In this section learn that many signaling pathways ultimately pass messages to the nucleus of a cell.

This animation illustrates how herbicides affect the chlorophyll pathway and ultimately cause lipid peroxidation.

Spectrolab's two High Performance Photovoltaics primary objectives: (1) develop ultra-high-efficiency concentrator multijunction cells and (2) develop a robust concentrator cell receiver package.

ACTNOW is an early-phase clinical trial program designed to help shorten the time it takes to move new cancer treatments from the discovery phase, to drug development, and, ultimately, to approval and safe use by cancer patients.

Fundamental physics issues facing development of fusion power on a small-scale are assessed with emphasis on the idea of Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC). The authors propose a new concept of accelerator-driven IEC fusion, termed Converging Beam Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (CB-IEC). CB-IEC offers a number of innovative features that make it an attractive ...

The mechanisms which ultimately limit the voltage of large accelerators are discussed in the light of the operating experiences of the NSF tandem. 3 refs.

A summary is given of the activities of those in the Media Accelerator Group. Attention was focused on the Inverse Cherenkov Accelerator, the Laser Focus Accelerator, and the Beat Wave Accelerator. For each of these the ultimate capability of the concept was examined as well as the next series ...

Three papers are presented on cellulose as the ultimate renewable resource, its enzymatic hyrolysis, and its use in the production of fuel oils or methanol. (JSR)

BackgroundIt has been recently reported that major pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa accelerate a normal process of cell surface syndecan-1 (Synd1) ectodomain shedding as a mechanism of host damage due to the production of shedding-inducing virulence factors. We tested if acceleration of Synd1 shedding takes place in vitro upon ...

...pressure developed during maximum ultimate acceleration with a full tank, whichever is greater...developed during the maximum limit acceleration of the airplane with a full tank...loads resulting from the corresponding accelerations. (b) Each fuel tank with...

We recall the motivation for research in high-gradient acceleration and the problems posed by a compact collider. We summarize the phenomena known to appear in operation of a solid-state structure with large fields, and research relevant to the question of the ultimate gradient. We take note of new concepts, and examine one in detail, a miniature particle ...

BS>The capture of particles and their phase shift to a finite radius during the acceleration process must be taken irto consideration when analyzing the characteristics of the phasotron; the frequency and the amplitude of the accelerating voltage needed to accelerate the particles to their ultimate radius ...

... development of resistant crops can be accelerated by genetic engineering to the extent that important aspects of the ... plant, isoprenoid pathway, phenylpropanoid pathway, PR protein, farnesyltransferase...

ejecta; ultimately compresses PWN; particles accelerated at forward shock generate. Alfven waves; other particles scatter from waves and receive additional ...

effects that influence the ultimate frequency stability ... vibration isolation - to prevent accelerations and ... phase-locked loop (PLL) technique is employed. ...

Mar 3, 2008 ... Solar sails use solar radiation photon pressure in much the same way that a ... A solar sail, in contrast, keeps on accelerating and can ultimately ...

Research and development was performed on the generation and acceleration of charged particles toward the ultimate development of a colloid thruster. Standard and specialized laboratory techniques were used to construct and test thruster components. Parti...

... which were accelerated to velocities of 5500 and 6500 feet per second ... to impact to only 10 percent of the material ultimate strength, compared with ...

Apr 6, 2005 ... Collisions between galaxies in the early Universe may be the ultimate cause for both the accelerated star formation and black hole growth. ...

The goal of DOE's Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program is to promote and accelerate the development and public use of vehicles that use electricity as the principal source of propulsion energy. Successful achievement of this goal will ultimately result in ...

... designed to place the ultimate responsibility for ... subject: Acceleration of the Space-Based Infrared ... from a system of systems perspective, using cost ...

Chronic heart failure continues to impose a substantial health-care burden, despite recent treatment advances. The key pathophysiological process that ultimately leads to chronic heart failure is cardiac remodelling in response to chronic disease stresses. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms that play a part in the complex ...

The widespread emergence of human and wildlife diseases has challenged ecologists to understand how large-scale agents of environmental change affect host�pathogen interactions. Accelerated eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems owing to nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment is a pervasive form of environmental change that has been implicated in the emergence of diseases through ...

