Research article Accelerated evolutionary rates in tropical and oceanic parmelioid lichens (Ascomycota)
E-print Network
theory sufficiently accounts for the elevated evo- lutionary rate. Rather, the elevated evolutionary rate-producing eukaryotic or- ganelles that stem from endosymbiotic eubacteria and that have relinquished their genome Muller's ratchet or the slightly deleterious mutation theory to explain the enhanced ...
Biological and artificial evolutionary systems exhibit varying degrees of evolvability and different rates of evolution. Such quantities can be affected by various factors. Here, we review some evolutionary mechanisms and discuss new developments in biology that can potentially improve evolvability or accelerate ...
AccessResearch article Accelerated evolutionary rates in tropical and oceanic parmelioid lichens a molecular clock have been commonly reported. Within parmelioid lichens, the largest group of macrolichens evolutionary rate in lichenized ascomycetes is presented. Our results give clear evidence ...
Since the establishment of the symbiosis between the ancestor of modern aphids and their primary endosymbiont, Buchnera aphidicola, insects and bacteria have coevolved. Due to this parallel evolution, the analysis of bacterial genomic features constitutes a useful tool to understand their evolutionary history. Here we report, based on data from B. aphidicola, the molecular ...
PubMed
PubMed Central
In classical evolutionary theory, genetic variation provides the source of heritable phenotypic variation on which natural selection acts. Against this classical view, several theories have emphasized that developmental variability and learning enhance nonheritable phenotypic variation, which in turn can accelerate evolutionary ...
Consequences of Small Populations Extinction Rates Inbreeding Depression Reducing the Impact of Small Captive Coefficient Heterochrony Peramorphosis: Hypermophosis and Acceleration Paedomorphosis: Progenesis and Neoteny The Puzzle of Evolutionary Stasis Extinction Persistence Times Ecological Correlates of Extinction Darwinian
The dynamics of extinction and diversification determine the long-term effects of extinction episodes. If rapid bursts of extinction are offset by equally rapid bursts of diversification, their biodiversity consequences will be transient. But if diversification rates cannot accelerate rapidly enough, pulses of extinction will lead to long-lasting depletion ...
... for shifts in the evolutionary correlation by using maximum likelihood to fit multiple evolutionary rate matrices, also called evolutionary variance- ... ...
NBII National Biological Information Infrastructure
In classical evolutionary theory, traits evolve because they facilitate organismal survival and/or reproduction. We discuss a different type of evolutionary mechanism that relies upon differential dispersal. Traits that enhance rates of dispersal inevitably accumulate at expanding range edges, and assortative mating between ...
BackgroundRecent phylogenetic studies have revealed that the mitochondrial genome of the angiosperm Silene noctiflora (Caryophyllaceae) has experienced a massive mutation-driven acceleration in substitution rate, placing it among the fastest evolving eukaryotic genomes ever identified. To date, it appears that other species within Silene have maintained ...
New applications of evolutionary biology in medicine are being discovered at an accelerating rate, but few physicians have sufficient educational background to use them fully. This article summarizes suggestions from several groups that have considered how evolutionary biology can be useful in medicine, what ...
In rocks of late Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic age (ca. 1700-1000 million years ago), probable eukaryotic microfossils are widespread and well preserved, but assemblage and global diversities are low and turnover is slow. Near the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic boundary (1000 million years ago), red, green, and chromophytic algae diversified; molecular phylogenies suggest that this was part ...
Ehrlich and Raven proposed a model of coevolution where major host plant shifts of butterflies facilitate a burst of diversification driven by their arrival to a new adaptive zone. One prediction of this model is that reconstructions of historical diversification of butterflies should indicate an increase in diversification rate following major host shifts. Using reconstructed ...
The complete structure of the single-copy alpha A-crystallin gene of the blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi) has been determined in order to elucidate the evolutionary effects of the loss of vision on a lens-specific protein and its gene. The alpha A-crystallin gene appears to have all the necessary transcriptional and translational signal sequences to be expressed in the ...
Extensive variation in synonymous and nonsynonymous rates of substitution was observed among 50 sequences of the gene coding for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) representing bryophyte, conifer, dicot, and monocot taxa. Relative rate tests revealed rate differences of up to 138% for nonsynonymous ...
Bats are the only mammals with the capacity for powered flight. When flying, they need abundant energy and oxygen. According to previous works, the hemoglobin (Hb) oxygen loading function of bats is insensitive to variations in body temperature, although different bat species have different heat sensitivity. We cloned Hb alpha-chain sequences from eight bat species to investigate whether they have ...
