The generality of the orthographic consistency effect in speech recognition tasks previously reported for Portuguese beginning readers was assessed in French-speaking children, as the French orthographic code presents a higher degree of inconsistency than the Portuguese one. Although the findings obtained with the French second graders ...
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
What kind of mental objects are letters? Research on letter perception has mainly focussed on the visual properties of letters, showing that orthographic representations are abstract and size/shape invariant. But given that letters are, by definition, mappings between symbols and sounds, what is the role of sound in orthographic ...
PubMed Central
Three experiments used the masked priming paradigm to investigate the role of orthographic and phonological information in written picture naming. In all the experiments, participants had to write the names of pictures as quickly as possible under three different priming conditions. Nonword primes could be: (1) phonologically and orthographically related ...
PubMed
This study tested the phonological core deficit hypothesis among Dutch dyslexic adults and also evaluated the pattern of individual differences among dyslexics predicted by the phonological-core variable-orthographic differences (PCVOD) model (van der Leij & Morfidi, 2006) in a sample of 57 control adults and 56 dyslexic adults. It was confirmed that Dutch adult dyslexics ...
It is well established that in masked priming, a target word (e.g., JUDGE) is primed more effectively by a transposed letter (TL) prime (e.g., jugde) than by an orthographic control prime (e.g., junpe). This is inconsistent with the slot coding schemes used in many models of visual word recognition. Several alternative coding schemes ...
An Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) network was trained to identify unique orthographic word forms. Each word input to the model was represented as an unordered set of ordered letter pairs (open bigrams) that implement a flexible prelexical orthographic code. The network learned to map this prelexical orthographic ...
We report data from experiments on orthographic and phonological coding in two patients with attentional dyslexia following bilateral parietal damage. Two experiments required the patients to carry out lexical decisions and we varied whether the nonwords were orthographically or phonologically similar to real words. Experiment 1 showed ...
In the present theoretical note we examine how different learning constraints, thought to be involved in optimizing the mapping of print to meaning during reading acquisition, might shape the nature of the orthographic code involved in skilled reading. On the one hand, optimization is hypothesized to involve selecting combinations of letters that are the ...
The first findings from a 5-year, overlapping-cohorts longitudinal study of typical language development are reported for (a) the interrelationships among Language by Ear (listening), Mouth (speaking), Eye (reading), and Hand (writing) in Cohort 1 in 1st and 3rd grade and Cohort 2 in 3rd and 5th grade; (b) the interrelationships among three modes of Language by Hand (writing manuscript letters ...
At the beginning of the school year, 80 first graders, half receiving phonics instruction and half receiving whole word instruction, were asked to spell, read aloud, and recognize 60 regular and exception words. A standardized reading test and phoneme segmentation test were also administered. Those above grade level in reading excelled in phonological recording and application of grapheme-phoneme ...
The degree to which phonological codes constrain handwriting is at present controversial. Two experiments used a picture-word interference paradigm in which participants wrote down the names of pictures while attempting to ignore visual distractor words presented at various time intervals (SOAs). Distractors could be orthographically and phonologically ...
The influence of orthographic knowledge has been consistently observed in speech recognition and metaphonological tasks. The present study provides data suggesting that such influence also pervades other cognitive domains related to language abilities, such as verbal working memory. Using serial recall of auditory seven-word lists, we observed that inter-item ...
We demonstrate a method to calibrate a Shack-Hartmann sensor as an orthographic camera. This calibration method permits us to obtain the distance, the rotation matrix between the microlens array and CCD imaging planes, and the projection matrix, which models the projection of the incoming rays to the CCD imaging plane. The proposed calibration method introduces a very compact ...
After explicit spelling instruction, low achieving second grade spellers increased the number of correctly spelled words during composing but differed in response trajectories. Class 1 (low initial and slow growth) had the lowest initial performance and improved at a relatively slow rate. Class 2 (high initial and fast growth) started higher than Class 1 but below Class 3 and improved at the ...