At the request of Panel Chairman Amaldi, the oral version of this rpeort was largely devoted to a recapitulation and critique of the various methods of collective acceleration, including plasma-laser methods, which had been presented at the meeting.

Storage by ion implantation is described. Ion implantation (II) involves the penetration and retention of ions accelerated in the keV-MeV energy range in the surface layer of a solid material. Through collisions, the accelerated ions that are to be implan...

The pathway to ultimate success has oitcn had many byways, with minor wiggles, bobbles, and ratchets, as well as occasional severe PIOs. ...

Environmental distribution of pesticides, their pathways of transfer and bioaccumulation, are known in many instances, yet their ultimate effects on organisms are relatively unknown. Importance of the impact of oil, heavy metals, and pesticides on ecosystems and on biological sys...

Subsequent weathering of the rocks released hydrogen peroxide into the ... seek a physically plausible pathway to the accelerated oxidation of Titan and the ...

Discussions at EPRI's Summer Seminar made one point clear: if the US electricity sector is to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions substantially, then research, development, and demonstration of major technologies must start now. If the Full Portfolio of technology options becomes the industry's ultimate destination, then the question to be answered is, how ...

This tutorial paper discusses, at a basic level, some of the diagnostics used in plasma accelerators laboratories. Covered are measurements of laser beams, using probe laser beams to characterize the plasma itself (as opposed to the plasma wave accelerating structure) in various ways, including density fluctuations in the plasma and also static or ...

...loading of one-half the weight of the car body at a vertical acceleration of 2g, without exceeding the ultimate strength of...equivalent to one half the weight of the locomotive at a vertical acceleration of 2g, without exceeding the ultimate strength of...

Cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion is regulated by a multitude of pathways initiated distally to the core cell�matrix adhesion machinery, such as via growth factor signaling. In contrast to these extrinsically sourced pathways, we now identify a regulatory pathway that is intrinsic to the core adhesion machinery, providing an ...

This paper is a preliminary sketch of a conception to develop the ''ultimate safety reactor'' using modern reactor and accelerator technologies. This approach would not require a long-range R and D program. The ultimate safety reactor could produce heat and electric energy, expand the production of ...

The ultimate accelerator for use in atomic physics experiments is one which gives the experimenter free choice of the element to be accelerated, as well as the ability to specify the desired charge state and velocity. Such an accelerator does not as yet exist, but much progress has been made in the past ten years, ...

A fundamentally new mechanism of laser-driven acceleration of charged particles is proposed. When intense, tightly focused ultrashort laser pulses are employed, the acceleration is determined by the light pressure force and the longitudinal electric field component, which can be unidirectional. It is shown that lasers with ultimately ...

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is the most common facial birth defect and it is caused by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the spectrum of the genetic causes for cleft lip and cleft palate using both syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of clefting as examples. Although the gene identification process for ...

Habitat fragmentation is a significant threat to biodiversity worldwide. Habitat loss and the isolation of habitat fragments disrupt biological communities, accelerate the extinction of populations, and often lead to the alteration of behavioral patterns typical of individuals in large, contiguous natural areas. We used radio-telemetry to study the space-use behavior of the ...

Organic arsenical herbicides are intended for interception by weed foliage rather than by soil. The effect to which the intercepted fraction is absorbed, translocated, and metabolized may influence the amount and chemical form of the fate that ultimately reaches the soils. Each of these processes was discussed. The primary pathway of entry into plants is ...

Advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGEs) accumulate on long-lived tissue proteins such as basement membrane collagen and have been implicated in many of the long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. These products originate from glucose-derived Schiff base and Amadori products but undergo a series of complex rearrangement reactions to form ultimately protein-bound, ...

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) represent the most aggressive type of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Although little is known about the causal alterations of SCCs, in organ-transplanted patients the E7 and E6 oncogenes of human papillomavirus, targeting the p53- and pRb-dependent pathways, have been widely involved. Here, we report the functional consequences of the simultaneous ...

