... Complete List of Vaccines Licensed for Immunization and Distribution in the US. -. Smallpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine, Live. -. Product. ACAM2000 ...

... 5.11 Blood and Organ Donation Blood and organ donation should be avoided ... pain and swelling) and constitutional symptoms (fatigue, malaise, feeling hot, rigors ...

... Title : ACAM2000(TM): The New Smallpox Vaccine for United States Strategic National Stockpile. Descriptive Note : Electronic preprint. ...

The licensed smallpox vaccine, ACAM2000, is a cell culture derivative of Dryvax. Both ACAM2000 and Dryvax are administered by skin scarification and can cause progressive vaccinia, with skin lesions that disseminate to distal sites. We have investigated the immunologic ...

... For this reason, attentively caring for the vaccination site is important to prevent ... It is very important for the ACAM2000 recipient to properly care for the ...

Smallpox was eradicated more than 30 years ago, but heightened concerns over bioterrorism have brought smallpox and smallpox vaccination back to the forefront. The previously licensed smallpox vaccine in the United States, Dryvax^� (Wyeth Laboratories, Inc.), was highly effective, but the ...

Smallpox was eradicated more than 30 years ago, but heightened concerns over bioterrorism have brought smallpox and smallpox vaccination back to the forefront. The previously licensed smallpox vaccine in the United States, Dryvax (Wyeth Laboratories, Inc.), was highly effective, but the supply was insufficient to ...

Smallpox was eradicated more than 30 years ago, but heightened concerns over bioterrorism have brought smallpox and smallpox vaccination back to the forefront. The previously licensed smallpox vaccine in the United States, Dryvax(Registered) (Wyeth Labora...

Smallpox vaccines based on replicating vaccinia virus are known to elicit rare yet serious adverse events, particularly in human populations with immune deficiency, atopic dermatitis and at the extremes of age. A vaccine that induces protective immune responses equivalent to first-generation smallpox vaccines while reducing the risk ...

... 45% of vaccine recipients.47,48 A BFP syphilis test result also occurs in many individuals with autoimmune disorders such as lupus, or infections ...

Highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is being considered as a safer alternative to conventional smallpox vaccines such as Dryvax or ACAM 2000, but it requires higher doses or more-frequent boosting than replication-competent Dryvax. Previously, we found that passive transfer of A27 antibodies can ...

Although a highly effective vaccine against smallpox, vaccinia virus (VV) is not without adverse events, some of which can be life-threatening, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. We have recently demonstrated that the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Dryvax(�) in immunocompetent mice is preserved even when co-administered with ...

...DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Calculation...its health complications if the smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact lost...the lost work days based on the smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact's...

...DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Required...In order to establish that a smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact sustained...countermeasure (including the smallpox vaccine) or vaccinia contracted through...

...DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Procedures...who are survivors. If a smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact...sought by the estate of a deceased smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact....

...DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Available... (a) Requesters who are smallpox vaccine recipients or vaccinia contacts...income to the estate of a deceased smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact as...

...DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Persons...the Secretary determines that a smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact died...this Program must be a deceased smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact who...

We still face a threat of orthopoxviruses in the form of biological weapons and emerging zoonoses. Therefore, there is a need to maintain a comprehensive defense strategy to counter the low-probability, high-impact threat of smallpox, as well as the ongoing threat of naturally occurring orthopoxvirus disease. The currently licensed live-virus smallpox ...

...smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact must submit to be deemed eligible by the...smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact must submit to be deemed eligible by the...smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact must submit the following...

... cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/response-plan/files/exec-sections-i-vi.pdf. Accessed June 6, 2011. Isaacs SN, et al. Vaccinia virus as ...

... with serious complications, such as those affecting the heart, brain, and skin ... "Development of a highly efficacious vaccinia-based dual vaccine against smallpox ...

Smallpox was a devastating disease caused by the orthopoxvirus Variola virus. The naturally occurring disease was eradicated 25 years ago, enabling cessation of smallpox vaccination (with the orthopoxvirus Vaccinia virus) worldwide.

... designed to test the safety and efficacy of more attenuated strains of vaccinia. CBER also helped WRAIR in their smallpox vaccination campaign by testing serum ...

Genomic sequence and analysis of a vaccinia virus isolate from a patient with a smallpox vaccine-related complication

... Indications: treatment and/or modification of the following conditions, which are complications resulting from smallpox vaccination: ...

... mil). Clinical Infectious Diseases 2008;46:000�000 This article is in the public domain, and no copyright is claimed. 1058 ...

... Return to Table of Contents. APPENDIX: MODERATE AND SEVERE COMPLICATIONS OF SMALLPOX VACCINATION AND INADVERTENT VACCINIA VIRUS INFECTION. ...

... smallpox), by a global emerging infectious ... including vaccinia, meningococcal disease, and hepatitis A ... be available for infectious diseases that may ...

