Sample records for access extended wind

  1. Accessing Wind Tunnels From NASA's Information Power Grid

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Becker, Jeff; Biegel, Bryan (Technical Monitor)

    2002-01-01

    The NASA Ames wind tunnel customers are one of the first users of the Information Power Grid (IPG) storage system at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division. We wanted to be able to store their data on the IPG so that it could be accessed remotely in a secure but timely fashion. In addition, incorporation into the IPG allows future use of grid computational resources, e.g., for post-processing of data, or to do side-by-side CFD validation. In this paper, we describe the integration of grid data access mechanisms with the existing DARWIN web-based system that is used to access wind tunnel test data. We also show that the combined system has reasonable performance: wind tunnel data may be retrieved at 50Mbits/s over a 100 base T network connected to the IPG storage server.

  2. Evaluating and Extending the Ocean Wind Climate Data Record

    PubMed Central

    Ricciardulli, Lucrezia; Rodriguez, Ernesto; Stiles, Bryan W.; Bourassa, Mark A.; Long, David G.; Hoffman, Ross N.; Stoffelen, Ad; Verhoef, Anton; O'Neill, Larry W.; Farrar, J. Tomas; Vandemark, Douglas; Fore, Alexander G.; Hristova-Veleva, Svetla M.; Turk, F. Joseph; Gaston, Robert; Tyler, Douglas

    2017-01-01

    Satellite microwave sensors, both active scatterometers and passive radiometers, have been systematically measuring near-surface ocean winds for nearly 40 years, establishing an important legacy in studying and monitoring weather and climate variability. As an aid to such activities, the various wind datasets are being intercalibrated and merged into consistent climate data records (CDRs). The ocean wind CDRs (OW-CDRs) are evaluated by comparisons with ocean buoys and intercomparisons among the different satellite sensors and among the different data providers. Extending the OW-CDR into the future requires exploiting all available datasets, such as OSCAT-2 scheduled to launch in July 2016. Three planned methods of calibrating the OSCAT-2 σo measurements include 1) direct Ku-band σo intercalibration to QuikSCAT and RapidScat; 2) multisensor wind speed intercalibration; and 3) calibration to stable rainforest targets. Unfortunately, RapidScat failed in August 2016 and cannot be used to directly calibrate OSCAT-2. A particular future continuity concern is the absence of scheduled new or continuation radiometer missions capable of measuring wind speed. Specialized model assimilations provide 30-year long high temporal/spatial resolution wind vector grids that composite the satellite wind information from OW-CDRs of multiple satellites viewing the Earth at different local times. PMID:28824741

  3. Evaluating and Extending the Ocean Wind Climate Data Record.

    PubMed

    Wentz, Frank J; Ricciardulli, Lucrezia; Rodriguez, Ernesto; Stiles, Bryan W; Bourassa, Mark A; Long, David G; Hoffman, Ross N; Stoffelen, Ad; Verhoef, Anton; O'Neill, Larry W; Farrar, J Tomas; Vandemark, Douglas; Fore, Alexander G; Hristova-Veleva, Svetla M; Turk, F Joseph; Gaston, Robert; Tyler, Douglas

    2017-05-01

    Satellite microwave sensors, both active scatterometers and passive radiometers, have been systematically measuring near-surface ocean winds for nearly 40 years, establishing an important legacy in studying and monitoring weather and climate variability. As an aid to such activities, the various wind datasets are being intercalibrated and merged into consistent climate data records (CDRs). The ocean wind CDRs (OW-CDRs) are evaluated by comparisons with ocean buoys and intercomparisons among the different satellite sensors and among the different data providers. Extending the OW-CDR into the future requires exploiting all available datasets, such as OSCAT-2 scheduled to launch in July 2016. Three planned methods of calibrating the OSCAT-2 σ o measurements include 1) direct Ku-band σ o intercalibration to QuikSCAT and RapidScat; 2) multisensor wind speed intercalibration; and 3) calibration to stable rainforest targets. Unfortunately, RapidScat failed in August 2016 and cannot be used to directly calibrate OSCAT-2. A particular future continuity concern is the absence of scheduled new or continuation radiometer missions capable of measuring wind speed. Specialized model assimilations provide 30-year long high temporal/spatial resolution wind vector grids that composite the satellite wind information from OW-CDRs of multiple satellites viewing the Earth at different local times.

  4. Associations between Extending Access to Primary Care and Emergency Department Visits: A Difference-In-Differences Analysis.

    PubMed

    Whittaker, William; Anselmi, Laura; Kristensen, Søren Rud; Lau, Yiu-Shing; Bailey, Simon; Bower, Peter; Checkland, Katherine; Elvey, Rebecca; Rothwell, Katy; Stokes, Jonathan; Hodgson, Damian

    2016-09-01

    Health services across the world increasingly face pressures on the use of expensive hospital services. Better organisation and delivery of primary care has the potential to manage demand and reduce costs for hospital services, but routine primary care services are not open during evenings and weekends. Extended access (evening and weekend opening) is hypothesized to reduce pressure on hospital services from emergency department visits. However, the existing evidence-base is weak, largely focused on emergency out-of-hours services, and analysed using a before-and after-methodology without effective comparators. Throughout 2014, 56 primary care practices (346,024 patients) in Greater Manchester, England, offered 7-day extended access, compared with 469 primary care practices (2,596,330 patients) providing routine access. Extended access included evening and weekend opening and served both urgent and routine appointments. To assess the effects of extended primary care access on hospital services, we apply a difference-in-differences analysis using hospital administrative data from 2011 to 2014. Propensity score matching techniques were used to match practices without extended access to practices with extended access. Differences in the change in "minor" patient-initiated emergency department visits per 1,000 population were compared between practices with and without extended access. Populations registered to primary care practices with extended access demonstrated a 26.4% relative reduction (compared to practices without extended access) in patient-initiated emergency department visits for "minor" problems (95% CI -38.6% to -14.2%, absolute difference: -10,933 per year, 95% CI -15,995 to -5,866), and a 26.6% (95% CI -39.2% to -14.1%) relative reduction in costs of patient-initiated visits to emergency departments for minor problems (absolute difference: -£767,976, -£1,130,767 to -£405,184). There was an insignificant relative reduction of 3.1% in total emergency

  5. Associations between Extending Access to Primary Care and Emergency Department Visits: A Difference-In-Differences Analysis

    PubMed Central

    Whittaker, William; Anselmi, Laura; Lau, Yiu-Shing; Bower, Peter; Checkland, Katherine; Elvey, Rebecca; Stokes, Jonathan

    2016-01-01

    Background Health services across the world increasingly face pressures on the use of expensive hospital services. Better organisation and delivery of primary care has the potential to manage demand and reduce costs for hospital services, but routine primary care services are not open during evenings and weekends. Extended access (evening and weekend opening) is hypothesized to reduce pressure on hospital services from emergency department visits. However, the existing evidence-base is weak, largely focused on emergency out-of-hours services, and analysed using a before-and after-methodology without effective comparators. Methods and Findings Throughout 2014, 56 primary care practices (346,024 patients) in Greater Manchester, England, offered 7-day extended access, compared with 469 primary care practices (2,596,330 patients) providing routine access. Extended access included evening and weekend opening and served both urgent and routine appointments. To assess the effects of extended primary care access on hospital services, we apply a difference-in-differences analysis using hospital administrative data from 2011 to 2014. Propensity score matching techniques were used to match practices without extended access to practices with extended access. Differences in the change in “minor” patient-initiated emergency department visits per 1,000 population were compared between practices with and without extended access. Populations registered to primary care practices with extended access demonstrated a 26.4% relative reduction (compared to practices without extended access) in patient-initiated emergency department visits for “minor” problems (95% CI -38.6% to -14.2%, absolute difference: -10,933 per year, 95% CI -15,995 to -5,866), and a 26.6% (95% CI -39.2% to -14.1%) relative reduction in costs of patient-initiated visits to emergency departments for minor problems (absolute difference: -£767,976, -£1,130,767 to -£405,184). There was an insignificant

  6. Mapping and Modeling the Extended Winds of the Massive Interacting Binary, Eta Carinae

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gull, Ted

    2010-01-01

    The combination HST/STIS high spatial and moderate spectral resolutions have revealed the massive interacting wind structure of Eta Carinae by forbidden lines of singly and doubly ionized elements. Throughout the 5.54-year period, lines of Fe++, Ne++, Ar++, S++ and N+ reveal the interacting wind structures, near critical electron densities of 10(exp 5) to 3 x 10(exp 7)cu cm, photoionized by the hot secondary, Eta Car B, Lines of Fe+ and Ni+ trace the denser (>10(exp 7)cu cm. less-ionized (< 8 eV) primary wind of Eta Car A as it wraps around the interacting binary stars. For 5 years of the 5.54 year period, the FUV radiation from Eta Car B escapes the orbital region, ionizing the boundaries of the expanding wind structures. But for three to six months, Eta Car B plunges into the primary wind approaching to within 1 to 2 AU, leading to cutoff of FUV and X-ray fluxes. The interacting wind structure, resolved out to 0.8", drops io ionization and then rebuilds as Eta Car B emerges from the primary wind envelope. Solid Particle Hydrodynamical(SPH) models have been developed extending out to 2000 AU and adapted to include FUV radiation effects of the winds. In turn, synthetic spectroimages of selected forbidden lines have been constructed and compared to the spectroimages recorded by the HST/STIS throughout 1998.0 to 2004.3, extending across the 1998 and 2003.5 minima. By this method, we show that the orbital axis of the binary system must bc within 15 degrees of the Homunculus axis of symmetry and that periastron occurs with Eta Car B passing on the far side of Eta Car B. This result ties the current binary orbit with the bipolar ejection with intervening skirt and leads to implications that the binary system influenced the mass ejection of the l840s and the lesser ejection of the 1890s.

  7. Advanced Modeling System for Optimization of Wind Farm Layout and Wind Turbine Sizing Using a Multi-Level Extended Pattern Search Algorithm

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    DuPont, Bryony; Cagan, Jonathan; Moriarty, Patrick

    This paper presents a system of modeling advances that can be applied in the computational optimization of wind plants. These modeling advances include accurate cost and power modeling, partial wake interaction, and the effects of varying atmospheric stability. To validate the use of this advanced modeling system, it is employed within an Extended Pattern Search (EPS)-Multi-Agent System (MAS) optimization approach for multiple wind scenarios. The wind farm layout optimization problem involves optimizing the position and size of wind turbines such that the aerodynamic effects of upstream turbines are reduced, which increases the effective wind speed and resultant power at eachmore » turbine. The EPS-MAS optimization algorithm employs a profit objective, and an overarching search determines individual turbine positions, with a concurrent EPS-MAS determining the optimal hub height and rotor diameter for each turbine. Two wind cases are considered: (1) constant, unidirectional wind, and (2) three discrete wind speeds and varying wind directions, each of which have a probability of occurrence. Results show the advantages of applying the series of advanced models compared to previous application of an EPS with less advanced models to wind farm layout optimization, and imply best practices for computational optimization of wind farms with improved accuracy.« less

  8. Defining Data Access Pathways for Atmosphere to Electrons Wind Energy Data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Macduff, M.; Sivaraman, C.

    2016-12-01

    Atmosphere to Electrons (A2e), is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Wind Program research initiative designed to optimize the performance of wind power plants by lowering the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The Data Archive and Portal (DAP), managed by PNNL and hosted on Amazon Web Services, is a key capability of the A2e initiative. The DAP is used to collect, store, catalog, preserve and disseminate results from the experimental and computational studies representing a diverse user community requiring both open and proprietary data archival solutions(http://a2e.pnnl.gov). To enable consumer access to the data in DAP it is being built on a set of API's that are publically accessible. This includes persistent references for key meta-data objects as well as authenticated access to the data itself. The goal is to make the DAP catalog visible through a variety of data access paths bringing the data and metadata closer to the consumer. By providing persistent metadata records we hope to be able to build services that capture consumer utility and make referencing datasets easier.

  9. Extended MHD Turbulence and Its Applications to the Solar Wind

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Abdelhamid, Hamdi M.; Lingam, Manasvi; Mahajan, Swadesh M.

    2016-10-01

    Extended MHD is a one-fluid model that incorporates two-fluid effects such as electron inertia and the Hall drift. This model is used to construct fully nonlinear Alfvénic wave solutions, and thereby derive the kinetic and magnetic spectra by resorting to a Kolmogorov-like hypothesis based on the constant cascading rates of the energy and generalized helicities of this model. The magnetic and kinetic spectra are derived in the ideal (k\\lt 1/{λ }I), Hall (1/{λ }I\\lt k\\lt 1/{λ }e), and electron inertia (k\\gt 1/{λ }e) regimes; k is the wavenumber and {λ }s=c/{ω }{ps} is the skin depth of species “s.” In the Hall regime, it is shown that the emergent results are fully consistent with previous numerical and analytical studies, especially in the context of the solar wind. The focus is primarily on the electron inertia regime, where magnetic energy spectra with power-law indexes of -11/3 and -13/3 are always recovered. The latter, in particular, is quite close to recent observational evidence from the solar wind with a potential slope of approximately -4 in this regime. It is thus plausible that these spectra may constitute a part of the (extended) inertial range, as opposed to the standard “dissipation” range paradigm.

  10. Analysis of environmental dispersion in a wetland flow under the effect of wind: Extended solution

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Huilin; Huai, Wenxin

    2018-02-01

    The accurate analysis of the contaminant transport process in wetland flows is essential for environmental assessment. However, dispersivity assessment becomes complicated when the wind strength and direction are taken into consideration. Prior studies illustrating the wind effect on environmental dispersion in wetland flows simply focused on the mean longitudinal concentration distribution. Moreover, the results obtained by these analyses are not accurate when done on a smaller scale, namely, the initial stage of the contaminant transport process. By combining the concentration moments method (the Aris' method) and Gill's expansion theory, the previous researches on environmental dispersion in wetland flows with effect of wind have been extended. By adopting up to 4th-order moments, the wind effect-as illustrated by dimensionless parameters Er (wind force) and ω (wind direction)-on kurtosis and skewness is discussed, the up to 4th-order vertical concentration distribution is obtained, and the two-dimensional concentration distribution is illustrated. This work demonstrates that wind intensity and direction can significantly affect the contaminant dispersion. Moreover, the study presents a more accurate analytical solution of environmental dispersion in wetland flows under various wind conditions.

  11. EXTENDED ACCESS TO METHAMPHETAMINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION AFFECTS SENSORIMOTOR GATING IN RATS

    PubMed Central

    Hadamitzky, Martin; Markou, Athina; Kuczenski, Ronald

    2010-01-01

    Disturbed information processing observed in neuropsychiatric disorders is reflected by deficient sensorimotor gating, measured as prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (ASR). Long-term, higher-dose methamphetamine (METH) abuse patterns are associated with cognitive impairments, mania and/or schizophrenia-like psychosis. The present study investigated in rats METH-induced impairment of sensorimotor gating using an intravenous self-administration (IVSA) escalating dose procedure. In this procedure, rats escalated drug intake during weekly extended access periods to METH IVSA (1, 3, and 6-h), where PPI was assessed after each access period and thus at various times of drug exposure. Despite increased drug intake over the course of extended access to METH, disruption of sensorimotor gating was only seen after the access period of 6-h. The data suggest that METH-induced impairment of sensorimotor gating in IVSA-tasks is rather attributed to continuous and higher-dose exposure than to actual amounts of drug present at the time of testing. IVSA procedures, comprising stepwise stimulant escalation may serve as a useful translational model in rats that approximate important aspects of human abuse pattern in the context of stimulant-induced cognitive and behavioral deficits. PMID:21070821

  12. Extended Heroin Access Increases Heroin Choices Over a Potent Nondrug Alternative

    PubMed Central

    Lenoir, Magalie; Cantin, Lauriane; Vanhille, Nathalie; Serre, Fuschia; Ahmed, Serge H

    2013-01-01

    Epidemiological research shows that the proportion of drug users who become addicted to heroin is higher than to cocaine. Here we tested whether this difference could be due to a difference in the addiction liability between the two drugs. Addiction liability was assessed under a discrete-trials choice procedure by measuring the proportion of rats that prefer the drug over a potent alternative reward (ie, water sweetened with saccharin). Previous research on choice between self-administration of i.v. cocaine or sweet water showed that the proportion of cocaine-preferring rats remains relatively low and invariable (ie, 15%), even after extended drug access and regardless of past drug consumption (ie, total drug use before choice testing). By contrast, the present study shows that under similar choice conditions, the proportion of heroin-preferring rats considerably increases with extended heroin access (6–9 h per day for several weeks) and with past heroin consumption, from 11 to 51% at the highest past drug consumption level. At this level, the proportion of drug-preferring rats was about three times higher with heroin than with cocaine (51% vs 15%). This increase in the rate of heroin preference after extended heroin access persisted even after recovery from acute heroin withdrawal. Overall, these findings show that choice procedures are uniquely sensitive to different drugs and suggest that heroin is more addictive than cocaine. This higher addiction liability may contribute to explain why more drug users become addicted to heroin than to cocaine in epidemiological studies. PMID:23322185

  13. World Wind 3D Earth Viewing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hogan, Patrick; Maxwell, Christopher; Kim, Randolph; Gaskins, Tom

    2007-01-01

    World Wind allows users to zoom from satellite altitude down to any place on Earth, leveraging high-resolution LandSat imagery and SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) elevation data to experience Earth in visually rich 3D. In addition to Earth, World Wind can also visualize other planets, and there are already comprehensive data sets for Mars and the Earth's moon, which are as easily accessible as those of Earth. There have been more than 20 million downloads to date, and the software is being used heavily by the Department of Defense due to the code s ability to be extended and the evolution of the code courtesy of NASA and the user community. Primary features include the dynamic access to public domain imagery and its ease of use. All one needs to control World Wind is a two-button mouse. Additional guides and features can be accessed through a simplified menu. A JAVA version will be available soon. Navigation is automated with single clicks of a mouse, or by typing in any location to automatically zoom in to see it. The World Wind install package contains the necessary requirements such as the .NET runtime and managed DirectX library. World Wind can display combinations of data from a variety of sources, including Blue Marble, LandSat 7, SRTM, NASA Scientific Visualization Studio, GLOBE, and much more. A thorough list of features, the user manual, a key chart, and screen shots are available at http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov.

  14. Extended access to methamphetamine self-administration up-regulates dopamine transporter levels 72 hours after withdrawal in rats.

    PubMed

    D'Arcy, Christina; Luevano, Joe E; Miranda-Arango, Manuel; Pipkin, Joseph A; Jackson, Jonathan A; Castañeda, Eddie; Gosselink, Kristin L; O'Dell, Laura E

    2016-01-01

    Previous studies have demonstrated that there are persistent changes in dopamine systems following withdrawal from methamphetamine (METH). This study examined changes in striatal dopamine transporter (DAT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine receptor 2 (D2) 72 h after withdrawal from METH intravenous self- administration (IVSA). Rats were given limited (1h) or extended (6h) access to METH IVSA (0.05 mg/kg/0.1 ml infusion) for 22 days. Controls did not receive METH IVSA. The rats given extended access to IVSA displayed higher METH intake during the first hour of drug access compared to rats given limited access. Extended access to METH also produced a concomitant increase in striatal DAT levels relative to drug-naïve controls. There were no changes in TH or D2 levels across groups. Previous studies have reported a decrease in striatal DAT levels during protracted periods (>7 days) of withdrawal from METH IVSA. This study extends previous work by showing an increase in striatal DAT protein expression during an earlier time point of withdrawal from this drug. These results are an important step toward understanding the dynamic changes in dopamine systems that occur during different time points of withdrawal from METH IVSA. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  15. Database of extended radiation maps and its access system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Verkhodanov, O. V.; Naiden, Ya. V.; Chernenkov, V. N.; Verkhodanova, N. V.

    2014-01-01

    We describe the architecture of the developed computing web server http://cmb.sao.ru allowing to synthesize the maps of extended radiation on the full sphere from the spherical harmonics in the GLESP pixelization grid, smooth them with the power beam pattern with various angular resolutions in the multipole space, and identify regions of the sky with given coordinates. We describe the server access and administration systems as well as the technique constructing the sky region maps, organized in Python in the Django web-application development framework.

  16. Managing Access: Extending Medicaid to Children Through School-Based HMO Coverage

    PubMed Central

    Coulam, Robert F.; Irvin, Carol V.; Calore, Kathleen A.; Kidder, David E.; Rosenbach, Margo L.

    1997-01-01

    This study explores how a health maintenance organization's (HMO) capacity and incentives to manage care might be used to improve access. In the early 1990s, the Florida Healthy Kids (FHK) demonstration extended Medicaid-like HMO coverage to indigent children in the public schools of Volusia County, Florida. The study finds that uninsured student months in area public schools were likely reduced by one-half. Utilization and cost levels for these indigent enrollees proved to be indistinguishable from commercial clients; and measures of access, utilization, and satisfaction for enrollees were in line with (and in some cases, superior to) non-enrollees with private insurance. Overall, these results suggest the value of using schools as a medium for providing coverage, and the importance of taking deliberate steps to manage access to reduce non-financial barriers to care. PMID:10170346

  17. Direct Solar Wind Proton Access into Permanently Shadowed Lunar Polar Craters

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zimmerman, M. I.; Farrell, W. M.; Stubbs, T. J.; Halekas, J. S.

    2011-01-01

    Recent analyses of Lunar Prospector neutron spectrometer (LPNS) data have suggested that high abundances of hydrogen exist within cold traps at the lunar poles, and it has often been assumed that hydrogen-bearing volatiles sequestered in permanent shadow are topographically shielded from sputtering by solar wind protons. However, recent simulation results are presented showing that solar wind protons clearly access the floor of an idealized, shadowed lunar crater through a combination of thermal and ambipolar processes, in effect creating a plasma "miniwake". These simulations are the first to model the mini-wake environment in two spatial dimensions with a self-consistent lunar surface-plasma interaction. Progress is reported on constraining the nonzero particle fluxes and energies incident on kilometer-scale shadowed topography, such as a small crater embedded within a larger one. The importance of direct solar wind proton bombardment is discussed within the context of understanding the stability and inventory of hydrogen-bearing volatiles in shadow at the lunar poles. The support of the National Lunar Science institute, the DREAM institute, LPROPS, and the NASA Postdoctoral Program at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center administered by ORAU are gratefully acknowledged.

  18. Extended spectrum SWIR camera with user-accessible Dewar

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Benapfl, Brendan; Miller, John Lester; Vemuri, Hari; Grein, Christoph; Sivananthan, Siva

    2017-02-01

    Episensors has developed a series of extended short wavelength infrared (eSWIR) cameras based on high-Cd concentration Hg1-xCdxTe absorbers. The cameras have a bandpass extending to 3 microns cutoff wavelength, opening new applications relative to traditional InGaAs-based cameras. Applications and uses are discussed and examples given. A liquid nitrogen pour-filled version was initially developed. This was followed by a compact Stirling-cooled version with detectors operating at 200 K. Each camera has unique sensitivity and performance characteristics. The cameras' size, weight and power specifications are presented along with images captured with band pass filters and eSWIR sources to demonstrate spectral response beyond 1.7 microns. The soft seal Dewars of the cameras are designed for accessibility, and can be opened and modified in a standard laboratory environment. This modular approach allows user flexibility for swapping internal components such as cold filters and cold stops. The core electronics of the Stirlingcooled camera are based on a single commercial field programmable gate array (FPGA) that also performs on-board non-uniformity corrections, bad pixel replacement, and directly drives any standard HDMI display.

  19. Extending Digital Repository Architectures to Support Disk Image Preservation and Access

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-06-01

    Extending Digital Repository Architectures to Support Disk Image Preservation and Access Kam Woods School of Information and Library Science University...of North Carolina 216 Lenoir Drive, CB #3360 1-(919)-966-3598 kamwoods@email.unc.edu Christopher A. Lee School of Information and Library ... Science University of North Carolina 216 Lenoir Drive, CB #3360 1-(919)-962-7204 callee@ils.unc.edu Simson Garfinkel Graduate School of

  20. Spectroscopic diagnostics of extended corona and solar wind with UVCS/Spartan

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Strachan, L.; Gardner, L. D.; Kohl, J. L.

    1995-01-01

    The primary goal of the Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer on Spartan 201 (UVCS/Spartan) is to make spectroscopic diagnostic measurements that can be used to derive plasma parameters in the extended solar corona where it is believed that significant heating of the corona and acceleration of the solar wind take place. Direct and indirect measurements of particle velocity distribution, thermal and non-thermal temperatures, and bulk outflow velocities are crucial to aid in the identification of physical processes that may be responsible for coronal heating and solar wind acceleration. UVCS/Spartan has made two flights in April 1993 and September 1994, the latter coinciding with the South Polar Passage of the Ulysses spacecraft. Observations were made of the large-scale structures and sub-structures of coronal holes and streamers at heliocentric heights between 1.5 solar radii and 3.5 solar radii. Measurements were made of H I Lyman-alpha intensities and profiles, and line intensities of minor ions like O(5+) and Fe(11+). We will present results from the flights and discuss how these measurements are used to constrain values for the proton thermal and non-thermal kinetic temperatures, proton bulk outflow velocities, and minor ion temperatures and bulk outflow velocities. Plans for the upcoming flight in July 1995 will also be discussed.

  1. Making working memory work: The effects of extended practice on focus capacity and the processes of updating, forward access, and random access

    PubMed Central

    Price, John M.; Colflesh, Gregory J. H.; Cerella, John; Verhaeghen, Paul

    2014-01-01

    We investigated the effects of 10 hours of practice on variations of the N-Back task to investigate the processes underlying possible expansion of the focus of attention within working memory. Using subtractive logic, we showed that random access (i.e., Sternberg-like search) yielded a modest effect (a 50% increase in speed) whereas the processes of forward access (i.e., retrieval in order, as in a standard N-Back task) and updating (i.e., changing the contents of working memory) were executed about 5 times faster after extended practice. We additionally found that extended practice increased working memory capacity as measured by the size of the focus of attention for the forward-access task, but not for variations where probing was in random order. This suggests that working memory capacity may depend on the type of search process engaged, and that certain working-memory-related cognitive processes are more amenable to practice than others. PMID:24486803

  2. Making working memory work: the effects of extended practice on focus capacity and the processes of updating, forward access, and random access.

    PubMed

    Price, John M; Colflesh, Gregory J H; Cerella, John; Verhaeghen, Paul

    2014-05-01

    We investigated the effects of 10h of practice on variations of the N-Back task to investigate the processes underlying possible expansion of the focus of attention within working memory. Using subtractive logic, we showed that random access (i.e., Sternberg-like search) yielded a modest effect (a 50% increase in speed) whereas the processes of forward access (i.e., retrieval in order, as in a standard N-Back task) and updating (i.e., changing the contents of working memory) were executed about 5 times faster after extended practice. We additionally found that extended practice increased working memory capacity as measured by the size of the focus of attention for the forward-access task, but not for variations where probing was in random order. This suggests that working memory capacity may depend on the type of search process engaged, and that certain working-memory-related cognitive processes are more amenable to practice than others. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  3. Estimating spatial accessibility to facilities on the regional scale: an extended commuting-based interaction potential model

    PubMed Central

    2011-01-01

    Background There is growing interest in the study of the relationships between individual health-related behaviours (e.g. food intake and physical activity) and measurements of spatial accessibility to the associated facilities (e.g. food outlets and sport facilities). The aim of this study is to propose measurements of spatial accessibility to facilities on the regional scale, using aggregated data. We first used a potential accessibility model that partly makes it possible to overcome the limitations of the most frequently used indices such as the count of opportunities within a given neighbourhood. We then propose an extended model in order to take into account both home and work-based accessibility for a commuting population. Results Potential accessibility estimation provides a very different picture of the accessibility levels experienced by the population than the more classical "number of opportunities per census tract" index. The extended model for commuters increases the overall accessibility levels but this increase differs according to the urbanisation level. Strongest increases are observed in some rural municipalities with initial low accessibility levels. Distance to major urban poles seems to play an essential role. Conclusions Accessibility is a multi-dimensional concept that should integrate some aspects of travel behaviour. Our work supports the evidence that the choice of appropriate accessibility indices including both residential and non-residential environmental features is necessary. Such models have potential implications for providing relevant information to policy-makers in the field of public health. PMID:21219597

  4. Luminous Infrared Galaxies. III. Multiple Merger, Extended Massive Star Formation, Galactic Wind, and Nuclear Inflow in NGC 3256

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lípari, S.; Díaz, R.; Taniguchi, Y.; Terlevich, R.; Dottori, H.; Carranza, G.

    2000-08-01

    We report detailed evidence for multiple merger, extended massive star formation, galactic wind, and circular/noncircular motions in the luminous infrared galaxy NGC 3256, based on observations of high-resolution imaging (Hubble Space Telescope, ESO NTT), and extensive spectroscopic data (more than 1000 spectra, collected at Estación Astrofísica de Bosque Alegre, Complejo Astronómico el Leoncito, Cerro Tololo InterAmerican Observatory, and IUE observatories). We find in a detailed morphological study (resolution ~15 pc) that the extended massive star formation process detected previously in NGC 3256 shows extended triple asymmetrical spiral arms (r~5 kpc), emanating from three different nuclei. The main optical nucleus shows a small spiral disk (r~500 pc), which is a continuation of the external one and reaches the very nucleus. The core shows blue elongated structure (50 pc×25 pc) and harbors a blue stellar cluster candidate (r~8 pc). We discuss this complex morphology in the framework of an extended massive star formation driven by a multiple merger process (models of Hernquist et al. and Taniguchi et al.). We study the kinematics of this system and present a detailed Hα velocity field for the central region (40''×40'' rmax~30''~5 kpc), with a spatial resolution of 1" and errors of +/-15 km s-1. The color and isovelocity maps show mainly (1) a kinematic center of circular motion with ``spider'' shape, located between the main optical nucleus and the close (5") mid-IR nucleus and (2) noncircular motions in the external parts. We obtained three ``sinusoidal rotation curves'' (from the Hα velocity field) around position angle (P.A.) ~55°, ~90°, and ~130°. In the main optical nucleus we found a clear ``outflow component'' associated with galactic winds plus an ``inflow radial motion.'' The outflow component was also detected in the central and external regions (r<=5-6 kpc). The main axis of the inflow region (P.A.~80deg) is practically perpendicular to the

  5. Ensuring Access and Inclusion for Marginalised Children in Extended Services: Identifying the Barriers and Promoting Choice

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Frost, Nick; Elmer, Sue; Best, Lesly; Mills, Sue

    2010-01-01

    This article by Nick Frost of Leeds Metropolitan University, Sue Elmer of Leeds Trinity University, and Lesly Best and Sue Mills, who are both Independent Researchers, looks at the experience of marginalised children in extended services. The authors conducted research into access to, and inclusion in, extended services based within schools and…

  6. Factors Affecting Acceptance & Use of ReWIND: Validating the Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nair, Pradeep Kumar; Ali, Faizan; Leong, Lim Chee

    2015-01-01

    Purpose: This study aims to explain the factors affecting students' acceptance and usage of a lecture capture system (LCS)--ReWIND--in a Malaysian university based on the extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) model. Technological advances have become an important feature of universities' plans to improve the…

  7. Knockdown of hypocretin attenuates extended access of cocaine self-administration in rats.

    PubMed

    Schmeichel, Brooke E; Matzeu, Alessandra; Koebel, Pascale; Vendruscolo, Leandro F; Sidhu, Harpreet; Shahryari, Roxana; Kieffer, Brigitte L; Koob, George F; Martin-Fardon, Rémi; Contet, Candice

    2018-04-06

    The hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) neuropeptide system regulates feeding, arousal state, stress responses, and reward, especially under conditions of enhanced motivational relevance. In particular, HCRT neurotransmission facilitates drug-seeking behavior in circumstances that demand increased effort and/or motivation to take the drug. The present study used a shRNA-encoding adeno-associated viral vector to knockdown Hcrt expression throughout the dorsal hypothalamus in adult rats and determine the role of HCRT in cocaine self-administration. Chronic Hcrt silencing did not impact cocaine self-administration under short-access conditions, but robustly attenuated cocaine intake under extended access conditions, a model that mimics key features of compulsive cocaine taking. In addition, Hcrt silencing decreased motivation for both cocaine and a highly palatable food reward (i.e., sweetened condensed milk; SCM) under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement, but did not alter responding for SCM under a fixed ratio schedule. Importantly, Hcrt silencing did not affect food or water consumption, and had no consequence for general measures of arousal and stress reactivity. At the molecular level, chronic Hcrt knockdown reduced the number of neurons expressing dynorphin (DYN), and to a smaller extent melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), in the dorsal hypothalamus. These original findings support the hypothesis that HCRT neurotransmission promotes operant responding for both drug and non-drug rewards, preferentially under conditions requiring a high degree of motivation. Furthermore, the current study provides compelling evidence for the involvement of the HCRT system in cocaine self-administration also under low-effort conditions in rats allowed extended access, possibly via functional interactions with DYN and MCH signaling.

  8. CHANGES IN LEVELS OF D1, D2, OR NMDA RECEPTORS DURING WITHDRAWAL FROM BRIEF OR EXTENDED DAILY ACCESS TO IV COCAINE

    PubMed Central

    Ben-Shahar, Osnat; Keeley, Patrick; Cook, Mariana; Brake, Wayne; Joyce, Megan; Nyffeler, Myriel; Heston, Rebecca; Ettenberg, Aaron

    2007-01-01

    We previously reported that brief (1 hr), but not extended (6 hrs), daily access to cocaine results in a sensitized locomotor response to cocaine and in elevated c-Fos immunoreactivity and DAT binding in the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc) core. In order to better our understanding of the neural adaptations mediating the transition from controlled drug-use to addiction, the current experiments were set to further explore the neural adaptations resulting from these two access conditions. Rats received either brief daily access to saline or cocaine, or brief daily access followed by extended daily access, to cocaine. Subjects were then sacrificed either 20 minutes, or 14 or 60 days, after the last self-administration session. Samples of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), N.Acc core and shell, dorsal striatum, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were taken for analysis of D1 ([3H]SCH-23390), D2 ([3H]Spiperone), and NMDA ([3H]MK-801) receptor binding (using the method of receptor autoradiography). At 20 minutes into withdrawal D2 receptors were elevated and NMDA receptors were reduced in the mPFC of the brief access animals while D1 receptors were elevated in the N.Acc shell of the extended access animals, compared to saline controls. D2 receptors were reduced in the N.Acc shell of the brief access animals compared to saline controls after 14 days, and compared to extended access animals after 60 days of withdrawal. In summary, extended access to cocaine resulted in only transient changes in D1 receptors binding. These results suggest that the development of compulsive drug use is largely unrelated to changes in total binding of D2 or NMDA receptors. PMID:17161392

  9. On Lunar Exospheric Column Densities and Solar Wind Access Beyond the Terminator from ROSAT Soft X-Ray Observations of Solar Wind Charge Exchange

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Collier, Michael R.; Snowden, S. L.; Sarantos, M.; Benna, M.; Carter, J. A.; Cravens, T. E.; Farrell, W. M.; Fatemi, S.; Hills, H. Kent; Hodges, R. R.; hide

    2014-01-01

    We analyze the Rontgen satellite (ROSAT) position sensitive proportional counter soft X-ray image of the Moon taken on 29 June 1990 by examining the radial profile of the surface brightness in three wedges: two 19 deg wedges (one north and one south) 13-32 deg off the terminator toward the dark side and one wedge 38 deg wide centered on the antisolar direction. The radial profiles of both the north and the south wedges show significant limb brightening that is absent in the 38 deg wide antisolar wedge. An analysis of the soft X-ray intensity increase associated with the limb brightening shows that its magnitude is consistent with that expected due to solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) with the tenuous lunar atmosphere based on lunar exospheric models and hybrid simulation results of solar wind access beyond the terminator. Soft X-ray imaging thus can independently infer the total lunar limb column density including all species, a property that before now has not been measured, and provide a large-scale picture of the solar wind-lunar interaction. Because the SWCX signal appears to be dominated by exospheric species arising from solar wind implantation, this technique can also determine how the exosphere varies with solar wind conditions. Now, along with Mars, Venus, and Earth, the Moon represents another solar system body at which SWCX has been observed.