This article sum up the fourteen years experience of usage for a linear accelerator in our hospital. The goal is to ensure the secure usage and reduce the damage accidence and attain the rules of quality assurance in radiotherapy by WHO. The ultimate aim is to raise economic benefit and social benefit by linear accelerator. ...

A program is underway at Argonne National Laboratory to develop RF-driven dielectric-loaded accelerating (DLA) structures with the ultimate goal of demonstrating a compact, high-gradient linear accelerator based on this technology. In the first part of th...

Many orders of magnitude increase in accelerating gradients were achieved in plasma with laser or charge particle beams, when compared with traditional RF accelerators. The energy depletion of the driving beam ultimately limits energy gain in the single acceleration stage. It was suggested that ...

Study of the accumulations of high fluxes of accelerated particles is of great interest for determining the behavior of opposite beams and for establishing the conditions required for creating a stabilized relativistic beam. The builtup flux of charged particles is ultimately contained in a constant magnetic field, compensating for the radiation ...

... the oviduct as well as on E2-induced acceleration of oviductal oocyte transport in cyclic rats. Estrous ... 182�780 blocked the E2-induced egg transport acceleration. The possible involvement of adenylyl ...

The purpose of this article is to elucidate inherent limitations to the performance of parallel MRI. The study focuses on the ultimate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which refers to the maximum SNR permitted by the electrodynamics of the signal detection process. Using a spherical model object, it is shown that the behavior of the ultimate SNR imposes ...

Intrabeam scattering is the ultimate limitation on the luminosities of high energy proton and heavy ion accelerators. We review the theory of intrabeam scattering from the earliest theory, which was applicable to weak-focusing accelerators, to the latest strong-focussing theory proposed by Bjorken and Mtingwa. Comparisons of the theory ...

The detection of nuclear materials such as highly enriched uranium has become increasingly important. The University of Missouri is developing a compact accelerator system for active neutron interrogation using a piezoelectric transformer with an ion diode for neutron production. The piezoelectric high voltage generator is composed of a rotated y-cut bar of lithium niobate and ...

Research on a traveling wave plasma accelerator for ultimate use as a high altitude, high velocity flow simulation device is reported. The research reported covers the design and final testing of an increasing phase velocity accelrator coil system and mea...

The ultimate objective of this work is to devise an accelerated test to compare rates of soluble gum and deposit formation from jet turbine and diesel fuels in storage and of hard deposits in engines. This paper describes rates of oxygen absorption and gu...

The influence of alpha and beta/gamma emitters on energy storage in borosilicate glasses during ultimate storage is discussed. The long-term effects are simulated in accelerated tests with borosilicate glasses having the typical composition of highly acti...

The national Neutral Particle Beam (NPB) program has two objectives: to provide the necessary basis for a discriminator/weapon decision by 1992, and to develop the technology in stages that lead ultimately to a neutral particle beam weapon. The ground test accelerator (GTA) is the test bed that permits the advancement of the state-of-the-art under ...

Adverse drug reactions, in particular drug-induced hepatotoxicity, represent a major challenge for clinicians and an impediment to safe drug development. Novel blood or urinary biomarkers of chemically-induced hepatic stress also hold great potential to provide information about pathways leading to cell death within tissues. The earlier pre-clinical identification of potential ...

Micronutrients influence multiple metabolic pathways including oxidative and inflammatory processes. Optimum micronutrient supply is important for the maintenance of homeostasis in metabolism and, ultimately, for maintaining good health. With advances in systems biology and genomics technologies, it...

The biosynthesis of aflatoxin (AF) involves over 20 enzymatic reactions in a complex polyketide pathway that converts acetate and malonate to the intermediates sterigmatocystin (ST) and O-methylsterigmatocysin (OMST), the respective penultimate and ultimate precursors of AF. Although ST, OMST, and ...

This constitutes studies designed to provide data for assessing the mechanisms governing the distribution, fate and pathways of entry into biological systems, as well as the ultimate hazards, associated with radon progeny and their secondary reaction prod...

The Great Lakes Radioecology Program has the ultimate goal of understanding and predicting the biogeochemical behavior and pathways to man of radionuclides and toxic trace elements in Lake Michigan. During 1973 the objective was to measure and assess the ...