Background: Little information is available to describe the risks of smallpox vaccine administered in pregnancy, with the exception of known, rare cases of fetal vaccinia. When the United States implemented a smallpox vaccination program in 2003, the Smal...

...DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Procedures...whether the injured individual is a smallpox vaccine recipient or a vaccinia contact...under this Program. (c) Smallpox vaccine recipients. All Request Forms...

...DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Persons...from this Program: (1) Smallpox vaccine recipients, as described in § 102.3...Representatives of the estates of deceased smallpox vaccine recipients or vaccinia contacts...

The efficacy of vaccinia viral vaccine in protecting subhuman primates against monkeypox was demonstrated. Chimpanzees given vaccinia viral (smallpox) vaccine were protected against challenge inoculation of virulent poxvirus isolated from an orangutan (Po...

...DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM ...days) of work missed by the smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact as...used paid leave); (b) The smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact's...

The smallpox vaccine Dryvax, a live vaccinia virus (VACV), protects against smallpox and monkeypox, but is contraindicated in immunocompromised individuals. Because Abs to VACV mediate protection, a live virus vaccine could be substituted by a safe subuni...

The study is designed to determine whether differences in the strain of vaccinia virus used for vaccination against smallpox, its concentration over a three log range, or whether it is administered percutaneously or subcutaneously, will have a salutory ef...

Myopericarditis has been a rare or unrecognized event after smallpox vaccinations with the New York City Board of Health strain of vaccinia virus (Dryvax; Wyeth Laboratories, Marietta, Pennsylvania). In this article, the authors report an attributable inc...

The experiments repeatedly demonstrated the survival of vaccinia virus in the blood long after the disease process had stopped, including one case of smallpox. If one assumes that an infectious disease is an ecological process aimed not at the destruction...

...PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Calculation and Payment...are reasonable and necessary to diagnose or treat a smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact's covered injury or its...

...PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Procedures for Filing Request...Multiple survivors. Multiple survivors of the same smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact may file Request Forms...

...PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM General Provisions ...survivors if the Secretary determines that the death of the smallpox vaccine recipient or vaccinia contact was the direct result of a...

... orthopox viruses cause infections ranging from mild in the case of vaccinia and cowpox viruses and some strains of monkeypox virus to fatal in the ...

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... in small animal models (mice, rabbits, ground squirrels) challenged by different pathogenic poxv viruses including vaccinia virus, cowpox virus ...

... 8.0 Task 8 - Levels of Neutralizing Antibodies to Vaccinia Following Vaccination against Smallpox ... Implication for the New Hepatitis A Vaccines ...

... Technique and the Control of Smallpox Epidemics," Lacet 23 ... Epidemic," Rev Praticien (Paris), 6:12: 1299-1308 ... Cells to Infection by Viruses of Polio- ...

Persistence of vaccinia at vaccination sites may help determine the risk associated with secondary transmission. Culture, PCR, and antigen detection were performed on serial vaccination site swab specimens. On day 21 after vaccination, 37% of volunteers w...

Vaccinia virus is an orthopoxvirus used in the live vaccine against smallpox. Vaccinia virus infections can be transmissible and can cause severe complications in those with weakened immune systems. We report on a cluster of 4 cases of vaccinia virus infection in Maryland, USA, likely acquired at a martial arts ...

Previously, we demonstrated that an experimental smallpox DNA vaccine comprised of four vaccinia virus genes (4pox) administered by gene gun elicited protective immunity in mice challenged with vaccinia virus, and in nonhuman primates challenged with monk...

These revised recommendations regarding vaccinia (smallpox) vaccine update the previous Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations (MMWR 1991;40; No. RR-14:1-10 ) and include current information regarding the nonemergency use of v...

Eradication of the smallpox virus through extensive global vaccination efforts has resulted in one of the most important breakthroughs in medical history, saving countless lives from the severe morbidity and mortality that is associated with this disease. Although smallpox is now extinct in nature, laboratory stocks of this virus still remain and the ...

A new outbreak of Vaccinia virus was observed in Southwest region of S�o Paulo State, Brazil. The disease was observed in four small dairy farms with manual milking. Lesions were detected in cattle and in humans previously vaccinated and not vaccinated against smallpox. Although several reports of Vaccinia virus outbreaks have been ...

... We have reviewed your submissions describing how you will implement education, adverse event reporting, and risk management evaluation for vaccination of ...

The potential for smallpox to be disseminated in a bioterror attack has prompted development of new, safer smallpox vaccination strategies. We designed and evaluated immunogenicity and efficacy of a T-cell epitope vaccine based on conserved and antigenic vaccinia/variola sequences, identified using bioinformatics and immunological ...

The potential for smallpox to be disseminated in a bioterror attack has prompted development of new, safer smallpox vaccination strategies. We designed and evaluated immunogenicity and efficacy of a T-cell epitope vaccine based on conserved and antigenic vaccinia/variola sequences, identified using bioinformatics and immunological ...