The study examined the role of sign language and fingerspelling in the development of the reading and writing skills of deaf children and youth. Twenty-six deaf participants (13 children, 13 adolescents), whose first language was Chilean Sign Language (CHSL), were examined. Their dactylic abilities were evaluated with tasks involving the reading and writing of dactylic and ...
This study investigated how Spanish orthographic code complexities influence learning to spell. Word and pseudoword dictation tests were carried out by 208 first- to fourth-grade students. Items included the following orthographic code complexities: digraph, contextual effect, position effect, letter H, ...
... Abstract Validation of the turbulence models in the CFD code Beggar for unsteady turbulent flow is discussed. ... The CFD code that the Computa- ...
DTIC Science & Technology
... Title : PARC Code: Theory and Usage. ... Abstract : The PARC code is a general purpose flow simulation computer program. ...
... Title : ON DECODING EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY CODES,. ... Abstract : An improved decoding algorithm for Euclidean Geometry codes is presented. ...
... Title : Guidelines for Structured Coding. ... Abstract : The purpose of this manual is to provide guidelines for writing structured code within CCTC. ...
... To the nine languages included in the ... a Greek orthographic spelling of air ... AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS, SPEECH), LANGUAGE, EDUCATION. ...
... Accession Number : AD0241940. Title : ORTHOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION AS AN AID IN TEACHING ILA. ...
... Title : The Theory Behind the SOCRATES Code. ... Abstract : The SOCRATES contamination model is described at length. ...
In Experiment 1, 62 10-year-old children studied printed pseudowords with semantic information. The items were later represented in a different format for reading, with half of the items spelled in the same way as before and half displayed in a new phonologically equivalent spelling. In a dictation test, the exposure to an alternative spelling substantially increased the number of errors that ...
Is the production of written words affected by their phonological properties? Most researchers agree that orthographic codes can be accessed directly from meaning, but the contribution of phonological codes to written word production remains controversial, mainly because studies have focused on languages with alphabetic scripts, and it ...
Although it is relatively well established that access to orthographic codes in production tasks is possible via an autonomous link between meaning and spelling (e.g., Rapp, Benzing, & Caramazza, 1997), the relative contribution of phonology to orthographic access remains unclear. Two experiments demonstrated persistent repetition ...
Two main theories of visual word recognition have been developed regarding the way orthographic units in printed words map onto phonological units in spoken words. One theory suggests that a string of single letters or letter clusters corresponds to a string of phonemes (Coltheart, 1978; Venezky, 1970), while the other suggests that a string of single letters or letter ...
It is well established that in masked priming, a target word (e.g., "JUDGE") is primed more effectively by a transposed letter (TL) prime (e.g., "jugde") than by an orthographic control prime (e.g., "junpe"). This is inconsistent with the slot coding schemes used in many models of visual word recognition. Several alternative coding ...
It is typically assumed that when orthography is translated silently into phonology (i.e., when reading silently), the phonological representation is equivalent to the spoken form or, at least, the surface phonemic form. The research presented here demonstrates that the phonological representation is likely to be more abstract than this, and is ...
A graphical user interface (GUI) is under development for the MEEC family of SGEMP and SREMP simulation codes. These codes are workhorse legacy codes that have been in use for nearly two decades, with modifications and enhanced physics models added throughout the years. The MEEC codes are currently being evaluated ...
DOE Information Bridge
We investigated the initial development of reading and spelling in European Portuguese. First-graders, tested in February and June, had to read and spell words and pseudowords. In February there were regularity and graphemic complexity effects, indicating that these children relied on grapheme-phoneme conversion. The lexicality effect found in spelling, in June, suggest that by the end of first ...
Traditional theories of Semitic morphology hold that two abstract morphemic units, the root (e.g., "k-t-b") and the word pattern (e.g., "-i-aa-"), are the basis for word formation (e.g., "kitaab" [book]). Previous lexical processing studies in Hebrew and Arabic have confirmed the independent morphemic status of these two units, and the root in particular, whose existence was ...