We study the evolution of complex dynamics in a model of a genetic regulatory network. The fitness is associated with the topological entropy in a class of piecewise linear equations, and the mutations are associated with changes in the logical structure of the network. We compare hill climbing evolution, in which only mutations that increase the fitness are allowed, with neutral evolution, in ...
... number of processors on a 30 node cluster. ... compatible with hardware acceleration, with appropriate modifications to the genotype (the variables ...
DTIC Science & Technology
... array of basic biological 'Evolutionary Barriers''. ... HIGH ALTITUDE, ACCELERATION TOLERANCE, RESPONSE(BIOLOGY), CENTRAL NERVOUS ...
BackgroundIt has been suggested that the chloroplast genomes of the grass family, Poaceae, have undergone an elevated evolutionary rate compared to most other angiosperms, yet the details of this phenomenon have remained obscure. To know how the rate change occurred during evolution, estimation of the time-scale with reliable ...
Changes in effective population size impinge on patterns of molecular evolution. Notably, slightly deleterious mutations are more likely to drift to fixation in smaller populations, which should typically also lead to an overall acceleration in the rates of evolution. This prediction has been validated empirically for several endosymbiont and island taxa. ...
The plastid genomes of some nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants have experienced an extreme reduction in gene content and an increase in evolutionary rate of remaining genes. Nothing is known of the dynamics of these events or whether either is a direct outcome of the loss of photosynthesis. The parasitic Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae, ...
BackgroundThe rate of nucleotide substitutions is not constant across the Tree of Life, and departures from a molecular clock have been commonly reported. Within parmelioid lichens, the largest group of macrolichens, large discrepancies in branch lengths between clades were found in previous studies. Using an extended taxon sampling, we test for presence of significant ...
Chronic acceleration effects on animals, considering growth rate, food intake, oxygen metabolism and
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
... Accession Number : AD0863519. Title : An Investigation of the Effects of Acceleration on the Burning Rates of Solid Propellants. ...
... Title : AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF ACCELERATION ON THE BURNING RATE OF COMPOSITE PROPELLANTS. ...
Genes that have experienced accelerated evolutionary rates on the human lineage during recent evolution are candidates for involvement in human-specific adaptations. To determine the forces that cause increased evolutionary rates in certain genes, we analyzed alignments of 10,238 human genes to ...
Adaptation often involves the acquisition of a large number of genomic changes which arise as mutations in single individuals. In asexual populations, combinations of mutations can fix only when they arise in the same lineage, but for populations in which genetic information is exchanged, beneficial mutations can arise in different individuals and be combined later. In large populations, when the ...
The nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution predicts that the rate of nucleotide substitution should accelerate in small populations at sites under low selective constraint. We examined these predictions with respect to the relative population sizes for three bacterial life histories within chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria: (1) ...
... Accession Number : ADP005388. Title : Hazard Analysis of Explosives by Accelerating Rate Calorimetry,. Corporate Author ...
Dramatic evolutionary changes occur in species isolated on islands, but it is not known if the rate of evolution is accelerated on islands relative to the mainland. Based on an extensive review of the literature, I used the fossil record combined with data from living species to test the hypothesis of an ...
are considered. Clearly, extracellularity impacts the rate of mammalian protein evolution independently from geneImpact of Extracellularity on the Evolutionary Rate of Mammalian Proteins Ben-Yang Liao*,1 , Meng to understand the determinants of the rate of protein evolution. Eukaryotic extracellular proteins are ...
A comprehensive dataset of NDV genome sequences was evaluated using bioinformatics to characterize the evolutionary forces affecting NDV genomes. Despite evidence of recombination in most genes, only one event in the fusion gene of genotype V viruses produced evolutionarily viable progenies. The codon-associated rate of change for the six NDV proteins ...
Energy Citations Database
The overproduction of essential amino acids by Buchnera aphidicola, the primary bacterial mutualist of aphids, is considered an adaptation for increased production of nutrients that are lacking in aphids' diet of plant sap. Given their shared role in host nutrition, amino acid biosynthetic genes of Buchnera are expected to experience parallel changes in selection that depend on host diet quality, ...
BackgroundGene duplication provides raw genetic materials for evolutionary novelty and adaptation. The evolutionary fate of duplicated transcription factor genes is less studied although transcription factor gene plays important roles in many biological processes. TFIIA? is a small subunit of TFIIA that is one of general transcription factors required by ...
Large sequence datasets provide an opportunity to investigate the dynamics of pathogen epidemics. Thus, a fast method to estimate the evolutionary rate from large and numerous phylogenetic trees becomes necessary. Based on minimizing tip height variances, we optimize the root in a given phylogenetic tree, to estimate the most homogenous ...