Smallpox was officially declared eradicated from the world in 1980. Earlier, in 1972, over 50 nations signed the Biological Weapons Convention renouncing this entire category of weapons. Despite this international agreement, both the United States and the Soviet Union continue to vaccinate their military troops against smallpox, thus implying that each ...

The eradication of smallpox, one of the great triumphs of medicine, was accomplished through the prophylactic administration of live vaccinia virus, a comparatively benign relative of variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox. Nevertheless, recent fears that variola virus may be used as a biological weapon together with the ...

Less than 200 years after its introduction, widespread use of vaccinia virus (VACV) as a smallpox vaccine has eradicated variola virus. Along with the remarkable success of the vaccination program, frequent and sometimes severe adverse reactions to VACV were encountered. After eradication, VACV has been reserved for select populations who might be at ...

Vaccinia virus is no longer needed for smallpox immunization, but now serves as a useful vector for expressing genes within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. As a research tool, recombinant vaccinia viruses are used to synthesize biologically active proteins and analyze structure-function relations, determine the targets of humoral- ...

Smallpox, when used as a biological weapon, presents a serious threat to civilian populations. Core components of the public health management of a terrorism attack using smallpox are: vaccination (ring vaccination and mass vaccination), adverse event monitoring, confirmed and suspected smallpox case management, contact management, ...

March 2001 CHAIRMAN John F. Modlin, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine Dartmouth Medical School Lebanon, New Hampshire EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Dixie E. Snider, Jr., M.D.,...

Inactivated vaccinia virus vaccines can be made in different ways and several methods are available. In our hands the use of the chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick was shown to be satisfactory. Estimation of titre of neutralizing antibodies resulted i...

... fall off, leaving a scar. Until the scab falls off, you can spread vaccinia virus to other ... Do the same with the scab when it falls off. Launder items that have touched the vaccination ...

Using a homology-based bioinformatics approach a new structural model of the vaccinia virus (VV) I7L proteinase active site has been generated. This model was used to perform Virtual Ligand Screening of a comprehensive library of approximately 3.5 million...

Using a homology-based bioinformatics approach, a structural model of the vaccinia virus (VV) I7L proteinase was developed at Transtech Pharma. A unique chemical library of approximately 51,000 compounds was computationally queried to identify potential a...

In the early stages of cell infection with the smallpox vaccine virus (2-2 1/2 hours) a factor is formed which ensures the deproteinization of the virus nucleocapsid. This factor also ensures the possiblity of the reactivation of heated virus. The deprote...

This citation summarizes a one-page announcement of technology available for utilization. Scientists at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) have combined vaccinia virus, used to immunize against smallpox, with genetic materia...

...associated swelling, warmth and pain, in general is considered...an inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium). Pericarditis...inflammation of both the heart muscle and its covering. The inflammation...generally manifests with chest pain, abnormal heart sounds...

In 2011, the World Health Organization will recommend the fate of existing smallpox stockpiles, but circumstances have changed since the complete destruction of these cultures was first proposed. Recent studies suggest that variola and its experimental surrogate, vaccinia, have a remarkable ability to modify the human immune response through complex ...

New stockpiles of smallpox vaccine are required as a contingency for protecting civilian and military personnel against deliberate dissemination of smallpox virus by terrorists or unfriendly governments. The smallpox vaccine in the current stockpile consists of a live animal poxvirus (Vaccinia virus [VACV]) that ...

Progressive vaccinia (PV), previously known as vaccinia necrosum, vaccinia gangrenosum, or disseminated vaccinia, is a rare, often fatal adverse event after vaccination with smallpox vaccine, which is made from live vaccinia virus. During recent vaccination programs ...

Despite the eradication of smallpox several decades ago, variola and monkeypox viruses still have the potential to become significant threats to public health. The current licensed live vaccinia virus-based smallpox vaccine is extremely effective as a prophylactic vaccine to prevent orthopoxvirus infections, but because of safety ...

Post-vaccinal encephalitis, although relatively uncommon, is a known adverse event associated with many live, attenuated smallpox vaccines. Although smallpox vaccination ceased globally in 1980, vaccine manufacture has resumed in response to concerns over the possible use of smallpox virus as an agent of bioterrorism. To better support ...

In June 2001, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) made recommendations for using smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine to protect persons working with orthopoxviruses and to prepare for and respond to a possible terrorist attack involving smallp...

�49 years) on the basis of prior history of vaccine exposure. Exclusion criteria for vaccination are noted exclusion criterion for cohort N: � Presence of a typical vaccinia scar or history of smallpox vaccination724 � JID 2005:191 (1 March) � Shaklee et al. M A J O R A R T I C L E Smallpox Vaccination Does

As an initial step in the development of a second-generation smallpox vaccine derived from the Lister strain, to be prepared for a variola virus threat, diversity of the traditional vaccine was examined by characterizing a series of ten viral clones. In vitro and in vivo phenotypic studies showed that the biological behavior of the clones diverged from each other and in most ...