Neural cell differentiation is a complex set of events beginning with cells responding to both soluble and cell contact-dependent external signals. These signals activate pathways that lead to changes in gene expression patterns, which ultimately give ris...

Mercury is involved in a whole chain of environmental transformations where the physical and chemical properties of mercury is changed, which makes it exceedingly difficult to follow the pathways of mercury from emission source to ultimate sinks. Knowledg...

The biosynthesis of aflatoxin (AF) involves over 20 enzymatic reactions in a complex polyketide pathway that converts acetate and malonate to the intermediates sterigmatocystin (ST) and O-methylsterigmatocysin (OMST), the respective penultimate and ultimate precursors of AF. Although these precurso...

A set of lung diseases share the tendency for the development of progressive fibrosis ultimately leading to respiratory failure. This review examines the common pathogenetic features of these disorders in light of recent observations in both humans and animal models of disease, which reveal important pathways of lung matrix remodeling.

Successful growth of seeds is dependent on the flow of nutrients from vegetative tissues to the developing ovule. In legumes like chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), the pathway for this nutrient flow includes the pod wall surrounding the seeds, and ultimately the funiculus, which is the structure conne...

Germline mutations in the BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene have been implicated in hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. As part of our ultimate goal to characterize novel interactions between BRCA1 and other proteins involved in well-defined pathways, we hav...

The degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by marine bacteria was studied with the ultimate aim of using this process in the cleanup of polluting oil. Hydrocarbon-utilizing marine bacteria were isolated and their growth requirements and metabolic pathways ...

The AGS at Brookhaven National Laboratory is now being prepared to accelerate heavy ions up to mass 32 to energies of approx. 15 GeV/A. Negative ions are to be made in a sputter ion source, accelerated in the BNL tandems to energies of approx. 7 MeV/A, stripped of all electrons, and transported the 2100' to the AGS. Some considerations for the ...

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by a plethora of signaling abnormalities that together ultimately result in the clinical and pathologic hallmarks of DN, namely progressive albuminuria followed by a gradual decline in glomerular filtration rate leading to kidney failure, and accompanied by podocyte loss, progressive glomerular sclerosis and, ...

DNA double-strand breaks are extremely harmful lesions that can lead to genomic instability and cell death if not properly repaired. There are at least three pathways that are responsible for repairing DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells: non-homologous end joining, homologous recombination and alternative non-homologous end joining. Here we review each of these three ...

We introduce several novel visualization and interaction paradigms for visual analysis of published protein-protein interaction networks, canonical signaling pathway models, and quantitative proteomic data. We evaluate them anecdotally with domain scientists to demonstrate their ability to accelerate the proteomic analysis process. Our results suggest that ...

BackgroundAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that specifically affects motor neurons and leads to a progressive and ultimately fatal loss of function, resulting in death typically within 3 to 5 years of diagnosis. The disease starts with a focal centre of weakness, such as one limb, and appears to spread to other parts of the body. Mutations in ...

Intracellular Ca²⁺ signaling is fundamental to neuronal physiology and viability. Because of its ubiquitous roles, disruptions in Ca²⁺ homeostasis are implicated in diverse disease processes and have become a major focus of study in multifactorial neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD). A hallmark of AD is the excessive production of ...

Plants undergo a major physiological change as they transition from vegetative growth to reproductive development. This transition is a result of responses to various endogenous and exogenous signals that later integrate to result in flowering. Five genetically defined pathways have been identified that control flowering. The vernalization pathway refers ...

A review is given of the metabolism of fructose in the mammalian organism, and its significance in medicine. Emphasis is laid upon the absorption and assimilation of fructose through pathways not identical with those of glucose. The metabolism of fructose is largely insulin-independent, although the ultimate fate of fructose carbons is determined by the ...

Signaling via heterotrimeric G proteins plays a crucial role in modulating the responses of striatal neurons that ultimately shape core behaviors mediated by the basal ganglia circuitry, such as reward valuation, habit formation, and movement coordination. Activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by extracellular signals activates heterotrimeric G proteins by ...

