specifically disrupts gene expression during planarian regeneration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 5049
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... More evidence that light isomerizes the chromophore of purple membrane protein. ... in visual pigments and bacteriorhodopsin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ... ...
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, 1663�1668 (1999). 6. Ghandi, S., Heeger, D. & Boynton, G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3314
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 14843-14847, December 1998 Ecology Stream biodiversity that stream conditions across the whole catchment can be mitigated The publication costs of this article were@ environment.cawthron.org.nz. 14843 #12;14844 Ecology: Harding et al. Proc. Nail. Acad. ...
cortex) MICHAEL N. SHADLEN* AND WILLIAM T. NEWSOME Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School and Newsome Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 629 #12;In the present experiments we studied the behavior eye movement. 630 Colloquium Paper: Shadlen and Newsome Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. ...
micrometers away from the nucleus, extensive changes in 850 Cell Biology: Maniotis et al. Proc. Natl. AcadProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 849�854, February 1997 Cell Biology Demonstration and nucleus. When integrins were pulled by micromanipulating bound microbeads or mi- cropipettes, cytoskeletal
... of changes in species' geographical distributions driven by Milankovitch climate oscillations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: ... ...
... C. T. Bergstrom. 2001. Cost and conflict in animal signals and human language. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 98: ... ...
limitation to Acer sacchar- inum L. and Ulmus americana L. in Ohio River localities in southeastern Ohio
to the capping enzyme triphosphatase is BVP, a dual-specificity PTP en- coded by the Autographa californica
to a significant number of protected amides. A recent study of barnase, RNase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
, E., Cotten, M., Foisner, R. & Birnstiel, M. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 4255�4259. 18
and reproductive success and in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:16723�16728 Coltman D
in the Yellowstone grizzly (Ursus arctos): implications for conservation. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 100:4334�4339 Pa
in a meeting convened by the African Agriculture Technology Foundation (AATF) and Network for the Genetic
... induced DNA damage and photoenzymatic DNA repair in antartic zooplankton. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:1258� ... ...
... dependent expression of the mouse sex-limited protein gene. Mol. Endocrinol ... in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:9734�9739. ... ...
) In Triops longicaudatus (tadpole shrimp), Ubx/abd-A expression begins in the first thoracic segment (T1
59840 Communicated by Harvey F. Lodish, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, July
-backed gull (Larus fuscus). Males in this species are larger on average than females (10), grow faster
(Passerculus sandwichensis Wilson) yearling femaleslaidsmallerclutchesand laidlaterintheseason (Hochachka 1990
mammaryglands,each openingvia a singleteatsituatedin the axilla. The mammariesaresomewhat reminiscentof
-Arg mutations, and JHE-KK with both mutations. Re- combinant Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis viruses
susceptibility factors. The pmr mutants are resistant to the normally virulent pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum
showing that the device could take high-quality pictures of Giardia lamblia, a common water-borne parasite
. Acquisition of Song Behavior in Birds. Singing behavior in birds like Melospiza georgiana or Melospiza melodia
, lactose, Dex, maltodextrin; s, sensitive; R, resistant; +, positive; and -, negative. 5802 The publication
. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 14518�14523. Knight, R.T. (2007). Neuroscience. Neural networks debunk phrenology
... a major gene effect: paedomorphosis in the Mexican axolotl. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:14185�14189. ... ...
... and D. M. Gordon. Genetic basis for queen�worker dimorphism in a social insect. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ... ...
... demethylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7149-7153. 36. Haggerty, TJ, IS Dunn, PJ Durda, LB Rose, and JT Kurnick. 2007. 5 ...
DTIC Science & Technology
... borer moths is determined by both autosomal and sex-linked genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7585�7589. ... ...
... L. Arnold. 1994. Floral and ecological isolation between Aquilegia formosa and Aquilegia pubescens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2493� ... ...