Chimpanzee Fabs against the B5 envelope glycoprotein of vaccinia virus were isolated and converted into complete mAbs with human gamma 1 heavy chain constant regions. The two mAbs (8AH8AL and 8AH7AL) displayed high binding affinities to B5 (Kd of 0.2 and 0.7 nM). The mAb 8AH8AL inhibited the spread of vaccinia virus as well as variola virus (the causative ...

Chimpanzee Fabs against the B5 envelope glycoprotein of vaccinia virus were isolated and converted into complete mAbs with human ?1 heavy chain constant regions. The two mAbs (8AH8AL and 8AH7AL) displayed high binding affinities to B5 (K_d of 0.2 and 0.7 nM). The mAb 8AH8AL inhibited the spread of vaccinia virus as well as variola ...

Vaccination with Dryvax elicits a broad humoral response against many viral proteins. Human vaccinia immune globulin was used to screen the secreted proteins from cells infected with Dryvax or the candidate smallpox vaccine LC16m8 to determine whether the protective humoral response included antibodies against secreted viral proteins. Many proteins were ...

The bioterror threat of a smallpox outbreak in an unvaccinated population has mobilized efforts to develop new antipoxviral agents. By screening a library of known drugs, we identified 13 compounds that inhibited vaccinia virus replication at noncytotoxic doses. The anticancer drug mitoxantrone is unique among the inhibitors identified in that it has no ...

Vaccinia virus possesses two immunologically distinct virion forms in vivo�mature virion (MV, IMV) and extracellular virion (EV, EEV). Here we show that combination therapy with two fully human mAbs against an immunodominant MV antigen, H3 (H3L), and an EV antigen, B5 (B5R), provides significantly better protection against vaccinia infection in a small ...

Naturally occurring smallpox was eradicated as a result of successful vaccination campaigns during the 1960s and 1970s. Because of its highly contagious nature and high mortality rate, smallpox has significant potential as a biological weapon. Unfortunately, the current vaccine for orthopoxviruses is contraindicated for large portions of the population. ...

Naturally occurring smallpox was eradicated as a result of successful vaccination campaigns during the 1960s and 70s. Because of its highly contagious nature and high mortality rate, smallpox has significant potential as a biological weapon. Unfortunately, the current vaccine for orthopoxviruses is contraindicated for large portions of the population. ...

Bioterrorism poses a daunting challenge to global security and public health in the 21st century. Variola major virus, the etiological agent of smallpox, and Bacillus anthracis, the bacterial pathogen responsible for anthrax, remain at the apex of potential pathogens that could be used in a bioterror attack to inflict mass casualties. Although licensed vaccines are available ...

Bioterrorism poses a daunting challenge to global security and public health in the 21st century. Variola major virus, the etiological agent of smallpox, and Bacillus anthracis, the bacterial pathogen responsible for anthrax, remain at the apex of potential pathogens that could be used in a bioterror attack to inflict mass casualties. Although licensed vaccines are available ...

The threat of bioterrorism with smallpox and the broad use of vaccinia vectors for other vaccines have led to the resurgence in the study of vaccinia immunological memory. The importance of the role of CD4+ T cells in the control of vaccinia infection is well known. However, more CD8+ than CD4+ T cell epitopes ...

The threat of bioterrorism with smallpox and the broad use of vaccinia vectors for other vaccines have led to the resurgence in the study of vaccinia immunological memory. The importance of the role of CD4+ T cells in the control of vaccinia infection is well known. However, more CD8+ than CD4+ T cell epitopes ...

Smallpox was globally eradicated 30 years ago by vaccination. The recent threat of bioterrorism demands the development of improved vaccines and novel therapeutics to effectively preclude a reemergence of smallpox. One new therapeutic target is the vaccinia poxvirus processivity complex, comprising D4 and A20 proteins that enable the ...

BackgroundThe United States (US) has re-instituted smallpox vaccinations to prepare for an intentional release of the smallpox virus into the civilian population. In an outbreak, people of all ages will be vaccinated. To prepare for the impact of large-scale ring and mass vaccinations, we conducted a systematic review of the complication and mortality ...

Abstract As healthcare institutions are a focus of smallpox transmission early in an epidemic, several mathematical models support pre-event smallpox vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs). The deciding factor for HCW voluntary vaccination is the risk of disease exposure versus the risk of vaccine adverse events. In a United States military ...

Overcoming preexisting immunity to vaccinia virus in the adult population is a key requirement for development of otherwise potent recombinant vaccinia vaccines. Based on our observation that s.c. immunization with vaccinia induces cellular and antibody immunity to vaccinia only in systemic lymphoid tissue and not ...