The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF) has the principal goal of accelerating development of next-generation drugs for treating multiple myeloma. By making targeted investments in key research areas such as genomics and epigenetics, the MMRF is helping to elucidate the basic biology of multiple myeloma, to drive promising new treatments into clinical development, and ...

The Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory superconducting accelerator (energy doubler) is a 6-km-long magnet ring consisting of 1000 magnets ultimately to be cooled by 24 satellite refrigerators. This paper reviews the magnet cooling system with attention given to the refrigeration system, the central helium liquefier, the satellite ...

The front end of the 35-MeV Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) Facility accelerator is being assembled and installed at Los Alamos. The machine ultimately will produce a 500-kW continuous-duty beam at 5 MeV, although only the first 2 MeV will be ins...

Measurement of beam properties at the foci of high energy linacs is difficult due to the small size of the waists in proposed and existing accelerators (1 nm {minus}2 {mu}m). This article considers the use of bremsstrahlung radiation from thin foils to measure the size and phase space density these beams using nonimaging optics. The components of the system are described, and ...

Nursing education is now well established within the tertiary sector. Globally, recent years have seen the implementation of numerous admission pathways to a nursing degree, enabling applicants from varying backgrounds to enter the nursing profession. A major catalyst for these pathways has been to address the perennial shortage in the nursing workforce. ...

The quality of an RF detector coil design is commonly judged on how it compares with other coil configurations. The aim of this article is to develop a tool for evaluating the absolute performance of RF coil arrays. An algorithm to calculate the ultimate intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was implemented for a spherical geometry. The same imaging tasks modeled in the ...

The following presents a study of the accelerator physics and technology limitations to ultimate energy and luminosity in very large hadron colliders (VLHCs). The main accelerator physics limitations to ultimate energy and luminosity in future energy frontier hadron colliders are synchrotron radiation (SR) power, ...

Pancreatic cancer is a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas. A mutation and constitutive activation of K-ras occurs in more than 90% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. A successful approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancers is urgent. Antroquinonol, a ubiquinone derivative isolated from a camphor tree mushroom, Antrodia camphorata, induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation ...

Dispersion strengthened copper, known by the trade name GLIDCOP{reg_sign}, has found various applications in accelerator designs. Glidcop has material properties similar to OFE copper, such as thermal and electrical conductivity. Unlike OFE, however, Glidcop has yield and ultimate strengths equivalent to those of mild-carbon steel, making it a good ...

Cooling and acceleration of ions by lasers has gained increasing attention over the last years. The common interest is to further increase the luminosity of ion beams, either by shrinking the phase space occupied by the beam, or simply via increasing the number of particles. Recently, laser cooling has demonstrated ion beam crystallization as the ultimate ...

Some may argue that gifted children have many education options, but these options do not always help gifted students learn science. Unfortunately, gifted students often do not reach their full academic potential--they are frequently less motivated to succeed because they are not being academically challenged in regular classrooms (McCoach and Siegle 2003). To counter these problems, a strong ...

The Ground Test Accelerator (GTA) under construction at the Los Alamos National Laboratory is part of the Neutral Particle Beam Program supported by the Strategic Defense Initiative Office. The GTA is a full-sized test facility to evaluate the feasibility of using a negative ion accelerator to produce a neutral particle beam (NPB). The NPB would ...

Multimillion-dollar particle-collision machines are being refined or constructed in many different countries. These new accelerators will subject elementary particles to greater forces than any previous manmade machines and will almost certainly reveal fresh and unexpected insights into what matter really is. Attaining the ultra high energies requires technological inspiration ...

We discuss a model of cosmic ray acceleration that accounts for the observations of anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) by Voyager 1 and 2. The model appeals to fast magnetic reconnection rather than shocks as the driver of acceleration. The ultimate source of energy is associated with magnetic field reversals that occur in the heliosheath. ...

In our laboratory we investigate genes and signaling pathways that are critical for mammary gland development and function with the ultimate goal of understanding how these key pathways may be disrupted during breast cancer progression. P190B RhoGAP was i...

The biomechanical behavior of the intervertebral disk ultimately depends on the viability and activity of a small population of resident cells that make and maintain the disk's extracellular matrix. Nutrients that support these cells are supplied by the blood vessels at the disks' margins and diffuse through the matrix of the avascular disk to the cells. This article reviews ...