  10. A ground-base Radar network to access the 3D structure of MLT winds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stober, G.; Chau, J. L.; Wilhelm, S.; Jacobi, C.

    2016-12-01

    The mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) is a highly variable atmospheric region driven by wave dynamics at various scales including planetary waves, tides and gravity waves. Some of these propagate through the MLT into the thermosphere/ionosphere carrying energy and momentum from the middle atmosphere into the upper atmosphere. To improve our understanding of the wave energetics and momentum transfer during their dissipation it is essential to characterize their space time properties. During the last two years we developed a new experimental approach to access the horizontal structure of wind fields at the MLT using a meteor radar network in Germany, which we called MMARIA - Multi-static Multi-frequency Agile Radar for Investigation of the Atmosphere. The network combines classical backscatter meteor radars and passive forward scatter radio links. We present our preliminary results using up to 7 different active and passive radio links to obtain horizontally resolved wind fields applying a statistical inverse method. The wind fields are retrieved with 15-30 minutes temporal resolution on a grid with 30x30 km horizontal spacing. Depending on the number of observed meteors, we are able to apply the wind field inversion at heights between 84-94 km. The horizontally resolved wind fields provide insights of the typical horizontal gravity wave length and the energy cascade from large scales to small scales. We present first power spectra indicating the transition from the synoptic wave scale to the gravity wave scale.

  11. Wind Powering America Podcasts, Wind Powering America (WPA)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    2012-04-01

    Wind Powering America and the National Association of Farm Broadcasters produce a series of radio interviews featuring experts discussing wind energy topics. The interviews are aimed at a rural stakeholder audience and are available as podcasts. On the Wind Powering America website, you can access past interviews on topics such as: Keys to Local Wind Energy Development Success, What to Know about Installing a Wind Energy System on Your Farm, and Wind Energy Development Can Revitalize Rural America. This postcard is a marketing piece that stakeholders can provide to interested parties; it will guide them to this online resource formore » podcast episodes.« less

  12. Extended core for motor/generator

    DOEpatents

    Shoykhet, Boris A.

    2005-05-10

    An extended stator core in a motor/generator can be utilized to mitigate losses in end regions of the core and a frame of the motor/generator. To mitigate the losses, the stator core can be extended to a length substantially equivalent to or greater than a length of a magnetically active portion in the rotor. Alternatively, a conventional length stator core can be utilized with a shortened magnetically active portion to mitigate losses in the motor/generator. To mitigate the losses in the core caused by stator winding, the core can be extended to a length substantially equivalent or greater than a length of stator winding.

  13. Extended core for motor/generator

    DOEpatents

    Shoykhet, Boris A.

    2006-08-22

    An extended stator core in a motor/generator can be utilized to mitigate losses in end regions of the core and a frame of the motor/generator. To mitigate the losses, the stator core can be extended to a length substantially equivalent to or greater than a length of a magnetically active portion in the rotor. Alternatively, a conventional length stator core can be utilized with a shortened magnetically active portion to mitigate losses in the motor/generator. To mitigate the losses in the core caused by stator winding, the core can be extended to a length substantially equivalent or greater than a length of stator winding.

  14. Effects of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) on cocaine versus food choice and extended-access cocaine intake in rhesus monkeys.

    PubMed

    Hutsell, Blake A; Cheng, Kejun; Rice, Kenner C; Negus, Sidney Stevens; Banks, Matthew L

    2016-03-01

    The dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system has been implicated as one potential neurobiological modulator of the abuse-related effects of cocaine and as a potential target for medications development. This study determined effects of the KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) on cocaine self-administration under a novel procedure that featured two daily components: (1) a 2-hour 'choice' component (9:00-11:00 am) when monkeys could choose between food pellets and cocaine injections (0-0.1 mg/kg per injection, intravenous) and (2) a 20-hour 'extended-access' component (noon to 8:00 am) when cocaine (0.1 mg/kg per injection) was available under a fixed-ratio schedule to promote high daily cocaine intakes. Rhesus monkeys (n = 4) were given 14 days of exposure to the choice + extended-access procedure then treated with nor-BNI (3.2 or 10.0 mg/kg, intramuscular), and cocaine choice and extended-access cocaine intake were evaluated for an additional 14 days. Consistent with previous studies, cocaine maintained both a dose-dependent increase in cocaine choice during choice components and a high level of cocaine intake during extended-access components. Neither 3.2 nor 10 mg/kg nor-BNI significantly altered cocaine choice or extended-access cocaine intake. In two additional monkeys, nor-BNI also had no effect on cocaine choice or extended-access cocaine intake when it was administered at the beginning of exposure to the extended-access components. Overall, these results do not support a major role for the dynorphin/KOR system in modulating cocaine self-administration under these conditions in non-human primates nor do they support the clinical utility of KOR antagonists as a pharmacotherapeutic strategy for cocaine addiction. © 2015 Society for the Study of Addiction.

  15. Effects of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) on cocaine vs. food choice and extended-access cocaine intake in rhesus monkeys

    PubMed Central

    Hutsell, Blake A; Cheng, K; Rice, Kenner C; Negus, S Stevens; Banks, Matthew L

    2015-01-01

    The dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor system (KOR) has been implicated as one potential neurobiological modulator of the abuse-related effects of cocaine and as a potential target for medications development. This study determined effects of the KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) on cocaine self-administration under a novel procedure that featured two daily components: (1) a 2 h “choice” component (9-11 am) when monkeys could choose between food pellets and cocaine injections (0-0.1 mg/kg/inj, IV), and (2) a 20 h “extended-access” component (noon-8 am) when cocaine (0.1 mg/kg/inj) was available under a fixed-ratio schedule to promote high daily cocaine intakes. Rhesus monkeys (n=4) were given 14 days of exposure to the choice + extended-access procedure, then treated with nor-BNI (3.2 or 10.0 mg/kg, IM), and cocaine choice and extended-access cocaine intake were evaluated for an additional 14 days. Consistent with previous studies, cocaine maintained both a dose-dependent increase in cocaine choice during choice components and a high level of cocaine intake during extended-access components. Neither 3.2 nor 10 mg/kg nor-BNI significantly altered cocaine choice or extended-access cocaine intake. In two additional monkeys, nor-BNI also had no effect on cocaine choice or extended-access cocaine intake when it was administered at the beginning of exposure to the extended-access components. Overall, these results do not support a major role for the dynorphin/KOR system in modulating cocaine self-administration under these conditions in nonhuman primates, nor do they support the clinical utility of KOR antagonists as a pharmacotherapeutic strategy for cocaine addiction. PMID:25581305

  16. Cost of wind energy: comparing distant wind resources to local resources in the midwestern United States.

    PubMed

    Hoppock, David C; Patiño-Echeverri, Dalia

    2010-11-15

    The best wind sites in the United States are often located far from electricity demand centers and lack transmission access. Local sites that have lower quality wind resources but do not require as much power transmission capacity are an alternative to distant wind resources. In this paper, we explore the trade-offs between developing new wind generation at local sites and installing wind farms at remote sites. We first examine the general relationship between the high capital costs required for local wind development and the relatively lower capital costs required to install a wind farm capable of generating the same electrical output at a remote site,with the results representing the maximum amount an investor should be willing to pay for transmission access. We suggest that this analysis can be used as a first step in comparing potential wind resources to meet a state renewable portfolio standard (RPS). To illustrate, we compare the cost of local wind (∼50 km from the load) to the cost of distant wind requiring new transmission (∼550-750 km from the load) to meet the Illinois RPS. We find that local, lower capacity factor wind sites are the lowest cost option for meeting the Illinois RPS if new long distance transmission is required to access distant, higher capacity factor wind resources. If higher capacity wind sites can be connected to the existing grid at minimal cost, in many cases they will have lower costs.

  17. High-fidelity Modeling of Local Effects of Damage for Derated Offshore Wind Turbines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Richards, Phillip W.; Griffith, D. Todd; Hodges, Dewey H.

    2014-06-01

    Offshore wind power production is an attractive clean energy option, but the difficulty of access can lead to expensive and rare opportunities for maintenance. As part of the Structural Health and Prognostics Management (SHPM) project at Sandia National Laboratories, smart loads management (controls) are investigated for their potential to increase the fatigue life of offshore wind turbine rotor blades. Derating refers to altering the rotor angular speed and blade pitch to limit power production and loads on the rotor blades. High- fidelity analysis techniques like 3D finite element modeling (FEM) should be used alongside beam models of wind turbine blades to characterize these control strategies in terms of their effect to mitigate fatigue damage and extend life of turbine blades. This study will consider a commonly encountered damage type for wind turbine blades, the trailing edge disbond, and show how FEM can be used to quantify the effect of operations and control strategies designed to extend the fatigue life of damaged blades. The Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT) will be used to post-process the displacement and stress results to provide estimates of damage severity/criticality and provide a means to estimate the fatigue life under a given operations and control strategy.

  18. Impedance-based structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pitchford, Corey; Grisso, Benjamin L.; Inman, Daniel J.

    2007-04-01

    Wind power is a fast-growing source of non-polluting, renewable energy with vast potential. However, current wind turbine technology must be improved before the potential of wind power can be fully realized. Wind turbine blades are one of the key components in improving this technology. Blade failure is very costly because it can damage other blades, the wind turbine itself, and possibly other wind turbines. A successful damage detection system incorporated into wind turbines could extend blade life and allow for less conservative designs. A damage detection method which has shown promise on a wide variety of structures is impedance-based structural health monitoring. The technique utilizes small piezoceramic (PZT) patches attached to a structure as self-sensing actuators to both excite the structure with high-frequency excitations, and monitor any changes in structural mechanical impedance. By monitoring the electrical impedance of the PZT, assessments can be made about the integrity of the mechanical structure. Recently, advances in hardware systems with onboard computing, including actuation and sensing, computational algorithms, and wireless telemetry, have improved the accessibility of the impedance method for in-field measurements. This paper investigates the feasibility of implementing such an onboard system inside of turbine blades as an in-field method of damage detection. Viability of onboard detection is accomplished by running a series of tests to verify the capability of the method on an actual wind turbine blade section from an experimental carbon/glass/balsa composite blade developed at Sandia National Laboratories.

  19. A Plan for Development of an Educational Telephone Network (ETN) to Extend Access to Educational Programs.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Los Angeles Community Coll. District, CA. Div. of Educational Planning and Development.

    The outreach development process described in this document is designed to provide a model for planning and implementing a program to extend access to educational opportunity for members of the community served by the Los Angeles Community College District. There are four steps required to initiate such a program: (1) Identification--each college…

  20. Solar-wind proton access deep into the near-Moon wake

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nishino, M. N.; Fujimoto, M.; Maezawa, K.; Saito, Y.; Yokota, S.; Asamura, K.; Tanaka, T.; Tsunakawa, H.; Matsushima, M.; Takahashi, F.; Terasawa, T.; Shibuya, H.; Shimizu, H.

    2009-08-01

    We study solar wind (SW) entry deep into the near-Moon wake using SELENE (KAGUYA) data. It has been known that SW protons flowing around the Moon access the central region of the distant lunar wake, while their intrusion deep into the near-Moon wake has never been expected. We show that SW protons sneak into the deepest lunar wake (anti-subsolar region at ˜100 km altitude), and that the entry yields strong asymmetry of the near-Moon wake environment. Particle trajectory calculations demonstrate that these SW protons are once scattered at the lunar dayside surface, picked-up by the SW motional electric field, and finally sneak into the deepest wake. Our results mean that the SW protons scattered at the lunar dayside surface and coming into the night side region are crucial for plasma environment in the wake, suggesting absorption of ambient SW electrons into the wake to maintain quasi-neutrality.

  1. Multi-piece wind turbine rotor blades and wind turbines incorporating same

    DOEpatents

    Moroz,; Mieczyslaw, Emilian [San Diego, CA

    2008-06-03

    A multisection blade for a wind turbine includes a hub extender having a pitch bearing at one end, a skirt or fairing having a hole therethrough and configured to mount over the hub extender, and an outboard section configured to couple to the pitch bearing.

  2. NASA World Wind, Open Source 4D Geospatial Visualization Platform: *.NET & Java*

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hogan, P.; Coughlan, J.

    2006-12-01

    NASA World Wind has only one goal, to provide the maximum opportunity for geospatial information to be experienced, be it education, science, research, business, or government. The benefits to understanding for information delivered in the context of its 4D virtual reality are extraordinary. The NASA World Wind visualization platform is open source and therefore lends itself well to being extended to service *any* requirements, be they proprietary and commercial or simply available. Data accessibility is highly optimized using standard formats including internationally certified open standards (W*S). Although proprietary applications can be built based on World Wind, and proprietary data delivered that leverage World Wind, there is nothing proprietary about the visualization platform itself or the multiple planetary data sets readily available, including global animations of live weather. NASA World Wind is being used by NASA research teams as well as being a formal part of high school and university curriculum. The National Guard uses World Wind for emergency response activities and State governments have incorporated high resolution imagery for GIS management as well as for their cross-agency emergency response activities. The U.S. federal government uses NASA World Wind for a myriad of GIS and security-related issues (NSA, NGA, DOE, FAA, etc.).

  3. Wind Integration Data Sets | Grid Modernization | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    Wind Integration Data Sets Wind Integration Data Sets NREL's wind integration data sets provide the Integration Data Sets Ten-minute time-series wind data for 2004, 2005, and 2006 to help energy professionals perform wind integration studies and estimate power production from hypothetical wind power plants. Access

  4. Testing the robustness of optimal access vessel fleet selection for operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms

    DOE PAGES

    Sperstad, Iver Bakken; Stålhane, Magnus; Dinwoodie, Iain; ...

    2017-09-23

    Optimising the operation and maintenance (O&M) and logistics strategy of offshore wind farms implies the decision problem of selecting the vessel fleet for O&M. Different strategic decision support tools can be applied to this problem, but much uncertainty remains regarding both input data and modelling assumptions. Our paper aims to investigate and ultimately reduce this uncertainty by comparing four simulation tools, one mathematical optimisation tool and one analytic spreadsheet-based tool applied to select the O&M access vessel fleet that minimizes the total O&M cost of a reference wind farm. The comparison shows that the tools generally agree on the optimalmore » vessel fleet, but only partially agree on the relative ranking of the different vessel fleets in terms of total O&M cost. The robustness of the vessel fleet selection to various input data assumptions was tested, and the ranking was found to be particularly sensitive to the vessels' limiting significant wave height for turbine access. Also the parameter with the greatest discrepancy between the tools, implies that accurate quantification and modelling of this parameter is crucial. The ranking is moderately sensitive to turbine failure rates and vessel day rates but less sensitive to electricity price and vessel transit speed.« less

  5. Testing the robustness of optimal access vessel fleet selection for operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sperstad, Iver Bakken; Stålhane, Magnus; Dinwoodie, Iain

    Optimising the operation and maintenance (O&M) and logistics strategy of offshore wind farms implies the decision problem of selecting the vessel fleet for O&M. Different strategic decision support tools can be applied to this problem, but much uncertainty remains regarding both input data and modelling assumptions. Our paper aims to investigate and ultimately reduce this uncertainty by comparing four simulation tools, one mathematical optimisation tool and one analytic spreadsheet-based tool applied to select the O&M access vessel fleet that minimizes the total O&M cost of a reference wind farm. The comparison shows that the tools generally agree on the optimalmore » vessel fleet, but only partially agree on the relative ranking of the different vessel fleets in terms of total O&M cost. The robustness of the vessel fleet selection to various input data assumptions was tested, and the ranking was found to be particularly sensitive to the vessels' limiting significant wave height for turbine access. Also the parameter with the greatest discrepancy between the tools, implies that accurate quantification and modelling of this parameter is crucial. The ranking is moderately sensitive to turbine failure rates and vessel day rates but less sensitive to electricity price and vessel transit speed.« less

  6. The CMEMS L3 scatterometer wind product

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    de Kloe, Jos; Stoffelen, Ad; Verhoef, Anton

    2017-04-01

    Within the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service KNMI produces several ocean surface Level 3 wind products. These are daily updated global maps on a regular grid of the available scatterometer wind observations and derived properties, and produced from our EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI SAF) operational near-real time (NRT) Level 2 swath-based wind products by linear interpolation. Currently available products are the ASCAT on Metop A/B stress equivalent wind vectors, accompanied by ECMWF NWP reference stress equivalent winds from the operational ECMWF NWP model. For each ASCAT scatterometer we provide products on 2 different resolutions, 0.25 and 0.125 degrees. In addition we provide wind stress vectors, and derivative fields (curl and divergence) for stress equivalent wind and wind stress, both for the observations and for the NWP reference winds. New NRT scatterometer products will be made available when additional scatterometer instruments become available, and NRT access to the data can be arranged. We hope OSCAT on the Indian ScatSat-1 satellite will be the the next NRT product to be added. In addition multi-year reprocessing datasets have been made available for ASCAT on Metop-A (1-Jan-2007 up to 31-Mar-2014) and Seawinds on QuikScat (19-Jul-1999 up to 21-Nov-2009). For ASCAT 0.25 and 0.125 degree resolution products are provided, and for QuikScat 0.50 and 0.25 degree resolution products are provided, These products are based on reprocessing the L2 scatterometer products with the latest processing software version, and include reference winds from the ECMWF ERA-Interim model. Additional reprocessing datasets will be added when reprocessed L2 datasets become available. This will hopefully include the ERS-1 and ERS-2 scatterometer datasets (1992-2001), which will extend the available date range back to 1992. These products are available for download through the CMEMS portal website: http://marine.copernicus.eu/

  7. Development of a Climatology of Vertically Complete Wind Profiles from Doppler Radar Wind Profiler Systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Barbre, Robert, Jr.

    2015-01-01

    Assessment of space vehicle loads and trajectories during design requires a large sample of wind profiles at the altitudes where winds affect the vehicle. Traditionally, this altitude region extends from near 8-14 km to address maximum dynamic pressure upon ascent into space, but some applications require knowledge of measured wind profiles at lower altitudes. Such applications include crew capsule pad abort and plume damage analyses. Two Doppler Radar Wind Profiler (DRWP) systems exist at the United States Air Force (USAF) Eastern Range and at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Kennedy Space Center. The 50-MHz DRWP provides wind profiles every 3-5 minutes from roughly 2.5-18.5 km, and five 915-MHz DRWPs provide wind profiles every 15 minutes from approximately 0.2-3.0 km. Archived wind profiles from all systems underwent rigorous quality control (QC) processes, and concurrent measurements from the QC'ed 50- and 915-MHz DRWP archives were spliced into individual profiles that extend from about 0.2-18.5 km. The archive contains combined profiles from April 2000 to December 2009, and thousands of profiles during each month are available for use by the launch vehicle community. This paper presents the details of the QC and splice methodology, as well as some attributes of the archive.

  8. Compulsive-like responding for opioid analgesics in rats with extended access.

    PubMed

    Wade, Carrie L; Vendruscolo, Leandro F; Schlosburg, Joel E; Hernandez, Daniel O; Koob, George F

    2015-01-01

    The abuse of prescription opioids that are used for the treatment of chronic pain is a major public health concern, costing ∼$53.4 billion annually in lost wages, health-care costs, and criminal costs. Although opioids remain a first-line therapy for the treatment of severe chronic pain, practitioners remain cautious because of the potential for abuse and addiction. Opioids such as heroin are considered very rewarding and reinforcing, but direct and systematic comparisons of compulsive intake between commonly prescribed opioids and heroin in animal models have not yet been performed. In the present study, we evaluated the potential for compulsive-like drug seeking and taking, using intravenous self-administration of oxycodone, fentanyl, and buprenorphine in rats allowed long access sessions (12 h). We measured compulsive-like intake using an established escalation model and responding on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. We compared the potential for compulsive-like self-administration of these prescription opioids and heroin, which has been previously established to induce increasing intake that models the transition to addiction in humans. We found that animals that self-administered oxycodone, fentanyl, or heroin, but not buprenorphine had similar profiles of escalation and increases in breakpoints. The use of extended access models of prescription opioid intake will help better understand the biological factors that underlie opioid dependence.

  9. Unified Models of Turbulence and Nonlinear Wave Evolution in the Extended Solar Corona and Solar Wind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cranmer, Steven R.; Wagner, William (Technical Monitor)

    2004-01-01

    The PI (Cranmer) and Co-I (A. van Ballegooijen) made substantial progress toward the goal of producing a unified model of the basic physical processes responsible for solar wind acceleration. The approach outlined in the original proposal comprised two complementary pieces: (1) to further investigate individual physical processes under realistic coronal and solar wind conditions, and (2) to extract the dominant physical effects from simulations and apply them to a 1D model of plasma heating and acceleration. The accomplishments in Year 2 are divided into these two categories: 1a. Focused Study of Kinetic Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Turbulence. lb. Focused Study of Non - WKB Alfven Wave Rejection. and 2. The Unified Model Code. We have continued the development of the computational model of a time-study open flux tube in the extended corona. The proton-electron Monte Carlo model is being tested, and collisionless wave-particle interactions are being included. In order to better understand how to easily incorporate various kinds of wave-particle processes into the code, the PI performed a detailed study of the so-called "Ito Calculus", i.e., the mathematical theory of how to update the positions of particles in a probabilistic manner when their motions are governed by diffusion in velocity space.

  10. NASA World Wind, Open Source 4D Geospatial Visualization Platform: *.NET & Java* for EDUCATION

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hogan, P.; Kuehnel, F.

    2006-12-01

    NASA World Wind has only one goal, to provide the maximum opportunity for geospatial information to be experienced, be it education, science, research, business, or government. The benefits to understanding for information delivered in the context of its 4D virtual reality are extraordinary. The NASA World Wind visualization platform is open source and therefore lends itself well to being extended to service *any* requirements, be they proprietary and commercial or simply available. Data accessibility is highly optimized using standard formats including internationally certified open standards (W*S). Although proprietary applications can be built based on World Wind, and proprietary data delivered that leverage World Wind, there is nothing proprietary about the visualization platform itself or the multiple planetary data sets readily available, including global animations of live weather. NASA World Wind is being used by NASA research teams as well as being a formal part of high school and university curriculum. The National Guard uses World Wind for emergency response activities and State governments have incorporated high resolution imagery for GIS management as well as for their cross-agency emergency response activities. The U.S. federal government uses NASA World Wind for a myriad of GIS and security-related issues (NSA, NGA, DOE, FAA, etc.).

  11. Kansas Wind Energy Consortium

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gruenbacher, Don

    2015-12-31

    This project addresses both fundamental and applied research problems that will help with problems defined by the DOE “20% Wind by 2030 Report”. In particular, this work focuses on increasing the capacity of small or community wind generation capabilities that would be operated in a distributed generation approach. A consortium (KWEC – Kansas Wind Energy Consortium) of researchers from Kansas State University and Wichita State University aims to dramatically increase the penetration of wind energy via distributed wind power generation. We believe distributed generation through wind power will play a critical role in the ability to reach and extend themore » renewable energy production targets set by the Department of Energy. KWEC aims to find technical and economic solutions to enable widespread implementation of distributed renewable energy resources that would apply to wind.« less

  12. Vector wind, horizontal divergence, wind stress and wind stress curl from SEASAT-SASS at one degree resolution

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Pierson, W. J., Jr.; Sylvester, W. B.; Salfi, R. E.

    1984-01-01

    Conventional data obtained in 1983 are contrasted with SEASAT-A scatterometer and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) data to show how observations at a single station can be extended to an area of about 150,000 square km by means of remotely sensed data obtained in nine minutes. Superobservations at a one degree resolution for the vector winds were estimated along with their standard deviations. From these superobservations, the horizontal divergence, vector wind stress, and the curl of the wind stress can be found. Weather forecasting theory is discussed and meteorological charts of the North Pacific Ocean are presented. Synoptic meteorology as a technique is examined.

  13. Effects of 21-day d-amphetamine and risperidone treatment on cocaine vs food choice and extended-access cocaine intake in male rhesus monkeys.

    PubMed

    Hutsell, Blake A; Negus, S Stevens; Banks, Matthew L

    2016-11-01

    Clinical trial data suggest amphetamine treatment is most efficacious in moderate to high frequency cocaine users. However, preclinical studies have examined amphetamine treatment effects under relatively limited cocaine access conditions with low to moderate cocaine intakes. This study determined d-amphetamine treatment effects on cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys under cocaine access conditions allowing for high daily cocaine intake. For comparison and as a negative control, treatment effects with the antipsychotic risperidone were also examined. Continuous 21-day treatments with ramping doses of d-amphetamine (days 1-7: 0.032mg/kg/h; days 8-21: 0.1mg/kg/h, i.v.) or risperidone (days 1-7: 0.001mg/kg/h; days 8-14: 0.0032mg/kg/h; days 15-21: 0.0056mg/kg/h, i.v.) were administered to rhesus monkeys (n=4) with daily access to two types of cocaine self-administration sessions: (1) a 2-h 'choice' session with concurrent availability of 1-g food pellets and intravenous cocaine injections (0-0.1mg/kg per injection) and (2) a 20-h 'extended-access' session with 0.1mg/kg per injection cocaine availability. Total daily cocaine intake increased >6-fold during extended cocaine access. d-Amphetamine significantly decreased total cocaine intake, but not cocaine vs food choice. In contrast, risperidone did not significantly alter either total cocaine intake or cocaine vs. food choice. These results confirm and extend previous results supporting treatment effectiveness for monoamine releasers, but not dopamine antagonists, to reduce cocaine self-administration. Moreover, these results suggest amphetamine treatment efficacy to decrease preclinical cocaine vs. food choice may depend upon cocaine access conditions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  14. Expertise effects in cutaneous wind perception.

    PubMed

    Pluijms, Joost P; Cañal-Bruland, Rouwen; Bergmann Tiest, Wouter M; Mulder, Fabian A; Savelsbergh, Geert J P

    2015-08-01

    We examined whether expertise effects are present in cutaneous wind perception. To this end, we presented wind stimuli consisting of different wind directions and speeds in a wind simulator. The wind simulator generated wind stimuli from 16 directions and with three speeds by means of eight automotive wind fans. Participants were asked to judge cutaneously perceived wind directions and speeds without having access to any visual or auditory information. Expert sailors (n = 6), trained to make the most effective use of wind characteristics, were compared to less-skilled sailors (n = 6) and to a group of nonsailors (n = 6). The results indicated that expert sailors outperformed nonsailors in perceiving wind direction (i.e., smaller mean signed errors) when presented with low wind speeds. This suggests that expert sailors are more sensitive in picking up differences in wind direction, particularly when confronted with low wind speeds that demand higher sensitivity.

  15. Wind shear measuring on board an airliner

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Krauspe, P.

    1984-01-01

    A measurement technique which continuously determines the wind vector on board an airliner during takeoff and landing is introduced. Its implementation is intended to deliver sufficient statistical background concerning low frequency wind changes in the atmospheric boundary layer and extended knowledge about deterministic wind shear modeling. The wind measurement scheme is described and the adaptation of apparatus onboard an A300 airbus is shown. Preliminary measurements made during level flight demonstrate the validity of the method.

  16. Vertical-axis wind turbine experiments at full dynamic similarity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Duvvuri, Subrahmanyam; Miller, Mark; Brownstein, Ian; Dabiri, John; Hultmark, Marcus

    2017-11-01

    This study presents results from pressurized (upto 200 atm) wind tunnel tests of a self-spinning 5-blade model Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). The model is geometrically similar (scale ratio 1:22) to a commercially available VAWT, which has a rotor diameter of 2.17 meters and blade span of 3.66 meters, and is used at the Stanford university field lab. The use of pressurized air as working fluid allows for the unique ability to obtain full dynamic similarity with field conditions in terms of matched Reynolds numbers (Re), tip-speed ratios (λ), and Mach number (M). Tests were performed across a wide range of Re and λ, with the highest Re exceeding the maximum operational field Reynolds number (Remax) by a factor of 3. With an extended range of accessible Re conditions, the peak turbine power efficiency was seen to occur roughly at Re = 2 Remax and λ = 1 . Beyond Re > 2 Remax the turbine performance is invariant in Re for all λ. A clear demonstration of Reynolds number invariance for an actual full-scale wind turbine lends novelty to this study, and overall the results show the viability of the present experimental technique in testing turbines at field conditions.

  17. Synoptic forcing of wind relaxations at Pt. Conception, California

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fewings, Melanie R.; Washburn, Libe; Dorman, Clive E.; Gotschalk, Christopher; Lombardo, Kelly

    2016-08-01

    Over the California Current upwelling system in summer, the prevailing upwelling-favorable winds episodically weaken (relax) or reverse direction for a few days. Near Pt. Conception, California, the wind usually does not reverse, but wind relaxation allows poleward oceanic coastal flow with ecological consequences. To determine the offshore extent and synoptic forcing of these wind relaxations, we formed composite averages of wind stress from the QuikSCAT satellite and atmospheric pressure from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) using 67 wind relaxations during summer 2000-2009. Wind relaxations at Pt. Conception are the third stage of an event sequence that repeatedly affects the west coast of North America in summer. First, 5-7 days before the wind weakens near Pt. Conception, the wind weakens or reverses off Oregon and northern California. Second, the upwelling-favorable wind intensifies along central California. Third, the wind relaxes at Pt. Conception, and the area of weakened winds extends poleward to northern California over 3-5 days. The NARR underestimates the wind stress within ˜200 km of coastal capes by a factor of 2. Wind relaxations at Pt. Conception are caused by offshore extension of the desert heat low. This synoptic forcing is related to event cycles that cause wind reversal as in Halliwell and Allen (1987) and Mass and Bond (1996), but includes weaker events. The wind relaxations extend ˜600 km offshore, similarly to the California-scale hydraulic expansion fan shaping the prevailing winds, and ˜1000 km alongshore, limited by an opposing pressure gradient force at Cape Mendocino.

  18. Final Report on the Creation of the Wind Integration National Dataset (WIND) Toolkit and API: October 1, 2013 - September 30, 2015

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hodge, Bri-Mathias

    2016-04-08

    The primary objective of this work was to create a state-of-the-art national wind resource data set and to provide detailed wind plant output data for specific sites based on that data set. Corresponding retrospective wind forecasts were also included at all selected locations. The combined information from these activities was used to create the Wind Integration National Dataset (WIND), and an extraction tool was developed to allow web-based data access.

  19. Unified Models of Turbulence and Nonlinear Wave Evolution in the Extended Solar Corona and Solar Wind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cranmer, Steven R.; Wagner, William (Technical Monitor)

    2003-01-01

    The PI (Cranmer) and Co-I (A. van Ballegooijen) made significant progress toward the goal of building a "unified model" of the dominant physical processes responsible for the acceleration of the solar wind. The approach outlined in the original proposal comprised two complementary pieces: (1) to further investigate individual physical processes under realistic coronal and solar wind conditions, and (2) to extract the dominant physical effects from simulations and apply them to a one-dimensional and time-independent model of plasma heating and acceleration. The accomplishments in the report period are thus divided into these two categories: 1a. Focused Study of Kinetic MHD Turbulence. We have developed a model of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in the extended solar corona that contains the effects of collisionless dissipation and anisotropic particle heating. A turbulent cascade is one possible way of generating small-scale fluctuations (easy to dissipate/heat) from a pre-existing population of low-frequency Alfven waves (difficult to dissipate/heat). We modeled the cascade as a combination of advection and diffusion in wavenumber space. The dominant spectral transfer occurs in the direction perpendicular to the background magnetic field. As expected from earlier models, this leads to a highly anisotropic fluctuation spectrum with a rapidly decaying tail in the parallel wavenumber direction. The wave power that decays to high enough frequencies to become ion cyclotron resonant depends on the relative strengths of advection and diffusion in the cascade. For the most realistic values of these parameters, though, there is insufficient power to heat protons and heavy ions. The dominant oblique waves undergo Landau damping, which implies strong parallel electron heating. We thus investigated the nonlinear evolution of the electron velocity distributions (VDFs) into parallel beams and discrete phase-space holes (similar to those seen in the terrestrial magnetosphere

  20. Effects of 21-day d-amphetamine and risperidone treatment on cocaine vs food choice and extended-access cocaine intake in male rhesus monkeys

    PubMed Central

    Hutsell, Blake A.; Negus, S. Stevens; Banks, Matthew L.

    2016-01-01

    Background Clinical trial data suggest amphetamine treatment is most efficacious in moderate to high frequency cocaine users. However, preclinical studies have examined amphetamine treatment effects under relatively limited cocaine access conditions with low to moderate cocaine intakes. This study determined d-amphetamine treatment effects on cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys under cocaine access conditions allowing for high daily cocaine intake. For comparison and as a negative control, treatment effects with the antipsychotic risperidone were also examined. Methods Continuous 21-day treatments with ramping doses of d-amphetamine (days 1–7: 0.032 mg/kg/h; days 8–21: 0.1 mg/kg/h, i.v.) or risperidone (days 1–7: 0.001 mg/kg/h; days 8–14: 0.0032 mg/kg/h; days 15–21: 0.0056 mg/kg/h, i.v.) were administered to rhesus monkeys (n = 4) with daily access to two types of cocaine self-administration sessions: (1) a 2-h ‘choice’ session with concurrent availability of 1-g food pellets and intravenous cocaine injections (0–0.1 mg/kg per injection) and (2) a 20-h ‘extended-access’ session with 0.1 mg/kg per injection cocaine availability. Results Total daily cocaine intake increased >6-fold during extended cocaine access. d-Amphetamine significantly decreased total cocaine intake, but not cocaine vs food choice. In contrast, risperidone did not significantly alter either total cocaine intake or cocaine vs. food choice. Conclusions These results confirm and extend previous results supporting treatment effectiveness for monoamine releasers, but not dopamine antagonists, to reduce cocaine self-administration. Moreover, these results suggest amphetamine treatment efficacy to decrease preclinical cocaine vs. food choice may depend upon cocaine access conditions. PMID:27615401

  1. Wind effects on long-span bridges: Probabilistic wind data format for buffeting and VIV load assessments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hoffmann, K.; Srouji, R. G.; Hansen, S. O.