an associated regulatory protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:3010�5. [62] Poulat F, Barbara PS, Desclozeaux
, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 52, 7297. [5] M. Cotten, F. Langlerouault, H. Kirlappos, E. Wagner, K. Cotten, R. Foisner, M. L. Birnstiel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991, 88, 4255. [17] K. Kataoka, A
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96, pp. 11194�11199, September 1999 Biochemistry Vacuole, Hanover, NH 03755-3844 Contributed by William Wickner, August 6, 1999 ABSTRACT Vacuole fusion occurs disassembly; docking, mediated by Ypt7p and trans-SNARE association; and fusion of docked vacuoles. Ca2
defective in high-affinity nitrate uptake; plants with a WT allele of CHL1 (lanes 6�10) had WT highProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 15134�15139, December 1998 Plant Biology The Arabidopsis) nitrate- uptake system in plants. A search was performed to find high-affinity (mechanism I) uptake
-dependent, asymmetric expansion of hippocampal place fields MAYANK R. MEHTA, CAROL A. BARNES, AND BRUCE L. MCNAUGHTON parameter was significantly inversely correlated (r 0.9) with field size. 8920 Psychology: Mehta et al. Proc more spikes. Psychology: Mehta et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 8919 #12;3.23, P 0
in these vaccines. H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae are characterized by a carrier state; most individuals whoProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 6571�6576, June 1997 Population Biology Vaccination against, GA 30322 Communicated by Robert M. May, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, April 14, 1997
chelator RL252 was synthesized by Avi Shanzer (45). Either RL252 (100 M) or diethyldithiocarbamate (100 M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) #12;addition of metal chelators such as diethyldithiocarbamate or RL
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 3765�3770, April 1997 Cell Biology Mutagenic effects traversal is ex- tremely rare. The biological effects of a single particle are currently unknown. Using of individual cells was computer- monitored. The nucleus of each cell was irradiated with either 1, 2, 4, or 8
to a reduction or complete absence of the compound eyes (11, 13). Targeted expression of Drosophila eyeless eyes of vertebrates and compound eyes of arthropods, share--at least partially--developmental pathProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 2421�2426, March 1997 Evolution Squid Pax-6 and eye
. 2C) and fusion occurs at 50 Hz. At 35�C, where snakes rattle at 90Hz, the calcium transient (Fig. 1BProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 93, pp. 8095�8100, July 1996 Physiology The whistle and the rattle evolved similar traits, permitting tail rattling at 90 Hz. Skeletal muscle fibers perform a wide range
lesions on DNA. In eukary- otes, mitochondrial DNA is degraded by excess and futile DNA repair. Using x fashion, mitochondrial DNA in ditercalinium- treated eukaryotic cells is degraded by DNA repair. ThusProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 88, pp. 2422-2426, March 1991 Biochemistry Drug-induced DNA repair
closely related to Helianthus praecox Engelm. and Gray and Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. than to H , annuusProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 87, PD. 593-597, Januarv 1990 Helianthus annuus ssp. texanus has chloroplast DNA and nuclear ribosomal RNA genes of Helianthus debilis ssp. cucumerifolius (hybridization
and Isacoff (1), for example, used this approach to determine that NMDA receptors containing NR1 and NR3B of engagement for NMDA receptor subunits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 105:14163� 14168. 3. Ji, W., P. Xu, ., L trafficking by using a-bungarotoxin-binding-site-tagged receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. ...
, which appeared in issue 39, September 25, 2007, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (104:15224�15229; first the change of a node to a new module in partition 1 gener- ates partition 2. The arrows show the direction in issue 41, October 9, 2007, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ...
, characteristics, and capabilities. J. S. Edwards and B. O. Palsson � Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 97, Issue 10 are understood, the ability to manipulate them will grow. � Uses: � Bioremediation � Carbon Sequestration. Edwards and B. O. Palsson. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. ...
toxicity occurs repeatedly, from saturniid caterpillars to dart poison frogs. Selection favors the most in poison-dart frogs and toxic passerine birds. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 15857�15860. Fry, B defense in poison frogs and arthropod prey between Madagascar and the Neotropics. Proc. Nat. Acad. ...
in the silkmoth Bombyx mori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 16653� 16658. Sanbonmatsu, K.Y., and Garci�a, A
the initial gain filtering) in the cross validation loop (Ambroise and McLachlan, 2002). It should be noted cancer tissues probed by oligonucleotide arrays. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 6745-6750. Ambroise C
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... film detection method for tritium-labelled proteins and nucleic acids in ... the proopiomelanocortin peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:4890�4894. ... ...
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from a phylogenetic history of human alpha-interferon genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:8577�8581 Lander studied in eukaryotes. Concurrent substitutions in human interferon (Golding and Glickman 1985
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Center for Drug Evaluation (CDER)
... D. M. Gordon. 2002. Genetic basis for queen-worker dimorphism in a social insect. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:6108� ... ...
... Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:12142�9. [24] Zhang W, Smith LA, Plantz BA, Schlegel VL, Meagher MM. ... Roads from vaccines to therapies. ...