The ultimate fate of oil spilled in the ocean has received much scientific and public attention and still remains inadequately understood. Conceptionally, numerous mass-balance models have been offered to illustrate the various pathways associated with sp...

Research into basic developmental biology has frequently yielded insights into cancer biology. This is particularly true for the Hedgehog (HH) pathway. Activating mutations in the HH pathway cause a subset of sporadic and familial, skin (basal cell carcinoma) and brain (medulloblastoma) tumours. Furthermore, the growth of many human tumours is supported by ...

The ultimate fate of oil spilled in the ocean has received much scientific and public attention and still remains inadequately understood. Conceptionally, numerous mass-balance models have been offered to illustrate the various pathways associated with spilled oil. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the results of scientific investigations of some of ...

Vascular calcification is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A full understanding of the signalling pathways mediating vascular calcification is crucial not just because of the importance of this pathology in disease, but also for exploring potential therapeutic targets. Clinically there is a need to develop therapies to prevent or even reverse ...

A Viper explosive shaped charge jet creates a stretching rod of metal, with its tip traveling 9.2mm/?s and slower portions traveling slower than 3 mm/?s. As this rod impacts and penetrates an obstructing steel plate, a highly non-planar flow evolves. We have recorded the free-surface velocity at the point of exit of the jet, which will ultimately be ...

A Viper explosive shaped charge jet creates a stretching rod of metal, with its tip traveling 9.2mm/{mu}s and slower portions traveling < 3 mm/{mu}s. As this rod impacts and penetrates an obstructing steel plate, a highly non-planar flow evolves. We have recorded the free-surface velocity at the point of exit of the jet, which will ultimately be ...

A Viper explosive shaped charge jet creates a stretching rod of metal, with its tip traveling 9.2mm/?s and slower portions traveling < 3 mm/?s. As this rod impacts and penetrates an obstructing steel plate, a highly non-planar flow evolves. We have recorded the free-surface velocity at the point of exit of the jet, which will ultimately be accelerated ...

Three-dimensional woodpile photonic bandgap (PBG) waveguide enables high-gradient and efficient laser driven acceleration, while various accelerator components, including laser couplers, power transmission lines, woodpile accelerating and focusing waveguides, and energy recycling resonators, can be potentially integrated on a single ...

Ixodes scapularis salivary protein 20 (Salp20) is a member of the Ixodes scapularis anti-complement protein-like family of tick salivary proteins that inhibit the alternative complement pathway. In this study, we demonstrate that the target of Salp20 is properdin. Properdin is a natural, positive regulator of the alternative pathway that binds to the C3 ...

The continued interest for building tunable lasers using an electron accelerator as the source of primary energy has resulted in the design of a new accelerator. Earlier work by other members of the Los Alamos team has demonstrated that this design does work in an amplifier mode. The accelerator is to be upgraded for use in an ...

The high accelerating gradients required for future linear colliders demands a better study of field emission and RF breakdown in accelerator structures. Changes in structure geometry, vacuum pumping, fabrication methods, and surface finish can all potentially impact the conditioning process, dark current emission, and peak RF power handling capability. ...

The improvement of MRI speed with parallel acquisition is ultimately an SNR-limited process. To offset acquisition- and reconstruction-related SNR losses, practical parallel imaging at high accelerations should include the use of a many-element array with a high intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spatial-encoding capability, and an advantageous ...

Bone is one of the few tissues in the body with the capacity to regenerate and repair itself. In most cases, fractures are completely repaired in a relatively short period of time; however, in a small percentage of cases, healing never occurs and non-union is the result. Fracture repair and bone regeneration require the localized re-activation of signaling cascades that are crucial for skeletal ...

Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) accelerating structures present a unique design environment for the high-power radio frequency (RF) antennas that deliver power to the cavity to establish the electromagnetic fields and ultimately accelerate beam. These RF couplers need to reliably transmit high power RF with low reflection and ...