The purpose of this paper was to design an automatic system for transform 2D orthographic views to 3D solid objects. The input drawing contains geometric information of lines and circles. The reconstructed objects may be boxes, cylinders and their composites. This system used AutoCAD as a drawing tool. An input 2D orthographic view was created by using ...
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
According to current models of reading, the phonological representation of a letter string could be generated by means of two different procedures. The first consists in the looking up or addressing of the phonological representation of the appropriate word in the mental lexicon. The second consists in the assignment of a phonological code to the various ...
Two divided visual field lexical decision experiments were conducted to examine the role of the cerebral hemispheres in orthographic neighborhood effects. In Experiment 1, we employed two types of words: words with many substitution neighbors (high-"N") and words with few substitution neighbors (low-"N"). Results showed a facilitative effect of "N" in the left visual field ...
The authors examined the processing of phonological and orthographic word representations among 17 dyslexic and 16 normal college-level readers using Event-Related Potential measures. They focused on 2 early components--the P200 and the P300. The results revealed P200 and P300 components of lower amplitude and later latency among dyslexic readers than among normal readers for ...
Previous research documented letter-string specific cortices in the ventral visual stream near the left occipitotemporal junction (i.e., anterior fusiform gyrus). These neural areas potentially code the perceptual elements comprising orthographic stimuli, and thus function as feature detectors in high-level vision. While abundant evidence supports this ...
Previous research has shown that literacy (i.e., learning to read and spell) affects spoken language processing. However, there is an on-going debate about the nature of this influence. Some argued that orthography is co-activated on-line whenever we hear a spoken word. Others suggested that orthography is not activated on-line but has changed the nature of the phonological representations. ...
... SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT ... Availabiliy Codes Avail and/ior Abstract ...
In Hebrew script, vowels are represented by small dots appended to the consonants. However, in print the dots are almost always omitted, and because a single consonant string may represent several different words (with different vowels), the reader can assign to it a unique meaning and pronunciation only in relation to the syntactic and semantic contexts. We investigated the role of phonemic ...
... Accession Number : ADA259827. Title : Correspondence and Affine Shape from Two Orthographic Views: Motion and Recognition. ...
... Abstract : OGIC DECODINGThe concept of sequential code reduction (SCR), a new decoding concept devised by Drs. ...
... Abstract : The model of university as producer ... the nature of Harvard will change ... COSTS, CODING, UNIVERSITIES, CREATIVITY, NEGOTIATIONS. ...
... 145. Abstract : New Barnyard, a moments code, was written to calculate multigroup neutron macroscopic cross sections. ...
... Abstract : Nondestructive testing (NDT) requirements and standards are an important part of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. ...
... Mobile code: The Future of the Internet ... Abstract Use of the Internet has exploded in recent years with the appearance of the World-Wide Web. ...
... Abstract : The sequencing of the human genome has revealed that only 2% of the genome actually codes for protein. However ...
... 14. ABSTRACT The sequencing of the human genome has revealed that only 2% of the genome actually codes for protein. ...
... Abstract : The programs documented in this report are part of a comprehensive package of digital computer codes which calculate the ...
... Abstract : A CODED APERTURE CAMERA IS SIMILAR TO A PINHOLE CAMERA IN THAT NO REFLECTING OR REFRACTING OPTICS ARE ...
... Abstract : This report presents and describes the computer codes developed to generate atmospheric radiance profiles for various molecules ...
... Abstract : This report concerns the use of frequency domain computer codes such as the Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC) for computing the ...
... Abstract : The Absolute Radiometric Code (ARC) is a collection of Matlab functions tied together under a Matlab Graphical User Interface (GUI). ...
... Abstract : The operation of an elaborate set of computer codes raises problems of its own which can only be appreciated from experience. ...