Viral antigen prepared by heat inactivation of vaccinia virus stimulated production of interferon in association with transformation of sensitized human lymphocytes in vitro. Involvement of a macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in production of interferon stimulated by viral antigen was found in which macrophage greatly augmented the amount of interferon produced by lymphocytes. ...

Epitopes shared by the vaccinia and variola viruses underlie the protective effect of vaccinia immunization against variola infection. We set out to identify a subset of cross-reactive epitopes using bioinformatics and immunological methods. Putative T-cell epitopes were computationally predicted from highly conserved open reading frames from seven ...

Vaccinia virus, no longer required for immunization against smallpox, now serves as a unique vector for expressing genes within the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. As a research tool, recombinant vaccinia viruses are used to synthesize and analyze the structure--function relationships of proteins, determine the targets of humoral and ...

Outbreaks of smallpox (i.e., caused by variola virus) resulted in up to 30% mortality, but those who survived smallpox infection were regarded as immune for life. Early studies described the levels of neutralizing antibodies induced after infection, but smallpox was eradicated before contemporary methods for quantifying T-cell memory ...

Outbreaks of smallpox (i.e., caused by variola virus) resulted in up to 30% mortality, but those who survived smallpox infection were regarded as immune for life. Early studies described the levels of neutralizing antibodies induced after infection, but smallpox was eradicated before contemporary methods for quantifying T-cell memory ...

Three distinct chimpanzee Fabs against the A33 envelope glycoprotein of vaccinia virus were isolated and converted into complete monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with human gamma 1 heavy-chain constant regions. The three MAbs (6C, 12C, and 12F) displayed high binding affinities to A33 (K(d) of 0.14 nM to 20 nM) and may recognize the same epitope, which was determined to be ...

Three distinct chimpanzee Fabs against the A33 envelope glycoprotein of vaccinia virus were isolated and converted into complete monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with human ?1 heavy-chain constant regions. The three MAbs (6C, 12C, and 12F) displayed high binding affinities to A33 (K_d of 0.14 nM to 20 nM) and may recognize the same epitope, which was ...

Vaccinia Tian Tan (VTT) was used as a vaccine against smallpox in China for millions of people before 1980, yet the biological characteristics of the virus remain unclear. We have characterized VTT with respect to its host cell range, growth properties in vitro, and virulence in vivo. We found that 11 of the 12 mammalian cell lines studied are permissive ...

There are no data currently available on gender and racial variation in smallpox vaccine immune responses. We recruited 1076 healthy adults 18�40 years old who received one dose of the US-licensed smallpox vaccine (Dryvax^�). Vaccinia neutralizing antibody titers in each subject�s serum were determined using ...

To evaluate the humoral immune responses to smallpox-vaccine stocks currently available in the United States (Dryvax; Wyeth) and to generate data for comparison of responses to newly produced lots of smallpox vaccine, we evaluated dose-response effects, using undiluted and diluted smallpox vaccine. At 28 and 56 days after vaccination, ...

The search for a 'third'-generation smallpox vaccine has resulted in the development and characterization of several vaccine candidates. A significant barrier to acceptance is the absence of challenge models showing induction of correlates of protective immunity against variola virus. In this light, virus neutralization provides one of few experimental methods to show specific ...

Three decades after the eradication of smallpox, the threat of bioterrorism and outbreaks of emerging diseases such as monkeypox have renewed interest in the development of safe and effective next-generation poxvirus vaccines and biodefense research. Current smallpox vaccines contain live virus and are contraindicated for a large percentage of the ...

BackgroundEczema vaccinatum is the most common severe pathology associated with smallpox vaccination (vaccinia virus), occurring at high rates among individuals with a previous history of atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema).MethodsMonoclonal antibodies capable of neutralizing vaccinia virus, anti-H3 and anti-B5, have been developed as a ...

Although the World Health Organization (WHO) declared global smallpox eradicated in 1980, concerns over emergent poxvirus infections have increased. Most poxvirus infections are zoonotic; exploring their genetic diversity will illuminate the genetic and evolutionary aspects of poxvirus infections, ecology, and epidemiology. In recent decades, several strains of the ...

Rabbits, treated with injections of 4000 IU of L-Asparaginase, develop the clinical and chemical signs of hypoparathyroidism. A simultaneous vaccination with vaccinia virus (strain "Elstree") markedly increase the tetanic symptoms ("conditioned deficiency"). L-Asparaginase may influence the cellular immunity by hypocalcemia. Two mechanisms are discussed: 1. the suppression of ...

IMVAMUNE is a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-based virus that is being developed as a safer 3rd generation smallpox vaccine. In order to determine the optimal dose for further development, a double-blind, randomized Phase II trial was performed testing three different doses of IMVAMUNE in 164 healthy volunteers. All three IMVAMUNE doses displayed a ...

Introduction.?LC16m8 is an attenuated cell culture-adapted Lister vaccinia smallpox vaccine missing the B5R protein and licensed for use in Japan.Methods.?We conducted a phase I/II clinical trial that compared the safety and immunogenicity of LC16m8 with Dryvax in vaccinia-naive participants. Adverse events were assessed, as were ...