    2017-12-01

    The technology development within the structural design of long-span bridges in Norwegian fjords has created a need for reformulating the calculation format and the physical quantities used to describe the properties of wind and the associated wind-induced effects on bridge decks. Parts of a new probabilistic format describing the incoming, undisturbed wind is presented. It is expected that a fixed probabilistic format will facilitate a more physically consistent and precise description of the wind conditions, which in turn increase the accuracy and considerably reduce uncertainties in wind load assessments. Because the format is probabilistic, a quantification of the level of safety and uncertainty in predicted wind loads is readily accessible. A simple buffeting response calculation demonstrates the use of probabilistic wind data in the assessment of wind loads and responses. Furthermore, vortex-induced fatigue damage is discussed in relation to probabilistic wind turbulence data and response measurements from wind tunnel tests.

  2. Dynamical quantum phase transitions in extended transverse Ising models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bhattacharjee, Sourav; Dutta, Amit

    2018-04-01

    We study the dynamical quantum phase transitions (DQPTs) manifested in the subsequent unitary dynamics of an extended Ising model with an additional three spin interactions following a sudden quench. Revisiting the equilibrium phase diagram of the model, where different quantum phases are characterized by different winding numbers, we show that in some situations the winding number may not change across a gap closing point in the energy spectrum. Although, usually there exists a one-to-one correspondence between the change in winding number and the number of critical time scales associated with DQPTs, we show that the extended nature of interactions may lead to unusual situations. Importantly, we show that in the limit of the cluster Ising model, three critical modes associated with DQPTs become degenerate, thereby leading to a single critical time scale for a given sector of Fisher zeros.

  3. Wind Carved Rock

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2016-10-19

    The distinctively fluted surface and elongated hills in this image in Medusae Fossae are caused by wind erosion of a soft fine-grained rock. Called yardangs, these features are aligned with the prevailing wind direction. This wind direction would have dominated for a very long time to carve these large-scale features into the exposed rock we see today. Yardangs not only reveal the strength and direction of historic winds, but also reveal something of the host rock itself. Close inspection by HiRISE shows an absence of boulders or rubble, especially along steep yardang cliffs and buttresses. The absence of rubble and the scale of the yardangs tells us that the host rock consists only of weakly cemented fine granules in tens of meters or more thick deposits. Such deposits could have come from extended settling of volcanic ash, atmospheric dust, or accumulations of wind deposited fine sands. After a time these deposits became cemented and cohesive, illustrated by the high standing relief and exposed cliffs. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21111

  4. Wind power forecasting: IEA Wind Task 36 & future research issues

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Giebel, G.; Cline, J.; Frank, H.; Shaw, W.; Pinson, P.; Hodge, B.-M.; Kariniotakis, G.; Madsen, J.; Möhrlen, C.

    2016-09-01

    This paper presents the new International Energy Agency Wind Task 36 on Forecasting, and invites to collaborate within the group. Wind power forecasts have been used operatively for over 20 years. Despite this fact, there are still several possibilities to improve the forecasts, both from the weather prediction side and from the usage of the forecasts. The new International Energy Agency (IEA) Task on Forecasting for Wind Energy tries to organise international collaboration, among national meteorological centres with an interest and/or large projects on wind forecast improvements (NOAA, DWD, MetOffice, met.no, DMI,...), operational forecaster and forecast users. The Task is divided in three work packages: Firstly, a collaboration on the improvement of the scientific basis for the wind predictions themselves. This includes numerical weather prediction model physics, but also widely distributed information on accessible datasets. Secondly, we will be aiming at an international pre-standard (an IEA Recommended Practice) on benchmarking and comparing wind power forecasts, including probabilistic forecasts. This WP will also organise benchmarks, in cooperation with the IEA Task WakeBench. Thirdly, we will be engaging end users aiming at dissemination of the best practice in the usage of wind power predictions. As first results, an overview of current issues for research in short-term forecasting of wind power is presented.

  5. Wind power forecasting: IEA Wind Task 36 & future research issues

    DOE PAGES

    Giebel, G.; Cline, J.; Frank, H.; ...

    2016-10-03

    Here, this paper presents the new International Energy Agency Wind Task 36 on Forecasting, and invites to collaborate within the group. Wind power forecasts have been used operatively for over 20 years. Despite this fact, there are still several possibilities to improve the forecasts, both from the weather prediction side and from the usage of the forecasts. The new International Energy Agency (IEA) Task on Forecasting for Wind Energy tries to organise international collaboration, among national meteorological centres with an interest and/or large projects on wind forecast improvements (NOAA, DWD, MetOffice, met.no, DMI,...), operational forecaster and forecast users. The Taskmore » is divided in three work packages: Firstly, a collaboration on the improvement of the scientific basis for the wind predictions themselves. This includes numerical weather prediction model physics, but also widely distributed information on accessible datasets. Secondly, we will be aiming at an international pre-standard (an IEA Recommended Practice) on benchmarking and comparing wind power forecasts, including probabilistic forecasts. This WP will also organise benchmarks, in cooperation with the IEA Task WakeBench. Thirdly, we will be engaging end users aiming at dissemination of the best practice in the usage of wind power predictions. As first results, an overview of current issues for research in short-term forecasting of wind power is presented.« less

  6. "Effects of the novel relatively short-acting kappa opioid receptor antagonist LY2444296 in behaviors observed after chronic extended-access cocaine self-administration in rats".

    PubMed

    Valenza, Marta; Butelman, Eduardo R; Kreek, Mary Jeanne

    2017-08-01

    The recruitment of the stress circuitry contributes to a shift from positive to negative reinforcement mechanisms sustaining long-term cocaine addiction. The kappa opioid receptor (KOPr) signaling is upregulated by stress and chronic cocaine exposure. While KOPr agonists induce anhedonia and dysphoria, KOPr antagonists display antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. Most of the knowledge on KOPr antagonism is based on drugs with unusual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, complicating interpretation of results. Here we characterized in vivo behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the novel relatively short-acting KOPr antagonist LY2444296. To date, no study has investigated whether systemic KOPr blockade reduced anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors in animals previously exposed to chronic extended access cocaine self-administration. We tested the effect of LY2444296 in blocking KOPr-mediated aversive and neuroendocrine effects. Then, we tested acute systemic LY2444296 in reducing anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, as well as releasing the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT), observed after chronic extended access (18 h/day for 14 days) cocaine self-administration. LY2444296 blocked U69,593-induced place aversion and -reduced motor activity as well as U69,593-induced release of serum CORT, confirming its major site of action, without exerting an effect per se. Acute systemic administration of LY2444296 reduced anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, as well as CORT release, in rats tested after chronic extended access cocaine self-administration, but not in cocaine-naïve rats. Results suggest that acute blockade of KOPr by a relatively short-acting antagonist produces therapeutic-like effects selectively in rats with a history of chronic extended access cocaine self-administration.

  7. NASA World Wind Near Real Time Data for Earth

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hogan, P.

    2013-12-01

    Innovation requires open standards for data exchange, not to mention ^access to data^ so that value-added, the information intelligence, can be continually created and advanced by the larger community. Likewise, innovation by academia and entrepreneurial enterprise alike, are greatly benefited by an open platform that provides the basic technology for access and visualization of that data. NASA World Wind Java, and now NASA World Wind iOS for the iPhone and iPad, provides that technology. Whether the interest is weather science or climate science, emergency response or supply chain, seeing spatial data in its native context of Earth accelerates understanding and improves decision-making. NASA World Wind open source technology provides the basic elements for 4D visualization, using Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) protocols, while allowing for customized access to any data, big or small, including support for NetCDF. NASA World Wind includes access to a suite of US Government WMS servers with near real time data. The larger community can readily capitalize on this technology, building their own value-added applications, either open or proprietary. Night lights heat map Glacier National Park

  8. Wavelet analysis for wind fields estimation.

    PubMed

    Leite, Gladeston C; Ushizima, Daniela M; Medeiros, Fátima N S; de Lima, Gilson G

    2010-01-01

    Wind field analysis from synthetic aperture radar images allows the estimation of wind direction and speed based on image descriptors. In this paper, we propose a framework to automate wind direction retrieval based on wavelet decomposition associated with spectral processing. We extend existing undecimated wavelet transform approaches, by including à trous with B(3) spline scaling function, in addition to other wavelet bases as Gabor and Mexican-hat. The purpose is to extract more reliable directional information, when wind speed values range from 5 to 10 ms(-1). Using C-band empirical models, associated with the estimated directional information, we calculate local wind speed values and compare our results with QuikSCAT scatterometer data. The proposed approach has potential application in the evaluation of oil spills and wind farms.

  9. Wavelet Analysis for Wind Fields Estimation

    PubMed Central

    Leite, Gladeston C.; Ushizima, Daniela M.; Medeiros, Fátima N. S.; de Lima, Gilson G.

    2010-01-01

    Wind field analysis from synthetic aperture radar images allows the estimation of wind direction and speed based on image descriptors. In this paper, we propose a framework to automate wind direction retrieval based on wavelet decomposition associated with spectral processing. We extend existing undecimated wavelet transform approaches, by including à trous with B3 spline scaling function, in addition to other wavelet bases as Gabor and Mexican-hat. The purpose is to extract more reliable directional information, when wind speed values range from 5 to 10 ms−1. Using C-band empirical models, associated with the estimated directional information, we calculate local wind speed values and compare our results with QuikSCAT scatterometer data. The proposed approach has potential application in the evaluation of oil spills and wind farms. PMID:22219699

  10. Preparing WIND for the STEREO Mission

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schroeder, P.; Ogilve, K.; Szabo, A.; Lin, R.; Luhmann, J.

    2006-05-01

    The upcoming STEREO mission's IMPACT and PLASTIC investigations will provide the first opportunity for long duration, detailed observations of 1 AU magnetic field structures, plasma ions and electrons, suprathermal electrons, and energetic particles at points bracketing Earth's heliospheric location. Stereoscopic/3D information from the STEREO SECCHI imagers and SWAVES radio experiment will make it possible to use both multipoint and quadrature studies to connect interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICME) and solar wind structures to CMEs and coronal holes observed at the Sun. To fully exploit these unique data sets, tight integration with similarly equipped missions at L1 will be essential, particularly WIND and ACE. The STEREO mission is building novel data analysis tools to take advantage of the mission's scientific potential. These tools will require reliable access and a well-documented interface to the L1 data sets. Such an interface already exists for ACE through the ACE Science Center. We plan to provide a similar service for the WIND mission that will supplement existing CDAWeb services. Building on tools also being developed for STEREO, we will create a SOAP application program interface (API) which will allow both our STEREO/WIND/ACE interactive browser and third-party software to access WIND data as a seamless and integral part of the STEREO mission. The API will also allow for more advanced forms of data mining than currently available through other data web services. Access will be provided to WIND-specific data analysis software as well. The development of cross-spacecraft data analysis tools will allow a larger scientific community to combine STEREO's unique in-situ data with those of other missions, particularly the L1 missions, and, therefore, to maximize STEREO's scientific potential in gaining a greater understanding of the heliosphere.

  11. Conductor for a fluid-cooled winding

    DOEpatents

    Kenney, Walter J.

    1983-01-01

    A conductor and method of making the conductor are provided for use in winding electrical coils which are cooled by a fluid communicating with the conductor. The conductor is cold worked through twisting and reshaping steps to form a generally rectangular cross section conductor having a plurality of helical cooling grooves extending axially of the conductor. The conductor configuration makes it suitable for a wide variety of winding applications and permits the use of simple strip insulation between turns and perforated sheet insulation between layers of the winding.

  12. Optimizing stellarator coil winding surfaces with Regcoil

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bader, Aaron; Landreman, Matt; Anderson, David; Hegna, Chris

    2017-10-01

    We show initial attempts at optimizing a coil winding surface using the Regcoil code [1] for selected quasi helically symmetric equilibria. We implement a generic optimization scheme which allows for variation of the winding surface to allow for improved diagnostic access and allow for flexible divertor solutions. Regcoil and similar coil-solving algorithms require a user-input winding surface, on which the coils lie. Simple winding surfaces created by uniformly expanding the plasma boundary may not be ideal. Engineering constraints on reactor design require a coil-plasma separation sufficient for the introduction of neutron shielding and a tritium generating blanket. This distance can be the limiting factor in determining reactor size. Furthermore, expanding coils in other regions, where possible, can be useful for diagnostic and maintenance access along with providing sufficient room for a divertor. We minimize a target function that includes as constraints, the minimum coil-plasma distance, the winding surface volume, and the normal magnetic field on the plasma boundary. Results are presented for two quasi-symmetric equilibria at different aspect ratios. Work supported by the US DOE under Grant DE-FG02-93ER54222.

  13. Floating wind turbine system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Viterna, Larry A. (Inventor)

    2009-01-01

    A floating wind turbine system with a tower structure that includes at least one stability arm extending therefrom and that is anchored to the sea floor with a rotatable position retention device that facilitates deep water installations. Variable buoyancy for the wind turbine system is provided by buoyancy chambers that are integral to the tower itself as well as the stability arm. Pumps are included for adjusting the buoyancy as an aid in system transport, installation, repair and removal. The wind turbine rotor is located downwind of the tower structure to allow the wind turbine to follow the wind direction without an active yaw drive system. The support tower and stability arm structure is designed to balance tension in the tether with buoyancy, gravity and wind forces in such a way that the top of the support tower leans downwind, providing a large clearance between the support tower and the rotor blade tips. This large clearance facilitates the use of articulated rotor hubs to reduced damaging structural dynamic loads. Major components of the turbine can be assembled at the shore and transported to an offshore installation site.

  14. Solar wind acceleration in the solar corona

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Giordano, S.; Antonucci, E.; Benna, C.; Kohl, J. L.; Noci, G.; Michels, J.; Fineschi, S.

    1997-01-01

    The intensity ratio of the O VI doublet in the extended area is analyzed. The O VI intensity data were obtained with the ultraviolet coronagraph spectrometer (UVCS) during the SOHO campaign 'whole sun month'. The long term observations above the north pole of the sun were used for the polar coronal data. Using these measurements, the solar wind outflow velocity in the extended corona was determined. The 100 km/s level is running along the streamer borders. The acceleration of the solar wind is found to be high in regions between streamers. In the central part of streamers, the outflow velocity of the coronal plasma remains below 100 km/s at least within 3.8 solar radii. The regions at the north and south poles, characterized by a more rapid acceleration of the solar wind, correspond to regions where the UVCS observes enhanced O VI line broadenings.

  15. Wind turbine having a direct-drive drivetrain

    DOEpatents

    Bevington, Christopher M.; Bywaters, Garrett L.; Coleman, Clint C.; Costin, Daniel P.; Danforth, William L.; Lynch, Jonathan A.; Rolland, Robert H.

    2011-02-22

    A wind turbine comprising an electrical generator that includes a rotor assembly. A wind rotor that includes a wind rotor hub is directly coupled to the rotor assembly via a simplified connection. The wind rotor and generator rotor assembly are rotatably mounted on a central spindle via a bearing assembly. The wind rotor hub includes an opening having a diameter larger than the outside diameter of the central spindle adjacent the bearing assembly so as to allow access to the bearing assembly from a cavity inside the wind rotor hub. The spindle is attached to a turret supported by a tower. Each of the spindle, turret and tower has an interior cavity that permits personnel to traverse therethrough to the cavity of the wind rotor hub. The wind turbine further includes a frictional braking system for slowing, stopping or keeping stopped the rotation of the wind rotor and rotor assembly.

  16. Santa Ana Winds Over Los Angeles

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2003-01-08

    High-resolution ocean surface wind data from NASA's Quick Scatterometer (QuikScat) illustrate the strength of Santa Ana winds that pounded Southern California this week, causing damage and spreading brush fires. The colored arrows represent various ranges of wind speed, which were still well in excess of 30 knots (34 miles per hour), even after reaching the ocean and weakening. Santa Ana winds are offshore and down-slope winds unique to Southern California that are usually channeled through mountain gaps. These Santa Ana winds extend more than 500 kilometers (310 miles) offshore before changing direction to flow along the shore. The wind speeds and directions are retrieved from range-compressed backscatter data measured by QuikScat that has much higher spatial resolution than QuikScat's standard data products. Useful applications of high-resolution science-quality wind products derived from range-compressed backscatter have been demonstrated in two scientific papers: one on Hurricane Floyd and the other on Catalina Eddies. This is the first demonstration on near-real-time retrieval applications. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03892

  17. Extending OPeNDAP's Data-Access Protocol to Include Enhanced Pre-Retrieval Operations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fulker, D. W.

    2013-12-01

    We describe plans to extend OPeNDAP's Web-services protocol as a Building Block for NSF's EarthCube initiative. Though some data-access services have offered forms of subset-selection for decades, other pre-retrieval operations have been unavailable, in part because their benefits (over equivalent post-retrieval actions) are only now becoming fully evident. This is due in part to rapid growth in the volumes of data that are pertinent to the geosciences, exacerbated by limitations such as Internet speeds and latencies as well as pressures toward data usage on ever-smaller devices. In this context, as recipients of a "Building Blocks" award from the most recent round of EarthCube funding, we are launching the specification and prototype implementation of a new Open Data Services Invocation Protocol (ODSIP), by which clients may invoke a newly rich set of data-acquisition services, ranging from statistical summarization and criteria-driven subsetting to re-gridding/resampling. ODSIP will be an extension to DAP4, the latest version of OPeNDAP's widely used data access protocol, which underpins a number of open-source, multilingual, client-server systems (offering data access as a Web service), including THREDDS, PyDAP, GrADS, ERDAP and FERRET, as well as OPeNDAP's own Hyrax servers. We are motivated by the idea that key parts of EarthCube can be built effectively around clients and servers that employ a common and conceptually rich protocol for data acquisition. This concept extends 'data provision' to include pre-retrieval operations that, even when invoked by remote clients, exhibit efficiencies of data-proximate computation. Our aim for ODSIP is to embed a largely domain-neutral algebra of server functions that, despite being deliberately compact, can fulfill a broad range of user needs for pre-retrieval operations. To that end, our approach builds upon languages and tools that have proven effective in multi-domain contexts, and we will employ a user-centered design

  18. Seasonal patterns of wind stress and wind stress curl over the Gulf of Mexico

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    de Velasco, Guillermo Gutiérrez; Winant, Clinton D.

    1996-08-01

    Meteorological observations from an array of stations deployed along the periphery of the Gulf of Mexico, between 1990 and 1993, are used to describe the seasonal fluctuations in patterns of atmospheric variables from a contemporary set of measurements. Seasonal maps of wind stress based on these measurements resemble wind stress maps based on ship observations, as published by Elliott [1979], rather than maps based on analyses of numerical weather forecasts, as published by Rhodes et al. [1989], particularly near the western boundary of the gulf. Seasonal maps of wind stress curl are characterized by positive curls over the western and southwestern gulf. The central result of this study is to document the important role of the mountain chain which extends along the southwestern section of the gulf in channeling the wind toward the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

  19. SWICS/Ulysses and MASS/wind observations of solar wind sulfur charge states

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cohen, C. M. S.; Galvin, A. B.; Hamilton, D. C.; Gloeckler, G.; Geiss, J.; Bochsler, P.

    1995-01-01

    As Ulysses journeys from the southern to the northern solar pole, the newly launched Wind spacecraft is monitoring the solar wind near 1 AU, slightly upstream of the Earth. Different solar wind structures pass over both spacecraft as coronal holes and other features rotate in and out of view. Ulysses and Wind are presently on opposing sides of the sun allowing us to monitor these streams for extended periods of time. Composition measurements made by instruments on both spacecraft provide information concerning the evolution and properties of these structures. We have combined data from the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) on Ulysses and the high mass resolution spectrometer (MASS) on Wind to determine the charge state distribution of sulfur in the solar wind. Both instruments employ electrostatic deflection with time-of-flight measurement. The high mass resolution of the MASS instrument (M/Delta-M approximately 100) allows sulfur to be isolated easily while the stepping energy/charge selection provides charge state information. SWICS measurements allow the unique identification of heavy ions by their mass and mass/charge with resolutions of M/Delta-M approximately 3 and M/q/Delta(M/q) approximately 20. The two instruments complement each other nicely in that MASS has the greater mass resolution while SWICS has the better mass/charge resolution and better statistics.

  20. Wind lift generator

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Herman, G. R.; Martin, W. A.

    1985-08-20

    A wind lift generator includes a housing structure formed by a pair of spaced apart plates mounted on support structure for pivotal rotation about a vertical axis at the forward end thereof for orienting into the wind, and said plates supporting a plurality of coaxially disposed sprockets arranged to support a pair of spaced apart drive chains in a quadrilateral configuration with lift foils connected and supported between the chains with the quadrilateral chain configuration supporting the chain for an initial lift mode at the forward end of the housing, followed by a direct impact mode extending from the frontmore » of the housing upward and backward to the rear of the housing and a negative lift mode extending from the top rear of the housing to the bottom with the vanes returning via a neutral mode to the front of the housing for repeating the lift cycle. A suitable electrical generator is driven from one or more shafts of the assembly driven by the drive chains.« less

  1. Wind reconstruction algorithm for Viking Lander 1

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kynkäänniemi, Tuomas; Kemppinen, Osku; Harri, Ari-Matti; Schmidt, Walter

    2017-06-01

    The wind measurement sensors of Viking Lander 1 (VL1) were only fully operational for the first 45 sols of the mission. We have developed an algorithm for reconstructing the wind measurement data after the wind measurement sensor failures. The algorithm for wind reconstruction enables the processing of wind data during the complete VL1 mission. The heater element of the quadrant sensor, which provided auxiliary measurement for wind direction, failed during the 45th sol of the VL1 mission. Additionally, one of the wind sensors of VL1 broke down during sol 378. Regardless of the failures, it was still possible to reconstruct the wind measurement data, because the failed components of the sensors did not prevent the determination of the wind direction and speed, as some of the components of the wind measurement setup remained intact for the complete mission. This article concentrates on presenting the wind reconstruction algorithm and methods for validating the operation of the algorithm. The algorithm enables the reconstruction of wind measurements for the complete VL1 mission. The amount of available sols is extended from 350 to 2245 sols.

  2. Wind turbine having a direct-drive drivetrain

    DOEpatents

    Bevington, Christopher M.; Bywaters, Garrett L.; Coleman, Clint C.; Costin, Daniel P.; Danforth, William L.; Lynch, Jonathan A.; Rolland, Robert H.

    2008-10-07

    A wind turbine (100) comprising an electrical generator (108) that includes a rotor assembly (112). A wind rotor (104) that includes a wind rotor hub (124) is directly coupled to the rotor assembly via a simplified connection. The wind rotor and generator rotor assembly are rotatably mounted on a central spindle (160) via a bearing assembly (180). The wind rotor hub includes an opening (244) having a diameter larger than the outside diameter of the central spindle adjacent the bearing assembly so as to allow access to the bearing assembly from a cavity (380) inside the wind rotor hub. The spindle is attached to a turret (140) supported by a tower (136). Each of the spindle, turret and tower has an interior cavity (172, 176, 368) that permits personnel to traverse therethrough to the cavity of the wind rotor hub. The wind turbine further includes a frictional braking system (276) for slowing, stopping or keeping stopped the rotation of the wind rotor and rotor assembly.

  3. Transonic Wind Tunnel Modernization for Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Stall in a Wide Range of Mach Numbers by Plasma Actuators with Combined Energy/Momentum Action

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-01-02

    The wind tunnel is fitted with large windows for extended optical access to permit various non intrusive and minimally intrusive diagnostic ...as well as new dielectric and semiconducting surface structures The tunnel test section is built with dielectric walls to avoid electromagnetic ...14 – DAQ transducer cable. 15 – Pitot tube and hot wire sensors free-stream velocity data. Figure 3. New test section. 250×360×600 mm3. 1-inch

  4. Wind Farm Recommendation Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    John Reisenauer

    On April 21, 2011, an Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Land Use Committee meeting was convened to develop a wind farm recommendation for the Executive Council and a list of proposed actions for proceeding with the recommendation. In terms of land use, the INL Land Use Committee unanimously agrees that Site 6 is the preferred location of the alternatives presented for an INL wind farm. However, further studies and resolution to questions raised (stated in this report) by the INL Land Use Committee are needed for the preferred location. Studies include, but are not limited to, wind viability (6 months), batsmore » (2 years), and the visual impact of the wind farm. In addition, cultural resource surveys and consultation (1 month) and the National Environmental Policy Act process (9 to 12 months) need to be completed. Furthermore, there is no documented evidence of developers expressing interest in constructing a small wind farm on INL, nor a specific list of expectations or concessions for which a developer might expect INL to cover the cost. To date, INL assumes the National Environmental Policy Act activities will be paid for by the Department of Energy and INL (the environmental assessment has only received partial funding). However, other concessions also may be expected by developers such as roads, fencing, power line installation, tie-ins to substations, annual maintenance, snow removal, access control, down-time, and remediation. These types of concessions have not been documented, as a request, from a developer and INL has not identified the short and long-term cost liabilities for such concessions should a developer expect INL to cover these costs. INL has not identified a go-no-go funding level or the priority this Wind Farm Project might have with respect to other nuclear-related projects, should the wind farm remain an unfunded mandate. The Land Use Committee recommends Legal be consulted to determine what, if any, liabilities exist with the Wind Farm

  5. Extended Access Cocaine Self-Administration Results in Tolerance to the Dopamine-Elevating and Locomotor-Stimulating Effects of Cocaine

    PubMed Central

    Calipari, Erin S.; Ferris, Mark J.; Jones, Sara R.

    2013-01-01

    Tolerance to the neurochemical and psychoactive effects of cocaine after repeated use is a hallmark of cocaine addiction in humans. However, comprehensive studies on tolerance to the behavioral, psychoactive, and neurochemical effects of cocaine following contingent administration in rodents are lacking. We outlined the consequences of extended access cocaine self-administration as it related to tolerance to the psychomotor activating, dopamine (DA) elevating, and DA transporter (DAT) inhibiting effects of cocaine. Cocaine self-administration (1.5 mg/kg/inj; 40 inj; 5 days), which resulted in escalation of first hour intake, caused reductions in evoked DA release and reduced maximal rates of uptake through the DAT as measured by slice voltammetry in the nucleus accumbens core. Further, we report reductions in cocaine-induced uptake inhibition as measured by fast scan cyclic voltammetry, and a corresponding increase in the dose of cocaine required for 50% inhibition of DA uptake (Ki) at the DAT. Cocaine tolerance at the DAT translated to reductions in cocaine-induced DA overflow as measured by microdialysis. Additionally, cocaine-induced elevations in locomotor activity and stereotypy were reduced, while rearing behavior was enhanced in animals with a history of cocaine self-administration. Here we demonstrate both neurochemical and behavioral cocaine tolerance in an extended-access rodent model of cocaine abuse, which allows for a better understanding of the neurochemical and psychomotor tolerance that develops to cocaine in human addicts. PMID:24102293

  6. Acceleration region of the slow solar wind in corona

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Abbo, L.; Antonucci, E.; Mikić, Z.; Riley, P.; Dodero, M. A.; Giordano, S.

    We present the results of a study concerning the physical parameters of the plasma of the extended corona in the low-latitude and equatorial regions, in order to investigate the sources of the slow solar wind during the minimum of solar activity. The equatorial streamer belt has been observed with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) onboard SOHO from August 19 to September 1, 1996. The spectroscopic diagnostic technique applied in this study, based on the OVI 1032, 1037 Ålines, allows us to determine both the solar wind velocity and the electron density of the extended corona. The main result of the analysis is the identification of the acceleration region of the slow wind, whose outflow velocity is measured in the range from 1.7 up to 3.5 solar radii.

  7. An improved AVC strategy applied in distributed wind power system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhao, Y. N.; Liu, Q. H.; Song, S. Y.; Mao, W.

    2016-08-01

    Traditional AVC strategy is mainly used in wind farm and only concerns about grid connection point, which is not suitable for distributed wind power system. Therefore, this paper comes up with an improved AVC strategy applied in distributed wind power system. The strategy takes all nodes of distribution network into consideration and chooses the node having the most serious voltage deviation as control point to calculate the reactive power reference. In addition, distribution principles can be divided into two conditions: when wind generators access to network on single node, the reactive power reference is distributed according to reactive power capacity; when wind generators access to network on multi-node, the reference is distributed according to sensitivity. Simulation results show the correctness and reliability of the strategy. Compared with traditional control strategy, the strategy described in this paper can make full use of generators reactive power output ability according to the distribution network voltage condition and improve the distribution network voltage level effectively.

  8. Tidal analysis of Met rocket wind data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bedinger, J. F.; Constantinides, E.

    1976-01-01

    A method of analyzing Met Rocket wind data is described. Modern tidal theory and specialized analytical techniques were used to resolve specific tidal modes and prevailing components in observed wind data. A representation of the wind which is continuous in both space and time was formulated. Such a representation allows direct comparison with theory, allows the derivation of other quantities such as temperature and pressure which in turn may be compared with observed values, and allows the formation of a wind model which extends over a broader range of space and time. Significant diurnal tidal modes with wavelengths of 10 and 7 km were present in the data and were resolved by the analytical technique.

  9. WindFloat Pacific Project, Final Scientific and Technical Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Banister, Kevin

    2017-01-17

    PPI’s WindFloat Pacific project (WFP) was an up to 30 MW floating offshore wind demonstration project proposed off the Coast of Oregon. The project was to be sited approximately 18 miles due west of Coos Bay, in over 1000 ft. of water, and is the first floating offshore wind array proposed in the United States, and the first offshore wind project of any kind proposed off the West Coast. PPI’s WindFloat, a semi-submersible foundation designed for high-capacity (6MW+) offshore wind turbines, is at the heart of the proposed project, and enables access to the world class wind resource at themore » project site and, equally, to other deep water, high wind resource areas around the country.« less

  10. The Spatially-resolved Interacting Winds of Eta Carinae: Implications on the Orbit Orientation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gull, Theodore R.; Nielsen, K.E.; Corcoran, M.; Hamaguchi, K.; Madura, T.; Russell, C.; Hillier, D.J.; Owocki. S.; Okazaki, A.T.

    2010-01-01

    Medium-dispersion long slit spectra, recorded by HST/STIS (R=8000, Theta=0.l"), resolve the extended wind-wind interaction region of the massive binary, Eta Carinae. During the high state, extending for about five years of the 5.54-year binary period, lines of [N II], [Fe III], [S III], [Ar III] and [Ne III] extend outwards to 0.4" with a velocity range of -500 to +200 km/s. By comparison, lines of [Fe II] and [Ni II] extend to 0.7" with a velocity range of -500 to +500 km/s. During the high state, driven by the lesser wind of Eta Car B and photo-ionized by the FUV of Eta Car B, the high excitation lines originate in or near the outer ballistic portions of the wind-wind interaction region. The lower excitation lines ([Fe II] and [Ni II D originate from the boundary regions of the dominating wind of Eta Car A. As the binary system has an eccentricity exceeding 0.9, the two stars approach quite close across the periastron, estimated to be within 1 to 2 AU. As a result, Eta Car B moves into the primary wind structure, cutting off the FUV supporting the ionization of the high state lines. Forbidden emission lines of the doubly-ionized species disappear, He II 4686 drops along with the collapse of the X-ray flux. This behavior is understood through the 3-D models of A. Okazaki and of E. R. Parkin and Pittard. Discussion will address the orbit orientation relative to the geometry of the Homunculus, ejected by Eta Carinae in the 1840s.

  11. The Spatially-resolved Interacting Winds of Eta Carinae: Implications on the Orbit Orientation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gull, Theodore R.; Nielsen, K. E.; Corcoran, M.; Hamaguchi, K.; Madura, T.; Russell, C.; Hillier, D. J.; Owocki, S.; Okazaki, A. T.

    2010-01-01

    Medium-dispersion long slit spectra, recorded by HST/STIS (R=8000, Theta=0.1"), resolve the extended wind-wind interaction region of the massive binary, Eta Carinae. During the high state, extending for about five years of the 5.54-year binary period, lines of [N II], [Fe III], [S III], [Ar III] and [Ne III] extend outwards to 0.4" with a velocity range of -500 to +200 km/s. By comparison, lines of [Fe II] and [Ni II] extend to 0.7" with a velocity range of -500 to +500 km/s. During the high state, driven by the lesser wind of Eta Car B and photo-ionized by the FUV of Eta Car B, the high excitation lines originate in or near the outer ballistic portions of the wind-wind interaction region. The lower excitation lines ([Fe II] and [Ni II]) originate from the boundary regions of the dominating wind of Eta Car A. As the binary system has an eccentricity exceeding 0.9, the two stars approach quite close across the periastron, estimated to be within 1 to 2 AU. As a result, Eta Car B moves into the primary wind structure, cutting off the FUV supporting the ionization of the high state lines. Forbidden emission lines of the doubly-ionized species disappear, He II 4686 drops along with the collapse of the X-ray flux. This behavior is understood through the 3-D models of A. Okazaki and of E. R. Parkin and Pittard. Discussion will address the orbit orientation relative to the geometry of the Homunculus, ejected by Eta Carinae in the 1840s.

  12. On the use of QuikSCAT data for assessing wind energy resources

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Karagali, I.; Peña, A.; Hahmann, A. N.; Hasager, C.; Badger, M.

    2011-12-01

    As the land space suitable for wind turbine installations becomes saturated, the focus is on offshore sites. Advantages of such a transition include increased power production, smaller environmental and social impact and extended availability of prospective areas. Until recently installation of wind turbines was limited in coastal areas. Nowadays, the search for suitable sites is extended beyond shallow waters, in locations far offshore where available measurements of various environmental parameters are limited. Space-borne observations are ideal due to their global spatial coverage, providing information where in-situ measurements are impracticable. The most widely used satellite observations for wind vector information are obtained by scatterometers; active radars that relate radiation backscattered from the sea surface to wind. SeaWinds, the scatterometer on board the QuikSCAT platform, launched by NASA in 1999 provided information with global coverage until 2009. The potential use of this 10-year long dataset is evaluated in the present study for the characterization of wind resources in the North and Baltic Seas, where most of Europe's offshore wind farms are located. Long-term QuikSCAT data have been extensively and positively validated in open ocean and in enclosed seas. In the present study QuikSCAT rain-free observations are compared with in-situ observations from three locations in the North Sea. As the remotely sensed observations refer to neutral atmospheric stratification, the impact of stability is assessed. Mean wind characteristics along with the Weibull A and k parameters are estimated in order to obtain information regarding the variation of wind. The numerical weather prediction (NWP) model WRF (Weather Research & Forecasting) is used for comparisons against QuikSCAT. Surface winds derived from long-term WRF simulations are compared against QuikSCAT data to evaluate differences in the spatial extend. Preliminary results indicate very good

  13. Comparison of NOAA/NMC stratospheric wind analyses with UARS high resolution Doppler Imager wind measurements

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Miller, A. J.; Hays, P. B.; Abreu, V.; Long, C.; Kann, D.

    1994-01-01

    The NOAA National Weather Service currently derives global stratospheric wind analyses via several procedures. The first is the operational data assimilation system that extends from the surface up to about 50 mb and is in process of being tested to about 10 mb. In addition, a balanced wind is determined from the available Climate Analysis Center stratospheric height analyses that encompass the 70-0.4 mb region. The High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) recently launched as a member of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) is the first satellite instrument designed to measure winds in this stratospheric region and, thus, provide a basic evaluation of the NMC derived products. The HRDI accomplishes this by utilizing a triple-etalon Fabry-Perot interferometer that allows one to measure the Doppler shift of O2 absorption and emission features of the atmosphere, from which the wind field can be determined.