Evolutionary models predict that host immunity will shape the evolution of parasite virulence. While some assumptions of these models have been tested, the actual evolutionary outcome of immune selection on virulence has not. Using the mouse malaria model, Plasmodium chabaudi, we experimentally tested whether immune pressure promotes the evolution of more ...
BackgroundReplicate experiments are often difficult to find in evolutionary biology, as this field is inherently an historical science. However, viruses, bacteria and phages provide opportunities to study evolution in both natural and experimental contexts, due to their accelerated rates of evolution and short generation times. Here we ...
Sexual reproduction is both extremely costly and widespread relative to asexual reproduction, meaning that it must also confer profound advantages in order to persist. One theorized benefit of sex is that it facilitates the clearance of harmful mutations, which would accumulate more rapidly in the absence of recombination. The extent to which ineffective purifying selection and mutation ...
Rate variation in genes from all three genomes has been observed frequently in plant lineages with a parasitic and mycoheterotrophic mode of life. While the loss of photosynthetic ability leads to a relaxation of evolutionary constraints in genes involved in the photosynthetic apparatus, it remains to be determined how prevalent increased substitution ...
This paper describes the application of an evolutionary algorithm to the design of induction motors. It is shown that the use of an evolutionary algorithm offers advantages over other approaches. These include a high rate of global convergence and the ability to handle discrete variables.
Groundwater depletion rate accelerating worldwide. WASHINGTONIn recent decades, the rate at which humans worldwide are pumping dry the vast ...
NASA Website
IDEA AND PERSPECTIVE Mutualisms in a changing world: an evolutionary perspective E. Toby Kiers,1 environmental degradation threatens mutualistic interactions. Because mutualisms can bind species to a common fate, mutualism breakdown has the potential to expand and accelerate effects of global change
We surveyed the molecular evolutionary characteristics of 11 nuclear genes from 10 conifer trees belonging to the Taxodioideae, the Cupressoideae, and the Sequoioideae. Comparisons of substitution rates among the lineages indicated that the synonymous substitution rates of the Cupressoideae lineage were higher than those of the ...
Ependymins represent the predominant protein constituents in the cerebrospinal fluid of many teleost fish and they are synthesized in meningeal fibroblasts. Here, we present the ependymin sequences from the herring (Clupea harengus) and the pike (Esox lucius). A comparison of ependymin homologous sequences from three different orders of teleost fish (Salmoniformes, Cypriniformes, and Clupeiformes) ...
The average burning rates of composite solid rocket propellant were measured in acceleration fields up to 2000 times the standard acceleration of gravity. The acceleration vector was perpendicular to and into the burning surface. Propellant strands were b...
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The average burning rates of composite solid rocket propellants were measured in acceleration fields up to 2000 times the standard acceleration of gravity. The acceleration vector was perpendicular to and into the burning surface. Propellant strands were ...
1. Estimating the metabolic rate of animals in nature is central to understanding the physiological, behavioural and evolutionary ecology of animals. Doubly labelled water and heart-rate methods are the most commonly used approaches, but both have limitations that preclude their application to some systems. 2. Accelerometry has emerged ...
Joshua Lederberg is a Professor Emeritus at Rockefeller University, where his current research addresses DNA conformation and evolutionary acceleration.
NSDL National Science Digital Library
... DREAMING 11. MEMORY 1 LEARNING 13. VISION 14. EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 15. NEAR DEATH PHENOMENON 5 Page 11. ...
evolutionary fossil, Darwin's "dinobird." » learn more What Happened to Antimatter? The Big Bang created an equal number of particles and antiparticles. But we don't ever come...
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... Rotating Vane Type Tab, (9) An Accelerated Co-Evolutionary Algorithm Using Neural Networks, (10) A Study of the Swimming Path of the Penguin. ...
May 20, 2009 ... NASA's Astrobiology Program's Exobiology and Evolutionary Biology Program and the NASA Astrobiology Institute at NASA's Ames Research Center ...
May 3, 1996 ... EOSDIS' infrastructure, the EOSDIS Core System (ECS), ... ECS is the evolutionary base for accelerating the pace of Earth science research. ...
The paper describes the controls for the LEP Preinjector, as relevant to its specific needs and as an evolutionary, backward compatible step starting from the present controls of the PS accelerator complex.
... Combat Systems Using Evolutionary Algorithms And Enterprise Software 5a. ... AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release, distribution ...
... and aberrant host is important when describing virus evolution in the different host groups. The evolutionary rate ... rate is much higher. The higher rate of evolution in mammals is thought to be a resul...
Large-sequence datasets provide an opportunity to investigate the dynamics of pathogen epidemics. Thus, a fast method to estimate the evolutionary rate from large and numerous phylogenetic trees becomes necessary. Based on minimizing tip height variances, we optimize the root in a given phylogenetic tree to estimate the most homogenous ...
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