... Abstract : This report summarizes information gathered on a survey of available computer codes which can be used to analyze electric laser devices ...
Calibrating Pan-Tilt Cameras with Telephoto Lenses Xinyu Huang, Jizhou Gao, and Ruigang Yang of Kentucky, USA {xhuan4,jgao5,ryang}@cs.uky.edu http://www.vis.uky.edu/~gravity Abstract. Pan-tilt cameras with a telephoto lens is close to orthographic. This paper discusses the problems caused by pan-tilt cameras
E-print Network
/hyperbolic mirror [17, 25], and by placing an orthographic camera parallel to the axis of a parabolic mirrorAxial Light Field for Curved Mirrors: Reflect Your Perspective, Widen Your View Yuichi Taguchi), Cambridge, MA, USA {taguchi, agrawal, ramalingam, veerarag} at merl.com Abstract Mirrors have been used
Two experiments explored learning, generalization, and the influence of semantics on orthographic processing in an artificial language. In Experiment 1, 16 adults learned to read 36 novel words written in novel characters. Posttraining, participants discriminated trained from untrained items and generalized to novel items, demonstrating extraction of individual character ...
Di Giulio] Abstract. Given the structure of the genetic code, synonymous codons differ in the evolution of coding sequences in Drosophila and rodents. Key words: Genetic code -- Error minimization Introduction Studies on the origin of the genetic code have shown that the ...
... OF THE CODE 50 ... Page 5. ABSTRACT 'The Code 50 Nuclear Exchange Model is a war game model produced by the LAMBDA Corporation. ...
Jan 22, 2011 ... Title: Skeleton PIC Codes for Parallel Computers ... Abstract: Simple Skeleton Particle-in-Cell codes designed for massively parallel ...
NASA Website
Abstract: GuoBiao (GB) Codes for the Administrative Divisions of the People's Republic of China consists of geographic codes for the administrative ...
... Abstract : The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) High ... The NENE code is the fifth science-based code project to be ...
... Title : Article III of the Code of Conduct. ... Abstract : Article III of the Code of Conduct was promulgated by Executive Order over eighteen years ago. ...
Starting from the hypothesis that printed word identification initially involves the parallel mapping of visual features onto location-specific letter identities, we analyze the type of information that would be involved in optimally mapping this location-specific orthographic code onto a location-invariant lexical code. We assume that ...
Dyslexia is characterized as a significant impairment in reading and spelling ability that cannot be explained by low intelligence, low school attendance or deficits in sensory acuity. It is known to be a hereditary disorder that affects about 5% of school aged children, making it the most common of childhood learning disorders. Several susceptibility loci have been reported on chromosomes 1, 2, ...
Explored genetic and environmental etiologies of individual differences in printed word recognition and related skills in identical and fraternal twin 8- to 18-year-olds. Found evidence for moderate genetic influences common between IQ, phoneme awareness, and word-reading skills and for stronger IQ-independent genetic influences that were common between phoneme awareness and word-reading skills. ...
This paper proposes a technique for teaching decoding of the Arabic language to Arab dyslexic students following the multisensory, systematic, explicit phonics approach and based in part on the Orton-Gillingham approach. This technique emphasizes vocabulary controlled, font-modified, cumulative, color-coded reading materials, and orthographic rather than ...
Learning to read in alphabetic orthographies starts with learning a script code consisting of letter-speech sound pairs. Although children know which letters belong to which speech sounds within months, it takes much longer to automatically integrate them into newly constructed audiovisual objects. This extended learning process corresponds with observations that reliable ...
... Abstract : This dissertation demonstrates that inadequately protected wireless LANs are more vulnerable to rogue program attack than traditional ...
Feb 17, 2005 ... Nikunj C. Oza (Code TC), Ensemble Machine Learning Methods, abstract. -, Smadar Shiffman (Code TC), Mining Patterns from Multi-Instrument ...