. The basic characteristics of meningiomas are a) smooth boundaries b) normally space occupying and c) and meningioma (bottom), with T1 post-contrast images for refer- ence. Blue = white matter, green = grey matter
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. For example, the call of the least bittern (Ixo- brychus exilis), like that of the American bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), contains harmonic notes. But it lacks the whistled notes characteristic of other members
for the common cold remains a challenge because there are over 100 serotypes. This process could be significantly. The major cause of common cold in humans is the rhinovirus (HRV), a member of the picornavirus family. HRV
droplet (8). Thus, phylogenetic and embryological considerations strongly suggest that the two eyes must to Embryology (Saunders, Toronto). 8. Arnold, J. M. (1971) in Experimental Embryology of Marine and Fresh
DescriptionControl Heat 2.2 YLR142 PUT1 Proline oxidase 2.0 YOL140 ARG8 Acetylornithine aminotransferase 2
are associated with thallose liverworts March- antia L. and Blasia pusilla L., respectively, represent the two) Mutualist mushroom species associated with thallose liverworts Marchantia polymorpha and Blasia pusilla
a number of agents that have arthropods as vectors and cause serious human diseases such as typhus, scrub typhus, erhlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (21). Studies of these bacteria require special
Tribe Chaeturini Chaetura vauxi (Oregon) 2 U50029 Tribe Apodini Apus nipalensis (Sabah, Malaysia) 1 U, and Chaetura. These taxa are unstable and tend to ``wander'' over the tree, reducing boot- strap values
is unclear, but may involve binding of an autoantigen peptide by HLA-B27. Endogenous and viral peptides suggested as possible therapeutics to induce T-cell tolerance in cases where the peptide autoantigens can
Camelina sativa Meal as Mulch am 48 33 Robert Frost: Microbiology Marcella McClure -- Microbiology Retroid
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. Hilton, Donald Mowry and Christopher Quinlan Community-Academic Partnerships and Institutional Review Policy Partnerships Karen J. Minyard, Tina Anderson-Smith, Marcia Brand, Charles F. Owens, and Frank X
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of a Pax6 gene in the regenerating and intact Planarian Dugesia(G)tigrina. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96
... proteinase inhibitor production incurs large fitness costs in Nicotiana attenuata. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: ... ...
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... distribution in brain and pituitary in the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999. 96:2526� ... a gonadotropin-releasing hormone binding protein in goldfish (Carassius auratus) serum. Ge...
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Huntington's disease Between genes and environment Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 3498�3503 (2004) The fatal, inherited neurodegenerative disorder called Huntington's disease is caused by a three with the Huntington's disease gene or work in the brain cells that it destroys. The other 60% is determined
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of the Deinococcus radio- durans proteome by using accurate mass tags. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 11049�11054 21
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... the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea: testing the good genes�assumptions and ... in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:5677�5682. ... ...
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... dependent peroxidase production in the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5586� ... ...
... new mammalian centrin gene, more closely related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC31 gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: ... The calcium-binding cell division cycle 31 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a compo...
... of changes in species' geographical distributions driven by Milankovitch climate oscillations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: ... clades in a world of recurrent climatic change: Milankovitch oscillations a...
... of changes in species geographical distributions driven by Milankovitch climate oscillations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: ... clades in a world of recurrent climate change: Milankovitch oscillations and...
-alklyguanine-DNA alkytransfer- ase (AGT).58 AGT interrogates the minor groove for damage with its WH domain for telomeric guanine-quadruplex DNA react with Stylonychia lemnae macronuclei. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 98
of Xanthium strumarium in light and in darkness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:2479�2484 Way DA, Sage RF (2008
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... heme-copper oxidases of Thermus thermophilus catalyze the reduction of nitric oxide: evolutionary implications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: ... Fig. 1). The model spectrum for the last process is that o...
Seok Seo* , Xiaopeng Bai* , Dae Hyun Kim*� , Qinglin Meng* , Shundi Shi*, Hameer Ruparel* , Zengmin Li, H., Bi, L., Li, Z., Bai, X., Kim, D. H., Turro, N. J. & Ju, J. (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102
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) A northern blot showing CRY2 mRNA level (CRY2) in wild-type seedlings grown under red light (20 mol s 1 m 2Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 2686�2690, March 1998 Plant Biology Enhancement of blue-light sensitivity of Arabidopsis seedlings by a blue light receptor cryptochrome 2 CHENTAO LIN*, HONGYUN YANG
sapiens (1, 2) and to estimate coalescence times for the human mitochondrial ancestor (3). (ii) We wanted.S.C. �1734 solely to indicate this fact. #12;Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 8901 74% Hsa 3 Humans 29 Hsa 4 ancestor of living humans, roughly 200,000-300,000 years ago (3, 11-13). Placing human variability
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in allozyme population genetics, no study except a classic work by Allard and others on Avena barbata (Allard for coadaptation in Avena barbata. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69:3043�3048. Brody T and Mendlinger S, 1980. Species, 1972. Patterns of genetic differentiation in the slender wild oat species Avena barbata. Proc Natl ...
was tested to be pure by TLC. 2- Octanol (Aldrich Chemicals, USA), ethanol and methanol (Spectroscopy grade-octanol. In this case, TRES spectra (figure 3a) show a continuous shift of spectral peak with time. TRANES of an isoemissive point in TRANES shows that the fluorescence emission in 2- octanol originates from three or more
and E. Tymchatyn, A universal smooth den� droid, Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Ser. Sci. Math., 26 (1978 mappings and smoothness of den� droids, Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Ser. Sci. Math. Astronom. Phys., 21 (1973
Accepting the first postulate of the retinex theory of color vision that there are three independent lightness-determining mechanisms (one for long waves, one for middle waves, and one for short waves), each operative with less than a millisecond exposure and each served by its own retinal pigment, a basic task of retinex theory becomes the determination of the nature of these mechanisms. Earlier ...