  14. The wind-wind collision hole in eta Car

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Damineli, A.; Teodoro, M.; Richardson, N. D.; Gull, T. R.; Corcoran, M. F.; Hamaguchi, K.; Groh, J. H.; Weigelt, G.; Hillier, D. J.; Russell, C.; Moffat, A.; Pollard, K. R.; Madura, T. I.

    2017-11-01

    Eta Carinae is one of the most massive observable binaries. Yet determination of its orbital and physical parameters is hampered by obscuring winds. However the effects of the strong, colliding winds changes with phase due to the high orbital eccentricity. We wanted to improve measures of the orbital parameters and to determine the mechanisms that produce the relatively brief, phase-locked minimum as detected throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. We conducted intense monitoring of the He ii λ4686 line in η Carinae for 10 months in the year 2014, gathering ~300 high S/N spectra with ground- and space-based telescopes. We also used published spectra at the FOS4 SE polar region of the Homunculus, which views the minimum from a different direction. We used a model in which the He ii λ4686 emission is produced by two mechanisms: a) one linked to the intensity of the wind-wind collision which occurs along the whole orbit and is proportional to the inverse square of the separation between the companion stars; and b) the other produced by the `bore hole' effect which occurs at phases across the periastron passage. The opacity (computed from 3D SPH simulations) as convolved with the emission reproduces the behavior of equivalent widths both for direct and reflected light. Our main results are: a) a demonstration that the He ii λ4686 light curve is exquisitely repeatable from cycle to cycle, contrary to previous claims for large changes; b) an accurate determination of the longitude of periastron, indicating that the secondary star is `behind' the primary at periastron, a dispute extended over the past decade; c) a determination of the time of periastron passage, at ~4 days after the onset of the deep light curve minimum; and d) show that the minimum is simultaneous for observers at different lines of sight, indicating that it is not caused by an eclipse of the secondary star, but rather by the immersion of the wind-wind collision interior to the inner wind of the

  15. Towards an Optimal Noise Versus Resolution Trade-Off in Wind Scatterometry

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Williams, Brent A.

    2011-01-01

    A scatterometer is a radar that measures the normalized radar cross section sigma(sup 0) of the Earth's surface. Over the ocean this signal is related to the wind via the geophysical model function (GMF). The objective of wind scatterometry is to estimate the wind vector field from sigma(sup 0) measurements; however, there are many subtleties that complicate this problem-making it difficult to obtain a unique wind field estimate. Conventionally, wind estimation is split into two stages: a wind retrieval stage in which several ambiguous solutions are obtained, and an ambiguity removal stage in which ambiguities are chosen to produce an appropriate wind vector field estimate. The most common approach to wind field estimation is to grid the scatterometer swath into wind vector cells and estimate wind vector ambiguities independently for each cell. Then, field wise structure is imposed on the solution by an ambiguity selection routine. Although this approach is simple and practical, it neglects field wise structure in the retrieval step and does not account for the spatial correlation imposed by the sampling. This makes it difficult to develop a theoretically appropriate noise versus resolution trade-off using pointwise retrieval. Fieldwise structure may be imposed in the retrieval step using a model-based approach. However, this approach is generally only practical if a low order wind field model is applied, which may discard more information than is desired. Furthermore, model-based approaches do not account for the structure imposed by the sampling. A more general fieldwise approach is to estimate all the wind vectors for all the WVCs simultaneously from all the measurements. This approach can account for structure of the wind field as well as structure imposed by the sampling in the wind retrieval step. Williams and Long in 2010 developed a fieldwise retrieval method based on maximum a posteriori estimation (MAP). This MAP approach can be extended to perform a

  16. Passively cooled direct drive wind turbine

    DOEpatents

    Costin, Daniel P [Chelsea, VT

    2008-03-18

    A wind turbine is provided that passively cools an electrical generator. The wind turbine includes a plurality of fins arranged peripherally around a generator house. Each of the fins being oriented at an angle greater than zero degrees to allow parallel flow of air over the fin. The fin is further tapered to allow a constant portion of the fin to extend beyond the air stream boundary layer. Turbulence initiators on the nose cone further enhance heat transfer at the fins.

  17. Resolving Environmental Effects of Wind Energy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sinclair, Karin C; DeGeorge, Elise M; Copping, Andrea E.

    Concerns for potential wildlife impacts resulting from land-based and offshore wind energy have created challenges for wind project development. Research is not always adequately supported, results are neither always readily accessible nor are they satisfactorily disseminated, and so decisions are often made based on the best available information, which may be missing key findings. The potential for high impacts to avian and bat species and marine mammals have been used by wind project opponents to stop, downsize, or severely delay project development. The global nature of the wind industry - combined with the understanding that many affected species cross-national boundaries,more » and in many cases migrate between continents - also points to the need to collaborate on an international level. The International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind Technology Collaborative Programs facilitates coordination on key research issues. IEA Wind Task 34 - WREN: Working Together to Resolve Environmental Effects of Wind Energy-is a collaborative forum to share lessons gained from field research and modeling, including management methods, wildlife monitoring methods, best practices, study results, and successful approaches to mitigating impacts and addressing the cumulative effects of wind energy on wildlife.« less

  18. Extended cage adjustable speed electric motors and drive packages

    DOEpatents

    Hsu, John S.

    1999-01-01

    The rotor cage of a motor is extended, a second stator is coupled to this extended rotor cage, and the windings have the same number of poles. The motor torque and speed can be controlled by either injecting energy into or extracting energy out from the rotor cage. The motor produces less harmonics than existing doubly-fed motors. Consequently, a new type of low cost, high efficiency drive is produced.

  19. Extended Statistical Short-Range Guidance for Peak Wind Speed Analyses at the Shuttle Landing Facility: Phase II Results

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lambert, Winifred C.

    2003-01-01

    This report describes the results from Phase II of the AMU's Short-Range Statistical Forecasting task for peak winds at the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF). The peak wind speeds are an important forecast element for the Space Shuttle and Expendable Launch Vehicle programs. The 45th Weather Squadron and the Spaceflight Meteorology Group indicate that peak winds are challenging to forecast. The Applied Meteorology Unit was tasked to develop tools that aid in short-range forecasts of peak winds at tower sites of operational interest. A seven year record of wind tower data was used in the analysis. Hourly and directional climatologies by tower and month were developed to determine the seasonal behavior of the average and peak winds. Probability density functions (PDF) of peak wind speed were calculated to determine the distribution of peak speed with average speed. These provide forecasters with a means of determining the probability of meeting or exceeding a certain peak wind given an observed or forecast average speed. A PC-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) tool was created to display the data quickly.

  20. The WindStar project

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McCandless, Samuel W.; Jones, W. Linwood; Huxtable, Barton D.; Jones, Lawrence P.

    1996-03-01

    The ``WindStar'' project is a cooperative, cost-sharing venture between NASA's Earth Observations Commercial Applications Program (EOCAP), directed by the Stennis Space Center (SSC), and User Systems, Incorporated (USI), a Virginia-based remote sensing technology development company. The project seeks to establish the commercial viability of using twice-a-day satellite scatterometer data to produce marine wind forecasts for commercial television weather broadcasts. The WindStar product will be an animated, two dimensional map of wind speed and direction that evolves in time from the observed ``nowcast'' every 12 hours to a projected ``forecast''. Commercial television stations in coastal areas will incorporate this video into the weather segment of their news broadcasts to advise viewers, with both commercial and recreational interests, of coastal and off-shore conditions. While contributing to improved near shore marine operations for both recreational and commercial boaters, the proposed product would also be of use to commercial fishermen, coastal shipping operations, search and rescue operations, state and local governments, the Coast Guard, and the Navy. Projected new business plans include establishing and maintaining a ``Global Wind History'' archive that can be accessed on Internet.

  1. Diffuser for augmenting a wind turbine

    DOEpatents

    Foreman, Kenneth M.; Gilbert, Barry L.

    1984-01-01

    A diffuser for augmenting a wind turbine having means for energizing the boundary layer at several locations along the diffuser walls is improved by the addition of a short collar extending radially outward from the outlet of the diffuser.

  2. Report of the Committee on the Extended University.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ohio Univ., Athens.

    To offer extended learning opportunities to persons without access to traditional residential education is the purpose of the proposed extended university of Ohio University. This new academic unit would be responsible for the development and administration of the Extended Learning Program (ELP). The ELP admits students who have successfully…

  3. Wind turbine/generator set and method of making same

    DOEpatents

    Bevington, Christopher M.; Bywaters, Garrett L.; Coleman, Clint C.; Costin, Daniel P.; Danforth, William L.; Lynch, Jonathan A.; Rolland, Robert H.

    2013-06-04

    A wind turbine comprising an electrical generator that includes a rotor assembly. A wind rotor that includes a wind rotor hub is directly coupled to the rotor assembly via a simplified connection. The wind rotor and generator rotor assembly are rotatably mounted on a central spindle via a bearing assembly. The wind rotor hub includes an opening having a diameter larger than the outside diameter of the central spindle adjacent the bearing assembly so as to allow access to the bearing assembly from a cavity inside the wind rotor hub. The spindle is attached to a turret supported by a tower. Each of the spindle, turret and tower has an interior cavity that permits personnel to traverse therethrough to the cavity of the wind rotor hub. The wind turbine further includes a frictional braking system for slowing, stopping or keeping stopped the rotation of the wind rotor and rotor assembly.

  4. Extended cage adjustable speed electric motors and drive packages

    DOEpatents

    Hsu, J.S.

    1999-03-23

    The rotor cage of a motor is extended, a second stator is coupled to this extended rotor cage, and the windings have the same number of poles. The motor torque and speed can be controlled by either injecting energy into or extracting energy out from the rotor cage. The motor produces less harmonics than existing doubly-fed motors. Consequently, a new type of low cost, high efficiency drive is produced. 12 figs.

  5. Scaling Characteristics of Mesoscale Wind Fields in the Lower Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Implications for Wind Energy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kiliyanpilakkil, Velayudhan Praju

    Atmospheric motions take place in spatial scales of sub-millimeters to few thousands of kilometers with temporal changes in the atmospheric variables occur in fractions of seconds to several years. Consequently, the variations in atmospheric kinetic energy associated with these atmospheric motions span over a broad spectrum of space and time. The mesoscale region acts as an energy transferring regime between the energy generating synoptic scale and the energy dissipating microscale. Therefore, the scaling characterizations of mesoscale wind fields are significant in the accurate estimation of the atmospheric energy budget. Moreover, the precise knowledge of the scaling characteristics of atmospheric mesoscale wind fields is important for the validation of the numerical models those focus on wind forecasting, dispersion, diffusion, horizontal transport, and optical turbulence. For these reasons, extensive studies have been conducted in the past to characterize the mesoscale wind fields. Nevertheless, the majority of these studies focused on near-surface and upper atmosphere mesoscale regimes. The present study attempt to identify the existence and to quantify the scaling of mesoscale wind fields in the lower atmospheric boundary layer (ABL; in the wind turbine layer) using wind observations from various research-grade instruments (e.g., sodars, anemometers). The scaling characteristics of the mesoscale wind speeds over diverse homogeneous flat terrains, conducted using structure function based analysis, revealed an altitudinal dependence of the scaling exponents. This altitudinal dependence of the wind speed scaling may be attributed to the buoyancy forcing. Subsequently, we use the framework of extended self-similarity (ESS) to characterize the observed scaling behavior. In the ESS framework, the relative scaling exponents of the mesoscale atmospheric boundary layer wind speed exhibit quasi-universal behavior; even far beyond the inertial range of turbulence (Delta

  6. Quantification of wind flow in the European Mars Simulation Wind Tunnel Facility

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Holstein-Rathlou, C.; Merrison, J. P.; Iversen, J. J.; Nornberg, P.

    2012-04-01

    We present the European Mars Simulation Wind Tunnel facility, a unique prototype facility capable of simulating a wide range of environmental conditions, such as those which can be found at the surface of Earth or Mars. The chamber complements several other large-scale simulation facilities at Aarhus University, Denmark. The facility consists of a 50 m3 environmental chamber capable of operating at low pressure (0.02 - 1000 mbar) and cryogenic temperatures (-130 °C up to +60 °C). This chamber houses a re-circulating wind tunnel capable of generating wind speeds up to 25 m/s and has a dust injection system that can produce suspended particulates (aerosols). It employs a unique LED based optical illumination system (solar simulator) and an advanced network based control system. Laser based optoelectronic instrumentation is used to quantify and monitor wind flow, dust suspension and deposition. This involves a commercial Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA) and a Particle Dynamics Analysis receiver (PDA), which are small laser based instruments specifically designed for measuring wind speed and sizes of particles situated in a wind flow. Wind flow calibrations will be performed with the LDA system and presented. Pressure and temperature calibrations will follow in order to enable the facility to be used for the testing, development, calibration and comparison of e.g. meteorological sensors under a wide range of environmental conditions as well as multi-disciplinary scientific studies. The wind tunnel is accessible to international collaborators and space agencies for instrument testing, calibration and qualification. It has been financed by the European Space Agency (ESA) as well as the Aarhus University Science Faculty and the Villum Kann Rasmussen Foundation.

  7. Wind energy input into the upper ocean over a lengthening open water season

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mahoney, A. R.; Rolph, R.; Walsh, J. E.

    2017-12-01

    Wind energy input into the ocean has important consequences for upper ocean mixing, heat and gas exchange, and air-sea momentum transfer. In the Arctic, the open water season is increasing and extending further into the fall storm season, allowing for more wind energy input into the water column. The rate at which the delayed freeze-up timing extends into fall storm season is an important metric to evaluate because the expanding overlap between the open water period and storm season could contribute a significant amount of wind energy into the water column in a relatively short period of time. We have shown that time-integrated wind speeds over open water in the Chukchi Sea and southern Beaufort region have increased since 1979 through 2014. An integrated wind energy input value is calculated for each year in this domain over the open water season, as well as for periods over partial concentrations of ice cover. Spatial variation of this integrated wind energy is shown along the Alaskan coastline, which can have implications for different rates of coastal erosion. Spatial correlation between average wind speed over open water and open water season length from 1979-2014 show positive values in the southern Beaufort, but negative values in the northern Chukchi. This suggests possible differences in the role of the ocean on open water season length depending on region. We speculate that the warm Pacific water outflow plays a more dominant role in extending the open water season length in the northern Chukchi when compared to the southern Beaufort, and might help explain why we can show there is a relatively longer open water season length there. The negative and positive correlations in wind speeds over open water and open water season length might also be explained by oceanic changes tending to operate on longer timescales than the atmosphere. Seasonal timescales of wind events such as regional differences in overlap of the extended open water season due to regional

  8. Lake Michigan Offshore Wind Feasibility Assessment

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Boezaart, Arnold; Edmonson, James; Standridge, Charles

    for the project including to: 1) test and validate floating LIDAR technology; 2) collect and access offshore wind data; 3) detect and measure bird and bat activity over Lake Michigan; 4) conduct an over water sound propagation study; 5) prepare and offer a college course on offshore energy, and; 6) collect other environmental, bathometric, and atmospheric data. Desk-top research was performed to select anchorage sites and to secure permits to deploy the buoy. The project also collected and analyzed data essential to wind industry investment decision-making including: deploying highly mobile floating equipment to gather offshore wind data; correlating offshore wind data with conventional on-shore MET tower data; and performing studies that can contribute to the advancement and deployment of offshore wind technologies. Related activities included: • Siting, permitting, and deploying an offshore floating MET facility; • Validating the accuracy of floating LWS using near shoreline cup anemometer MET instruments; • Assessment of laser pulse technology (LIDAR) capability to establish hub height measurement of wind conditions at multiple locations on Lake Michigan; • Utilizing an extended-season (9-10 month) strategy to collect hub height wind data and weather conditions on Lake Michigan; • Investigation of technology best suited for wireless data transmission from distant offshore structures; • Conducting field-validated sound propagation study for a hypothetical offshore wind farm from shoreline locations; • Identifying the presence or absence of bird and bat species near wind assessment facilities; • Identifying the presence or absence of benthic and pelagic species near wind assessment facilities; All proposed project activities were completed with the following major findings: • Floating Laser Wind Sensors are capable of high quality measurement and recordings of wind resources. The WindSentinel presented no significant operational or statistical

  9. Observations of the trade wind wakes of Kauai and Oahu

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Yang; Ma, Jian; Xie, Shang-Ping

    2008-02-01

    The Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu stand in the path of the east-northeasterly trade winds, creating wakes in the lee. For the first time, the structure of the wakes and their diurnal cycle were observed on a cruise during 18-20 December 2006. The dynamic wakes, characterized by reduced trades, extend about 1 km in height with strong wind shear at the top. Thermal forcing of these small islands also affects the wake circulations. Sea breezes develop in the afternoon turning the winds into westerly near the shore in the wakes. At night, land breezes advect cool air from the islands, creating a shallow cool layer between the sea surface and a capping inversion. The warming in the wake in the afternoon extends much deeper (1.4 km) than the cool layer (0.5 km) at night. The effect of diurnal changes on cloud formation in the wakes is discussed, and the sharp variations in wind velocity lee of the islands may affect ocean currents, waves and mixing.

  10. A Database of Interplanetary and Interstellar Dust Detected by the Wind Spacecraft

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Malaspina, David M.; Wilson, Lynn B., III

    2016-01-01

    It was recently discovered that the WAVES instrument on the Wind spacecraft has been detecting, in situ, interplanetary and interstellar dust of approximately 1 micron radius for the past 22 years. These data have the potential to enable advances in the study of cosmic dust and dust-plasma coupling within the heliosphere due to several unique properties: the Wind dust database spans two full solar cycles; it contains over 107,000 dust detections; it contains information about dust grain direction of motion; it contains data exclusively from the space environment within 350 Earth radii of Earth; and it overlaps by 12 years with the Ulysses dust database. Further, changes to the WAVES antenna response and the plasma environment traversed by Wind over the lifetime of the Wind mission create an opportunity for these data to inform investigations of the physics governing the coupling of dust impacts on spacecraft surfaces to electric field antennas. A Wind dust database has been created to make the Wind dust data easily accessible to the heliophysics community and other researchers. This work describes the motivation, methodology, contents, and accessibility of the Wind dust database.

  11. Extended vs. brief intermittent access to palatable food differently promote binge-like intake, rejection of less preferred food, and weight cycling in female rats.

    PubMed

    Kreisler, A D; Garcia, M G; Spierling, S R; Hui, B E; Zorrilla, E P

    2017-08-01

    Palatable food access promotes obesity leading some to diet. Here, we modeled the roles of duration, intermittency and choice of access in bingeing, escalation of daily intake, and underacceptance of alternatives. Female rats with ("Choice") or without continuous chow access, received chow or continuous (Chocolate), intermittent (MWF) long (24h, Int-Long), or intermittent short (30min, Int-Short) access to a sucrose-rich, chocolate-flavored diet (CHOC). Int-Long rats showed cycling body weight; they overate CHOC, had increased feed efficiency on access days and underate chow and lost weight on non-access days, the latter correlating with their reduced brown fat. Int-Short rats had the greatest 30-min intake upon CHOC access, but did not underaccept chow or weight cycle. Individual vulnerability for intermittent access-induced feeding adaptations was seen. Continuous access rats gained fat disproportionate, but in direct relation, to their normalized energy intake and persistently underaccepted chow despite abstinence and return to normal weight. Abstinence reduced the binge-like CHOC intake of Int-Short rats and increased that of continuous access rats, but not to levels associated with intermittent access history. Choice increased daily CHOC intake under Continuous access and binge-like intake under Int-Short access. Intermittency and duration of past access to palatable food have dissociable, individually-vulnerable influences on its intake and that of alternatives. With extended access, daily intake reflects the palatability of available food, rather than metabolic need. Ongoing restrictedness of access or a history of intermittency each drive binge-like intake. Aspects of palatable food availability, similar and different to drug availability, promote disordered eating. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  12. The spectrum of wind speed fluctuations encountered by a rotating blade of a wind energy conversion system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Connell, J. R.

    1982-01-01

    The results of anemometer, hot-wire anemometer, and laser anemometer array and crosswind sampling of wind speed and turbulence in an area swept by intermediate-to-large wind turbine blades are presented, with comparisons made with a theoretical model for the wind fluctuations. A rotating frame of reference was simulated by timing the anemometric readings at different points of the actuator disk area to coincide with the moment a turbine blade would pass through the point. The hot-wire sensors were mounted on an actual rotating boom, while the laser scanned the wind velocity field in a vertical crosswind circle. The midfrequency region of the turbulence spectrum was found to be depleted, with energy shifted to the high end of the spectrum, with an additional peak at the rotation frequency of the rotor. A model is developed, assuming homogeneous, isotropic turbulence, to reproduce the observed spectra and verify and extend scaling relations using turbine and atmospheric length and time scales. The model is regarded as useful for selecting wind turbine hub heights and rotor rotation rates.

  13. Formation of Heliospheric Arcs of Slow Solar Wind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Higginson, A. K.; Antiochos, S. K.; Devore, C. R.; Wyper, P. F.; Zurbuchen, T. H.

    2017-01-01

    A major challenge in solar and heliospheric physics is understanding the origin and nature of the so-called slow solar wind. The Sun's atmosphere is divided into magnetically open regions, known as coronal holes, where the plasma streams out freely and fills the solar system, and closed regions, where the plasma is confined to coronal loops. The boundary between these regions extends outward as the heliospheric current sheet (HCS). Measurements of plasma composition strongly imply that much of the slow wind consists of plasma from the closed corona that escapes onto open field lines, presumably by field-line opening or by interchange reconnection. Both of these processes are expected to release closed-field plasma into the solar wind within and immediately adjacent to the HCS. Mysteriously, however, slow wind with closed-field plasma composition is often observed in situ far from the HCS. We use high-resolution, three-dimensional, magnetohydrodynamic simulations to calculate the dynamics of a coronal hole with a geometry that includes a narrow corridor flanked by closed field and is driven by supergranule-like flows at the coronal-hole boundary. These dynamics produce giant arcs of closed-field plasma that originate at the open-closed boundary in the corona, but extend far from the HCS and span tens of degrees in latitude and longitude at Earth. We conclude that such structures can account for the long-puzzling slow-wind observations.

  14. Formation of Heliospheric Arcs of Slow Solar Wind

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Higginson, A. K.; Zurbuchen, T. H.; Antiochos, S. K.

    A major challenge in solar and heliospheric physics is understanding the origin and nature of the so-called slow solar wind. The Sun’s atmosphere is divided into magnetically open regions, known as coronal holes, where the plasma streams out freely and fills the solar system, and closed regions, where the plasma is confined to coronal loops. The boundary between these regions extends outward as the heliospheric current sheet (HCS). Measurements of plasma composition strongly imply that much of the slow wind consists of plasma from the closed corona that escapes onto open field lines, presumably by field-line opening or by interchangemore » reconnection. Both of these processes are expected to release closed-field plasma into the solar wind within and immediately adjacent to the HCS. Mysteriously, however, slow wind with closed-field plasma composition is often observed in situ far from the HCS. We use high-resolution, three-dimensional, magnetohydrodynamic simulations to calculate the dynamics of a coronal hole with a geometry that includes a narrow corridor flanked by closed field and is driven by supergranule-like flows at the coronal-hole boundary. These dynamics produce giant arcs of closed-field plasma that originate at the open-closed boundary in the corona, but extend far from the HCS and span tens of degrees in latitude and longitude at Earth. We conclude that such structures can account for the long-puzzling slow-wind observations.« less

  15. Surface wind characteristics of some Aleutian Islands. [for selection of windpowered machine sites

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wentink, T., Jr.

    1973-01-01

    The wind power potential of Alaska is assessed in order to determine promising windpower sites for construction of wind machines and for shipment of wind derived energy. Analyses of near surface wind data from promising Aleutian sites accessible by ocean transport indicate probable velocity regimes and also present deficiencies in available data. It is shown that winds for some degree of power generation are available 77 percent of the time in the Aleutians with peak velocities depending on location.

  16. Improved diffuser for augmenting a wind turbine

    DOEpatents

    Foreman, K.M.; Gilbert, B.L.

    A diffuser for augmenting a wind turbine having means for energizing the boundary layer at several locations along the diffuser walls is improved by the addition of a short collar extending radially outward from the outlet of the diffuser.

  17. Research on the effects of wind power grid to the distribution network of Henan province

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Yunfeng; Zhang, Jian

    2018-04-01

    With the draining of traditional energy, all parts of nation implement policies to develop new energy to generate electricity under the favorable national policy. The wind has no pollution, Renewable and other advantages. It has become the most popular energy among the new energy power generation. The development of wind power in Henan province started relatively late, but the speed of the development is fast. The wind power of Henan province has broad development prospects. Wind power has the characteristics of volatility and randomness. The wind power access to power grids will cause much influence on the power stability and the power quality of distribution network, and some areas have appeared abandon the wind phenomenon. So the study of wind power access to power grids and find out improvement measures is very urgent. Energy storage has the properties of the space transfer energy can stabilize the operation of power grid and improve the power quality.

  18. Musical Intonation of Wind Instruments and Temperature

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Zendri, G.; Valdan, M.; Gratton, L. M.; Oss, S.

    2015-01-01

    Wind musical instruments are affected in their intonation by temperature. We show how to account for these effects in a simple experiment, and provide results in languages accessible to both physics and music professionals.

  19. Musical intonation of wind instruments and temperature

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zendri, G.; Valdan, M.; Gratton, L. M.; Oss, S.

    2015-05-01

    Wind musical instruments are affected in their intonation by temperature. We show how to account for these effects in a simple experiment, and provide results in languages accessible to both physics and music professionals.

  20. Extreme Winds in the Pampa del Castillo Plateau, Patagonia, Argentina, with Reference to Wind Farm Settlement.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Labraga, Juan C.

    1994-01-01

    Wind farm settlement in Argentina is likely to be initiated in the extended and uniform Pampa del Castillo tablelands (5100 km2) in central cast Patagonia, due to its suitable wind regime and local economic factors. The magnitude of these investments requires not only a detailed wind energy assessment and optimum site selection but also a comprehensive evaluation of the extreme winds experienced in the region.Statistical results, with emphasis on severe winds, of two regional programs of one-year observations at four levels above the ground are presented in this paper. The highest frequencies of hourly mean wind velocities above 40, 60, and 80 km h1 are observed during November and December. The spring power spectrum shows a considerable amount of energy in components with a periodicity ranging from 2.5 to 4 days. Severe wind episodes are usually related to the displacement of low pressure systems from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean through the Drake Passage with a periodicity consistent with spectral results. The highest hourly mean wind speed registered in each experimental period (at 60 m AGL) is about 25 m s1. The estimated modal value of the theoretical probability distribution of annual extreme values is in good agreement with observed values. The annual peak gust for an averaging time of 240 s is about 27 m s. The gust factor was computed for different averaging intervals and compared with empirical formulations. Its variation with height and time of year was also analyzed. The general form of the vertical wind profile and its dependence on stability conditions was characterized and compared with that of typical episodes of severe winds.

  1. A Standardized Based Approach to Managing Atmosphere Studies For Wind Energy Research

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stephan, E.; Sivaraman, C.

    2015-12-01

    Atmosphere to Electrons (A2e) is a multi-year U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) research initiative targeting significant reductions in the cost of wind energy through an improved understanding of the complex physics governing wind flow into and through wind farms. Better insight into the flow physics has the potential to reduce wind farm energy losses by up to 20%, to reduce annual operational costs by hundreds of millions of dollars, and to improve project financing terms to more closely resemble traditional capital projects. The Data Archive and Portal (DAP) is a key capability of the A2e initiative. The DAP is a cloud-based distributed system known as the 'Wind Cloud' that functions as a repository for all A2e data. This data includes numerous historic and on-going field studies involving in situ and remote sensing instruments, simulations, and scientific analysis. Significantly it is the integration and sharing of these diverse data sets through the DAP that is key to meeting the goals of A2e. This cloud will be accessible via an open and easy-to navigate user interface that facilitates community data access, interaction, and collaboration. DAP management is working with the community, industry, and international standards bodies to develop standards for wind data and to capture important characteristics of all data in the Wind Cloud. Security will be provided to facilitate storage of proprietary data alongside publicly accessible data in the Wind Cloud, and the capability to generate anonymized data will be provided to facilitate using private data by non-privileged users (when appropriate). Finally, limited computing capabilities will be provided to facilitate co-located data analysis, validation, and generation of derived products in support of A2e science.

  2. Exact Analytic Solution for a Ballistic Orbiting Wind

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wilkin, Francis P.; Hausner, Harry

    2017-07-01

    Much theoretical and observational work has been done on stellar winds within binary systems. We present a new solution for a ballistic wind launched from a source in a circular orbit. The solution is that of a single wind—no second wind is included in the system and the shocks that arise are those due to the orbiting wind interacting with itself. Our method emphasizes the curved streamlines in the corotating frame, where the flow is steady-state, allowing us to obtain an exact solution for the mass density at all pre-shock locations. Assuming an initially isotropic wind, fluid elements launched from the interior hemisphere of the wind will be the first to cross other streamlines, resulting in a spiral structure bounded by two shock surfaces. Streamlines from the outer wind hemisphere later intersect these shocks as well. An analytic solution is obtained for the geometry of the two shock surfaces. Although the inner and outer shock surfaces asymptotically trace Archimedean spirals, our tail solution suggests many crossings where the shocks overlap, beyond which the analytic solution cannot be continued. Our solution can be readily extended to an initially anisotropic wind.

  3. Method for Determination of the Wind Velocity and Direction

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Dahlin, Goesta Johan

    1988-01-01

    Accurate determination of the position of an artillery piece, for example, using sound measurement systems through measurement of the muzzle noise requires access to wind data that is representative of the portion of the air from where the sound wave is propagated up the microphone base of the system. The invention provides a system for determining such representative wind data.

  4. 78 FR 17653 - Upper Great Plains Wind Energy Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (DOE/EIS-0408)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-22

    ... infrastructure development, including siting wind turbines, access roads, underground collector lines, overhead... Wildlife Service Upper Great Plains Wind Energy Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (DOE/EIS... Plains Wind Energy Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (Draft [[Page 17654

  5. Lidar-Enhanced Wind Turbine Control: Past, Present, and Future: Preprint

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Scholbrock, Andrew; Fleming, Paul; Wright, Alan

    2016-07-01

    This paper will look at the development of lidar-enhanced controls and how they have been used for turbine load reduction with pitch actuation, as well as increased energy production with improved yaw control. Ongoing work will also be discussed to show that combining pitch and torque control using feedforward nonlinear model predictive control can lead to both reduced loads and increased energy production. Future work is also proposed on extending individual wind turbine controls to the wind plant level and determining how lidars can be used for control methods to further lower the cost of wind energy by minimizing wakemore » impacts in a wind farm.« less

  6. The Offshore New European Wind Atlas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Karagali, I.; Hahmann, A. N.; Badger, M.; Hasager, C.; Mann, J.

    2017-12-01

    The New European Wind Atlas (NEWA) is a joint effort of research agencies from eight European countries, co-funded under the ERANET Plus Program. The project is structured around two areas of work: development of dynamical downscaling methodologies and measurement campaigns to validate these methodologies, leading to the creation and publication of a European wind atlas in electronic form. This atlas will contain an offshore component extending 100 km from the European coasts. To achieve this, mesoscale models along with various observational datasets are utilised. Scanning lidars located at the coastline were used to compare the coastal wind gradient reproduced by the meso-scale model. Currently, an experimental campaign is occurring in the Baltic Sea, with a lidar located in a commercial ship sailing from Germany to Lithuania, thus covering the entire span of the south Baltic basin. In addition, satellite wind retrievals from scatterometers and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instruments were used to generate mean wind field maps and validate offshore modelled wind fields and identify the optimal model set-up parameters.The aim of this study is to compare the initial outputs from the offshore wind atlas produced by the Weather & Research Forecasting (WRF) model, still in pre-operational phase, and the METOP-A/B Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) wind fields, reprocessed to stress equivalent winds at 10m. Different experiments were set-up to evaluate the model sensitivity for the various domains covered by the NEWA offshore atlas. ASCAT winds were utilised to assess the performance of the WRF offshore atlases. In addition, ASCAT winds were used to create an offshore atlas covering the years 2007 to 2016, capturing the signature of various spatial wind features, such as channelling and lee effects from complex coastal topographical elements.

  7. Wind turbine remote control using Android devices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rat, C. L.; Panoiu, M.

    2018-01-01

    This paper describes the remote control of a wind turbine system over the internet using an Android device, namely a tablet or a smartphone. The wind turbine workstation contains a LabVIEW program which monitors the entire wind turbine energy conversion system (WECS). The Android device connects to the LabVIEW application, working as a remote interface to the wind turbine. The communication between the devices needs to be secured because it takes place over the internet. Hence, the data are encrypted before being sent through the network. The scope was the design of remote control software capable of visualizing real-time wind turbine data through a secure connection. Since the WECS is fully automated and no full-time human operator exists, unattended access to the turbine workstation is needed. Therefore the device must not require any confirmation or permission from the computer operator in order to control it. Another condition is that Android application does not have any root requirements.

  8. Lidar-Enhanced Wind Turbine Control: Past, Present, and Future

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Scholbrock, Andrew; Fleming, Paul; Schlipf, David

    The main challenges in harvesting energy from the wind arise from the unknown incoming turbulent wind field. Balancing the competing interests of reduction in structural loads and increasing energy production is the goal of a wind turbine controller to reduce the cost of producing wind energy. Conventional wind turbines use feedback methods to optimize these goals, reacting to wind disturbances after they have already impacted the wind turbine. Lidar sensors offer a means to provide additional inputs to a wind turbine controller, enabling new techniques to improve control methods, allowing a controller to actuate a wind turbine in anticipation ofmore » an incoming wind disturbance. This paper will look at the development of lidar-enhanced controls and how they have been used for various turbine load reductions with pitch actuation, as well as increased energy production with improved yaw control. Ongoing work will also be discussed to show that combining pitch and torque control using feedforward nonlinear model predictive control can lead to both reduced loads and increased energy production. Future work is also proposed on extending individual wind turbine controls to the wind plant level and determining how lidars can be used for control methods to further lower the cost of wind energy by minimizing wake impacts in a wind farm.« less

  9. Wave-driven winds from cool stars. I - Some effects of magnetic field geometry

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hartmann, L.; Macgregor, K. B.

    1982-01-01

    The wave-driven wind theory of Hartmann and MacGregor (1980) is extended to include effects due to non-radial divergence of the flow. Specifically, isothermal expansion within a flow tube whose cross-sectional area increases outward faster than the square of the radius near the stellar surface is considered. It is found that the qualitative conclusions of Hartmann and MacGregor concerning the physical properties of Alfven wave-driven winds are largely unaffected. In particular, mass fluxes of similar magnitude are obtained, and wave dissipation is still necessary to produce acceptably small terminal velocities. Increasingly divergent flow geometries generally lead to higher initial wind speeds and slightly lower terminal velocities. For some cases of extremely rapid flow tube divergence, steady supersonic wind solutions which extend to infinity with vanishing gas pressure cannot be obtained. In addition, departures from spherical symmetry can cause the relative Alfven wave amplitude delta-B/B to become approximately greater than 1 within several stellar radii of the base of the wind, suggesting that nonlinear processes may contribute to the wave dissipation required by the theory.