Because of the bioterrorism threat posed by agents such as variola virus, considerable time, resources, and effort have been devoted to biodefense preparation. One avenue of this research has been the development of rapid, sensitive, high-throughput assays to validate immune responses to poxviruses. Here we describe the adaptation of a ?-galactosidase reporter-based vaccinia ...

Despite the importance of vaccinia virus in basic and applied immunology, our knowledge of the human immune response directed against this virus is very limited. CD4⁺ T cell responses are an important component of immunity induced by current vaccinia-based vaccines, and likely will be required for new subunit vaccine approaches, but ...

CDC and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration rely on state and local health departments, health-care providers, and the public to report the occurrence of adverse events after vaccination to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. With such data, tre...

Research under current project has been carried out in three interconnected directions aimed to develop new therapeutic approaches against biological weapon threat agents, namely Bacillus anthracis and smallpox virus (using vaccinia virus model). We have ...

Infection of rabbits with aerosolized rabbitpox virus (RPXV) produces a disease similar to monkeypox and smallpox in humans and provides a valuable, informative model system to test medical countermeasures against orthopoxviruses. Due to the eradication o...

A percutaneous revaccination study involving 59 children was conducted at the St. Louis study center in 1975 and 1976. Vaccinia viral antigen skin tests were performed on 17 children and all but three children had positive, but otherwise unremarkable, res...

Interest in airborne smallpox transmission has been renewed because of concerns regarding the potential use of smallpox virus as a biothreat agent. Air disinfection via upper-room 254-nm germicidal UV (UVC) light in public buildings may reduce the impact of primary agent releases, prevent secondary airborne transmission, and be effective prior to the time ...

Interest in airborne smallpox transmission has been renewed because of concerns regarding the potential use of smallpox virus as a biothreat agent. Air disinfection via upper-room 254-nm germicidal UV (UVC) light in public buildings may reduce the impact of primary agent releases, prevent secondary airborne transmission, and be effective prior to the time ...

Because of concerns about zoonotic transmission of monkeypox to humans and the bioterrorism threat posed by Orthopoxviruses, there is renewed interest in probing cellular and molecular mechanisms of host defense to these pathogens. In particular, it is essential to understand viral-host interactions in the respiratory tract, which is the route of infection for smallpox and a ...

Vaccinia virus is the prototypical orthopoxvirus of Poxviridae, a family of viruses that includes the human pathogens Variola (smallpox) and Monkeypox. Core viral functions are conserved among orthopoxviruses, and consequently Vaccinia is routinely used to study poxvirus biology and screen for novel antiviral compounds. Here we ...

Vaccinia virus (VACV), the vaccine for smallpox, induces an antibody response that is largely responsible for conferring protection. Here, we studied the antibody response to VACV by generating and characterizing B cell hybridomas from a mouse immunized with VACV. Antibodies from 66 hybridomas were found to recognize 11 VACV antigens (D8, A14, WR148, D13, ...

Concerns about infections caused by orthopoxviruses, such as variola and monkeypox viruses, drive ongoing efforts to develop novel smallpox vaccines that are both effective and safe to use in diverse populations. A subunit smallpox vaccine comprising vaccinia virus membrane proteins A33, B5, L1, A27 and aluminum hydroxide (alum) � ...

Concerns about infections caused by orthopoxviruses, such as variola and monkeypox viruses, drive ongoing efforts to develop novel smallpox vaccines that are both effective and safe to use in diverse populations. A subunit smallpox vaccine comprising vaccinia virus membrane proteins A33, B5, L1, A27 and aluminum hydroxide (alum) � ...

Four smallpox vaccines from different production laboratories were compared in primary vaccination of young adults. Morbidity rate, high fever rate and prolonged fever rate, as defined in this report, were used as gauges for pathogenic potency. Special batches were prepared, in addition, from two of these vaccines after three passages on calf skin. Two vaccines, prepared from ...

Antibodies against the extracellular virion (EV or EEV) form of vaccinia virus are an important component of protective immunity in animal models and likely contribute to the protection of immunized humans against poxviruses. Using fully human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), we now have shown that the protective attributes of the human anti-B5 antibody response to the ...

The immune response elicited by LC16m8, a candidate smallpox vaccine that was developed in Japan by cold selection during serial passage of the Lister vaccine virus in primary rabbit kidney cells, was compared to Dryvax in a mouse model. LC16m8 carries a mutation resulting in the truncation of the B5 protein, an important neutralizing target of the extracellular envelope form ...

The immune response elicited by LC16m8, a candidate smallpox vaccine that was developed in Japan by cold selection during serial passage of the Lister vaccine virus in primary rabbit kidney cells, was compared to Dryvax in a mouse model. LC16m8 carries a mutation resulting in the truncation of the B5 protein, an important neutralizing target of the extracellular envelope form ...