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; Mooney et al. 2006). For example, introduced Phragmites australis, invasive in North America, may have. Phragmites australis is a highly successful plant invader of coastal marsh systems of North America by a non-native genotype of the common reed, Phragmites australis, into North America. P Natl Acad Sci USA
the cell body to presynaptic terminals (Ra- quire material and metabolic energy (Attwell and Laugh- mo� n y. (1998). Func- visual area (V II) in the owl monkey: a second order transformation tional architecture in the owl's brainstem. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, Markram, H., Lu� bke, J., Frotscher, M., Roth, A
A previous treatment [Sturtevant, J.M. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 3963-3967], based on ideal solution theory, of the influence of small molecules on the main phase transitions of phospholipid bilayers is extended to include the effect of water solubility of the added solute. This effect is manifested primarily in a ...
. Bacteria Culture and Secreted Factor Preparation P. aeruginosa strains PA14 and CF5 and E. coli strain DH5 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8484�8489. 3. Essar DW, Eberly L, Hadero A in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Interchange- ability of the two anthranilate synthases and evolutionary implications
!hairpins!which!will!lead!to!more!predictable,!repeatable!and! quantitative!HCR!experiments.! 2009 Foundations of Nanoscience Page 147 #12;! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!HCR!Phase!0!!!!!!!!HCR,!N.!A..!Triggered!amplification!by!hybridization!chain!reaction.!Proc.! Natl!Acad.!Sci.!USA!101,!15275"15278!(2004).! ! 2009 Foundations of Nanoscience Page 148 #12;
tissues, formation of biofilms, motility, and even transfer of genetic material (1). Gram-positive bac their transpeptidation reac- tion (5�8). For example, sortase A of Staphylococcus aureus forms an acyl en- zyme that cleaves surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus at the LPXTG motif. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96
& Nomura, 1971; Hartmann, Vogel, Walker & Erdman, 1988). Since crystal structure analysis of whole 5S r, 450-474. ERDMANN, V. A., FAHNESTOCK,S., HIGO, K. & NOMURA,M. (1971). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 68
.3. a Barry, B. A.; Babcock, G., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987, Z .84, 7099. b Barry, B. A.; El-Deeb, M.; El-Deeb, M. K.; Sandusky, P. O.; Whittaker, M. M.; Whittaker, J. W. J Am Chem Soc 1992, 114, 3727
to be important as functional neurons and glia, as sources of signals for migrating commissural growth cones., Yazdanbakhsh, K. and Levine, M. (1992a). dorsal-twist interactions establish snail expression binding of snail protein to the single- mined gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 3414-3418. Kosman, D
infected and uninfected individuals. Here we demonstrate that bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles avoid a disease-avoidance response among larvae of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. The yeast Candida humicola experiments, using larvae of the bullfrog, R. catesbeiana: (i) uninfected larval bullfrogs recog- nize
) ABSTRACT Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is present in the amitochondriate parasitic protist Trichomonas LDH (TvLDH) was found to be more closely related to the cytosolic malate dehydroge- nase (MDH) of the same species than to any other LDH. A key difference between the two T. vaginalis sequences
; �Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215; Department in geometry has marked consequences in terms of signal transduction properties of dendrites as judged by cable-theory simulations; delays in the millisecond range would be expected as a dendrite passes through a plaque. Insofar
57, 1223�1236. 7. Rose, M. D., Misra, L. M. & Vogel, J. P. (1989) Cell 57, 1211�1221. 8. Lodish, H. F-KEUN SUH, LAWRENCE L. POULSEN, DANIEL M. ZIEGLER, AND JON D. ROBERTUS* Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712 Communicated
into HeLa cells. A supra- maximal dose of histamine (0.1 mM) caused an initial peak and subsequent plateau with a mean frequency of 0.05 Hz was superimposed upon the plateau. Application of cyproheptadine, a histamine was to stop the oscillations. Mobilization of [Ca2 ]c in HeLa cells by agonists such as histamine did
J. KREBS*, ERICH D. JARVIS, AND DONALD W. PFAFF* Laboratories of *Neurobiology and Behavior protein (Hsc73). Quantitative in situ hybridization analysis of brains from naturally cycling female rats, a stage in the estrous cycle in which an increase in estradiol is followed by a surge of P (2). Removal
in the evolutionary genetics of sex and recombination (1, 2), mating systems and mate choice (1, 3�7), mutation accu-history traits in Caenorhabditis elegans (23, 24). Population-genetic theory of the balance between mutation segregational loss of mutations. The increase per generation in the genetic variance for an additive trait