  10. Task-sharing or public finance for the expansion of surgical access in rural Ethiopia: an extended cost-effectiveness analysis.

    PubMed

    Shrime, Mark G; Verguet, Stéphane; Johansson, Kjell Arne; Desalegn, Dawit; Jamison, Dean T; Kruk, Margaret E

    2016-07-01

    Despite a high burden of surgical disease, access to surgical services in low- and middle-income countries is often limited. In line with the World Health Organization's current focus on universal health coverage and equitable access to care, we examined how policies to expand access to surgery in rural Ethiopia would impact health, impoverishment and equity. An extended cost-effectiveness analysis was performed. Deterministic and stochastic models of surgery in rural Ethiopia were constructed, utilizing pooled estimates of costs and probabilities from national surveys and published literature. Model calibration and validation were performed against published estimates, with sensitivity analyses on model assumptions to check for robustness. Outcomes of interest were the number of deaths averted, the number of cases of poverty averted and the number of cases of catastrophic expenditure averted for each policy, divided across wealth quintiles. Health benefits, financial risk protection and equity appear to be in tension in the expansion of access to surgical care in rural Ethiopia. Health benefits from each of the examined policies accrued primarily to the poor. However, without travel vouchers, many policies also induced impoverishment in the poor while providing financial risk protection to the rich, calling into question the equitable distribution of benefits by these policies. Adding travel vouchers removed the impoverishing effects of a policy but decreased the health benefit that could be bought per dollar spent. These results were robust to sensitivity analyses. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  11. Solar Wind Deflection by Mass Loading in the Martian Magnetosheath Based on MAVEN Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dubinin, E.; Fraenz, M.; Pätzold, M.; Halekas, J. S.; Mcfadden, J.; Connerney, J. E. P.; Jakosky, B. M.; Vaisberg, O.; Zelenyi, L.

    2018-03-01

    Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN observations at Mars show clear signatures of the shocked solar wind interaction with the extended oxygen atmosphere and hot corona displayed in a lateral deflection of the magnetosheath flow in the direction opposite to the direction of the solar wind motional electric field. The value of the velocity deflection reaches ˜50 km/s. The occurrence of such deflection is caused by the "Lorentz-type" force due to a differential streaming of the solar wind protons and oxygen ions originating from the extended oxygen corona. The value of the total deceleration of the magnetosheath flow due to mass loading is estimated as ˜40 km/s.

  12. A Changing Wind Collision

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nazé, Yaël; Koenigsberger, Gloria; Pittard, Julian M.; Parkin, Elliot Ross; Rauw, Gregor; Corcoran, Michael F.; Hillier, D. John

    2018-02-01

    We report on the first detection of a global change in the X-ray emitting properties of a wind–wind collision, thanks to XMM-Newton observations of the massive Small Magellenic Cloud (SMC) system HD 5980. While its light curve had remained unchanged between 2000 and 2005, the X-ray flux has now increased by a factor of ∼2.5, and slightly hardened. The new observations also extend the observational coverage over the entire orbit, pinpointing the light-curve shape. It has not varied much despite the large overall brightening, and a tight correlation of fluxes with orbital separation is found without any hysteresis effect. Moreover, the absence of eclipses and of absorption effects related to orientation suggests a large size for the X-ray emitting region. Simple analytical models of the wind–wind collision, considering the varying wind properties of the eruptive component in HD 5980, are able to reproduce the recent hardening and the flux-separation relationship, at least qualitatively, but they predict a hardening at apastron and little change in mean flux, contrary to observations. The brightness change could then possibly be related to a recently theorized phenomenon linked to the varying strength of thin-shell instabilities in shocked wind regions. Based on XMM-Newton and Chandra data.

  13. An extended smart utilization medium access control (ESU-MAC) protocol for ad hoc wireless systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vashishtha, Jyoti; Sinha, Aakash

    2006-05-01

    The demand for spontaneous setup of a wireless communication system has increased in recent years for areas like battlefield, disaster relief operations etc., where a pre-deployment of network infrastructure is difficult or unavailable. A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a promising solution, but poses a lot of challenges for all the design layers, specifically medium access control (MAC) layer. Recent existing works have used the concepts of multi-channel and power control in designing MAC layer protocols. SU-MAC developed by the same authors, efficiently uses the 'available' data and control bandwidth to send control information and results in increased throughput via decreasing contention on the control channel. However, SU-MAC protocol was limited for static ad-hoc network and also faced the busy-receiver node problem. We present the Extended SU-MAC (ESU-MAC) protocol which works mobile nodes. Also, we significantly improve the scheme of control information exchange in ESU-MAC to overcome the busy-receiver node problem and thus, further avoid the blockage of control channel for longer periods of time. A power control scheme is used as before to reduce interference and to effectively re-use the available bandwidth. Simulation results show that ESU-MAC protocol is promising for mobile, ad-hoc network in terms of reduced contention at the control channel and improved throughput because of channel re-use. Results show a considerable increase in throughput compared to SU-MAC which could be attributed to increased accessibility of control channel and improved utilization of data channels due to superior control information exchange scheme.

  14. The marbll experiment: towards a martian wind lidar

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Määttänen, Anni; Ravetta, François; Montmessin, Franck; Bruneau, Didier; Mariscal, Jean-François; Van Haecke, Mathilde; Fayolle, Guillaume; Montaron, Christophe; Coscia, David

    2018-04-01

    Operating a lidar on Mars would fulfill the need of accessing wind and aerosol profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer. This is the purpose of the MARs Boundary Layer Lidar (MARBLL) instrument. We report recent developments of this compact direct-detection wind lidar designed to operate from the surface of Mars. A new laser source has been developed and an azimuthal scanning capability has been added. Preliminary results of a field campaign are presented.

  15. World Wind: NASA's Virtual Globe

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hogan, P.

    2007-12-01

    infrastructure. The open-source community plays a crucial role in advancing virtual globe technology. This world community identifies, tracks and resolves technical problems, suggests new features and source code modifications, and often provides high-resolution data sets and other types of user-generated content, all while extending the functionality of virtual globe technology. NASA World Wind is one example of open source virtual globe technology that provides the world with the ability to build any desired functionality and make any desired data accessible.

  16. Gravitational Anomalies Caused by Zonal Winds in Jupiter

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schubert, G.; Kong, D.; Zhang, K.

    2012-12-01

    We present an accurate three-dimensional non-spherical numerical calculation of the gravitational anomalies caused by zonal winds in Jupiter. The calculation is based on a three-dimensional finite element method and accounts for the full effect of significant departure from spherical geometry caused by rapid rotation. Since the speeds of Jupiter's zonal winds are much smaller than that of its rigid-body rotation, our numerical calculation is carried out in two stages. First, we compute the non-spherical distributions of density and pressure at the equilibrium within Jupiter via a hybrid inverse approach by determining an a priori unknown coefficient in the polytropic equation of state that results in a match to the observed shape of Jupiter. Second, by assuming that Jupiter's zonal winds extend throughout the interior along cylinders parallel to the rotation axis, we compute gravitational anomalies produced by the wind-related density anomalies, providing an upper bound to the gravitational anomalies caused by the Jovian zonal winds.

  17. OVATION Prime -2013: Solar Wind Driven Precipitation Model Extended to Higher Geomagnetic Activity Levels (Invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Newell, P. T.; Liou, K.; Zhang, Y.; Paxton, L.; Sotirelis, T.; Mitchell, E. J.

    2013-12-01

    OVATION Prime is an auroral precipitation model parameterized by solar wind driving. Distinguishing features of the model include an optimized solar wind-magnetosphere coupling function (dΦMP/dt) which predicts auroral power far better than Kp or other traditional parameters, the separation of aurora into categories (diffuse aurora, monoenergetic, broadband, and ion), the inclusion of seasonal variations, and separate parameter fits for each MLATxMLT bin, thus permitting each type of aurora and each location to have differing responses to season and solar wind input (as indeed they do). We here introduce OVATION Prime-2013, an upgrade to the 2008 version currently widely available. The most notable advantage of OP-2013 is that it uses UV images from the GUVI instrument on the satellite TIMED for high disturbance levels (dΦMP/dt > 12,000 (nT2/3 (km/s)4/3 which roughly corresponds to Kp = 5+ or 6-). The range of validity is thought to be about 0 < dΦMP/dt = 30000 (say Kp = 8 or 8+). Other upgrades include a reduced susceptibility to salt and pepper noise, and smoother interpolation across the postmidnight data gap. We will also provide a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of other current precipitation models, especially OVATION-SuperMAG, which produces particularly good estimates for total auroral power, at the expense of working best on an historical basis. OVATION Prime-2013, for high solar wind driving, as TIMED GUVI data takes over from DMSP

  18. Inertial-Range Reconnection in Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence and in the Solar Wind.

    PubMed

    Lalescu, Cristian C; Shi, Yi-Kang; Eyink, Gregory L; Drivas, Theodore D; Vishniac, Ethan T; Lazarian, Alexander

    2015-07-10

    In situ spacecraft data on the solar wind show events identified as magnetic reconnection with wide outflows and extended "X lines," 10(3)-10(4) times ion scales. To understand the role of turbulence at these scales, we make a case study of an inertial-range reconnection event in a magnetohydrodynamic simulation. We observe stochastic wandering of field lines in space, breakdown of standard magnetic flux freezing due to Richardson dispersion, and a broadened reconnection zone containing many current sheets. The coarse-grain magnetic geometry is like large-scale reconnection in the solar wind, however, with a hyperbolic flux tube or apparent X line extending over integral length scales.

  19. A Model fot the Sources of the Slow Solar Wind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Antiochos, S. K.; Mikic, Z.; Titov, V. S.; Lionello, R.; Linker, J. A.

    2011-01-01

    Models for the origin of the slow solar wind must account for two seemingly contradictory observations: the slow wind has the composition of the closed-field corona, implying that it originates from the continuous opening and closing of flux at the boundary between open and closed field. On the other hand, the slow wind also has large angular width, up to approx.60deg, suggesting that its source extends far from the open-closed boundary. We propose a model that can explain both observations. The key idea is that the source of the slow wind at the Sun is a network of narrow (possibly singular) open-field corridors that map to a web of separatrices and quasi-separatrix layers in the heliosphere. We compute analytically the topology of an open-field corridor and show that it produces a quasi-separatrix layer in the heliosphere that extends to angles far from the heliospheric current sheet. We then use an MHD code and MDI/SOHO observations of the photospheric magnetic field to calculate numerically, with high spatial resolution, the quasi-steady solar wind, and magnetic field for a time period preceding the 2008 August 1 total solar eclipse. Our numerical results imply that, at least for this time period, a web of separatrices (which we term an S-web) forms with sufficient density and extent in the heliosphere to account for the observed properties of the slow wind. We discuss the implications of our S-web model for the structure and dynamics of the corona and heliosphere and propose further tests of the model. Key words: solar wind - Sun: corona - Sun: magnetic topology

  20. Wind energy: Resources, systems, and regional strategies

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Grubb, M.J.; Meyer, N.I.

    1993-12-31

    Wind power is already cost competitive with conventional modes of electricity generation under certain conditions and could, if widely exploited, meet 20 percent or more of the world`s electricity needs within the next four to five decades. The greatest wind potential exists in North America, the former Soviet Union, Africa, and (to a lesser extent), South America, Australia, southern Asia, and parts of Europe. In all these areas, wind can make a significant contribution to the energy supply. In regions of the developing world and in island communities, wind can operate with storage and displace diesel fuel. In more developedmore » areas, wind-generated electricity can be channeled directly into the grid, providing an environmentally benign alternative to fossil fuels. Indeed, wind power can contribute as much as 25 to 45 percent of a grid`s energy supply before economic penalties become prohibitive; the presence of storage facilities or hydroelectric power would increase wind`s share still further. Despite a promising future, opportunities for wind power development are probably being missed because too little is known about either the resource or the technology. International efforts are badly needed to obtain better data and to disseminate technological information around the world. Even then, the extent to which wind is exploited will depend on public reaction and on the willingness of governments to embrace the technology. Action that governments might take to promote wind include providing strategic incentives to further its deployment, funding research on wind resources, taxing fossil fuels to reflect their social costs, and allowing independent wind generators adequate access to electricity systems. 74 refs., 15 figs., 10 tabs.« less

  1. Effects of wind-energy facilities on grassland bird distributions

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Shaffer, Jill A.; Buhl, Deb

    2016-01-01

    The contribution of renewable energy to meet worldwide demand continues to grow. Wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable sectors, but new wind facilities are often placed in prime wildlife habitat. Long-term studies that incorporate a rigorous statistical design to evaluate the effects of wind facilities on wildlife are rare. We conducted a before-after-control-impact (BACI) assessment to determine if wind facilities placed in native mixed-grass prairies displaced breeding grassland birds. During 2003–2012, we monitored changes in bird density in 3 study areas in North Dakota and South Dakota (U.S.A.). We examined whether displacement or attraction occurred 1 year after construction (immediate effect) and the average displacement or attraction 2–5 years after construction (delayed effect). We tested for these effects overall and within distance bands of 100, 200, 300, and >300 m from turbines. We observed displacement for 7 of 9 species. One species was unaffected by wind facilities and one species exhibited attraction. Displacement and attraction generally occurred within 100 m and often extended up to 300 m. In a few instances, displacement extended beyond 300 m. Displacement and attraction occurred 1 year after construction and persisted at least 5 years. Our research provides a framework for applying a BACI design to displacement studies and highlights the erroneous conclusions that can be made without the benefit of adopting such a design. More broadly, species-specific behaviors can be used to inform management decisions about turbine placement and the potential impact to individual species. Additionally, the avoidance distance metrics we estimated can facilitate future development of models evaluating impacts of wind facilities under differing land-use scenarios.

  2. Wind and IMP 8 Solar Wind, Magnetosheath and Shock Data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2004-01-01

    The purpose of this project was to provide the community access to magnetosheath data near Earth. We provided 27 years of IMP 8 magnetosheath proton velocities, densities, and temperatures with our best (usually 1-min.) time resolution. IMP 8 crosses the magnetosheath twice each 125 day orbit, and we provided magnetosheath data for the roughly 27 years of data for which magnetometer data are also available (which are needed to reliably pick boundaries). We provided this 27 years of IMP 8 magnetosheath data to the NSSDC; this data is now integrated with the IMP 8 solar wind data with flags indicating whether each data point is in the solar wind, magnetosheath, or at the boundary between the two regions. The plasma speed, density, and temperature are provided for each magnetosheath point. These data are also available on the MIT web site ftp://space .mit.edu/pub/plasma/imp/www/imp.html. We provide ASCII time-ordered rows of data giving the observation time, the spacecraft position in GSE, the velocity is GSE, the density and temperature for protons. We also have analyzed and archived on our web site the Wind magnetosheath plasma parameters. These consist of ascii files of the proton and alpha densities, speeds, and thermal speeds. These data are available at ftp://space.mit.edu/pub/plasma/wind/sheath These are the two products promised in the work statement and they have been completed in full.

  3. Clamp for use in winding large magnet coils

    DOEpatents

    Brown, Robert L.; Kenney, Walter J.

    1983-01-01

    In one aspect, the invention is a novel arrangement for applying forces to urns of a vertically extending helical coil which is wound about a support. The apparatus includes a first rigid member extending towards the turns. A second rigid member extends transversely from the end of the first and has a vertically extending face provided with a generally straight groove extending transversely of the turns. A longitudinal passage in the first member connects to the groove to form therewith a continuous guideway for rollable articles. A rigid lug longitudinally movable in the groove is provided with a projection which extends out of the groove and beneath the bottom of a selected turn of the coil. A train of rigid, rollable articles is disposed in the guideway inwardly of the lug. Means are provided for applying force to that end of the train which is relatively remote from the lug, to urge the latter against the bottom face of the selected turn. As a result, that turn is moved upward along the face of the support, establishing a selected spacing between that turn and the previously formed turn of the coil. When upward movement of the selected turn stops, the force applied to the lug immediately translates to a force which urges the above-mentioned grooved face against all of the formed turns, thus compressing them against the support. The above-mentioned first and second members are swingably mounted so that they can be temporarily moved out of the winding path, thus permitting continuous winding.

  4. Clamp for use in winding large magnet coils

    DOEpatents

    Brown, R.L.; Kenney, W.J.

    1981-05-05

    In one aspect, the invention is a novel arrangement for applying forces to turns of a vertically extending helical coil which is wound about a support. The apparatus includes a first rigid member extending towards the turns. A second rigid member extends transversely from the end of the first and has a vertically extending face provided with a generally straight groove extending transversely of the turns. A longitudinal passage in the first member connects to the groove to form therewith a continuous guideway for rollable articles. A rigid lug longitudinally movable in the groove is provided with a projection which extends out of the groove and beneath the bottom of a selected turn of the coil. A train of rigid, rollable articles is disposed in the guideway inwardly of the lug. Means are provided for applying force to that end of the train which is relatively remote from the lug, to urge the latter against the bottom face of the selected turn. As a result, that turn is moved upward along the face of the support, establishing a selected spacing between that turn and the previously formed turn of the coil. When upward movement of the selected turn stops, the force applied to the lug immediately translates to a force which urges the above-mentioned grooved face against all of the formed turns, thus compressing them against the support. The above-mentioned first and second members are swingably mounted so that they can be temporarily moved out of the winding path, thus permitting continuous winding.

  5. The origin of extended interstellar shells around Wolf-Rayet stars having bright optical ring nebulae

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nichols, J. S.; Fesen, R. A.

    1994-01-01

    Investigations of the interstellar environment around Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars have lead to the discovery of extended shells of gas and dust 50-100 pc in diameter in the lines of sight toward three WR stars. In this paper, several origins for these extended shells are discussed. While positional coincidences cannot be excluded, the locations of the WR stars near the projected centers of the shells, the detection of only shortward-shifted, high-velocity UV absorption line components in their IUE spectra, plus commonality of some WR star properties which are rare in the general WR star population suggest some casual connections between the WR stars and formation of interstellar shells. To access whether the high-velocity UV interstellar absorption lines are a frequent phenomenon related to WR stellar winds, we present a survey of such features in all WR stars observed with IUE through 1991. Of 35 stars studied, only four are found to have components with velocity displacements greater than 45 km/s which are not attributable to previously identified OB association superbubbles. The means a surprising 82% of non-OB association WR stars show no evidence of high-velocity gas in their lines of sight at IUE's spectral resolution, suggesting that high-velocity interstellar absorption lines are not a common consequence of Wolf-Rayet star stellar winds alone. We review the properties of three WR stars (HD 50896, HD 96548, and HD 192163) which may reside inside extended interstellar shells and find that they are similar in terms of spectral class (WN5-8), presence of an optical ring nebula, and reported photometric variability. Evaluation of possible origins of the extended shells suggests these three stars are in a post X-ray binary stage of high-mass binary star evolution. If this is correct, then the large interstellar shells detected might be evidence of either supernova remnant shells generated by the explosion of the binary's primary star, or non-conservative mass transfer

  6. Resolving the Massive Binary Wind Interaction Of Eta Carinae with HST/STIS

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gull, Theodore; Nielsen, K.; Corcoran, M.; Hillier, J.; Madura, T.; Hamaguchi, K.; Kober, G.; Owocki, S.; Russell, C.; Okazaki, A.; hide

    2009-01-01

    We have resolved the outer structures of the massive binary interacting wind of Eta Carinae using the HST/STIS. They extend as much as 0.7' (1600AU) and are highly distorted due to the very elliptical orbit of the binary system. Observations conducted from 1998.0 to 2004.3 show spatial and temporal variations consistent with a massive, low excitation wind, seen by spatially resolved, velocity-broadened [Fe II], and a high excitation extended wind interaction region, seen by[Fe III], in the shape of a distorted paraboloid. The highly excited [Fe III] structure is visible for 90% of the 5.5-year period, but disappears as periastron occurs along with the drop of X-Rays as seen by RXTE. Some components appear in [Fe II] emission across the months long minimum. We will discuss the apparent differences between the bowshock orientation derived from the RXTE light curve and these structures seen by HST/STIS. Monitoring the temporal variations with phase using high spatial resolution with appropriate spectral dispersions proves to be a valuable tool for understanding massive wind interactions.

  7. A Model for the Sources of the Slow Solar Wind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Antiochos, Spiro K.; Mikic, Z.; Titov, V. S.; Lionello, R.; Linker, J. A.

    2010-01-01

    Models for the origin of the slow solar wind must account for two seemingly contradictory observations: The slow wind has the composition of the closed-field corona, implying that it originates from the continuous opening and closing of flux at the boundary between open and closed field. On the other hand, the slow wind has large angular width, up to approximately 60 degrees, suggesting that its source extends far from the open-closed boundary. We propose a model that can explain both observations. The key idea is that the source of the slow wind at the Sun is a network of narrow (possibly singular) open-field corridors that map to a web of separatrices and quasi-separatrix layers in the heliosphere. We compute analytically the topology of an open-field corridor and show that it produces a quasi-separatrix layer in the heliosphere that extends to angles far front the heliospheric current sheet. We then use an MHD code and MIDI/SOHO observations of the photospheric magnetic field to calculate numerically, with high spatial resolution, the quasi-steady solar wind and magnetic field for a time period preceding the August 1, 2008 total solar eclipse. Our numerical results imply that, at least for this time period, a web of separatrices (which we term an S-web) forms with sufficient density and extent in the heliosphere to account for the observed properties of the slow wind. We discuss the implications of our S-web model for the structure and dynamics of the corona and heliosphere, and propose further tests of the model.

  8. A Model for the Sources of the Slow Solar Wind

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Antiochos, S. K.; Mikić, Z.; Titov, V. S.; Lionello, R.; Linker, J. A.

    2011-04-01

    Models for the origin of the slow solar wind must account for two seemingly contradictory observations: the slow wind has the composition of the closed-field corona, implying that it originates from the continuous opening and closing of flux at the boundary between open and closed field. On the other hand, the slow wind also has large angular width, up to ~60°, suggesting that its source extends far from the open-closed boundary. We propose a model that can explain both observations. The key idea is that the source of the slow wind at the Sun is a network of narrow (possibly singular) open-field corridors that map to a web of separatrices and quasi-separatrix layers in the heliosphere. We compute analytically the topology of an open-field corridor and show that it produces a quasi-separatrix layer in the heliosphere that extends to angles far from the heliospheric current sheet. We then use an MHD code and MDI/SOHO observations of the photospheric magnetic field to calculate numerically, with high spatial resolution, the quasi-steady solar wind, and magnetic field for a time period preceding the 2008 August 1 total solar eclipse. Our numerical results imply that, at least for this time period, a web of separatrices (which we term an S-web) forms with sufficient density and extent in the heliosphere to account for the observed properties of the slow wind. We discuss the implications of our S-web model for the structure and dynamics of the corona and heliosphere and propose further tests of the model.

  9. Wind Measurements with High Energy 2 Micron Coherent Doppler Lidar

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Barnes, Bruce W.; Koch, Grady J.; Petros, Mulugeta; Beyon, Jeffrey Y.; Amzajerdian, Farzin; Yu, Ji-Rong; Kavaya, Michael J.; Singh, Upendra N.

    2004-01-01

    A coherent Doppler lidar based on an injection seeded Ho:Tm:YLF pulsed laser was developed for wind measurements. A transmitted pulse energy over 75 mJ at 5 Hz repetition rate has been demonstrated. Designs are presented on the laser, injection seeding, receiver, and signal processing subsystems. Sample data of atmospheric measurements are presented including a wind profile extending from the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) to the free troposphere.

  10. Wind Turbine Wake-Redirection Control at the Fishermen's Atlantic City Windfarm: Preprint

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Churchfield, M.; Fleming, P.; Bulder, B.

    2015-05-06

    In this paper, we will present our work towards designing a control strategy to mitigate wind turbine wake effects by redirecting the wakes, specifically applied to the Fishermen’s Atlantic City Windfarm (FACW), proposed for deployment off the shore of Atlantic City, New Jersey. As wind turbines extract energy from the air, they create low-speed wakes that extend behind them. Full wake recovery Full wake recovery to the undisturbed wind speed takes a significant distance. In a wind energy plant the wakes of upstream turbines may travel downstream to the next row of turbines, effectively subjecting them to lower wind speeds,more » meaning these waked turbines will produce less power.« less

  11. Evolution of the Sunspot Number and Solar Wind B Time Series

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cliver, Edward W.; Herbst, Konstantin

    2018-03-01

    The past two decades have witnessed significant changes in our knowledge of long-term solar and solar wind activity. The sunspot number time series (1700-present) developed by Rudolf Wolf during the second half of the 19th century was revised and extended by the group sunspot number series (1610-1995) of Hoyt and Schatten during the 1990s. The group sunspot number is significantly lower than the Wolf series before ˜1885. An effort from 2011-2015 to understand and remove differences between these two series via a series of workshops had the unintended consequence of prompting several alternative constructions of the sunspot number. Thus it has been necessary to expand and extend the sunspot number reconciliation process. On the solar wind side, after a decade of controversy, an ISSI International Team used geomagnetic and sunspot data to obtain a high-confidence time series of the solar wind magnetic field strength (B) from 1750-present that can be compared with two independent long-term (> ˜600 year) series of annual B-values based on cosmogenic nuclides. In this paper, we trace the twists and turns leading to our current understanding of long-term solar and solar wind activity.

  12. The Time Evolution of Eta Carinae's Colliding Winds

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gull, Theodore R.; Madura, T. I.; Grobe, J. H.; Corcoran, M. F.

    2011-01-01

    We report new HST/STIS observations that map the high-ionization forbidden line emission in the inner arc second of Eta Car, the first that fully image the extended wind-wind interaction region of the massive colliding wind binary. These observations were obtained after the 2009.0 periastron at orbital phases 0.084, 0.163, and 0.323 of the 5.54-year spectroscopic cycle. We analyze the variations in brightness and morphology of the emission, and find that blue-shifted emission (-400 to -200 km/s is symmetric and elongated along the northeast-southwest axis, while the red-shifted emission (+ 100 to +200 km/s) is asymmetric and extends to the north-northwest. Comparison to synthetic images generated from a 3-D dynamical model strengthens the 3-D orbital orientation found by Madura et al. (2011), with an inclination i = 138 deg, argument of periapsis w = 270 deg, and an orbital axis that is aligned at the same P A on the sky as the symmetry axis of the Homunculus, 312 deg. We discuss the potential that these and future mappings have for constraining the stellar parameters of the companion star and the long-term variability of the system. Plain-Language Abstract: With HST, we resolved the interacting winds of the binary, Eta Carinae. With a 3-D model, we find the binary orbit axis is aligned to the Homunculus axis. This suggests a connection between the binary and Homunculus ejection mechanism.

  13. The X-33 Extended Flight Test Range

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mackall, Dale A.; Sakahara, Robert; Kremer, Steven E.

    1998-01-01

    Development of an extended test range, with range instrumentation providing continuous vehicle communications, is required to flight-test the X-33, a scaled version of a reusable launch vehicle. The extended test range provides vehicle communications coverage from California to landing at Montana or Utah. This paper provides an overview of the approaches used to meet X-33 program requirements, including using multiple ground stations, and methods to reduce problems caused by reentry plasma radio frequency blackout. The advances used to develop the extended test range show other hypersonic and access-to-space programs can benefit from the development of the extended test range.

  14. Chandra Confirmation of a Pulsar Wind Nebula in DA 495

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Arzoumanian, Z.; Safi-Harb, S.; Landecker, T.L.; Kothes, R.; Camilo, F.

    2008-01-01

    As part of a multiwavelength study of the unusual radio supernova remnant DA 495, we present observations made with the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Imaging and spectroscopic analysis confirms the previously detected X-ray source at the heart of the annular radio nebula, establishing the radiative properties of two key emission components: a soft unresolved source with a blackbody temperature of 1 MK consistent with a neutron star, surrounded by a nontherma1 nebula 40" in diameter exhibiting a power-law spectrum with photon index Gamma = 1.63, typical of a pulsar wind nebula. Morphologically, the nebula appears to be slightly extended along a direction, in projection on the sky, previously demonstrated to be of significance in radio and ASCA observations; we argue that this represents the orientation of the pulsar spin axis. At smaller scales, a narrow X-ray feature is seen extending out 5" from the point source, but energetic arguments suggest that it is not the resolved termination shock of the pulsar wind against the ambient medium. Finally, we argue based on synchrotron lifetimes in the nebular magnetic field that DA 495 represents the first example of a pulsar wind nebula in which electromagnetic flux makes up a significant part, together with particle flux, of the neutron star's wind.

  15. Design Mining Interacting Wind Turbines.

    PubMed

    Preen, Richard J; Bull, Larry

    2016-01-01

    An initial study has recently been presented of surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms used to design vertical-axis wind turbines wherein candidate prototypes are evaluated under fan-generated wind conditions after being physically instantiated by a 3D printer. Unlike other approaches, such as computational fluid dynamics simulations, no mathematical formulations were used and no model assumptions were made. This paper extends that work by exploring alternative surrogate modelling and evolutionary techniques. The accuracy of various modelling algorithms used to estimate the fitness of evaluated individuals from the initial experiments is compared. The effect of temporally windowing surrogate model training samples is explored. A surrogate-assisted approach based on an enhanced local search is introduced; and alternative coevolution collaboration schemes are examined.

  16. Videometric Applications in Wind Tunnels

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Burner, A. W.; Radeztsky, R. H.; Liu, Tian-Shu

    1997-01-01

    Videometric measurements in wind tunnels can be very challenging due to the limited optical access, model dynamics, optical path variability during testing, large range of temperature and pressure, hostile environment, and the requirements for high productivity and large amounts of data on a daily basis. Other complications for wind tunnel testing include the model support mechanism and stringent surface finish requirements for the models in order to maintain aerodynamic fidelity. For these reasons nontraditional photogrammetric techniques and procedures sometimes must be employed. In this paper several such applications are discussed for wind tunnels which include test conditions with Mach number from low speed to hypersonic, pressures from less than an atmosphere to nearly seven atmospheres, and temperatures from cryogenic to above room temperature. Several of the wind tunnel facilities are continuous flow while one is a short duration blowdown facility. Videometric techniques and calibration procedures developed to measure angle of attack, the change in wing twist and bending induced by aerodynamic load, and the effects of varying model injection rates are described. Some advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are given and comparisons are made with non-optical and more traditional video photogrammetric techniques.

  17. Airship-floated wind turbine

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Watson, W. K.

    1985-01-01

    A wind turbine, by use of a tethered airship for support, may be designed for the economical recovery of power at heights of 2,000 feet or more above ground, at which height power density in the wind is typically three times the power density available to a conventionally supported wind turbine. Means can be added to such an airship-floated wind turbine which will permit its generators to be used to meet load demand even during periods of little or no wind. Described to this end is a wind turbine system which combines, among other novel features: a novel tether linemore » system which provides access for men and materials to the supporting airship while in active service, a novel system for providing additional buoyant lift at the nose of the turbine-supporting airship to offset the vertical component of tension induced in the tether line by the downwind force exerted by the turbine blades, a novel bearing assembly at the nose of the supporting airship which permits the airship to rotate as a unit with the turbine it supports without causing a similar rotation of the tether line, a novel turbine airship structure which handles concentrated loads from the turbine efficiently and also permits the safe use of hydrogen for buoyancy, a novel ''space frame'' structure which supports the turbine blades and greatly reduces blade weight, a novel system for controlling turbine blade angle of incidence and for varying blade incidene in synchrony with blade angular position abut the turbine axis to provide greater control over airship movement, a novel system for locating propellor-driven generators out at the wind turbine perimeter and for using lightweight, high-RPM generators to produce electrical energy at a power line frequency, which greatly reduces the weight required to convert turbine blade torque into useful power, and a novel system for incorporating compressed air storage and combustion turbine components into the wind turbine's generator drive systems.« less

  18. Effective wind speed estimation: Comparison between Kalman Filter and Takagi-Sugeno observer techniques.

    PubMed

    Gauterin, Eckhard; Kammerer, Philipp; Kühn, Martin; Schulte, Horst

    2016-05-01

    Advanced model-based control of wind turbines requires knowledge of the states and the wind speed. This paper benchmarks a nonlinear Takagi-Sugeno observer for wind speed estimation with enhanced Kalman Filter techniques: The performance and robustness towards model-structure uncertainties of the Takagi-Sugeno observer, a Linear, Extended and Unscented Kalman Filter are assessed. Hence the Takagi-Sugeno observer and enhanced Kalman Filter techniques are compared based on reduced-order models of a reference wind turbine with different modelling details. The objective is the systematic comparison with different design assumptions and requirements and the numerical evaluation of the reconstruction quality of the wind speed. Exemplified by a feedforward loop employing the reconstructed wind speed, the benefit of wind speed estimation within wind turbine control is illustrated. Copyright © 2015 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Wind Tunnel to Atmospheric Mapping for Static Aeroelastic Scaling

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Heeg, Jennifer; Spain, Charles V.; Rivera, J. A.

    2004-01-01

    Wind tunnel to Atmospheric Mapping (WAM) is a methodology for scaling and testing a static aeroelastic wind tunnel model. The WAM procedure employs scaling laws to define a wind tunnel model and wind tunnel test points such that the static aeroelastic flight test data and wind tunnel data will be correlated throughout the test envelopes. This methodology extends the notion that a single test condition - combination of Mach number and dynamic pressure - can be matched by wind tunnel data. The primary requirements for affecting this extension are matching flight Mach numbers, maintaining a constant dynamic pressure scale factor and setting the dynamic pressure scale factor in accordance with the stiffness scale factor. The scaling is enabled by capabilities of the NASA Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel (TDT) and by relaxation of scaling requirements present in the dynamic problem that are not critical to the static aeroelastic problem. The methodology is exercised in two example scaling problems: an arbitrarily scaled wing and a practical application to the scaling of the Active Aeroelastic Wing flight vehicle for testing in the TDT.

  20. Wind Turbine Wake Variability in a Large Wind Farm, Observed by Scanning Lidar

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lundquist, J. K.; Xiaoxia, G.; Aitken, M.; Quelet, P. T.; Rana, J.; Rhodes, M. E.; St Martin, C. M.; Tay, K.; Worsnop, R.; Irvin, S.; Rajewski, D. A.; Takle, E. S.

