of tobacco dependence can be measured in premature deaths due to accelerated atherosclerotic disease and cancer, and economic costs of lost productivity and intensified medical care. Smoking cessation efforts have benefited from continued pharmacologic developments, increased public awareness of stop-smoking programs, aggressive ...

Objective: To investigate the association between suicide-related outcomes (SROs: wish to die, suicidal thoughts, and attempted suicide) and duration of smoking abstinence. METHODS: The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave 1 is a face-to-face survey of a representative sample of the U.S. adult population (N = 43,093). ...

Introduction:Many smoking cessation trials report either prolonged abstinence (PA) rates (i.e., not smoking since a quit date, with or without a grace period) or point prevalence (PP) abstinence rates (i.e., no smoking one or more days prior to the follow-up), but how these two relate is ...

Previous research has shown that 8% to 10% of nonsmokers initiated smoking during their first year of military service despite a period of forced abstinence during boot camp. To our knowledge, no studies have looked at the influence of peers and role models on the initiation of smoking among U.S. Air Force personnel who recently ...

Pre-frontal cortical (PFC) dysfunction has been put forward as the basis for development and maintenance of addiction. To explore this relationship, the present study investigated the effects of smoking on PFC-mediated cognitive flexibility and subjective states in low- (LD) and high-dependent (HD) smokers. Twenty-four LD and 24 HD smokers (Fagerstr�m dependence scores ? 4 ...

Pre-frontal cortical (PFC) dysfunction has been put forward as the basis for development and maintenance of addiction. To explore this relationship, the present study investigated the effects of smoking on PFC-mediated cognitive flexibility and subjective states in low- (LD) and high-dependent (HD) smokers.Twenty-four LD and 24 HD smokers (Fagerstr�m dependence scores ?�4 ...

Heavy alcohol use frequently co-occurs with cigarette smoking and may impede smoking cessation. This clinical trial examined whether smoking cessation treatment that incorporates brief alcohol intervention can improve smoking cessation outcomes (7-day verified point prevalence abstinence) and ...

Heavy alcohol use frequently co-occurs with cigarette smoking and may impede smoking cessation. This clinical trial examined whether smoking cessation treatment that incorporates brief alcohol intervention can improve smoking cessation outcomes (7-day verified point prevalence abstinence) and ...

BackgroundEven with effective smoking cessation medications, many smokers are unable to abruptly stop using tobacco. This finding has increased interest in smoking reduction as an interim step towards complete cessation.MethodsThis multi-center, double-blind placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of nicotine 4 mg gum or nicotine 10 mg ...

BackgroundThe main cause of relapse in smokers attempting to quit is inability to resist urges to smoke. Pharmacotherapy ameliorates but does not entirely prevent urges to smoke when abstinent, so other methods to resist urges to smoke might be helpful. Exercise is effective, but aerobic exercise is often ...

Only one prior study has examined why adolescent smoking cessation interventions are effective. To address this understudied and important issue, we examined whether a large adolescent smoking cessation intervention trial's outcomes were mediated by social cognitive theory processes. In a randomized trial (N = 2,151), counselors proactively delivered a ...

Only one prior study has examined why adolescent smoking cessation interventions are effective. To address this understudied and important issue, this study examined whether a large adolescent smoking cessation intervention trial�s outcomes were mediated by Social Cognitive Theory processes. In a randomized trial (N = 2,151), counselors proactively ...

Promoting smoking cessation is among the key medical interventions aimed at reducing worldwide morbidity and mortality in this century. Both behavioural counselling and pharmacotherapy have been shown to significantly increase long-term abstinence rates, and combining the two treatment modalities is recommended. This article provides an update on ...

SUMMARYIn studies of smoking behavior, some subjects report exact cigarette counts, whereas others report rounded-off counts, particularly multiples of 20, 10 or 5. This form of data reporting error, known as heaping, can bias the estimation of parameters of interest such as mean cigarette consumption. We present a model to describe heaped count data from a randomized trial of ...