? The relative role of vision and proprioception in the neuronal representation of limb position MICHAEL S. A fascicularis) brain by means of a convergence of visual cues and proprioceptive cues onto the same neurons (proprioception) and the seen position (5�8). However, almost nothing is known about how these signals
component of the rapamycin-sensitive pathway, which includes the 12-kDa FK506 binding protein and includes rapamycin and the 12-kDa FK506 binding pro- tein target 1. Here, we report the identification of neurabin molecules such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase, phosphoi- nositide-dependent kinase 1, cdc2, and rapamycin
whom reprint requests should be addressed. e-mail: schadmin@ crystal.harvard.edu. 7876 #12;RESULTS bind DNA and that contain the active-site tyrosine: E. coli DNA topoisomerase I, E. coli GyrA subunit in the E. coli catabolite- activator protein (CAP) (23, 24) (Fig. 1). The active-site tyrosine responsible
is the high-affinity binding of the adenovirus fibre to the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR), which, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; CAR, coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor; HveA, herpesvirus entry mediator A and the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor D1 (CAR D1). The figure shows two adjacent Ad12 knob monomers, viewed
.125% trypsin in Joklik's medium with gentle agitation (4). Cells were obtained by sequential digestions with 0.1% collagenase in Joklik's medium at 37�C, pooled, and plated (15 106 cells 5 ml) in gelatin fibronectin-coated T experiments were performed by using a modification of the method by Chadwick et al. (16). The cells were
americanus KRKA THHR TSNL SSRR Homo sapiens KWKA RYHR TSNK SSKR Ictalurus punctatus KWKA TCQR SAGN TKKK sapiens TGERP TGEKP QNQQKQ TNEPL EG Ictalurus punctatus TGLRP SGKKP QHKEKH MNQLP DV Saccharomyces bases that make contacts with fingers 1�2�3 and 5 are invariant with some exceptions in Ictalurus
by the genes ahr-1 and aha-1, respectively. The corresponding proteins, AHR-1 and AHA-1, share biochemical and AHA-1 interact to bind DNA fragments containing the mammalian xenobiotic response element-3260. �See Note Added in Proof. 2844 #12;ing genes ahr-1 (AHR-related protein) and aha-1 (AHR- associated
specificity, substrate selectivity, and chemical reac- tivity; otherwise it would not be able to find ligated-molecules, and 2 -phosphotrans- ferase to transfer the splice junction 2 -phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD -phosphorylated ligated tRNAs (20) as the cells stop growing in nonpermissive conditions. The enzymes
) in this issue of the Proceedings, where they show that stretching and overwinding single DNA molecules resultsN of force. Other motor proteins are known to generate pulls up to 6 pN. The power associated with the movement of the polymerase is not entirely surprising in view of the large number of obstacles on the DNA
by the cytosolic chaperonin, CCT, but many other proteins, for example, ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC an essential role at all temperatures of the double-ring chaperonin, GroEL, in cooperation with its chaperonin CCT (also known as TCP1 complex or TRiC) is present in the cytosol and has been shown
with the Cambrian explosion hypoth- esis as an explanation for the origin of metazoan phyla, and provide additional, whether originating as part of a Cambrian ``explosion'' or with an extended, Precambrian ``phylogenetic on branch length. The Cambrian explosion hypothesis rests on the interpre- tation of the sudden appearance
of biodiversity. By far the largest changes in ecological composition are projected for Madagascar (Table 2 in diversity. Predicted extinction patterns of living primates in Africa, Asia, Madagascar, and South America and larger in Asia and Africa. Disproportionately larger ecological changes are projected for Madagascar
the biochemical state of individual cultured cells and organelles with ultramicroelectrodes J. ANDERS LUNDQVIST cells. At high electric field strengths, observa- tions of dye-transfer into organelles are proposed an optical resolution as high as 12 nm has been achieved (6). The manipulation of single organelles and even
stimulation, whereas the depressions in pancreatic acinar cells seen by use of the AFM seem to be permanent topography of a cell, it is likely that the surface structures imaged by AFM are convolved by a complex status of the cell (17). All these considerations suggest that the AFM images, demonstrated by Jena
integrity in the face of hybridization. Hybrid sterility and inviability have been unimportant in the early.mcmillan@ ucl.ac.uk. 8628 #12;mating behavior, hybrid inviability, sterility, and ecology play in early stages km from the hybrid zone. However, 43 pure individuals (19 male and 12 female E, and 4 male and 8
initiation and translation termination in a single such ``genetically coupled'' link as a precursor for such genetically coupled links. In these links, for appropriate combinations of input signals, transcripts, RPc is the closed complex, and RPo is the open complex (14). RNAP initiates transcription only from