    2014-12-01

    Although wind turbine wake modeling is critical for accurate wind resource assessment, operational forecasting, and wind plant optimization, verification of such simulations is currently constrained by sparse datasets taken in limited atmospheric conditions, often of single turbines in isolation. To address this knowledge gap, our team deployed a WINDCUBE 200S scanning lidar in a 300-MW operating wind farm as part of the CWEX-13 field experiment. The lidar was deployed ~2000 m from a row of four turbines, such that wakes from multiple turbines could be sampled with horizontal scans. Twenty minutes of every hour were devoted to horizontal scans at ½ degree resolution at six different elevation angles. Twenty-five days of data were collected, with wind speeds at hub height ranging from quiescent to 14 m/s, and atmospheric stability varying from unstable to strongly stable. The example scan in Fig. 1a shows wakes from a row of four turbines propagating to the northwest. This extensive wake dataset is analyzed based on the quantitative approach of Aitken et al. (J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2014), who developed an automated wake detection algorithm to characterize wind turbine wakes from scanning lidar data. We have extended the Aitken et al. (2014) method to consider multiple turbines in a single scan in order to classify the large numbers of wakes observed in the CWEX-13 dataset (Fig. 1b) during southerly flow conditions. The presentation will explore the variability of wake characteristics such as the velocity deficit and the wake width. These characteristics vary with atmospheric stability, atmospheric turbulence, and inflow wind speed. We find that the strongest and most persistent wakes occur at low to moderate wind speeds (region 2 of the turbine power curve) in stable conditions. We also present evidence that, in stable conditions with strong changes of wind direction with height, wakes propagate in different directions at different elevations above the surface

  1. Global solar magetic field organization in the extended corona: influence on the solar wind speed and density over the cycle.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Réville, V.; Velli, M.; Brun, S.

    2017-12-01

    The dynamics of the solar wind depends intrinsically on the structure of the global solar magnetic field, which undergoes fundamental changes over the 11yr solar cycle. For instance, the wind terminal velocity is thought to be anti-correlated with the expansion factor, a measure of how the magnetic field varies with height in the solar corona, usually computed at a fixed height (≈ 2.5 Rȯ, the source surface radius which approximates the distance at which all magnetic field lines become open). However, the magnetic field expansion affects the solar wind in a more detailed way, its influence on the solar wind properties remaining significant well beyond the source surface: we demonstrate this using 3D global MHD simulations of the solar corona, constrained by surface magnetograms over half a solar cycle (1989-2001). For models to comply with the constraints provided by observed characteristics of the solar wind, namely, that the radial magnetic field intensity becomes latitude independent at some distance from the Sun (Ulysses observations beyond 1 AU), and that the terminal wind speed is anti-correlated with the mass flux, they must accurately describe expansion beyond the solar wind critical point (even up to 10Rȯ and higher in our model). We also show that near activity minimum, expansion in the higher corona beyond 2.5 Rȯ is actually the dominant process affecting the wind speed. We discuss the consequences of this result on the necessary acceleration profile of the solar wind, the location of the sonic point and of the energy deposition by Alfvén waves.

  2. Optimizing wind farm layout via LES-calibrated geometric models inclusive of wind direction and atmospheric stability effects

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Archer, Cristina; Ghaisas, Niranjan

    2015-04-01

    The energy generation at a wind farm is controlled primarily by the average wind speed at hub height. However, two other factors impact wind farm performance: 1) the layout of the wind turbines, in terms of spacing between turbines along and across the prevailing wind direction; staggering or aligning consecutive rows; angles between rows, columns, and prevailing wind direction); and 2) atmospheric stability, which is a measure of whether vertical motion is enhanced (unstable), suppressed (stable), or neither (neutral). Studying both factors and their complex interplay with Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) is a valid approach because it produces high-resolution, 3D, turbulent fields, such as wind velocity, temperature, and momentum and heat fluxes, and it properly accounts for the interactions between wind turbine blades and the surrounding atmospheric and near-surface properties. However, LES are computationally expensive and simulating all the possible combinations of wind directions, atmospheric stabilities, and turbine layouts to identify the optimal wind farm configuration is practically unfeasible today. A new, geometry-based method is proposed that is computationally inexpensive and that combines simple geometric quantities with a minimal number of LES simulations to identify the optimal wind turbine layout, taking into account not only the actual frequency distribution of wind directions (i.e., wind rose) at the site of interest, but also atmospheric stability. The geometry-based method is calibrated with LES of the Lillgrund wind farm conducted with the Software for Offshore/onshore Wind Farm Applications (SOWFA), based on the open-access OpenFOAM libraries. The geometric quantities that offer the best correlations (>0.93) with the LES results are the blockage ratio, defined as the fraction of the swept area of a wind turbine that is blocked by an upstream turbine, and the blockage distance, the weighted distance from a given turbine to all upstream turbines

  3. Low frequency wind noise contributions in measurement microphones.

    PubMed

    Raspet, Richard; Yu, Jiao; Webster, Jeremy

    2008-03-01

    In a previous paper [R. Raspet, et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 834-843 (2006)], a method was introduced to predict upper and lower bounds for wind noise measured in spherical wind-screens from the measured incident velocity spectra. That paper was restricted in that the predictions were only valid within the inertial range of the incident turbulence, and the data were from a measurement not specifically designed to test the predictions. This paper extends the previous predictions into the source region of the atmospheric wind turbulence, and compares the predictions to measurements made with a large range of wind-screen sizes. Predictions for the turbulence-turbulence interaction pressure spectrum as well as the stagnation pressure fluctuation spectrum are calculated from a form fit to the velocity fluctuation spectrum. While the predictions for turbulence-turbulence interaction agree well with measurements made within large (1.0 m) wind-screens, and the stagnation pressure predictions agree well with unscreened gridded microphone measurements, the mean shear-turbulence interaction spectra do not consistently appear in measurements.

  4. Regional frequency analysis to asses wind resource spatial and temporal variations in Washington State

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mortuza, M.; Demissie, D.

    2013-12-01

    According to the U.S. Department of Energy's annual wind technologies market report, the wind power capacity in the country grew from 2.5 gigawatts in early 2000 to 60 gigawatts in 2012, making it one of the largest new sources of electric capacity additions in the U.S. in recent years. With over 2.8 gigawatts of current capacity (eighth largest in the nation), Washington State plays a significant role in this rapidly increasing energy resource. To further expand and/or optimize these capacities, assessment of wind resource and its spatial and temporal variations are important. However, since at-site frequency analysis using meteorological data is not adequate for extending wind frequency to locations with no data, longer return period, and heterogeneous topography and surface, a regional frequency analysis based on L-moment method is adopted in this study to estimate regional wind speed patterns and return periods in Washington State using hourly mean wind speed data from 1979 - 2010. The analysis applies the k-means, hierarchical and self-organizing map clustering techniques to explore potential clusters or regions; statistical tests are then applied to identify homogeneous regions and appropriate probability distribution models. The result from the analysis is expected to provide essential knowledge about the areas with potential capacity of constructing wind power plants, which can also be readily extended to assist decisions on their daily operations.

  5. The Impacts of Wind Speed Trends and 30-Year Variability in Relation to Hydroelectric Reservoir Inflows on Wind Power in the Pacific Northwest.

    PubMed

    Cross, Benjamin D; Kohfeld, Karen E; Bailey, Joseph; Cooper, Andrew B

    2015-01-01

    In hydroelectric dominated systems, the value and benefits of energy are higher during extended dry periods and lower during extended or extreme wet periods. By accounting for regional and temporal differences in the relationship between wind speed and reservoir inflow behavior during wind farm site selection, the benefits of energy diversification can be maximized. The goal of this work was to help maximize the value of wind power by quantifying the long-term (30-year) relationships between wind speed and streamflow behavior, using British Columbia (BC) and the Pacific Northwest (PNW) as a case study. Clean energy and self-sufficiency policies in British BC make the benefits of increased generation during low streamflow periods particularly large. Wind density (WD) estimates from a height of 10m (North American Regional Reanalysis, NARR) were correlated with cumulative usable inflows (CUI) for BC (collected from BC Hydro) for 1979-2010. The strongest WD-CUI correlations were found along the US coast (r ~0.55), whereas generally weaker correlations were found in northern regions, with negative correlations (r ~ -0.25) along BC's North Coast. Furthermore, during the lowest inflow years, WD anomalies increased by up to 40% above average values for the North Coast. Seasonally, high flows during the spring freshet were coincident with widespread negative WD anomalies, with a similar but opposite pattern for low inflow winter months. These poorly or negatively correlated sites could have a moderating influence on climate related variability in provincial electricity supply, by producing greater than average generation in low inflow years and reduced generation in wet years. Wind speed and WD trends were also analyzed for all NARR grid locations, which showed statistically significant positive trends for most of the PNW and the largest increases along the Pacific Coast.

  6. The Impacts of Wind Speed Trends and 30-Year Variability in Relation to Hydroelectric Reservoir Inflows on Wind Power in the Pacific Northwest

    PubMed Central

    Cross, Benjamin D.; Kohfeld, Karen E.; Bailey, Joseph; Cooper, Andrew B.

    2015-01-01

    In hydroelectric dominated systems, the value and benefits of energy are higher during extended dry periods and lower during extended or extreme wet periods. By accounting for regional and temporal differences in the relationship between wind speed and reservoir inflow behavior during wind farm site selection, the benefits of energy diversification can be maximized. The goal of this work was to help maximize the value of wind power by quantifying the long-term (30-year) relationships between wind speed and streamflow behavior, using British Columbia (BC) and the Pacific Northwest (PNW) as a case study. Clean energy and self-sufficiency policies in British BC make the benefits of increased generation during low streamflow periods particularly large. Wind density (WD) estimates from a height of 10m (North American Regional Reanalysis, NARR) were correlated with cumulative usable inflows (CUI) for BC (collected from BC Hydro) for 1979–2010. The strongest WD-CUI correlations were found along the US coast (r ~0.55), whereas generally weaker correlations were found in northern regions, with negative correlations (r ~ -0.25) along BC’s North Coast. Furthermore, during the lowest inflow years, WD anomalies increased by up to 40% above average values for the North Coast. Seasonally, high flows during the spring freshet were coincident with widespread negative WD anomalies, with a similar but opposite pattern for low inflow winter months. These poorly or negatively correlated sites could have a moderating influence on climate related variability in provincial electricity supply, by producing greater than average generation in low inflow years and reduced generation in wet years. Wind speed and WD trends were also analyzed for all NARR grid locations, which showed statistically significant positive trends for most of the PNW and the largest increases along the Pacific Coast. PMID:26271035

  7. 76 FR 6812 - Proposed Shiloh III Wind Plant Project, Solano County, CA; Proposed Habitat Conservation Plan and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-08

    ... turbines and associated facilities and access roads, maintenance of the wind turbines and associated... Area). The Plan Area is adjacent to existing energy-producing facilities, most notably wind turbine.../California Independent System Operator power grid. Up to 59 wind turbines would be built in the Plan Area...

  8. Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Summary of a Technical Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tinnesand, Heidi; Baring-Gould, Ian; Fields, Jason

    2016-09-28

    Built-environment wind turbine (BEWT) projects are wind energy projects that are constructed on, in, or near buildings. These projects present an opportunity for distributed, low-carbon generation combined with highly visible statements on sustainability, but the BEWT niche of the wind industry is still developing and is relatively less mature than the utility-scale wind or conventional ground-based distributed wind sectors. The findings presented in this presentation cannot be extended to wind energy deployments in general because of the large difference in application and technology maturity. This presentation summarizes the results of a report investigating the current state of the BEWT industrymore » by reviewing available literature on BEWT projects as well as interviewing project owners on their experiences deploying and operating the technology. The authors generated a series of case studies that outlines the pertinent project details, project outcomes, and lessons learned.« less

  9. Models of Interacting Stellar Winds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wilkin, Francis Patrick

    Stars drive supersonic winds which interact violently with their surroundings. Analytic and numerical models of hypersonic, interacting circumstellar flows are presented for several important astrophysical problems. A new solution method for steady-state, axisymmetric, wind collision problems is applied to radiative bow shocks from moving stars and to the collision of two spherical winds in a binary star system. The solutions obtained describe the shape of the geometrically thin, shocked shell of matter, as well as its mass surface density and the tangential velocity within it. Analytic solutions are also obtained for non-axisymmetric bow shocks, where the asymmetry arises due to either a transverse gradient in the ambient medium, or a misaligned, axisymmetric stellar wind. While the solutions are all easily scaled in terms of their relevant dimensional parameters, the important assumption of radiative shocks implies that the models are most applicable towards systems with dense environments and low preshock velocities. The bow shock model has previously been applied to cometary, ultracompact HII regions by Van Buren et al. (1990), who discussed extensively the applicability of the thin shell approximation. I next model the collision between a protostellar wind and supersonic infall from a rotating cloud, employing a quasi-steady, thin-shell formulation. The spherical wind is initially crushed to the protostellar surface by nearly spherical infall. The centrifugal distortion of infalling matter eventually permits a wind-supported, trapped bubble to slowly expand on an evolutionary (~ 105 yr) time. The shell becomes progressively more extended along the rotational axis, due to the asymmetry of the infall. When the quasi-steady assumption breaks down, the shell has become a needle-like, bipolar configuration that may represent a precursor to protostellar jets. I stress, however, the likelihood of instability for the shell, and the possibility of oscillatory behavior

  10. Extender for securing a closure

    DOEpatents

    Thomas, II, Patrick A.

    2012-10-02

    An apparatus for securing a closure such as door or a window that opens and closes by movement relative to a fixed structure such as a wall or a floor. Many embodiments provide a device for relocating a padlock from its normal location where it secures a fastener (such as a hasp) to a location for the padlock that is more accessible for locking and unlocking the padlock. Typically an extender is provided, where the extender has a hook at a first end that is disposed through the eye of the staple of the hasp, and at an opposing second end the extender has an annulus, such as a hole in the extender or a loop or ring affixed to the extender. The shackle of the padlock may be disposed through the annulus and may be disposed through the eye of a second staple to secure the door or window in a closed or open position. Some embodiments employ a rigid sheath to enclose at least a portion of the extender. Typically the rigid sheath has an open state where the hook is exposed outside the sheath and a closed state where the hook is disposed within the sheath.

  11. Persistent palatable food preference in rats with a history of limited and extended access to methamphetamine self-administration

    PubMed Central

    Caprioli, Daniele; Zeric, Tamara; Thorndike, Eric B; Venniro, Marco

    2015-01-01

    Recent studies have shown that when given a mutually exclusive choice between cocaine and palatable foods most rats prefer the non-drug rewards over cocaine. Here, we used a discrete choice procedure to assess whether palatable food preference generalizes to rats with a history of limited (3 hr/day) or extended (6 or 9 hr/day) access to methamphetamine self-administration. On different daily sessions, we trained rats to lever-press for either methamphetamine (0.1–0.2 mg/kg/infusion) or palatable food (5 pellets per reward delivery) for several weeks; regular food was freely available. We then assessed food-methamphetamine preference either during training, after priming methamphetamine injections (0.5–1.0 mg/kg), following a satiety manipulation (palatable food exposure in the home cage), or after 21 days of withdrawal from methamphetamine. We also assessed progressive ratio responding for palatable food and methamphetamine. We found that independent of the daily drug access conditions and the withdrawal period, the rats strongly preferred the palatable food over methamphetamine, even when they were given free access to the palatable food in the home cage. Intake of methamphetamine and progressive ratio responding for the drug, both of which increased or escalated over time, did not predict preference in the discrete choice test. Results demonstrate that most rats strongly prefer palatable food pellets over intravenous methamphetamine, confirming previous studies using discrete choice procedures with intravenous cocaine. Results also demonstrate that escalation of drug self-administration, a popular model of compulsive drug use, is not associated with a cardinal feature of human addiction of reduced behavioral responding for non-drug rewards. PMID:25582886

  12. Persistent palatable food preference in rats with a history of limited and extended access to methamphetamine self-administration.

    PubMed

    Caprioli, Daniele; Zeric, Tamara; Thorndike, Eric B; Venniro, Marco

    2015-09-01

    Recent studies have shown that when given a mutually exclusive choice between cocaine and palatable foods, most rats prefer the non-drug rewards over cocaine. Here, we used a discrete choice procedure to assess whether palatable food preference generalizes to rats with a history of limited (3 hours/day) or extended (6 or 9 hours/day) access to methamphetamine self-administration. On different daily sessions, we trained rats to lever-press for either methamphetamine (0.1-0.2 mg/kg/infusion) or palatable food (five pellets per reward delivery) for several weeks; regular food was freely available. We then assessed food-methamphetamine preference either during training, after priming methamphetamine injections (0.5-1.0 mg/kg), following a satiety manipulation (palatable food exposure in the home cage) or after 21 days of withdrawal from methamphetamine. We also assessed progressive ratio responding for palatable food and methamphetamine. We found that independent of the daily drug access conditions and the withdrawal period, the rats strongly preferred the palatable food over methamphetamine, even when they were given free access to the palatable food in the home cage. Intake of methamphetamine and progressive ratio responding for the drug, both of which increased or escalated over time, did not predict preference in the discrete choice test. Results demonstrate that most rats strongly prefer palatable food pellets over intravenous methamphetamine, confirming previous studies using discrete choice procedures with intravenous cocaine. Results also demonstrate that escalation of drug self-administration, a popular model of compulsive drug use, is not associated with a cardinal feature of human addiction of reduced behavioral responding for non-drug rewards. © 2015 Society for the Study of Addiction.

  13. 2015 Wind Technologies Market Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wiser, Ryan; Bolinger, Mark; Barbose, Galen

    Annual wind power capacity additions in the United States surged in 2015 and are projected to continue at a rapid clip in the coming five years. Recent and projected near-term growth is supported by the industry’s primary federal incentive—the production tax credit (PTC)—having been extended for several years (though with a phase-down schedule, described further on pages 68-69), as well as a myriad of state-level policies. Wind additions are also being driven by improvements in the cost and performance of wind power technologies, yielding low power sales prices for utility, corporate, and other purchasers. At the same time, the prospectsmore » for growth beyond the current PTC cycle remain uncertain: growth could be blunted by declining federal tax support, expectations for low natural gas prices, and modest electricity demand growth. This annual report—now in its tenth year—provides a detailed overview of developments and trends in the U.S. wind power market, with a particular focus on 2015. The report begins with an overview of key installation-related trends: trends in U.S. wind power capacity growth; how that growth compares to other countries and generation sources; the amount and percentage of wind energy in individual states; the status of offshore wind power development; and the quantity of proposed wind power capacity in various interconnection queues in the United States. Next, the report covers an array of wind power industry trends: developments in turbine manufacturer market share; manufacturing and supply-chain developments; wind turbine and component imports into and exports from the United States; project financing developments; and trends among wind power project owners and power purchasers. The report then turns to a summary of wind turbine technology trends: turbine size, hub height, rotor diameter, specific power, and IEC Class. After that, the report discusses wind power performance, cost, and pricing trends. In so doing, it

  14. Extending access to essential services against constraints: the three-tier health service delivery system in rural China (1949-1980).

    PubMed

    Feng, Xing Lin; Martinez-Alvarez, Melisa; Zhong, Jun; Xu, Jin; Yuan, Beibei; Meng, Qingyue; Balabanova, Dina

    2017-05-23

    China has made remarkable progress in scaling up essential services during the last six decades, making health care increasingly available in rural areas. This was partly achieved through the building of a three-tier health system in the 1950s, established as a linked network with health service facilities at county, township and village level, to extend services to the whole population. We developed a Theory of Change to chart the policy context, contents and mechanisms that may have facilitated the establishment of the three-tier health service delivery system in rural China. We systematically synthesized the best available evidence on how China achieved universal access to essential services in resource-scarce rural settings, with a particular emphasis on the experiences learned before the 1980s, when the country suffered a particularly acute lack of resources. The search identified only three peered-reviewed articles that fit our criteria for scientific rigor. We therefore drew extensively on government policy documents, and triangulated them with other publications and key informant interviews. We found that China's three-tier health service delivery system was established in response to acute health challenges, including high fertility and mortality rates. Health system resources were extremely low in view of the needs and insufficient to extend access to even basic care. With strong political commitment to rural health and a "health-for-all" policy vision underlying implementation, a three-tier health service delivery model connecting villages, townships and counties was quickly established. We identified several factors that contributed to the success of the three-tier system in China: a realistic health human resource development strategy, use of mass campaigns as a vehicle to increase demand, an innovative financing mechanisms, public-private partnership models in the early stages of scale up, and an integrated approach to service delivery. An

  15. Multiple and variable speed electrical generator systems for large wind turbines

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Andersen, T. S.; Hughes, P. S.; Kirschbaum, H. S.; Mutone, G. A.

    1982-01-01

    A cost effective method to achieve increased wind turbine generator energy conversion and other operational benefits through variable speed operation is presented. Earlier studies of multiple and variable speed generators in wind turbines were extended for evaluation in the context of a specific large sized conceptual design. System design and simulation have defined the costs and performance benefits which can be expected from both two speed and variable speed configurations.

  16. Signature of open magnetic field lines in the extended solar corona and of solar wind acceleration

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Antonucci, E.; Giordano, S.; Benna, C.; Kohl, J. L.; Noci, G.; Michels, J.; Fineschi, S.

    1997-01-01

    The observations carried out with the ultraviolet coronagraph spectrometer onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) are discussed. The purpose of the observations was to determine the line of sight and radial velocity fields in coronal regions with different magnetic topology. The results showed that the regions where the high speed solar wind flows along open field lines are characterized by O VI 1032 and HI Lyman alpha 1216 lines. The global coronal maps of the line of sight velocity were reconstructed. The corona height, where the solar wind reaches 100 km/s, was determined.

  17. Measurements of Heat Flux Differences Within a Large Wind Farm During the 2013 Crop/Wind-Energy Experiment (CWEX-13)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rajewski, D. A.

    2015-12-01

    Wind farms are an important resource for electrical generation in the Central U.S., however with each installation there are many poorly documented interactions with the local and surrounding environment. The impact of wind farms on surface microclimate is largely understood conceptually using numerical or wind tunnel models or ex situ satellite-detected changes. Measurements suitable for calibration of numerical simulations are few and of limited applicability but are urgently needed to improve parameterization of wind farm aerodynamics influenced by the diurnal evolution of the boundary layer. Among large eddy simulations of wind farm wakes in thermally stable stratification, there are discrepancies on the influence of turbine-induced mixing on the surface heat flux. We provide measurements from seven surface flux stations, vertical profiling LiDARs located upwind and downwind of turbines, and SCADA measurements from turbines during the 2013 Crop Wind Energy Experiment (CWEX-13) as the best evidence for the variability of turbine induced heat flux within a large wind farm. Examination of ambient conditions (wind direction, wind veer, and thermal stratification) and on turbine operation factors (hub-height wind speed, normalized power) reveal conditions that lead to the largest modification of heat flux. Our results demonstrate the highest flux change from the reference station to be where the leading few lines of turbines influence the surface. Under stably stratified conditions turbine-scale turbulence is highly efficient at bringing warmer air aloft to the surface, leading to an increase in downward heat flux. Conversely we see that the combination of wakes from several lines of turbines reduces the flux contrast from the reference station. In this regime of deep wind-farm flow, wake turbulence is similar in scale and intensity to the reference conditions. These analysis tools can be extended to other turbine SCADA and microclimate variables (e.g. temperature

  18. A survey of solar wind conditions at 5 AU: A tool for interpreting solar wind-magnetosphere interactions at Jupiter

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ebert, Robert; Bagenal, Fran; McComas, David; Fowler, Christopher

    2014-09-01

    We examine Ulysses solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) observations at 5 AU for two ~13 month intervals during the rising and declining phases of solar cycle 23 and the predicted response of the Jovian magnetosphere during these times. The declining phase solar wind, composed primarily of corotating interaction regions and high-speed streams, was, on average, faster, hotter, less dense, and more Alfvénic relative to the rising phase solar wind, composed mainly of slow wind and interplanetary coronal mass ejections. Interestingly, none of solar wind and IMF distributions reported here were bimodal, a feature used to explain the bimodal distribution of bow shock and magnetopause standoff distances observed at Jupiter. Instead, many of these distributions had extended, non-Gaussian tails that resulted in large standard deviations and much larger mean over median values. The distribution of predicted Jupiter bow shock and magnetopause standoff distances during these intervals were also not bimodal, the mean/median values being larger during the declining phase by ~1 - 4%. These results provide data-derived solar wind and IMF boundary conditions at 5 AU for models aimed at studying solar wind-magnetosphere interactions at Jupiter and can support the science investigations of upcoming Jupiter system missions. Here, we provide expectations for Juno, which is scheduled to arrive at Jupiter in July 2016. Accounting for the long-term decline in solar wind dynamic pressure reported by McComas et al. (2013), Jupiter’s bow shock and magnetopause is expected to be at least 8 - 12% further from Jupiter, if these trends continue.

  19. Impacts of an offshore wind farm on the lower marine atmosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Volker, P. J.; Huang, H.; Capps, S. B.; Badger, J.; Hahmann, A. N.; Hall, A. D.

    2013-12-01

    Due to a continuing increase in energy demand and heightened environmental consciousness, the State of California is seeking out more environmentally-friendly energy resources. Strong and persistent winds along California's coast can be harnessed effectively by current wind turbine technology, providing a promising source of alternative energy. Using an advanced wind farm parameterization implemented in the Weather Research & Forecast model, we investigate the potential impacts of a large offshore wind farm on the lower marine atmosphere. Located offshore of the Sonoma Coast in northern California, this theoretical wind farm includes 200-7 megawatt, 125 m hub height wind turbines which are able to provide a total of 1.4 TW of power for use in neighboring cities. The wind turbine model (i.e., the Explicit Wake Parameterization originally developed at the Danish Technical University) acts as a source of drag where the sub-grid scale velocity deficit expansion is explicitly described. A swath consisting of hub-height velocity deficits and temperature and moisture anomalies extends more than 100 km downstream of the wind farm location. The presence of the large modern wind farm also creates flow distortion upstream in conjunction with an enhanced vertical momentum and scalar transport.

  20. Wind Variability of B Supergiants. No. 2; The Two-component Stellar Wind of gamma Arae

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Prinja, R. K.; Massa, D.; Fullerton, A. W.; Howarth, I. D.; Pontefract, M.

    1996-01-01

    The stellar wind of the rapidly rotating early-B supergiant, gamma Ara, is studied using time series, high-resolution IUE spectroscopy secured over approx. 6 days in 1993 March. Results are presented based on an analysis of several line species, including N(N), C(IV), Si(IV), Si(III), C(II), and Al(III). The wind of this star is grossly structured, with evidence for latitude-dependent mass loss which reflects the role of rapid rotation. Independent, co-existing time variable features are identified at low-velocity (redward of approx. -750 km/s) and at higher-speeds extending to approx. -1500 km/s. The interface between these structures is 'defined' by the appearance of a discrete absorption component which is extremely sharp (in velocity space). The central velocity of this 'Super DAC' changes only gradually, over several days, between approx. -400 and -750 km/s in most of the ions. However, its location is shifted redward by almost 400 km/s in Al(III) and C(II), indicating that the physical structure giving rise to this feature has a substantial velocity and ionization jump. Constraints on the relative ionization properties of the wind structures are discussed, together with results based on SEI line-profile-fitting methods. The overall wind activity in gamma Ara exhibits a clear ion dependence, such that low-speed features are promoted in low-ionization species, including Al(III), C(II), and Si(III). We also highlight that - in contrast to most OB stars - there are substantial differences in the epoch-to-epoch time-averaged wind profiles of gamma Ara. We interpret the results in terms of a two-component wind model for gamma Ara, with an equatorially compressed low ionization region, and a high speed, higher-ionization polar outflow. This picture is discussed in the context of the predicted bi-stability mechanism for line-driven winds in rapidly rotating early-B type stars, and the formation of compressed wind regions in rapidly rotating hot stars. The apparent

  1. Extended-Family Resources and Racial Inequality in the Transition to Homeownership

    PubMed Central

    Hall, Matthew; Crowder, Kyle

    2011-01-01

    We use longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine how access to financial resources in the extended family affects the accumulation of wealth among non-owners and how these resources subsequently affect transitioning into homeownership. Our findings show that economic conditions of the extended family have substantial effects on non-owners’ wealth accumulation and likelihood of becoming homeowners, even after adjusting for individual sociodemographic and economic characteristics. We find significant effects of extended-family wealth for both black and white households, but effects of extended-family income insufficiency for blacks only. Consequently, limited access to wealth and greater level of poverty in the extended family hamper blacks’ transition to homeownership. Our results show that the level of extended-family wealth necessary for black householders to equalize their likelihood of becoming homeowners with whites is very high. In fact, our findings indicate that white householders embedded in extended families with no net wealth are just as likely to make the transition to ownership as are black householders with affluent extended families. These findings support arguments related to the importance of extended-family resources in processes of residential attainment but also point to important racial differences in not only levels but also consequences of these family resources. PMID:23564980

  2. VLTI-AMBER Velocity-Resolved Aperture-Synthesis Imaging of Eta Carinae with a Spectral Resolution of 12 000: Studies of the Primary Star Wind and Innermost Wind-Wind Collision Zone

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Weigelt, G.; Hofmann, K.-H.; Schertl, D.; Clementel, N.; Corcoran, M. F.; Damineli, A.; de Wit, W.-J.; Grellmann, R.; Groh, J.; Guieu, S.; hide

    2016-01-01

    The mass loss from massive stars is not understood well. Eta Carinae is a unique object for studying the massive stellar wind during the luminous blue variable phase. It is also an eccentric binary with a period of 5.54 yr. The nature of both stars is uncertain, although we know from X-ray studies that there is a wind-wind collision whose properties change with orbital phase. Aims. We want to investigate the structure and kinematics of Car's primary star wind and wind-wind collision zone with a high spatial resolution of approx.6 mas (approx.14 au) and high spectral resolution of R = 12 000. Methods. Observations of Car were carried out with the ESO Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) and the AMBER instrument between approximately five and seven months before the August 2014 periastron passage. Velocity-resolved aperture-synthesis images were reconstructed from the spectrally dispersed interferograms. Interferometric studies can provide information on the binary orbit, the primary wind, and the wind collision. Results. We present velocity-resolved aperture-synthesis images reconstructed in more than 100 di erent spectral channels distributed across the Br(gamma) 2.166 micron emission line. The intensity distribution of the images strongly depends on wavelength. At wavelengths corresponding to radial velocities of approximately -140 to -376 km/s measured relative to line center, the intensity distribution has a fan-shaped structure. At the velocity of -277 km/s, the position angle of the symmetry axis of the fan is 126. The fan-shaped structure extends approximately 8.0 mas (approx.18:8 au) to the southeast and 5.8 mas (approx.13:6 au) to the northwest, measured along the symmetry axis at the 16% intensity contour. The shape of the intensity distributions suggests that the obtained images are the first direct images of the innermost wind-wind collision zone. Therefore, the observations provide velocity-dependent image structures that can be used to test three

  3. Review: Wind impacts on plant growth, mechanics and damage.

    PubMed

    Gardiner, Barry; Berry, Peter; Moulia, Bruno

    2016-04-01

    Land plants have adapted to survive under a range of wind climates and this involve changes in chemical composition, physical structure and morphology at all scales from the cell to the whole plant. Under strong winds plants can re-orientate themselves, reconfigure their canopies, or shed needles, leaves and branches in order to reduce the drag. If the wind is too strong the plants oscillate until the roots or stem fail. The mechanisms of root and stem failure are very similar in different plants although the exact details of the failure may be different. Cereals and other herbaceous crops can often recover after wind damage and even woody plants can partially recovery if there is sufficient access to water and nutrients. Wind damage can have major economic impacts on crops, forests and urban trees. This can be reduced by management that is sensitive to the local site and climatic conditions and accounts for the ability of plants to acclimate to their local wind climate. Wind is also a major disturbance in many plant ecosystems and can play a crucial role in plant regeneration and the change of successional stage. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. On the history of the solar wind discovery

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Obridko, V. N.; Vaisberg, O. L.

    2017-03-01

    The discovery of the solar wind has been an outstanding achievement in heliophysics and space physics. The solar wind plays a crucial role in the processes taking place in the Solar System. In recent decades, it has been recognized as the main factor that controls the terrestrial effects of space weather. The solar wind is an unusual plasma laboratory of giant scale with a fantastic diversity of parameters and operating modes, and devoid of influence from the walls of laboratory plasma systems. It is also the only kind of stellar wind accessible for direct study. The history of this discovery is quite dramatic. Like many remarkable discoveries, it had several predecessors. However, the honor of a discovery usually belongs to a scientist who was able to more fully explain the phenomenon. Such a man is deservedly considered the US theorist Eugene Parker, who discovered the solar wind, as we know it today, almost "with the point of his pen". In 2017, we will celebrate the 90th anniversary birthday of Eugene Parker.

  5. Windscanner: 3-D wind and turbulence measurements from three steerable doppler lidars

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mikkelsen, T.; Mann, J.; Courtney, M.; Sjöholm, M.

    2008-05-01

    At RISØ DTU we has started to build a new-designed laser-based lidar scanning facility for detailed remote measurements of the wind fields engulfing the huge wind turbines of today. Our aim is to measure in real-time 3D wind vector data at several hundred points every second: 1) upstream of the turbine, 2) near the turbine, and 3) in the wakes of the turbine rotors. Our first proto-type Windscanner is now being built from three commercially available Continuous Wave (CW) wind lidars modified with fast adjustable focus length and equipped with 2-D prism-based scan heads, in conjunction with a commercially available pulsed wind lidar for extended vertical profiling range. Design, construction and initial testing of the new 3-D wind lidar scanning facility are described and the functionality of the Windscanner and its potential as a new research facility within the wind energy community is discussed.

  6. 77 FR 29633 - Alta Wind VII, LLC, Alta Wind IX, LLC, Alta Wind X, LLC, Alta Wind XI, LLC, Alta Wind XII, LLC...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-18

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Docket No. EL12-68-000] Alta Wind VII, LLC, Alta Wind IX, LLC, Alta Wind X, LLC, Alta Wind XI, LLC, Alta Wind XII, LLC, Alta Wind XIII, LLC, Alta Wind XIV, LLC, Alta Wind XV, LLC, Alta Windpower Development, LLC, TGP Development Company, LLC...

  7. 75 FR 23263 - Alta Wind I, LLC; Alta Wind II, LLC; Alta Wind III, LLC; Alta Wind IV, LLC; Alta Wind V, LLC...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-03

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Docket No. EL10-62-000] Alta Wind I, LLC; Alta Wind II, LLC; Alta Wind III, LLC; Alta Wind IV, LLC; Alta Wind V, LLC; Alta Wind VI, LLC; Alta Wind VII, LLC; Alta Wind VIII, LLC; Alta Windpower Development, LLC; TGP Development Company, LLC...

  8. Lifting system and apparatus for constructing wind turbine towers

    DOEpatents

    Livingston, Tracy; Schrader, Terry; Goldhardt, James; Lott, James

    2011-02-01

    The disclosed invention is utilized for mounting a wind turbine and blade assembly on the upper end of a wind turbine tower. The invention generally includes a frame or truss that is pivotally secured to the top bay assembly of the tower. A transverse beam is connected to the frame or truss and extends fore of the tower when the frame or truss is in a first position and generally above the tower when in a second position. When in the first position, a wind turbine or blade assembly can be hoisted to the top of the tower. The wind turbine or blade assembly is then moved into position for mounting to the tower as the frame or truss is pivoted to a second position. When the turbine and blade assembly are secured to the tower, the frame or truss is disconnected from the tower and lowered to the ground.