This paper is the report of the working group on Ultimate Storage Rings at the Department of Energy's Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Physics of Future Light Sources, which took place in Gaithersburg, Maryland on September 15�17, 2009. In this report we address the accelerator design issues related to the next generation of storage ring light ...

This paper is the report of the working group on Ultimate Storage Rings at the Department of Energy's Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Physics of Future Light Sources, which took place in Gaithersburg, Maryland on September 15-17, 2009. In this report we address the accelerator design issues related to the next generation of storage ring light sources, ...

The electrothermal accelerator (ET gun) is advanced propulsion technique in which an electrically generated high temperature, high pressure plasma interacts with a working fluid to produce the gases necessary to accelerate a projectile. In the development of ET technology, the characterization of the temperature and pressures generated by this plasma is ...

The energy frontier of particle physics is several trillion electron volts, but colliders capable of reaching this regime (such as the Large Hadron Collider and the International Linear Collider) are costly and time-consuming to build; it is therefore important to explore new methods of accelerating particles to high energies. Plasma-based accelerators are ...

The energy frontier of particle physics is several trillion electron volts, but colliders capable of reaching this regime (such as the Large Hadron Collider and the International Linear Collider) are costly and time-consuming to build; it is therefore important to explore new methods of accelerating particles to high energies. Plasma-based accelerators are ...

Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP) is a rare form of porphyria in humans. The disorder is caused by homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for mutations of the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO-D) gene. Subnormal URO-D activity results in accumulation of uroporphyrin in the liver, which ultimately mediates the photosensitivity that clinically characterizes HEP. Two ...

Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) is a key participant in cellular cholesterol trafficking. Loss of NPC1 function leads to defective suppression of SREBP-dependent gene expression and failure to appropriately activate liver X receptor�mediated (LXR-mediated) pathways, ultimately resulting in intracellular cholesterol accumulation. To determine whether NPC1 ...

The steroidal regulation of vertebrate neuroanatomy and neurophysiology includes a seemingly unending list of brain areas, cellular structures and behaviors modulated by these hormones. Estrogens, in particular have emerged as potent neuromodulators, exerting a range of effects including neuroprotection and perhaps neural repair. In songbirds and mammals, the brain itself appears to be the site of ...

Electrochemical oxidation of 4-chloro-3-methyl phenol (CMP) was examined using Ti/SnO(2)-Sb/PbO(2) anodes. The physicochemical properties of the electrodes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical measurements. The degradation was studied by monitoring the total organic carbon (TOC) removal of CMP, and variation of the concentration of ...

In marine sediments, the major anaerobic mineralization processes are Fe(III) oxide reduction and sulfate reduction. In this article, we propose that the two alternative microbial mineralization pathways in sediments exert decisively different impacts on aquatic ecosystems. In systems where iron reduction dominates in the recently deposited sediment layers, the fraction of ...

Carcinoma are complex societies of mutually interacting cells in which there is a progressive failure of normal homeostatic mechanisms, causing the parenchymal component to expand inappropriately and ultimately to disseminate to distant sites. When a cancer cell metastasizes, it first will be exposed to cancer associated fibroblasts in the immediate tumor microenvironment and ...

BackgroundHemoglobin E/?-thalassemia is particularly common in Southeast Asia and has variable symptoms ranging from mild to severe anemia. Previous investigations demonstrated the remarkable symptoms of ?-thalassemia in terms of the acceleration of apoptotic cell death. Ineffective erythropoiesis has been studied in human hematopoietic stem cells, however the distinct ...

Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins, and notably members of the RGS-R4 subfamily, control vasocontractility by accelerating the inactivation of G?-dependent signaling. RGS5 is the most highly and differently expressed RGS-R4 subfamily member in arterial smooth muscle. Expression of RGS5 first appears in pericytes during development of the afferent vascular tree, ...

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) along with several related peptide growth factors has been shown both in vivo and in vitro to accelerate events associated with epidermal wound repair. EGF and transforming growth factor alpha act by binding to a common EGF receptor tyrosine kinase thereby initiating a series of events which ultimately regulate cell ...

Realistic cell models could greatly accelerate our ability to engineer biochemical pathways and the production of valuable organic products, which would be of great use in the development of biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and the crops for the next green revo...