airspeed of 50 m s-1 ) due to improved electronics; 2) reduced the frequency of coincidence errors.g. Baumgardner et al. [1985] and Burnet and Brenguier [2002]), are estimated to decrease cloud drop outlined in Burnet and Brenguier [2002] and the CAS instrument characteristics (viewing area = 0.112 mm2
containing 11 mM glucose and supplemented with 10% (vol vol) heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, 2 m additionally 2 mM MgATP and an ATP-regenerating system, 2 mM creatine phosphate, 10 unit ml creatine
from Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus envelope proteins ODV-E66 and ODV-E25 into the nucleus may be mediated through the outer and inner nuclear membrane. The Autographa californica nuclear.pnas.org. Abbreviations: AcMNPV, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus; ONM, outer nuclear membrane; INM
of the ionizable groups by point charges that are treated within a linearized Poisson�Boltzmann approximation the planar interface and the linear polyelectrolyte (Fig. 1). Thus, the discrete-charge Ising model treats derive the electrostatic energy of an array of discrete charges, in both the planar and linear geometries
's prevalence range from 3 to 9% (1, 2). The etiology of dyslexia as well as specific sensory deficits was examined to test the hypothesis that dyslexia involves a deficit in a specific visual pathway known. These results support the hypothesis for an M pathway abnormality in dyslexia and imply a strong relationship
for the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A, FK506, and rapamycin. In addition to their use in organ transplantation of a 15 kDa FK506- and rapamycin-binding protein from V. faba (VfFKBP15). The amino acid sequence deduced that is inhibited by both FK506 and rapamycin with a Ki value of 30 nM and 0.9 nM, respectively, illustrating
/structure/evolution) DAVID S. WILSON*, GUOJUN SHENG, SUSIE JUN, AND CLAUDE DESPLAN Howard Hughes Medical Institute Biology (Wiley, New York). 17. Wilson, D., Sheng, G., Lecuit, T., Dostatni, N. & Desplan, C. (1993) Genes
. Theor. Biol. 7, 17�52. 5. Dawkins, R. (1976) The Selfish Gene. (Oxford University Press, Oxford), p. 96 for review October 1, 1995) ABSTRACT A ``green beard'' refers to a gene, or group of genes, that is able of perception and com- plex behavioral responses. However, many simple mechanisms for genes to ``recognize
by the virus. Although replication of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is only weakly cytopathic toward the host cell, HBV infection is nonetheless the major cause of liver disease in man (1). The extent). In this report we describe how a simple cellular model for the pathogenesis of HBV may be used to account
. (1986) in Comparative Primate Biology: System- atics, Evolution, and Anatomy, eds. Swindler, D. R for Malagasy primates (primate origins cytochrome b molecular evolution) ANNE D. YODER*, MATT CARTMILL and Anatomy, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710; and �Department of Botany, Duke University
of calcium channels in giant fiber lobe neurons of the squid (Loligo opalescens) MATTHEW B. MCFARLANE- tigate the properties and spatial distribution of fast- deactivating (FD) Ca channels in squid giant channels have been extensively studied in the presynaptic terminal of the squid giant synapse (5, 8, 9
they were soluble proteins. The strongly hydrophilic backbone of these poly- mers is grafted with hydrophobic chains, making them amphiphilic. Amphipols are able to stabilize in aqueous solution under by the dissociation of subunits, lipids, or hydrophobic cofactors, phase separation during crystallization attempts
a special role in mediating the systematic organization of cortical cod- ings. Olfactory Memory in Rodents processing in the olfactory and limbic systems are closely integrated during odor-guided learning and memory these close connections, it is not surprising that rats have superb olfactory learning and memory capaci- ties
, and Carassius auratus. PCR Amplification, Cloning, and DNA Sequencing. Four sets of PCR primers were designed methods arrived at identical topologies to that shown for MP. Goldfish (Carassius auratus) was used exon 1 and exon 2 domains are functionally important. Goldfish (Carassius auratus) was used
sterility-associated mitochondrial protein causes pollen disruption in transgenic tobacco (callose, 1996) ABSTRACT In higher plants, dominant mitochondrial mutations are associated with pollen sterility. This phenom- enon is known as cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). It is thought that the disruption in pollen
M phenylmethylsulfonyl flouride), and twice with extract buffer supplemented with 100 g cytochalasin B per ml. The washed mixed with an ATP regenerating system (20 mM ATP 20 mM MgCl2 200 mM creatine phosphate 1 mg creatine
- lel self-initiating discrete-event simulations. Technical Report 90-21, ICASE. [14] Notkin, D., L Larry Snyder for providing access to the Poker programming environment and sample programs, and Richard with a simulation/ debugging environment used to simulate the program- ming language (Snyder 1984 and Notkin et al