A screening assay for real-time LightCycler (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany) PCR identification of smallpox virus DNA was developed and compiled in a kit system under good manufacturing practice conditions with standardized reagents. In search of a sequence region unique to smallpox virus, the nucleotide sequence of the 14-kDa fusion protein gene ...

Since long-term immunity is a critical component of any effective vaccine, we compared over a 15-month period, the strength, durability and specificity of immunity of an attenuated smallpox vaccine Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) to the New York City Board of Health (NYCBH) vaccine. The frequencies of CD8(+) T cells to an immunodominant CD8 T cell epitope ...

Concerns have arisen recently about the possible use of smallpox for a bioterrorism attack. Routine smallpox vaccination was discontinued in Japan in 1976; however, it is uncertain exactly how long vaccination-induced immunity lasts. We sought to evaluate the seroprevalence and intensity of anti-smallpox immunity among representatives ...

SummaryMonkeypox is a disease that is endemic in Central and Western Africa. However, in 2003, there was an outbreak in the US, representing the first documented monkeypox cases in the Western hemisphere. Although monkeypox virus is less fatal and not as transmissible as variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, there is concern that monkeypox virus could become a more ...

Smallpox results from infection by variola virus (genus Orthopoxvirus, family Poxviridae). At least two strains of virus exist: the more virulent strain causes variola major and the less virulent strain causes variola minor. The Orthopoxvirus genus also includes the vaccinia, monkeypox, cowpox, camelpox and ectromelia viruses; these agents resemble each ...

The guidance in this report is for evaluation and treatment of patients with complications from smallpox vaccination in the preoutbreak setting. Information is also included related to reporting adverse events and seeking specialized consultation and therapies for these events. The frequencies of smallpox vaccine-associated adverse events were identified ...

In the event of a smallpox outbreak due to bioterrorism, delays in vaccination programs may lead to significant secondary transmission. In the early phases of such an outbreak, transmission of smallpox will take place especially in locations where infected persons may congregate, such as hospital emergency rooms. Air disinfection using upper-room 254 nm ...

BackgroundAlthough vaccinia immunization is highly effective in preventing smallpox, post-vaccination reactions are common. Identifying genetic factors associated with AEs might allow screening before vaccinia administration and provide a rational basis for the development of improved vaccine candidates.MethodsTwo independent clinical ...

Purpose.Vaccinia virus keratitis leading to blindness is a severe complication of smallpox vaccination. The clinical manifestations of vaccinia virus keratitis are similar to those of herpes simplex virus keratitis, a well-studied immunopathologic disease. Vaccinia virus keratitis is likely to involve an ...

Variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, enters and exits the host via the respiratory route. To better understand the pathogenesis of poxvirus infection and its interaction with respiratory epithelia, we used vaccinia virus and examined its interaction with primary cultures of well-differentiated human airway epithelia. We found that ...

... Title : Was Smallpox Airborne? ... Abstract : Presentation on the means of transmission in the case of an airborne version of the smallpox virus. ...

... Accession Number : ADA446180. Title : Smallpox: A Primer. ... Abstract : Smallpox, is a virus that plagued humanity for millennia. ...

... Smallpox Vaccination is Not Associated with Infertility in A Healthy Young ... Smallpox vaccination is not associated with infertility in a healthy ...

... Title : Assessing the Proliferation of Smallpox. ... Abstract : Presentation on the assessment of a proliferation of the smallpox virus. ...

High-throughput in vitro assays, which rapidly and succinctly assess the immune status of large cohorts of individuals, are essential tools for conducting population-based studies, including vaccine research. The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay has emerged as a sensitive, reliable high-throughput tool to measure functional recall immunity by assessing the frequency of antigen-specific ...

Vaccinia virus (VACV) has been used more extensively for human immunization than any other vaccine. For almost two centuries, VACV was employed to provide cross-protection against variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, until the disease was eradicated in the late 1970s. Since that time, continued research on VACV has produced a number of modified ...

We report here the in planta production of the recombinant vaccinia virus B5 antigenic domain (pB5), an attractive component of a subunit vaccine against smallpox. The antigenic domain was expressed by using efficient transient and constitutive plant expression systems and tested by various immunization routes in two animal models. Whereas oral ...

In December 1801, the first vaccination against smallpox in Norway took place. Vaccine material came from Denmark, England, Ireland, and other countries; it was also obtained from a few local cowpox cases. What mattered was the effect, not the origin. Several reports indicate that variola virus itself, the cause of smallpox, was also used for human ...

Orthopoxvirus infections, such as smallpox, can lead to severe systemic disease and result in considerable morbidity and mortality in immunologically na�ve individuals. Treatment with ST-246, a small-molecule inhibitor of virus egress, has been shown to provide protection against severe disease and death induced by several members of the poxvirus family, including ...