  9. Sting Dynamics of Wind Tunnel Models

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1976-05-01

    Patterson AFB, AFFDL, Ohio, October 1964. 17. Brunk, James E. "Users Manual: Extended Capability Magnus Rotor and Ballistic Body 6-DOF Trajectory...measure "second-order" aerodynamic effects resulting, for example, from Reynolds number in- fluence. Consequently, all wind tunnel data systems are...sting-model interference effects , sting configurations normally consist of one or more linearly tapered sections combined with one or more untapered

  10. Optimization of monopiles for offshore wind turbines.

    PubMed

    Kallehave, Dan; Byrne, Byron W; LeBlanc Thilsted, Christian; Mikkelsen, Kristian Kousgaard

    2015-02-28

    The offshore wind industry currently relies on subsidy schemes to be competitive with fossil-fuel-based energy sources. For the wind industry to survive, it is vital that costs are significantly reduced for future projects. This can be partly achieved by introducing new technologies and partly through optimization of existing technologies and design methods. One of the areas where costs can be reduced is in the support structure, where better designs, cheaper fabrication and quicker installation might all be possible. The prevailing support structure design is the monopile structure, where the simple design is well suited to mass-fabrication, and the installation approach, based on conventional impact driving, is relatively low-risk and robust for most soil conditions. The range of application of the monopile for future wind farms can be extended by using more accurate engineering design methods, specifically tailored to offshore wind industry design. This paper describes how state-of-the-art optimization approaches are applied to the design of current wind farms and monopile support structures and identifies the main drivers where more accurate engineering methods could impact on a next generation of highly optimized monopiles. © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

  11. Effects of wind-energy facilities on breeding grassland bird distributions.

    PubMed

    Shaffer, Jill A; Buhl, Deborah A

    2016-02-01

    The contribution of renewable energy to meet worldwide demand continues to grow. Wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable sectors, but new wind facilities are often placed in prime wildlife habitat. Long-term studies that incorporate a rigorous statistical design to evaluate the effects of wind facilities on wildlife are rare. We conducted a before-after-control-impact (BACI) assessment to determine if wind facilities placed in native mixed-grass prairies displaced breeding grassland birds. During 2003-2012, we monitored changes in bird density in 3 study areas in North Dakota and South Dakota (U.S.A.). We examined whether displacement or attraction occurred 1 year after construction (immediate effect) and the average displacement or attraction 2-5 years after construction (delayed effect). We tested for these effects overall and within distance bands of 100, 200, 300, and >300 m from turbines. We observed displacement for 7 of 9 species. One species was unaffected by wind facilities and one species exhibited attraction. Displacement and attraction generally occurred within 100 m and often extended up to 300 m. In a few instances, displacement extended beyond 300 m. Displacement and attraction occurred 1 year after construction and persisted at least 5 years. Our research provides a framework for applying a BACI design to displacement studies and highlights the erroneous conclusions that can be made without the benefit of adopting such a design. More broadly, species-specific behaviors can be used to inform management decisions about turbine placement and the potential impact to individual species. Additionally, the avoidance distance metrics we estimated can facilitate future development of models evaluating impacts of wind facilities under differing land-use scenarios. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

  12. Solar wind temperature observations in the outer heliosphere

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gazis, P. R.; Barnes, A.; Mihalov, J. D.; Lazarus, A. J.

    1992-01-01

    The Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Voyager 2 spacecraft are now at heliocentric distances of 50, 32 and 33 AU, and heliographic latitudes of 3.5 deg N, 17 deg N, and 0 deg N, respectively. Pioneer 11 and Voyager 2 are at similar celestial longitudes, while Pioneer l0 is on the opposite side of the sun. The baselines defined by these spacecraft make it possible to resolve radial, longitudinal, and latitudinal variations of solar wind parameters. The solar wind temperature decreases with increasing heliocentric distance out to a distance of 10-15 AU. At larger heliocentric distances, this gradient disappears. These high solar wind temperatures in the outer heliosphere have persisted for at least 10 years, which suggests that they are not a solar cycle effect. The solar wind temperature varied with heliographic latitude during the most recent solar minimum. The solar wind temperature at Pioneer 11 and Voyager 2 was higher than that seen at Pioneer 10 for an extended period of time, which suggests the existence of a large-scale variation of temperature with celestial longitude, but the contribution of transient phenomena is yet to be clarified.

  13. WindWaveFloat (WWF): Final Scientific Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Alla Weinstein; Roddier, Dominique; Banister, Kevin

    2012-03-30

    Principle Power Inc. and National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) have completed a contract to assess the technical and economic feasibility of integrating wave energy converters into the WindFloat, resulting in a new concept called the WindWaveFloat (WWF). The concentration of several devices on one platform could offer a potential for both economic and operational advantages. Wind and wave energy converters can share the electrical cable and power transfer equipment to transport the electricity to shore. Access to multiple generation devices could be simplified, resulting in cost saving at the operational level. Overall capital costs may also be reduced, provided thatmore » the design of the foundation can be adapted to multiple devices with minimum modifications. Finally, the WindWaveFloat confers the ability to increase energy production from individual floating support structures, potentially leading to a reduction in levelized energy costs, an increase in the overall capacity factor, and greater stability of the electrical power delivered to the grid. The research conducted under this grant investigated the integration of several wave energy device types into the WindFloat platform. Several of the resulting system designs demonstrated technical feasibility, but the size and design constraints of the wave energy converters (technical and economic) make the WindWaveFloat concept economically unfeasible at this time. Not enough additional generation could be produced to make the additional expense associated with wave energy conversion integration into the WindFloat worthwhile.« less

  14. Zonal wind observations during a geomagnetic storm

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Miller, N. J.; Spencer, N. W.

    1986-01-01

    In situ measurements taken by the Wind and Temperature Spectrometer (WATS) onboard the Dynamics Explorer 2 spacecraft during a geomagnetic storm display zonal wind velocities that are reduced in the corotational direction as the storm intensifies. The data were taken within the altitudes 275 to 475 km in the dusk local time sector equatorward of the auroral region. Characteristic variations in the value of the Dst index of horizontal geomagnetic field strength are used to monitor the storm evolution. The detected global rise in atmospheric gas temperature indicates the development of thermospheric heating. Concurrent with that heating, reductions in corotational wind velocities were measured equatorward of the auroral region. Just after the sudden commencement, while thermospheric heating is intense in both hemispheres, eastward wind velocities in the northern hemisphere show reductions ranging from 500 m/s over high latitudes to 30 m/s over the geomagnetic equator. After 10 hours storm time, while northern thermospheric heating is diminishing, wind velocity reductions, distinct from those initially observed, begin to develop over southern latitudes. In the latter case, velocity reductions range from 300 m/s over the highest southern latitudes to 150 m/s over the geomagnetic equator and extend into the Northern Hemisphere. The observations highlight the interhemispheric asymmetry in the development of storm effects detected as enhanced gas temperatures and reduced eastward wind velocities. Zonal wind reductions over high latitudes can be attributed to the storm induced equatorward spread of westward polar cap plasma convection and the resulting plasma-neutral collisions. However, those collisions are less significant over low latitudes; so zonal wind reductions over low latitudes must be attributed to an equatorward extension of a thermospheric circulation pattern disrupted by high latitude collisions between neutrals transported via eastward winds and ions

  15. Surface winds over West Antarctica

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bromwich, David

    1993-07-01

    Five winter months (April-August 1988) of thermal infrared satellite images were examined to investigate the occurrence of dark (warm) signatures across the Ross Ice Shelf in the Antarctic continent. These features are inferred to be generated by katabatic winds that descend from southern Marie Byrd Land and then blow horizontally across the ice shelf. Significant mass is added to this airstream by katabatic winds blowing from the major glaciers that flow through the Transantarctic Mountains from East Antarctica. These negatively buoyant katabatic winds can reach the northwestern edge of the shelf - a horizontal propagation distance of up to 1,000 km - 14 percent of the time. Where the airstream crosses from the ice shelf to the ice-covered Ross Sea, a prominent coastal polynya is formed. Because the downslope buoyancy force is near zero over the Ross Ice Shelf, the northwestward propagation of the katabatic air mass requires pressure gradient support. The study shows that the extended horizontal propagation of this atmospheric density current occurred in conjunction with the passage of synoptic cyclones over the southern Amundsen Sea. These cyclones can strengthen the pressure gradient in the interior of West Antarctica and make the pressure field favorable for northwestward movement of the katabatic winds from West Antarctica across the ice shelf in a geostrophic direction. The glacier winds from East Antarctica are further accelerated by the synoptic pressure gradient, usually undergo abrupt adjustment beyond the exit to the glacier valley, and merge into the mountain-parallel katabatic air mass.

  16. Extended Education's Role: Facilitating Higher Education to Historically Underrepresented Groups

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Moore, Scott D.; Statham, Russel D.; Zelezny, Lynnette

    2013-01-01

    Extended Education, the home for outreach and access, is an often overlooked resource for accomplishing the university's mission. This article focuses on the role Extended Education has played in serving underrepresented minority groups in the California Central Valley. Through both description and analytical review of data generated from the…

  17. Full-band TDM-OPDMA for OBI-reduced simultaneous multiple access in a single-wavelength optical access network.

    PubMed

    Jung, Sun-Young; Kim, Chang-Hun; Han, Sang-Kook

    2018-05-14

    Simultaneous multiple access (MA) within a single wavelength can increase the data rate and split ratio in a passive optical network while optical beat interference (OBI) becomes serious in the uplink. Previous techniques to reduce OBI were limited by their complexity and lack of extendibility; as well, bandwidth allocation among MA signals is needed for single photo diode (PD) detection. We proposed and experimentally demonstrated full-band optical pulse division multiplexing-based MA (OPDMA) in an optical access network, which can effectively reduce OBI with extendibility and fully utilize frequency resources of optical modulator without bandwidth allocation in a single-wavelength MA.

  18. Wind Resource Assessment | Wind | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    Resource Assessment Wind Resource Assessment A map of the United States is color-coded to indicate the high winds at 80 meters. This map shows the wind resource at 80 meters for both land-based and offshore wind resources in the United States. Correct estimation of the energy available in the wind can

  19. Harvesting wind energy to detect weak signals using mechanical stochastic resonance.

    PubMed

    Breen, Barbara J; Rix, Jillian G; Ross, Samuel J; Yu, Yue; Lindner, John F; Mathewson, Nathan; Wainwright, Elliot R; Wilson, Ian

    2016-12-01

    Wind is free and ubiquitous and can be harnessed in multiple ways. We demonstrate mechanical stochastic resonance in a tabletop experiment in which wind energy is harvested to amplify weak periodic signals detected via the movement of an inverted pendulum. Unlike earlier mechanical stochastic resonance experiments, where noise was added via electrically driven vibrations, our broad-spectrum noise source is a single flapping flag. The regime of the experiment is readily accessible, with wind speeds ∼20 m/s and signal frequencies ∼1 Hz. We readily obtain signal-to-noise ratios on the order of 10 dB.

  20. Improved upper winds models for several astronomical observatories.

    PubMed

    Roberts, Lewis C; Bradford, L William

    2011-01-17

    An understanding of wind speed and direction as a function of height are critical to the proper modeling of atmospheric turbulence. We have used radiosonde data from launch sites near significant astronomical observatories and created averaged profiles of wind speed and direction and have also computed Richardson number profiles. Using data from the last 30 years, we confirm a 1977 Greenwood wind profile, and extend it to include parameters that show seasonal variations and differences in location. The added information from our models is useful for the design of adaptive optics systems and other imaging systems. Our analysis of the Richardson number suggests that persistent turbulent layers may be inferred when low values are present in our long term averaged data. Knowledge of the presence of these layers may help with planning for adaptive optics and laser communications.

  1. United States Offshore Wind Resource Assessment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schwartz, M.; Haymes, S.; Heimiller, D.

    2008-12-01

    The utilization of the offshore wind resource will be necessary if the United States is to meet the goal of having 20% of its electricity generated by wind power because many of the electrical load centers in the country are located along the coastlines. The United States Department of Energy, through its National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), has supported an ongoing project to assess the wind resource for the offshore regions of the contiguous United States including the Great Lakes. Final offshore maps with a horizontal resolution of 200 meters (m) have been completed for Texas, Louisiana, Georgia, northern New England, and the Great Lakes. The ocean wind resource maps extend from the coastline to 50 nautical miles (nm) offshore. The Great Lake maps show the resource for all of the individual lakes. These maps depict the wind resource at 50 m above the water as classes of wind power density. Class 1 represents the lowest available wind resource, while Class 7 is the highest resource. Areas with Class 5 and higher wind resource can be economical for offshore project development. As offshore wind turbine technology improves, areas with Class 4 and higher resource should become economically viable. The wind resource maps are generated using output from a modified numerical weather prediction model combined with a wind flow model. The preliminary modeling is performed by AWS Truewind under subcontract to NREL. The preliminary model estimates are sent to NREL to be validated. NREL validates the preliminary estimates by comparing 50 m model data to available measurements that are extrapolated to 50 m. The validation results are used to modify the preliminary map and produce the final resource map. The sources of offshore wind measurement data include buoys, automated stations, lighthouses, and satellite- derived ocean wind speed data. The wind electric potential is represented as Megawatts (MW) of potential installed capacity and is based on the square

  2. 78 FR 29364 - Exelon Corporation, Exelon Wind 1, LLC, Exelon Wind 2, LLC, Exelon Wind 3, LLC, Exelon Wind 4...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-20

    ...-005, QF07-55-005, QF07-56-005, QF07-257-004] Exelon Corporation, Exelon Wind 1, LLC, Exelon Wind 2, LLC, Exelon Wind 3, LLC, Exelon Wind 4, LLC, Exelon Wind 5, LLC, Exelon Wind 6, LLC, Exelon Wind 7, LLC, Exelon Wind 8, LLC, Exelon Wind 9, LLC, Exelon Wind 10, LLC, Exelon Wind 11, LLC, High Plains...

  3. Application of global weather and climate model output to the design and operation of wind-energy systems

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Curry, Judith

    This project addressed the challenge of providing weather and climate information to support the operation, management and planning for wind-energy systems. The need for forecast information is extending to longer projection windows with increasing penetration of wind power into the grid and also with diminishing reserve margins to meet peak loads during significant weather events. Maintenance planning and natural gas trading is being influenced increasingly by anticipation of wind generation on timescales of weeks to months. Future scenarios on decadal time scales are needed to support assessment of wind farm siting, government planning, long-term wind purchase agreements and the regulatorymore » environment. The challenge of making wind forecasts on these longer time scales is associated with a wide range of uncertainties in general circulation and regional climate models that make them unsuitable for direct use in the design and planning of wind-energy systems. To address this challenge, CFAN has developed a hybrid statistical/dynamical forecasting scheme for delivering probabilistic forecasts on time scales from one day to seven months using what is arguably the best forecasting system in the world (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, ECMWF). The project also provided a framework to assess future wind power through developing scenarios of interannual to decadal climate variability and change. The Phase II research has successfully developed an operational wind power forecasting system for the U.S., which is being extended to Europe and possibly Asia.« less

  4. Predicting Near-surface Winds with WindNinja for Wind Energy Applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wagenbrenner, N. S.; Forthofer, J.; Shannon, K.; Butler, B.

    2016-12-01

    WindNinja is a high-resolution diagnostic wind model widely used by operational wildland fire managers to predict how near-surface winds may influence fire behavior. Many of the features which have made WindNinja successful for wildland fire are also important for wind energy applications. Some of these features include flexible runtime options which allow the user to initialize the model with coarser scale weather model forecasts, sparse weather station observations, or a simple domain-average wind for what-if scenarios; built-in data fetchers for required model inputs, including gridded terrain and vegetation data and operational weather model forecasts; relatively fast runtimes on simple hardware; an extremely user-friendly interface; and a number of output format options, including KMZ files for viewing in Google Earth and GeoPDFs which can be viewed in a GIS. The recent addition of a conservation of mass and momentum solver based on OpenFOAM libraries further increases the utility of WindNinja to modelers in the wind energy sector interested not just in mean wind predictions, but also in turbulence metrics. Here we provide an evaluation of WindNinja forecasts based on (1) operational weather model forecasts and (2) weather station observations provided by the MesoWest API. We also compare the high-resolution WindNinja forecasts to the coarser operational weather model forecasts. For this work we will use the High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model and the North American Mesoscale (NAM) model. Forecasts will be evaluated with data collected in the Birch Creek valley of eastern Idaho, USA between June-October 2013. Near-surface wind, turbulence data, and vertical wind and temperature profiles were collected at very high spatial resolution during this field campaign specifically for use in evaluating high-resolution wind models like WindNinja. This work demonstrates the ability of WindNinja to generate very high-resolution wind forecasts for wind energy

  5. Three-dimensional exploration of the solar wind using observations of interplanetary scintillation

    PubMed Central

    TOKUMARU, Munetoshi

    2013-01-01

    The solar wind, a supersonic plasma flow continuously emanating from the Sun, governs the space environment in a vast region extending to the boundary of the heliosphere (∼100 AU). Precise understanding of the solar wind is of importance not only because it will satisfy scientific interest in an enigmatic astrophysical phenomenon, but because it has broad impacts on relevant fields. Interplanetary scintillation (IPS) of compact radio sources at meter to centimeter wavelengths serves as a useful ground-based method for investigating the solar wind. IPS measurements of the solar wind at a frequency of 327 MHz have been carried out regularly since the 1980s using the multi-station system of the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory (STEL) of Nagoya University. This paper reviews new aspects of the solar wind revealed from our IPS observations. PMID:23391604

  6. Extending the Online Public Access Catalog into the Microcomputer Environment.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sutton, Brett

    1990-01-01

    Describes PCBIS, a database program for MS-DOS microcomputers that features a utility for automatically converting online public access catalog search results stored as text files into structured database files that can be searched, sorted, edited, and printed. Topics covered include the general features of the program, record structure, record…

  7. THE Role OF Anisotropy AND Intermittency IN Solar Wind/Magnetosphere Coupling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jankovicova, D.; Voros, Z.

    2006-12-01

    Turbulent fluctuations are common in the solar wind as well as in the Earth's magnetosphere. The fluctuations of both magnetic field and plasma parameters exhibit non-Gaussian statistics. Neither the amplitude of these fluctuations nor their spectral characteristics can provide a full statistical description of multi-scale features in turbulence. It substantiates a statistical approach including the estimation of experimentally accessible statistical moments. In this contribution, we will directly estimate the third (skewness) and the fourth (kurtosis) statistical moments from the available time series of magnetic measurements in the solar wind (ACE and WIND spacecraft) and in the Earth's magnetosphere (SYM-H index). Then we evaluate how the statistical moments change during strong and weak solar wind/magnetosphere coupling intervals.

  8. A theoretical analysis of airplane longitudinal stability and control as affected by wind shear

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sherman, W. L.

    1977-01-01

    The longitudinal equations of motion with wind shear terms were used to analyze the stability and motions of a jet transport. A positive wind shear gives a decreasing head wind or changes a head wind into a tail wind. A negative wind shear gives a decreasing tail wind or changes a tail wind into a head wind. It was found that wind shear had very little effect on the short period mode and that negative wind shear, although it affected the phugoid, did not cause stability problems. On the other hand, it was found that positive wind shear can cause the phugoid to become aperiodic and unstable. In this case, a stability boundary for the phugoid was found that is valid for most aircraft at all flight speeds. Calculations of aircraft motions confirmed the results of the stability analysis. It was found that a flight path control automatic pilot and an airspeed control system provide good control in all types of wind shear. Appendixes give equations of motion that include the effects of downdrafts and updrafts and extend the longitudinal equations of motion for shear to six degrees of freedom.

  9. Winds, waves and shorelines from ancient martian seas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Banfield, Don; Donelan, Mark; Cavaleri, Luigi

    2015-04-01

    We consider under what environmental conditions water waves (and thus eventually shorelines) should be expected to be produced on hypothetical ancient martian seas and lakes. For winds and atmospheric pressures that are too small, no waves should be expected, and thus no shorelines. If the winds and atmospheric pressure are above some threshold, then waves can be formed, and shorelines are possible. We establish these criteria separating conditions under which waves will or will not form on an ancient martian open body of water. We consider not only atmospheric pressure and wind, but also temperature and salinity, but find these latter effects to be secondary. The normal criterion for the onset of water waves under terrestrial conditions is extended to recognize the greater atmospheric viscous boundary layer depth for low atmospheric pressures. We used terrestrial wave models to predict the wave environment expected for reasonable ranges of atmospheric pressure and wind for end-member cases of ocean salinity. These models were modified only to reflect the different fluids considered at Mars, the different martian surface gravity, and the varying atmospheric pressure, wind and fetch. The models were favorably validated against one another, and also against experiments conducted in a wave tank in a pressure controlled wind tunnel (NASA Ames MARSWIT). We conclude that if wave-cut shorelines can be confirmed on Mars, this can constrain the range of possible atmospheric pressures and wind speeds that could have existed when the open water was present on Mars.

  10. Spiraling Out of Control: Three-dimensional Hydrodynamical Modeling of the Colliding Winds in η Carinae

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Parkin, E. R.; Pittard, J. M.; Corcoran, M. F.; Hamaguchi, K.

    2011-01-01

    Three-dimensional adaptive mesh refinement hydrodynamical simulations of the wind-wind collision between the enigmatic supermassive star η Car and its mysterious companion star are presented which include radiative driving of the stellar winds, gravity, optically thin radiative cooling, and orbital motion. Simulations with static stars with a periastron passage separation reveal that the preshock companion star's wind speed is sufficiently reduced so that radiative cooling in the postshock gas becomes important, permitting the runaway growth of nonlinear thin-shell instabilities (NTSIs) which massively distort the wind-wind collision region (WCR). However, large-scale simulations, which include the orbital motion of the stars, show that orbital motion reduces the impact of radiative inhibition and thus increases the acquired preshock velocities. As such, the postshock gas temperature and cooling time see a commensurate increase, and sufficient gas pressure is preserved to stabilize the WCR against catastrophic instability growth. We then compute synthetic X-ray spectra and light curves and find that, compared to previous models, the X-ray spectra agree much better with XMM-Newton observations just prior to periastron. The narrow width of the 2009 X-ray minimum can also be reproduced. However, the models fail to reproduce the extended X-ray minimum from previous cycles. We conclude that the key to explaining the extended X-ray minimum is the rate of cooling of the companion star's postshock wind. If cooling is rapid then powerful NTSIs will heavily disrupt the WCR. Radiative inhibition of the companion star's preshock wind, albeit with a stronger radiation-wind coupling than explored in this work, could be an effective trigger.

  11. Anomalous polymer collapse winding angle distributions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Narros, A.; Owczarek, A. L.; Prellberg, T.

    2018-03-01

    In two dimensions polymer collapse has been shown to be complex with multiple low temperature states and multi-critical points. Recently, strong numerical evidence has been provided for a long-standing prediction of universal scaling of winding angle distributions, where simulations of interacting self-avoiding walks show that the winding angle distribution for N-step walks is compatible with the theoretical prediction of a Gaussian with a variance growing asymptotically as Clog N . Here we extend this work by considering interacting self-avoiding trails which are believed to be a model representative of some of the more complex behaviour. We provide robust evidence that, while the high temperature swollen state of this model has a winding angle distribution that is also Gaussian, this breaks down at the polymer collapse point and at low temperatures. Moreover, we provide some evidence that the distributions are well modelled by stretched/compressed exponentials, in contradistinction to the behaviour found in interacting self-avoiding walks. Dedicated to Professor Stu Whittington on the occasion of his 75th birthday.

  12. Improving the detection of wind fields from LIDAR aerosol backscatter using feature extraction

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bickel, Brady R.; Rotthoff, Eric R.; Walters, Gage S.; Kane, Timothy J.; Mayor, Shane D.

    2016-04-01

    The tracking of winds and atmospheric features has many applications, from predicting and analyzing weather patterns in the upper and lower atmosphere to monitoring air movement from pig and chicken farms. Doppler LIDAR systems exist to quantify the underlying wind speeds, but cost of these systems can sometimes be relatively high, and processing limitations exist. The alternative is using an incoherent LIDAR system to analyze aerosol backscatter. Improving the detection and analysis of wind information from aerosol backscatter LIDAR systems will allow for the adoption of these relatively low cost instruments in environments where the size, complexity, and cost of other options are prohibitive. Using data from a simple aerosol backscatter LIDAR system, we attempt to extend the processing capabilities by calculating wind vectors through image correlation techniques to improve the detection of wind features.

  13. The sedimentology and dynamics of crater-affiliated wind streaks in western Arabia Terra, Mars and Patagonia, Argentina

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Rodriguez, J.A.P.; Tanaka, K.L.; Yamamoto, A.; Berman, D.C.; Zimbelman, J.R.; Kargel, J.S.; Sasaki, S.; Jinguo, Y.; Miyamoto, H.

    2010-01-01

    Wind streaks comprise recent aeolian deposits that have been extensively documented on Venus, Earth and Mars. Martian wind streaks are among the most abundant surface features on the planet and commonly extend from the downwind margins of impact craters. Previous studies of wind streaks emerging from crater interior deposits suggested that the mode of emplacement was primarily related to the deposition of silt-sized particles as these settled from plumes. We have performed geologic investigations of two wind streaks clusters; one situated in western Arabia Terra, a region in the northern hemisphere of Mars, and another in an analogous terrestrial site located in southern Patagonia, Argentina, where occurrences of wind streaks emanate from playas within maar craters. In both these regions we have identified bedforms in sedimentary deposits on crater floors, along wind-facing interior crater margins, and along wind streaks. These observations indicate that these deposits contain sand-sized particles and that sediment migration has occurred via saltation from crater interior deposits to wind streaks. In Arabia Terra and in Patagonia wind streaks initiate from crater floors that contain lithic and evaporitic sedimentary deposits, suggesting that the composition of wind streak source materials has played an important role in development. Spatial and topographic analyses suggest that regional clustering of wind streaks in the studied regions directly correlates to the areal density of craters with interior deposits, the degree of proximity of these deposits, and the craters' rim-to-floor depths. In addition, some (but not all) wind streaks within the studied clusters have propagated at comparable yearly (Earth years) rates. Extensive saltation is inferred to have been involved in its propagation based on the studied terrestrial wind streak that shows ripples and dunes on its surface and the Martian counterpart changes orientation toward the downslope direction where it

  14. Launch Method for Kites in Low-Wind or No-Wind Conditions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bland, Geoffrey; Miles, Ted

    2012-01-01

    Airborne observations using lightweight camera systems are desirable for a variety of applications. This system was contemplated as a method to provide a simple remote sensing aerial platform. Kites have been successfully employed for aerial observations, but have historically required natural wind or towing to become airborne. This new method negates this requirement, and widens the applicability of kites for carrying instrumentation. Applicability is primarily limited by the space available on the ground for launching. The innovation is a method for launching kites in low-wind or no-wind conditions. This method will enable instrumentation to be carried aloft using simple (or complex) kite-based systems, to obtain observations from an aerial perspective. This technique will provide access to altitudes of 100 meters or more over any area normally suited for kite flying. The duration of any observation is dependent on wind strength; however, the initial altitude is relatively independent. The system does not require any electrical or combustion-based elements. This technology was developed to augment local-scale airborne measurement capabilities suitable for Earth science research, agricultural productivity, and environmental observations. The method represents an extension of techniques often used in aeronautical applications for launching fixed-wing aircraft, such as sailplanes, using mechanical means not incorporated in the aircraft itself. The innovation consists of an elastic cord (for propulsive force), a tether extension (optional, for additional height), and the kite (instrumentation optional). Operation of the system is accomplished by fixing the elastic cord to ground (or equivalent), attaching the cord with/or without a tether extension to the kite, tensioning the system to store energy, and releasing the kite. The kite will climb until energy is dissipated.

  15. A New Look at Titan's Zonal Winds from Cassini Radio Occultations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Flasar, F. M.; Schinder, P. J.

    2012-01-01

    We use the existing thirteen Cassini radio'occultation soundings to construct a meridional cross section of geopotential height vs. pressure and latitude. The assumption of balanced flow permits the construction of a similar cross section of zonal winds, from near the surface to the 0.1'mbar level. In the lower troposphere, the winds are approx.10 m/s, except within 20deg of the equator, where they are much smaller. The winds increase higher up in the troposphere to nearly 40 m/s in the tropopause region, but then decay rapidly in the lower stratosphere to near'zero values at 20 mbar (approx.80 km), reminiscent of the Huygens Doppler Wind Experiment result. This null zone extends over most latitudes, except for limited bands at mid'latitudes. Higher up in the stratosphere, the winds become larger. They are highest in the northern (winter) hemisphere. We compare the occultation results with the DWE and CIRS retrievals and discuss the similarities and differences among the data sets.

  16. Exploring X-ray Emission from Winds in Two Early B-type Binary Systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rotter, John P.; Hole, Tabetha; Ignace, Richard; Oskinova, Lida

    2017-01-01

    The winds of the most massive (O-type) stars have been well studied, but less is known about the winds of early-type B stars, especially in binaries. Extending O-star wind theory to these smaller stars, we would expect them to emit X-rays, and when in a B-star binary system, the wind collision should emit additional X-rays. This combined X-ray flux from nearby B-star binary systems should be detectable with current telescopes. Yet X-ray observations of two such systems with the Chandra Observatory not only show far less emission than predicted, but also vary significantly from each other despite having very similar observed characteristics. We will present these observations, and our work applying the classic Castor, Abbott, and Klein (CAK) wind theory, combined with more recent analytical wind-shock models, attempting to reproduce this unexpected range of observations.

  17. Response of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) to wind-power development

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Walter, W. David; Leslie, David M.; Jenks, J.A.

    2006-01-01

    Wind-power development is occurring throughout North America, but its effects on mammals are largely unexplored. Our objective was to determine response (i.e., home-range, diet quality) of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) to wind-power development in southwestern Oklahoma. Ten elk were radiocollared in an area of wind-power development on 31 March 2003 and were relocated bi-weekly through March 2005. Wind-power construction was initiated on 1 June 2003 and was completed by December 2003 with 45 active turbines. The largest composite home range sizes (>80 km2) occurred April-June and September, regardless of the status of wind-power facility development. The smallest home range sizes (<50 km2) typically occurred in October-February when elk aggregated to forage on winter wheat. No elk left the study site during the study and elk freely crossed the gravel roads used to access the wind-power facility. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes and percent nitrogen in feces suggested that wind-power development did not affect nutrition of elk during construction. Although disturbance and loss of some grassland habitat was apparent, elk were not adversely affected by wind-power development as determined by home range and dietary quality.

  18. Aeroelastic Stability Investigations for Large-scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Owens, B. C.; Griffith, D. T.

    2014-06-01

    The availability of offshore wind resources in coastal regions, along with a high concentration of load centers in these areas, makes offshore wind energy an attractive opportunity for clean renewable electricity production. High infrastructure costs such as the offshore support structure and operation and maintenance costs for offshore wind technology, however, are significant obstacles that need to be overcome to make offshore wind a more cost-effective option. A vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) rotor configuration offers a potential transformative technology solution that significantly lowers cost of energy for offshore wind due to its inherent advantages for the offshore market. However, several potential challenges exist for VAWTs and this paper addresses one of them with an initial investigation of dynamic aeroelastic stability for large-scale, multi-megawatt VAWTs. The aeroelastic formulation and solution method from the BLade Aeroelastic STability Tool (BLAST) for HAWT blades was employed to extend the analysis capability of a newly developed structural dynamics design tool for VAWTs. This investigation considers the effect of configuration geometry, material system choice, and number of blades on the aeroelastic stability of a VAWT, and provides an initial scoping for potential aeroelastic instabilities in large-scale VAWT designs.

  19. Semi-empirical models of the wind in cool supergiant stars

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kuin, N. P. M.; Ahmad, Imad A.

    1988-01-01

    A self-consistent semi-empirical model for the wind of the supergiant in zeta Aurigae type systems is proposed. The damping of the Alfven waves which are assumed to drive the wind is derived from the observed velocity profile. Solution of the ionization balance and energy equation gives the temperature structure for given stellar magnetic field and wave flux. Physically acceptable solutions of the temperature structure place limits on the stellar magnetic field. A crude formula for a critical mass loss rate is derived. For a mass loss rate below the critical value the wind cannot be cool. Comparison between the observed and the critical mass loss rate suggests that the proposed theory may provide an explanation for the coronal dividing line in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. The physical explanation may be that the atmosphere has a cool wind, unless it is physically impossible to have one. Stars which cannot have a cool wind release their nonthermal energy in an outer atmosphere at coronal temperatures. It is possible that in the absence of a substantial stellar wind the magnetic field has less incentive to extend radially outward, and coronal loop structures may become more dominant.

  20. Wind-Related Features and Processes on Venus: Summary of Magellan Results

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Greeley, Ronald; Bender, Kelly; Thomas, Peggy E.; Schubert, Gerald; Limonadi, Daniel; Weitz, Catherine M.

    1995-01-01

    A search of Magellan synthetic aperture radar images covering approximately 98% of the venusian surface shows that aeolian features occur at all longitudes and latitudes. A global data base for wind streaks, the most common type of aeolian feature, was developed. For each of the 5970 streaks in the data base, information was compiled on location, streak type, radar backscatter, dimensions, azimuth, orientation with respect to local slope, and type of landform with which it is associated. In addition, streaks occurring in association with parabolic ejecta deposits were designated type P streaks, which constitute about 31% of the data base. Wind streak azimuths were analyzed to assess wind patterns at the time of their formation. Both hemispheres show strong westward and equatorward trends in azimuths, consistent with Hadley circulation and inferred upper atmospheric westward zonal winds. When type P streaks (those considered to result from transient impact events) were removed, the westward component was greatly reduced, suggesting that the upper zonal winds do not extend to the surface. The presence of equator-oriented streaks at high latitudes suggests that Hadley circulation extends to the poles. A field of possible yardangs found southwest of Mead Crater strikes NE-SW and occupies plains situated in a shallow topographic depression. Analysis of non-type P streaks in the area suggests that equatorward winds are funneled through the depression and are responsible for the erosion of the terrain to form the yardangs. Dune deposits are limited on Venus. Two dune fields were identified (Aglonice and Fortuna-Meshkenet) which total in area about 18,300 sq km. Microdunes are proposed for some southern hemisphere areas which show distinctive radar reflectivities. Bragg scattering and/or subpixel reflections from the leeward faces of microdune bedforms could account for the unusual radar backscatter cross sections.

  1. Wind-Related Features and Processes on Venus Summary of Magellan Results

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Greeley, Ronald; Bender, Kelly; Thomas, Peggy E.; Schubert, Gerald; Limonadi, Daniel; Weitz, Catherine M.