; Waksman et al., 1992). The good correlation between the results described here and the composition of Y,P.J. and Bonifacino,J.S. (1995) EMBO J., 14, 4961-4975. Waksman,G. et al. (1992) Nature, 358, 646-653. Received on May
-span, there might be a similar relationship between relative brain size and the duration of parts of the life cycle to the systems governing the life cycle so that species with longer cycles have larger brains. When the effect for their body size. Metabolic rate is not correlated with life-span or female age at first reproduction when
of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 Communicated by P. D. Boyer, June 16,1980 ABSTRACT A simple method America. In some patients the infection is devastating from the very beginning with death occurring after. Miles, M. A., Toye, P. J., Oswald, S. C. & Godfrey, D. G. (1977) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 71, 217
rubrum Gram-positive bacteria Clostridium pasteurianum Actinomycetes Frankia Cyanobacteria Anabaena to DNA from 19 out of 19 widely divergent nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains but do not hybridize to DNA to DNA from 19 out of 19 nitro- gen-fixing bacterial strains but did not hybridize to DNA from 10 non
of acetylcholine receptor in excitable membrane from the electric organ of Torpedo: Evidence for exposure preparation from the electric organ of Torpedo californica by applying an immunoferritin tech- nique. The electric organ of Torpedo is rich in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) and has been extensively
equilibrium binding analyses of these compounds with estradiol-17ft for the mouse uterine cytosol receptor preparations illustrated the displacement of [3H]estradiol from the receptor peak. This displacement. In addition, the most hormonally active substances demonstrated the greatest rate inhibition in the estradiol
ofLeishmania tarentolue and Trypanosoma brucei (kinetoplast DNA/evolution of maxicircle DNA tarentolae and Trypanosoma brucei are organized in a basically colinear manner over a 15- to 17-kilobase (10) and Zea mays (11). In the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei, the maxicircle appears
paradox in other ways. We describe a model of the action of chaperone molecules in protein folding in vivo in vivo with the assistance of heat shock proteins or chaperoning, it is natural to ask whether of the protein itself. We investigate here some simple models of chaperone function, using statistical energy
is that for this reason, the first part of the signal sequence of secreted proteins contains one ortwo very hydrophilic of polypeptide chains into membranes: A Monte Carlo model (membrane proteins/lattice models/lipid-protein dynamics method was used to examine the process of protein insertion into model cell membranes. The water
in long-term axenic culture. The ability to grow microorganisms as colonies on solid medium has been-density tight colonies is a selectable trait. To investigate the stability of the culture-adapted pheno- type attained. They were then used to initiate liquid cultures and spread on plates for growth of colonies
interaction with myosin. By DNase I affinity and anion-exchange chromatography, wild-type and conditional procedure to prepare, in high yield, homogeneous native actin from wild-type and act] mutant yeast. Using ofsliding movement of the wild-type and mutant yeast actins were each about half that of rabbit skeletal
and dissection of proteins by the expression- cassette polymerase chain reaction (protein expression/CD4/domain of the human CD4 protein. The ability to rationally engineer protein-overproducing strains of Escherichia coli and can be incorporated into designed hybrid proteins (6-8). We have chosen the human CD4 protein and its
in vivo causes drastic reduction in the weight ofthe mouse thymus at low doses (e.g., 30 pg/kg single i atrophy of thymus (5, 6) in most experimental animals. Since this lesion occurs at sublethal doses of TCDD of thymus occurs at low doses of TCDD (30 ,ug/ kg) in sensitive (responsive) strains of mice but only
cells become the chordamesoderm, which stained for N-CAM and subsequently takes part in neural induction, are listed in Table 1. Eye (ectoderm). Epithelial cells ofthe lens placode stained for both N-CAM and L-N-CAM (A) or anti-L-CAM (B). The epiblast stains for both CAMs, but ingressing cells (*) show no staining
for relay and oscillation of cyclic AMP in Dictyostelium discoideum (slime molds/cell differentiation observed in interphase amoebae. The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is a major model would be the best matching one can expect between theory and experiment. The slime mold system
cooperativity of the estrogen receptor (estradiol/receptor activation/monomer-dimer equilibrium/receptor estrogen receptor from calfuteri was measured at 25C. The Scatchard plot of the binding data showed. The positive cooperative charac- teristics of the estrogen receptor were shown not to be produced by receptor