Adverse events upon smallpox vaccination with fully-replicative strains of Vaccinia virus (VACV) comprise an array of clinical manifestations that occur primarily in immunocompromised patients leading to significant host morbidity/mortality. The expansion of immune-suppressed populations and the possible release of Variola virus as a bioterrorist act have ...

In response to potential bioterrorism with smallpox, members of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces were vaccinated with vaccinia virus (VACV) strain LC16m8, an attenuated smallpox vaccine derived from VACV strain Lister. The serological response induced by LC16m8 to four virion-surface proteins and the intracellular mature virus (IMV) ...

Background Recent cases of laboratory-acquired vaccinia virus (VV) infection highlight the need for laboratory safety.Aims To determine laboratory worker adherence to the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices smallpox vaccination recommendations, assess potential barriers to vaccination and determine the influence of training on laboratory worker ...

Between September 1970 and May 1971 six cases of human infection with monkeypox virus were identified in three West African countries�Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria. Four of the cases were confirmed by viral isolation, and two were diagnosed on epidemiological and serological evidence. Poxvirus strains isolated from the four cases were indistinguishable from reference monkeypox strains ...

Of >39,000 civilian public health responders vaccinated against smallpox in 2003, 203 reported cardiovascular adverse events (CAEs). An association exists between the US vaccinia strain and myocarditis and/or pericarditis ("myo/pericarditis" [MP]). Other associations are inconclusive. We used surveillance and follow-up survey data of CAE case patients ...

IMVAMUNE� is a Modified Vaccinia Ankara-based virus that is being developed as a safer 3^rd generation smallpox vaccine. In order to determine the optimal dose for further development, a double-blind, randomized Phase II trial was performed testing three different doses of IMVAMUNE� in 164 healthy volunteers. All three IMVAMUNE� ...

BackgroundVaccinia virus (VACV)-DUKE was isolated from a lesion on a 54 year old female who presented to a doctor at the Duke University Medical Center. She was diagnosed with progressive vaccinia and treated with vaccinia immune globulin. The availability of the VACV-DUKE genome sequence permits a first time genomic comparison of a ...

The possible bioterrorism threat using the variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, has promoted us to further investigate the immunogenicity profiles of existing vaccines. Here, we study for the first time the immunogenicity profile of a replication-competent smallpox vaccine (vaccinia Tiantan, VTT strain) for inducing ...

The possible bioterrorism threat using the variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, has promoted us to further investigate the immunogenicity profiles of existing vaccines. Here, we study for the first time the immunogenicity profile of a replication-competent smallpox vaccine (vaccinia Tiantan, VTT strain) for inducing ...

BackgroundAt present, the relatively sudden appearance and explosive spread of HIV throughout Africa and around the world beginning in the 1950s has never been adequately explained. Theorizing that this phenomenon may be somehow related to the eradication of smallpox followed by the cessation of vaccinia immunization, we undertook a comparison of HIV-1 ...

A recently reported case of progressive vaccinia (PV) in an immunocompromised patient has refocused attention on this condition. Uniformly fatal prior to the licensure of vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) in 1978, PV was still fatal in about half of VIG-treated patients overall, with a greater mortality rate in infants and children. Additional therapies would ...

The 14 kDa homodimeric N1L protein is a potent vaccinia and variola (smallpox) virulence factor. It is not essential for viral replication, but it causes a strong attenuation of viral production in culture when deleted. The N1L protein is predicted to contain the BH3-like binding domain characteristic of Bcl-2 family proteins, and it is able to bind the ...

Gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was systematically evaluated following smallpox and yellow fever vaccination, and naturally occurring upper respiratory infection (URI). All three infections were characterized by the induction of many interferon stimulated genes, as well as enhanced expression of genes involved in proteolysis and antigen ...

Gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was systematically evaluated following smallpox and yellow fever vaccination, and naturally occurring upper respiratory infection (URI). All three infections were characterized by the induction of many interferon stimulated genes, as well as enhanced expression of genes involved in proteolysis and antigen ...

Orthopoxviruses are among the largest and most complex of the animal viruses. In response to the recent emergence of monkeypox in Africa and the threat of smallpox bioterrorism, two orthopoxviruses with different pathogenic potentials, human monkeypox virus and vaccinia virus, were proteomically compared with the goal of identifying proteins required for ...

Orthopoxviruses are the largest and most complex of the animal viruses. In response to the recent emergence of monkeypox in Africa and the threat of smallpox bioterrorism, virulent (monkeypox virus) and benign (vaccinia virus) orthopoxviruses were proteomically compared with the goal of identifying proteins required for pathogenesis. Orthopoxviruses were ...

SummaryAlthough vaccinia virus infection results in induction of a robust immunizing response, many closely related poxviruses such as variola (smallpox) and ectromelia (mousepox) are highly pathogenic in their natural hosts. We developed a strategy to map the activation of key signaling networks in vivo and applied this approach to define and compare the ...