The Fermilab Steering Group has developed a plan to keep U.S. accelerator-based particle physics on the pathway to discovery, both at the Terascale with the LHC and the ILC and in the domain of neutrinos and precision physics with a high-intensity acceler...

. An indication that a direct conjugation pathway over the central double bond can even further reduce the helix discovery to application is to increase their rate of rotation, an issue that has been addressed in our, by an electronic effect on the thermal isomerization around the central double bond (the axis of rotation

The mechanisms by which exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of cardiovascular events are not known. Recent human and animal data suggest that particulate matter may induce alterations in hemostatic factors. In this study we determined the mechanisms by which particu...

ACTNOW is an initiative in which up to 37 new early-phase cancer treatment trials are being conducted to test the effectiveness of molecularly targeted cancer therapies.

The differentiation of embryonic stem cells along the endothelial cell lineage requires a tightly coordinated sequence of events that are regulated in both space and time. Although significant gaps remain in this process, major strides have been made over the past 10 years in identifying the growth factors, signal transduction pathways, and transcription factors that function ...

Clinical and experimental data suggest that stress contributes to the pathology of epilepsy. We review mechanisms by which stress, primarily via stress hormones, may exacerbate epilepsy, focusing on the intersection between stress-induced pathways and the progression of pathological events that occur before, during, and after the onset of epileptogenesis. In addition to this ...

Autophagy (macroautophagy), an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation process, is implicated in a wide variety of pathological processes including cancer. Autophagy plays the Janus role in regulating several survival or death signaling pathways that may decide the fate of cancer cell. Accumulating evidence has revealed the core molecular machinery of autophagy in tumor ...

The neural ectoderm of vertebrates forms when the BMP signaling pathway is suppressed. Herein we review the molecules that directly antagonize extracellular BMP and the signaling pathways that further contribute to reduce BMP activity in the neural ectoderm. Downstream of neural induction, a large number of �neural fate stabilizing� (NFS) transcription ...

Prominent among the many factors now affecting the sustainability of forest ecosystems are anthropogenically-generated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3). CO2 is the substrate for photosynthesis and thus can accelerate tree growth, whereas O3 is a highly reactive oxygen species and interferes with basic physiological functions. This review summarizes the impacts of CO2 and O3 ...

BackgroundTumor cells are characterized by accelerated growth usually accompanied by up-regulated pathways that ultimately increase the rate of ATP production. These cells can suffer metabolic reprogramming, resulting in distinct bioenergetic phenotypes, generally enhancing glycolysis channeled to lactate production. In the present ...

Type I interferons (IFN) are important components of the innate antiviral response. A key signalling pathway activated by IFN? is the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. Major components of the pathway have been identified. However, critical kinetic properties that facilitate ...

BackgroundAssociating literature with pathways poses new challenges to the Text Mining (TM) community. There are three main challenges to this task: (1) the identification of the mapping position of a specific entity or reaction in a given pathway, (2) the recognition of the causal relationships among multiple reactions, and (3) the formulation and ...

Scientists at Washington University Medical Center in St. Louis, Missouri, are testing a new breed of linear accelerator that could one day supplant the conventional cyclotron for preparation of radiopharmaceuticals used to produce images in the human body with positron emission tomography (PET). The prototype device, an outgrowth of military technology, is called a Tandem ...

Cosmology is undergoing a revolution. With recent precise measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation, large galaxy redshift surveys, better measurements of the expansion rate of the Universe and a host of other astrophysical observations, there is now a standard, highly constrained cosmological model. It is not a cosmology that was predicted. Unidentified dark particles dominate the ...

Measurement of beam properties at the foci of high energy linacs is difficult due to the small size of the waists in proposed and existing accelerators (1 nm {minus} 2 {mu}). This paper considers the use of bremsstrahlung radiation from thin foils to measure the size and phase space density these beams using nonimaging optics. The components of the system are described, and ...

As communities across California commit to developing systems of high school pathways that will engage students in school and prepare them to succeed in postsecondary opportunities and contribute to a vital regional economy, many are realizing the importance of providing "broad-based support" for this work. Students need a choice of pathways focused on ...