) when their mRNAs are translated in a cell-free system in the absence of microsomal membranes. Translocation activity of microsomal membranes can be assayed in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems (12, 15 in these two membrane fractions (lanes 4 and 5) shows that high salt extraction per se does not result
the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex in yeast extracts. Yptl anti- bodies block transport and Ca21 function independently in a cell-free protein transport reaction (endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi of such vesicles (4). In contrast, cells carrying the mutation yptl accumulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi
Organization in an Allosteric Enzyme Model (irreversible thermodynamics/dissipative structures/chemical waves/glycolytic that a spatiotemporal organization may originate at a macroscopic (supracellular) level from the glycolytic system. Glycolytic oscillations observed in yeast cells (1) and in cell- free extracts of yeast (2, 3) and muscle (4
Sorter (keyhole-limpet hemocyanin/human-serum albumin/adoptive secondary response/ lymphocyte receptors/thymus of the unfractionated spleen cells. Admixture of sources of unprimed thymus-derived cells (T-cells) with the purified- sponses are severely depressed in irradiated recipients of lymphoid cells that are depleted for thymus
such as Can- dida albicans, Coccidioides immitis, and Aspergillus fla- vus (Burt et al 1996, 1997, Gra�ser et:4558�4562. Geiser DM, Timberlake WE, Arnold ML. 1996. Loss of mei- osis in Aspergillus. Mol Biol Evol 13 Asper- gillus flavus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:388�393. Gra�ser Y, Volovesk M, Arrington J, Schonian G
but not in any of the female pregnancies (data not shown). The fraction of fetal DNA in maternal cell-free plasma Acad Sci USA 87:3279�3283. 8. Cheung MC, Goldberg JD, Kan YW (1996) Prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell, et al. (1997) PCR quantitation of fetal cells in maternal blood in normal and aneuploid pregnancies
, as will be mentioned later. Aspergillus flavus provides a third example where con- cordance of gene genealogies producing fungus Aspergillus flavus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 388�393. Geiser, D. M., Dorner, J. W in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae. Fungal Genetics and Biology., in press. Giraud, T., Fortini, D
.I., Taylor, J.W., 1998. Cryptic speciation and recombination in the aflatoxin-producing fungus Aspergillus flavus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 388�393. Giraud, T., Fortini, D., Levis, C., Leroux, P., Brygoo, Y., 2001. Aspergillus bombycis, a new aflatoxigenic species and genetic variation in its sibling species, A
. Deller, J.H.L. Hansen and J.G. Proakis, "Discrete-time processing of speech signals" IEEE Press,2000. [5 norm minimization," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 100 (5), pp. 21972202, March 2002. [6] J.G. Proakis and D
provide a guideline for understanding more complex biomembrane systems. Introduction Experimental) Zasloff, M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 5449�5453. (17) Gennis, R. B. Biomembranes: Molecular in biomembranes is to fill in packing defects and stabilize unsaturated lipid membranes.38 We hypothesized
evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of Ectodysplasin alleles. Science 307:1928�1933. Dean C Jr, Dickson M, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Schluter D, Kingsley DM. 2005. Widespread parallel in threespine sticklebacks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 5791�5796. Kocher TD. 2004. Adaptive evolution
transposon activity in the bat, Myotis lucifugus. [submitted] 31. Feschotte C. (2007) Evolutionary history C. (2007) Massive amplification of rolling-circle transposons in the lineage of the bat Myotis lucifugus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:1895-1900 Note: The authors contributed equally to this work. 22
Inorganic Chemistry," special issue of Chem Revs 2004, 104(2), Richard H. Holm and Ed Solomon, Guest Editors. � Special feature issue of Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA on "Bioinorganic Chemistry," 2003, 100(7). �"Inorganic Biochemistry, An Introduction"J. A. Cowan �"Bioinorganic Enzymology," special issue of Chem Revs
spinules are thin projections that do not divide the axon and that dendritic spines Received Jan. 26, 2004 and induction of coated vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:1849�1853. Blanpied TA, Scott DB, Ehlers MD (2002 36:435�449. Blanpied TA, Scott DB, Ehlers MD (2003) Age-related regulation of den- dritic endocytosis
Homo sapiens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 6128e6133. Smith, T.M., Reid, D.J., Dean, M., Mazurier, A., Tournepiche, J.-F., Birch, W., Dean, C., 2006. How Neanderthal molar teeth grew. Nature 444
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-specific response to infected host tissue. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94 (8), 3932�3937. Ternynck, T., Bleux, C, and either penetrate adjacent cells or spread hematogenously to infect tissues at distant loca- tions. Muscle by the or- ganism that is toxic for host tissues (Koberle and Nador, 1955). (iv) Parasite-induced micro6