To evaluate the effectiveness of the Not-On-Tobacco Program. Methods: Forty-four high schools implemented the program (n=241 students), with 27 comparison schools (n=251 students). Students reported smoking in the last 7 and 30 days at baseline and follow-up. Results: Those in the program had an increased likelihood of reporting 30-day abstinence at end of ...

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of a 12 h period of abstinence from smoking in young and old habitual smokers, on skin rewarming patterns of a hand following local cooling. This was done by comparing changes in peripheral circulation, measured indirectly by monitoring changes in skin surface temperatures of the hand with both infrared ...

The prevalence of smoking is greater and smoking restrictions are less common in rural areas in comparison to urban areas. Consequently, rural smokers and their families are at increased risk for adverse health consequences from smoking. The presence of home smoking restrictions (i.e., limiting or banning cigarette ...

BackgroundDeveloping means to identify smokers at high risk for relapse could advance relapse prevention therapy. We hypothesized that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reactivity to smoking-related cues, measured prior to a quit attempt, could identify smokers with heightened relapse vulnerability.MethodsTwenty-one nicotine-dependent women underwent fMRI prior to ...

Aims? Smoking cessation trials generally record information on daily smoking behavior, but base analyses on measures of smoking status at the end of treatment (EOT). We present an alternative approach that analyzes the entire sequence of daily smoking status observations. Methods? We analyzed daily ...

Considerable research attests to the adverse effects of chronic smoking on cardiac, pulmonary, and vascular function as well as on increased risk for various cancers. However, comparatively little is known about the effects of chronic smoking on brain function. Although smoking rates have decreased in the developed world (they have ...

ObjectiveDepressive symptoms are associated with poor smoking cessation outcomes and there remains continued interest in behavioral interventions that simultaneously target smoking and depressive symptomatology. This pilot study examined whether a behavioral activation treatment for smoking can enhance cessation outcomes.MethodA sample ...

BackgroundSmoking remains the primary preventable cause of death and illness in the U.S. Effective, convenient treatment programs are needed to reduce smoking prevalence.PurposeThis study compared the effectiveness of three modalities of a behavioral smoking-cessation program in smokers using varenicline.MethodsCurrent treatment ...

A previous randomized clinical trial based on self-determination theory (SDT) and consistent with the Public Health Service (PHS) Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence demonstrated that an intensive intervention could change autonomous self-regulation and perceived competence, which in part facilitated long-term tobacco abstinence. The current article describes a ...

Objective: Contingency management (CM) effectively treats addictions by providing abstinence incentives. However, CM fails for many who do not readily become abstinent and earn incentives. Shaping may improve outcomes in these hard-to-treat (HTT) individuals. Shaping sets intermediate criteria for incentive delivery between the present behavior and total ...

Summary In smoking cessation clinical trials, subjects commonly receive treatment and report daily cigarette consumption over a period of several weeks. Although the outcome at the end of this period is an important indicator of treatment success, substantial uncertainty remains on how an individual's smoking behavior will evolve over time. Therefore it is ...

In the absence of the antismoking campaign, adult per capita cigarette consumption in 1987 would have been an estimated 79-89 per cent higher than the level actually experienced. The smoking prevalence of all birth cohorts of men and women born during this century is well below that which would have been expected in the absence of the campaign. As a consequence, in 1985 an ...

This meta-analysis examined outcomes of smoking cessation interventions evaluated in 19 randomized controlled trials with individuals in current addictions treatment or recovery. Smoking and substance use outcomes at posttreatment and long-term follow-up (? 6 months) were summarized with random effects models. Intervention effects for ...

Most clinical trials use 6 mo or 1 yr follow-ups as proxies for life-time smoking cessation. Retrospective studies have estimated 2�15% of smokers relapse each year after the first 1 year of abstinence, but these have methodological problems such as memory bias. We searched for prospective studies of adult quitters that reported the number of ...

Aggressive and point maintained operant responding of heavy nicotine dependent male tobacco smokers were measured during five 25-min sessions conducted over an 8-h period. Responding under three tobacco abstinence conditions was compared to responding during a baseline condition of ad libitum smoking of the subject's preferred brand of cigarettes. The ...