    1995-01-01

    A search of Magellan synthetic aperture radar images covering about 98% of the venusian surface shows that aeolian features occur at all longitudes and latitudes. A global data base for wind streaks, the most common type of aeolian feature, was developed. For each of the 5970 streaks in the data base, information was compiled on location, streak type, radar backscatter, dimensions, azimuth, orientation with respect to local slope, and type of landform with which it is associated. In addition, streaks occurring in association with parabolic ejecta deposits were designated type P streaks, which constitute about 31% of the data base. Wind streak azimuths were analyzed to assess wind patterns at the time of their formation. Both hemispheres show strong westward and equatorward trends in azimuths, consistent with Hadley circulation and inferred upper atmospheric westward zonal winds. When type P streaks (those considered to result from transient impact events) were removed, the westward component was greatly reduced, suggesting that the upper zonal winds do not extend to the surface. The presence of equator-oriented streaks at high latitudes suggests that Hadley circulation extends to the poles. A field of possible yardangs found southwest of Mead Crater strikes NE-SW and occupies plains situated in a shallow topographic depression. Analysis of non-type P streaks in the area suggests that equatorward winds are funneled through the depression and are responsible for the erosion of the terrain to form the yardangs. Dune deposits are limited on Venus. Two dune fields were identified (Aglonice and Fortuna-Meshkenet) which total in area about 18,300 square km. Microdunes are proposed for some southern hemisphere areas which show distinctive radar reflectivities. Bragg scattering and/or subpixel reflections from the leeward faces of microdune bedforms could account for the unusual radar backscatter cross sections.

  2. NASA World Wind: A New Mission

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hogan, P.; Gaskins, T.; Bailey, J. E.

    2008-12-01

    Virtual Globes are well into their first generation, providing increasingly rich and beautiful visualization of more types and quantities of information. However, they are still mostly single and proprietary programs, akin to a web browser whose content and functionality are controlled and constrained largely by the browser's manufacturer. Today Google and Microsoft determine what we can and cannot see and do in these programs. NASA World Wind started out in nearly the same mode, a single program with limited functionality and information content. But as the possibilities of virtual globes became more apparent, we found that while enabling a new class of information visualization, we were also getting in the way. Many users want to provide World Wind functionality and information in their programs, not ours. They want it in their web pages. They want to include their own features. They told us that only with this kind of flexibility, could their objectives and the potential of the technology be truly realized. World Wind therefore changed its mission: from providing a single information browser to enabling a whole class of 3D geographic applications. Instead of creating one program, we create components to be used in any number of programs. World Wind is NASA open source software. With the source code being fully visible, anyone can readily use it and freely extend it to serve any use. Imagery and other information provided by the World Wind servers is also free and unencumbered, including the server technology to deliver geospatial data. World Wind developers can therefore provide exclusive and custom solutions based on user needs.

  3. Winds from Luminous Late-Type Stars: II. Broadband Frequency Distribution of Alfven Waves

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Airapetian, V.; Carpenter, K. G.; Ofman, L.

    2010-01-01

    We present the numerical simulations of winds from evolved giant stars using a fully non-linear, time dependent 2.5-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code. This study extends our previous fully non-linear MHD wind simulations to include a broadband frequency spectrum of Alfven waves that drive winds from red giant stars. We calculated four Alfven wind models that cover the whole range of Alfven wave frequency spectrum to characterize the role of freely propagated and reflected Alfven waves in the gravitationally stratified atmosphere of a late-type giant star. Our simulations demonstrate that, unlike linear Alfven wave-driven wind models, a stellar wind model based on plasma acceleration due to broadband non-linear Alfven waves, can consistently reproduce the wide range of observed radial velocity profiles of the winds, their terminal velocities and the observed mass loss rates. Comparison of the calculated mass loss rates with the empirically determined mass loss rate for alpha Tau suggests an anisotropic and time-dependent nature of stellar winds from evolved giants.

  4. Escape for the Slow Solar Wind

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kohler, Susanna

    2017-05-01

    that marks the edges of coronal holes and extends outward as the heliospheric current sheet are caused by supergranule-like convective flows. These motions drive magnetic reconnection that funnel plasma from the closed-field region onto enormous arcs that extend far away from the heliospheric current sheet, spanning tens of degrees in latitude and longitude.The simulations by Higginson and collaborators demonstrate that closed-field plasma from coronal-hole boundaries can be successfully channeled into the solar system. Due to the geometry and dynamics of the coronal holes, the plasma can travel far from the heliospheric current sheet, resulting in a slow solar wind of closed-field plasma consistent with our observations. These simulations therefore suggest aprocessthat resolves the long-standing puzzle of the slow solar wind.BonusCheck out the animation below, made from the results of the teams simulations. This video shows the location of a forming heliospheric arc at a distance of 12 solar radii. The arc forms as magnetic field lines at the boundary of a coronal hole change from closed to open, allowing closed-field flux to escape along them.http://aasnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/apjlaa6d72f4_video.mp4CitationA. K. Higginson et al 2017 ApJL 840 L10. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa6d72

  5. Adjustable extender for instrument module

    DOEpatents

    Sevec, J.B.; Stein, A.D.

    1975-11-01

    A blank extender module used to mount an instrument module in front of its console for repair or test purposes has been equipped with a rotatable mount and means for locking the mount at various angles of rotation for easy accessibility. The rotatable mount includes a horizontal conduit supported by bearings within the blank module. The conduit is spring-biased in a retracted position within the blank module and in this position a small gear mounted on the conduit periphery is locked by a fixed pawl. The conduit and instrument mount can be pulled into an extended position with the gear clearing the pawl to permit rotation and adjustment of the instrument.

  6. Compact, High Energy 2-micron Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar Development for NASA's Future 3-D Winds Measurement from Space

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Singh, Upendra N.; Koch, Grady; Yu, Jirong; Petros, Mulugeta; Beyon, Jeffrey; Kavaya, Michael J.; Trieu, Bo; Chen, Songsheng; Bai, Yingxin; Petzar, paul; hide

    2010-01-01

    This paper presents an overview of 2-micron laser transmitter development at NASA Langley Research Center for coherent-detection lidar profiling of winds. The novel high-energy, 2-micron, Ho:Tm:LuLiF laser technology developed at NASA Langley was employed to study laser technology currently envisioned by NASA for future global coherent Doppler lidar winds measurement. The 250 mJ, 10 Hz laser was designed as an integral part of a compact lidar transceiver developed for future aircraft flight. Ground-based wind profiles made with this transceiver will be presented. NASA Langley is currently funded to build complete Doppler lidar systems using this transceiver for the DC-8 aircraft in autonomous operation. Recently, LaRC 2-micron coherent Doppler wind lidar system was selected to contribute to the NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD) Earth Science Division (ESD) hurricane field experiment in 2010 titled Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP). The Doppler lidar system will measure vertical profiles of horizontal vector winds from the DC-8 aircraft using NASA Langley s existing 2-micron, pulsed, coherent detection, Doppler wind lidar system that is ready for DC-8 integration. The measurements will typically extend from the DC-8 to the earth s surface. They will be highly accurate in both wind magnitude and direction. Displays of the data will be provided in real time on the DC-8. The pulsed Doppler wind lidar of NASA Langley Research Center is much more powerful than past Doppler lidars. The operating range, accuracy, range resolution, and time resolution will be unprecedented. We expect the data to play a key role, combined with the other sensors, in improving understanding and predictive algorithms for hurricane strength and track. 1

  7. Proposed Wind Turbine Aeroelasticity Studies Using Helicopter Systems Analysis

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ladkany, Samaan G.

    1998-01-01

    Advanced systems for the analysis of rotary wing aeroelastic structures (helicopters) are being developed at NASA Ames by the Rotorcraft Aeromechanics Branch, ARA. The research has recently been extended to the study of wind turbines, used for electric power generation Wind turbines play an important role in Europe, Japan & many other countries because they are non polluting & use a renewable source of energy. European countries such as Holland, Norway & France have been the world leaders in the design & manufacture of wind turbines due to their historical experience of several centuries, in building complex wind mill structures, which were used in water pumping, grain grinding & for lumbering. Fossil fuel cost in Japan & in Europe is two to three times higher than in the USA due to very high import taxes. High fuel cost combined with substantial governmental subsidies, allow wind generated power to be competitive with the more traditional sources of power generation. In the USA, the use of wind energy has been limited mainly because power production from wind is twice as expensive as from other traditional sources. Studies conducted at the National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) indicate that the main cost in the production of wind turbines is due to the materials & the labor intensive processes used in the construction of turbine structures. Thus, for the US to assume world leadership in wind power generation, new lightweight & consequently very flexible wind turbines, that could be economically mass produced, would have to be developed [4,5]. This effort, if successful, would result in great benefit to the US & the developing nations that suffer from overpopulation & a very high cost of energy.

  8. A new approach to wind energy: Opportunities and challenges

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dabiri, John O.; Greer, Julia R.; Koseff, Jeffrey R.; Moin, Parviz; Peng, Jifeng

    2015-03-01

    Despite common characterizations of modern wind energy technology as mature, there remains a persistent disconnect between the vast global wind energy resource—which is 20 times greater than total global power consumption—and the limited penetration of existing wind energy technologies as a means for electricity generation worldwide. We describe an approach to wind energy harvesting that has the potential to resolve this disconnect by geographically distributing wind power generators in a manner that more closely mirrors the physical resource itself. To this end, technology development is focused on large arrays of small wind turbines that can harvest wind energy at low altitudes by using new concepts of biology-inspired engineering. This approach dramatically extends the reach of wind energy, as smaller wind turbines can be installed in many places that larger systems cannot, especially in built environments. Moreover, they have lower visual, acoustic, and radar signatures, and they may pose significantly less risk to birds and bats. These features can be leveraged to attain cultural acceptance and rapid adoption of this new technology, thereby enabling significantly faster achievement of state and national renewable energy targets than with existing technology alone. Favorable economics stem from an orders-of-magnitude reduction in the number of components in a new generation of simple, mass-manufacturable (even 3D-printable), vertical-axis wind turbines. However, this vision can only be achieved by overcoming significant scientific challenges that have limited progress over the past three decades. The following essay summarizes our approach as well as the opportunities and challenges associated with it, with the aim of motivating a concerted effort in basic and applied research in this area.

  9. Bioinspired turbine blades offer new perspectives for wind energy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cognet, V.; Courrech du Pont, S.; Dobrev, I.; Massouh, F.; Thiria, B.

    2017-02-01

    Wind energy is becoming a significant alternative solution for future energy production. Modern turbines now benefit from engineering expertise, and a large variety of different models exists, depending on the context and needs. However, classical wind turbines are designed to operate within a narrow zone centred around their optimal working point. This limitation prevents the use of sites with variable wind to harvest energy, involving significant energetic and economic losses. Here, we present a new type of bioinspired wind turbine using elastic blades, which passively deform through the air loading and centrifugal effects. This work is inspired from recent studies on insect flight and plant reconfiguration, which show the ability of elastic wings or leaves to adapt to the wind conditions and thereby to optimize performance. We show that in the context of energy production, the reconfiguration of the elastic blades significantly extends the range of operating regimes using only passive, non-consuming mechanisms. The versatility of the new turbine model leads to a large increase of the converted energy rate, up to 35%. The fluid/elasticity mechanisms involved for the reconfiguration capability of the new blades are analysed in detail, using experimental observations and modelling.

  10. Wind Energy Modeling and Simulation | Wind | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    Wind Energy Modeling and Simulation Wind Turbine Modeling and Simulation Wind turbines are unique wind turbines. It enables the analysis of a range of wind turbine configurations, including: Two- or (SOWFA) employs computational fluid dynamics to allow users to investigate wind turbine and wind power

  11. Jupiter Polar Winds Movie

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2001-01-01

    Bands of eastward and westward winds on Jupiter appear as concentric rotating circles in this movie composed of Cassini spacecraft images that have been re-projected as if the viewer were looking down at Jupiter's north pole and the planet were flattened.

    The sequence covers 70 days, from October 1 to December 9, 2000. Cassini's narrow-angle camera captured the images of Jupiter's atmosphere in the near-infrared region of the spectrum.

    What is surprising in this view is the coherent nature of the high-latitude flows, despite the very chaotic, mottled and non-banded appearance of the planet's polar regions. This is the first extended movie sequence to show the coherence and longevity of winds near the pole and the features blown around the planet by them.

    There are thousands of spots, each an active storm similar to the size to the largest of storms on Earth. Large terrestrial storms usually last only a week before they dissolve and are replaced by other storms. But many of the Jovian storms seen here, while occasionally changing latitude or merging with each other, persist for the entire 70 days. Until now, the lifetime of the high-latitude features was unknown. Their longevity is a mystery of Jovian weather.

    Cassini collected images of Jupiter for months before and after it passed the planet on December 30, 2000. Six or more images of the planet in each of several spectral filters were taken at evenly spaced intervals over the course of Jupiter's 10-hour rotation period. The entire sequence was repeated generally every other Jupiter rotation, yielding views of every sector of the planet at least once every 20 hours.

    The images used for the movie shown here were taken every 20 hours through a filter centered at a wavelength of 756 nanometers, where there are almost no absorptions in the planet's atmosphere. The images covering each rotation were mosaiced together to form a cylindrical map extending from 75 degrees north to 75 degrees south in

  12. Northerly surface winds over the eastern North Pacific Ocean in spring and summer

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Taylor, S.V.; Cayan, D.R.; Graham, N.E.; Georgakakos, K.P.

    2008-01-01

    Persistent spring and summer northerly surface winds are the defining climatological feature of the western coast of North America, especially south of the Oregon coast. Northerly surface winds are important for upwelling and a vast array of other biological, oceanic, and atmospheric processes. Intermittence in northerly coastal surface wind is characterized and wind events are quantitatively defined using coastal buoy data south of Cape Mendocino on the northern California coast. The defined wind events are then used as a basis for composites in order to explain the spatial evolution of various atmospheric and oceanic processes. Wind events involve large-scale changes in the three-dimensional atmospheric circulation including the eastern North Pacific subtropical anticyclone and southeast trade winds. Composites of QSCAT satellite scatterometer wind estimates from 1999 to 2005 based on a single coastal buoy indicate that wind events typically last 72-96 h and result in anomalies in surface wind and Ekman pumping that extend over 1000 kin from the west coast of North America. It may be useful to consider ocean circulation and dependent ecosystem dynamics and the distribution of temperature, moisture, and aerosols in the atmospheric boundary layer in the context of wind events defined herein. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.

  13. Doppler Lidar Measurements of Tropospheric Wind Profiles Using the Aerosol Double Edge Technique

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gentry, Bruce M.; Li, Steven X.; Mathur, Savyasachee; Korb, C. Laurence; Chen, Huailin

    2000-01-01

    The development of a ground based direct detection Doppler lidar based on the recently described aerosol double edge technique is reported. A pulsed, injection seeded Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm is used to make range resolved measurements of atmospheric winds in the free troposphere. The wind measurements are determined by measuring the Doppler shift of the laser signal backscattered from atmospheric aerosols. The lidar instrument and double edge method are described and initial tropospheric wind profile measurements are presented. Wind profiles are reported for both day and night operation. The measurements extend to altitudes as high as 14 km and are compared to rawinsonde wind profile data from Dulles airport in Virginia. Vertical resolution of the lidar measurements is 330 m and the rms precision of the measurements is a low as 0.6 m/s.

  14. Distributed Wind Research | Wind | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    evaluation, and improve wind turbine and wind power plant performance. A photo of a snowy road leading to a single wind turbine surrounded by snow-covered pine trees against blue sky. Capabilities NREL's power plant and small wind turbine development. Algorithms and programs exist for simulating, designing

  15. The solar wind neon abundance observed with ACE/SWICS and ULYSSES/SWICS

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shearer, Paul; Raines, Jim M.; Lepri, Susan T.

    Using in situ ion spectrometry data from ACE/SWICS, we determine the solar wind Ne/O elemental abundance ratio and examine its dependence on wind speed and evolution with the solar cycle. We find that Ne/O is inversely correlated with wind speed, is nearly constant in the fast wind, and correlates strongly with solar activity in the slow wind. In fast wind streams with speeds above 600 km s{sup –1}, we find Ne/O = 0.10 ± 0.02, in good agreement with the extensive polar observations by Ulysses/SWICS. In slow wind streams with speeds below 400 km s{sup –1}, Ne/O ranges from amore » low of 0.12 ± 0.02 at solar maximum to a high of 0.17 ± 0.03 at solar minimum. These measurements place new and significant empirical constraints on the fractionation mechanisms governing solar wind composition and have implications for the coronal and photospheric abundances of neon and oxygen. The results are made possible by a new data analysis method that robustly identifies rare elements in the measured ion spectra. The method is also applied to Ulysses/SWICS data, which confirms the ACE observations and extends our view of solar wind neon into the three-dimensional heliosphere.« less

  16. Effects of Phendimetrazine Treatment on Cocaine vs Food Choice and Extended-Access Cocaine Consumption in Rhesus Monkeys

    PubMed Central

    Banks, Matthew L; Blough, Bruce E; Fennell, Timothy R; Snyder, Rodney W; Negus, S Stevens

    2013-01-01

    There is currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapy for cocaine addiction. Monoamine releasers such as d-amphetamine constitute one class of candidate medications, but clinical use and acceptance are hindered by their own high-abuse liability. Phendimetrazine (PDM) is a schedule III anorectic agent that functions as both a low-potency monoamine-uptake inhibitor and as a prodrug for the monoamine-releaser phenmetrazine (PM), and it may serve as a clinically available, effective, and safer alternative to d-amphetamine. This study determined efficacy of chronic PDM to reduce cocaine self-administration by rhesus monkeys (N=4) using a novel procedure that featured both daily assessments of cocaine vs food choice (to assess medication efficacy to reallocate behavior away from cocaine choice and toward choice of an alternative reinforcer) and 20 h/day cocaine access (to allow high-cocaine intake). Continuous 21-day treatment with ramping PDM doses (days 1–7: 0.32 mg/kg/h; days 8–21: 1.0 mg/kg/h) reduced cocaine choices, increased food choices, and nearly eliminated extended-access cocaine self-administration without affecting body weight. There was a trend for plasma PDM and PM levels to correlate with efficacy to decrease cocaine choice such that the monkey with the highest plasma PDM and PM levels also demonstrated the greatest reductions in cocaine choice. These results support further consideration of PDM as a candidate anti-cocaine addiction pharmacotherapy. Moreover, PDM may represent a novel pharmacotherapeutic approach for cocaine addiction because it may simultaneously function as both a monoamine-uptake inhibitor (via the parent drug PDM) and as a monoamine releaser (via the active metabolite PM). PMID:23893022

  17. Effects of phendimetrazine treatment on cocaine vs food choice and extended-access cocaine consumption in rhesus monkeys.

    PubMed

    Banks, Matthew L; Blough, Bruce E; Fennell, Timothy R; Snyder, Rodney W; Negus, S Stevens

    2013-12-01

    There is currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapy for cocaine addiction. Monoamine releasers such as d-amphetamine constitute one class of candidate medications, but clinical use and acceptance are hindered by their own high-abuse liability. Phendimetrazine (PDM) is a schedule III anorectic agent that functions as both a low-potency monoamine-uptake inhibitor and as a prodrug for the monoamine-releaser phenmetrazine (PM), and it may serve as a clinically available, effective, and safer alternative to d-amphetamine. This study determined efficacy of chronic PDM to reduce cocaine self-administration by rhesus monkeys (N=4) using a novel procedure that featured both daily assessments of cocaine vs food choice (to assess medication efficacy to reallocate behavior away from cocaine choice and toward choice of an alternative reinforcer) and 20 h/day cocaine access (to allow high-cocaine intake). Continuous 21-day treatment with ramping PDM doses (days 1-7: 0.32 mg/kg/h; days 8-21: 1.0 mg/kg/h) reduced cocaine choices, increased food choices, and nearly eliminated extended-access cocaine self-administration without affecting body weight. There was a trend for plasma PDM and PM levels to correlate with efficacy to decrease cocaine choice such that the monkey with the highest plasma PDM and PM levels also demonstrated the greatest reductions in cocaine choice. These results support further consideration of PDM as a candidate anti-cocaine addiction pharmacotherapy. Moreover, PDM may represent a novel pharmacotherapeutic approach for cocaine addiction because it may simultaneously function as both a monoamine-uptake inhibitor (via the parent drug PDM) and as a monoamine releaser (via the active metabolite PM).

  18. Coalescing Wind Turbine Wakes

    DOE PAGES

    Lee, S.; Churchfield, M.; Sirnivas, S.; ...

    2015-06-18

    A team of researchers from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Statoil used large-eddy simulations to numerically investigate the merging wakes from upstream offshore wind turbines. Merging wakes are typical phenomena in wind farm flows in which neighboring turbine wakes consolidate to form complex flow patterns that are as yet not well understood. In the present study, three 6-MW turbines in a row were subjected to a neutrally stable atmospheric boundary layer flow. As a result, the wake from the farthest upstream turbine conjoined the downstream wake, which significantly altered the subsequent velocity deficit structures, turbulence intensity, and the globalmore » meandering behavior. The complexity increased even more when the combined wakes from the two upstream turbines mixed with the wake generated by the last turbine, thereby forming a "triplet" structure. Although the influence of the wake generated by the first turbine decayed with downstream distance, the mutated wakes from the second turbine continued to influence the downstream wake. Two mirror-image angles of wind directions that yielded partial wakes impinging on the downstream turbines yielded asymmetric wake profiles that could be attributed to the changing flow directions in the rotor plane induced by the Coriolis force. In conclusion, the turbine wakes persisted for extended distances in the present study, which is a result of low aerodynamic surface roughness typically found in offshore conditions« less

  19. National Wind Distance Learning Collaborative

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dr. James B. Beddow

    2013-03-29

    for student access through the use of tablet devices such as iPads. Early prototype Learning Management Systems (LMS) featuring more student-centric access and interfaces with emerging social media were developed and utilized during the testing applications. The project also produced soft results involving cross learning between and among the partners regarding subject matter expertise, online learning pedagogy, and eLearning technology-based platforms. The partners believe that the most significant, overarching accomplishment of the project was the development and implementation of goals, activities, and outcomes that significantly exceeded those proposed in the initial grant application submitted in 2009. Key specific accomplishments include: (1) development of a set of 8 online learning modules addressing electrical safety as it relates to the work of wind technicians; (3) development of a flexible, open-ended Learning Management System (LMS): (3) creation of a robust body of learning (knowledge, experience, skills, and relationships). Project leaders have concluded that there is substantial resource equity that could be leverage and recommend that it be carried forward to pursue a Next Stage Opportunity relating to development of an online core curriculum for institute and community college energy workforce development programs.« less

  20. Complex terrain experiments in the New European Wind Atlas

    PubMed Central

    Angelou, N.; Callies, D.; Cantero, E.; Arroyo, R. Chávez; Courtney, M.; Cuxart, J.; Dellwik, E.; Gottschall, J.; Ivanell, S.; Kühn, P.; Lea, G.; Matos, J. C.; Palma, J. M. L. M.; Peña, A.; Rodrigo, J. Sanz; Söderberg, S.; Vasiljevic, N.; Rodrigues, C. Veiga

    2017-01-01

    The New European Wind Atlas project will create a freely accessible wind atlas covering Europe and Turkey, develop the model chain to create the atlas and perform a series of experiments on flow in many different kinds of complex terrain to validate the models. This paper describes the experiments of which some are nearly completed while others are in the planning stage. All experiments focus on the flow properties that are relevant for wind turbines, so the main focus is the mean flow and the turbulence at heights between 40 and 300 m. Also extreme winds, wind shear and veer, and diurnal and seasonal variations of the wind are of interest. Common to all the experiments is the use of Doppler lidar systems to supplement and in some cases replace completely meteorological towers. Many of the lidars will be equipped with scan heads that will allow for arbitrary scan patterns by several synchronized systems. Two pilot experiments, one in Portugal and one in Germany, show the value of using multiple synchronized, scanning lidar, both in terms of the accuracy of the measurements and the atmospheric physical processes that can be studied. The experimental data will be used for validation of atmospheric flow models and will by the end of the project be freely available. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Wind energy in complex terrains’. PMID:28265025

  1. Aerodynamic loads on buses due to crosswind gusts: extended analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Drugge, Lars; Juhlin, Magnus

    2010-12-01

    The objective of this work is to use inverse simulations on measured vehicle data in order to estimate the aerodynamic loads on a bus when exposed to crosswind situations. Tyre forces, driver input, wind velocity and vehicle response were measured on a typical coach when subjected to natural crosswind gusts. Based on these measurements and a detailed MBS vehicle model, the aerodynamic loads were estimated through inverse simulations. In order to estimate the lift force, roll and pitch moments in addition to the lateral force and yaw moment, the simulation model was extended by also incorporating the estimation of the vertical road disturbances. The proposed method enables the estimation of aerodynamic loads due to crosswind gusts without using a full scale wind tunnel adapted for crosswind excitation.

  2. A circular median filter approach for resolving directional ambiguities in wind fields retrieved from spaceborne scatterometer data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Schultz, Howard

    1990-01-01

    The retrieval algorithm for spaceborne scatterometry proposed by Schultz (1985) is extended. A circular median filter (CMF) method is presented, which operates on wind directions independently of wind speed, removing any implicit wind speed dependence. A cell weighting scheme is included in the algorithm, permitting greater weights to be assigned to more reliable data. The mathematical properties of the ambiguous solutions to the wind retrieval problem are reviewed. The CMF algorithm is tested on twelve simulated data sets. The effects of spatially correlated likelihood assignment errors on the performance of the CMF algorithm are examined. Also, consideration is given to a wind field smoothing technique that uses a CMF.

  3. Frequency control of wind turbine in power system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xu, Huawei

    2018-06-01

    In order to improve the stability of the overall frequency of the power system, automatic power generation control and secondary frequency adjustment were applied. Automatic power generation control was introduced into power generation planning. A dual-fed wind generator power regulation model suitable for secondary frequency regulation was established. The results showed that this method satisfied the basic requirements of frequency regulation control of large-scale wind power access power systems and improved the stability and reliability of power system operation. Therefore, this system frequency control method and strategy is relatively simple. The effect is significant. The system frequency can quickly reach a steady state. It is worth applying and promoting.

  4. SAR Observation and Modeling of Gap Winds in the Prince William Sound of Alaska.

    PubMed

    Liu, Haibo; Olsson, Peter Q; Volz, Karl

    2008-08-22

    Alaska's Prince William Sound (PWS) is a unique locale tending to have strong gap winds, especially in the winter season. To characterize and understand these strong surface winds, which have great impacts on the local marine and aviation activities, the surface wind retrieval from the Synthetic Aperture Radar data (SAR-wind) is combined with a numerical mesoscale model. Helped with the SAR-wind observations, the mesoscale model is used to study cases of strong winds and relatively weak winds to depict the nature of these winds, including the area of extent and possible causes of the wind regimes. The gap winds from the Wells Passage and the Valdez Arm are the most dominant gap winds in PWS. Though the Valdez Arm is north-south trending and Wells Passage is east-west oriented, gap winds often develop simultaneously in these two places when a low pressure system is present in the Northern Gulf of Alaska. These two gap winds often converge at the center of PWS and extend further out of the Sound through the Hinchinbrook Entrance. The pressure gradients imposed over these areas are the main driving forces for these gap winds. Additionally, the drainage from the upper stream glaciers and the blocking effect of the banks of the Valdez Arm probably play an important role in enhancing the gap wind.

  5. Wind Turbine Control Systems | Wind | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    Turbine Control Systems Wind Turbine Control Systems Advanced wind turbine controls can reduce the loads on wind turbine components while capturing more wind energy and converting it into electricity turbines. A photo of a wind turbine against blue sky with white blades on their sides in the foreground

  6. Responses of insect herbivores and their food plants to wind exposure and the importance of predation risk.

    PubMed

    Chen, Cong; Biere, Arjen; Gols, Rieta; Halfwerk, Wouter; van Oers, Kees; Harvey, Jeffrey A

    2018-04-19

    Wind is an important abiotic factor that influences an array of biological processes, but it is rarely considered in studies on plant-herbivore interactions. Here, we tested whether wind exposure could directly or indirectly affect the performance of two insect herbivores, Plutella xylostella and Pieris brassicae, feeding on Brassica nigra plants. In a greenhouse study using a factorial design, B. nigra plants were exposed to different wind regimes generated by fans before and after caterpillars were introduced on plants in an attempt to separate the effects of direct and indirect wind exposure on herbivores. Wind exposure delayed flowering, decreased plant height and increased leaf concentrations of amino acids and glucosinolates. Plant-mediated effects of wind on herbivores, that is effects of exposure of plants to wind prior to herbivore feeding, were generally small. However, development time of both herbivores was extended and adult body mass of P. xylostella was reduced when they were directly exposed to wind. By contrast, wind-exposed adult P. brassicae butterflies were significantly larger, revealing a trade-off between development time and adult size. Based on these results, we conducted a behavioural experiment to study preference by an avian predator, the great tit (Parus major) for last instar P. brassicae caterpillars on plants that were exposed to either control (no wind) or wind (fan-exposed) treatments. Tits captured significantly more caterpillars on still than on wind-exposed plants. Our results suggest that P. brassicae caterpillars are able to perceive the abiotic environment and to trade off the costs of extended development time against the benefits of increased size depending on the perceived risk of predation mediated by wind exposure. Such adaptive phenotypic plasticity in insects has not yet been described in response to wind exposure. © 2018 The Author. Journal of Animal Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of

  7. Wind Fins: Novel Lower-Cost Wind Power System

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    David C. Morris; Dr. Will D. Swearingen

    This project evaluated the technical feasibility of converting energy from the wind with a novel “wind fin” approach. This patent-pending technology has three major components: (1) a mast, (2) a vertical, hinged wind structure or fin, and (3) a power takeoff system. The wing structure responds to the wind with an oscillating motion, generating power. The overall project goal was to determine the basic technical feasibility of the wind fin technology. Specific objectives were the following: (1) to determine the wind energy-conversion performance of the wind fin and the degree to which its performance could be enhanced through basic designmore » improvements; (2) to determine how best to design the wind fin system to survive extreme winds; (3) to determine the cost-effectiveness of the best wind fin designs compared to state-of-the-art wind turbines; and (4) to develop conclusions about the overall technical feasibility of the wind fin system. Project work involved extensive computer modeling, wind-tunnel testing with small models, and testing of bench-scale models in a wind tunnel and outdoors in the wind. This project determined that the wind fin approach is technically feasible and likely to be commercially viable. Project results suggest that this new technology has the potential to harvest wind energy at approximately half the system cost of wind turbines in the 10kW range. Overall, the project demonstrated that the wind fin technology has the potential to increase the economic viability of small wind-power generation. In addition, it has the potential to eliminate lethality to birds and bats, overcome public objections to the aesthetics of wind-power machines, and significantly expand wind-power’s contribution to the national energy supply.« less

  8. Modelling jets, tori and flares in pulsar wind nebulae

    DOE PAGES

    Porth, Oliver; Buehler, Rolf; Olmi, Barbara; ...

    2017-03-22

    In this contribution we review the recent progress in the modelling of Pulsar Wind Nebulae (PWN). We start with a brief overview of the relevant physical processes in the magnetosphere, the wind-zone and the inflated nebula bubble. Radiative signatures and particle transport processes obtained from 3D simulations of PWN are discussed in the context of optical and X-ray observations. We then proceed to consider particle acceleration in PWN and elaborate on what can be learned about the particle acceleration from the dynamical structures called GwispsG observed in the Crab nebula. We also discuss recent observational and theoretical results of gamma-raymore » flares and the inner knot of the Crab nebula, which had been proposed as the emission site of the flares. Here, we extend the discussion to GeV flares from binary systems in which the pulsar wind interacts with the stellar wind from a companion star. The chapter concludes with a discussion of solved and unsolved problems posed by PWN.« less

  9. In-flight wind identification and soft landing control for autonomous unmanned powered parafoils

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Luo, Shuzhen; Tan, Panlong; Sun, Qinglin; Wu, Wannan; Luo, Haowen; Chen, Zengqiang

    2018-04-01

    For autonomous unmanned powered parafoil, the ability to perform a final flare manoeuvre against the wind direction can allow a considerable reduction of horizontal and vertical velocities at impact, enabling a soft landing for a safe delivery of sensible loads; the lack of knowledge about the surface-layer winds will result in messing up terminal flare manoeuvre. Moreover, unknown or erroneous winds can also prevent the parafoil system from reaching the target area. To realize accurate trajectory tracking and terminal soft landing in the unknown wind environment, an efficient in-flight wind identification method merely using Global Positioning System (GPS) data and recursive least square method is proposed to online identify the variable wind information. Furthermore, a novel linear extended state observation filter is proposed to filter the groundspeed of the powered parafoil system calculated by the GPS information to provide a best estimation of the present wind during flight. Simulation experiments and real airdrop tests demonstrate the great ability of this method to in-flight identify the variable wind field, and it can benefit the powered parafoil system to fulfil accurate tracking control and a soft landing in the unknown wind field with high landing accuracy and strong wind-resistance ability.

  10. Recovery strategies for fluxes affected by the Gill-Solent WindMaster-Pro "w-boost" firmware bug

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Billesbach, D. P.; Chan, S. W.; Biraud, S.; David, C. R.

    2017-12-01

    In late 2015 and early 2016, work done by the AmeriFlux Tech Team helped to uncover a bug in the Gill WindMaster Pro sonic anemometers used by many researchers for eddy covariance flux measurements. Gill has addressed this issue and has since sent out a notice that the vertical wind speed component (a critical piece of all eddy covariance fluxes) was being erroneously computed and reported. The problem (known as the w-boost bug) resulted in positive (upward) wind speeds being under-reported by 16.6% and negative (downward) wind speeds being under-reported by 28.9%. This has the potential to cause similar underestimates in fluxes obtained from these instruments. While the manufacturer has offered a firmware upgrade to fix this bug, there exist many data sets that have already been affected by it. Researchers who use the affected units have contributed to numerous data archives (AmeriFlux, FluxNet, ICOS, etc.), and third-party scientists have, in turn used these data in many types of research projects. The volume of affected data over such a long period of time makes a complete reprocessing of the raw data sets impractical. To address this, the AmeriFlux Tech Team has endeavored to develop a method of correcting affected fluxes using only the downloadable data sets that are available from these archives. In a previous poster, we reported preliminary results from a pair of Arctic tundra flux towers, and showed that fluxes could be underestimated by 15% to 20%. In this poster, we present results that extend our study to include a forested site in Equatorial Africa. We also have evaluated methods to estimate flux errors without accessing the raw data sets.

  11. Multi-winding homopolar electric machine

    DOEpatents

    Van Neste, Charles W

    2012-10-16

    A multi-winding homopolar electric machine and method for converting between mechanical energy and electrical energy. The electric machine includes a shaft defining an axis of rotation, first and second magnets, a shielding portion, and a conductor. First and second magnets are coaxial with the shaft and include a charged pole surface and an oppositely charged pole surface, the charged pole surfaces facing one another to form a repulsive field therebetween. The shield portion extends between the magnets to confine at least a portion of the repulsive field to between the first and second magnets. The conductor extends between first and second end contacts and is toroidally coiled about the first and second magnets and the shield portion to develop a voltage across the first and second end contacts in response to rotation of the electric machine about the axis of rotation.

  12. A VERSATILE FAMILY OF GALACTIC WIND MODELS

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bustard, Chad; Zweibel, Ellen G.; D’Onghia, Elena, E-mail: bustard@wisc.edu

    2016-03-01

    We present a versatile family of model galactic outflows including non-uniform mass and energy source distributions, a gravitational potential from an extended mass source, and radiative losses. The model easily produces steady-state wind solutions for a range of mass-loading factors, energy-loading factors, galaxy mass, and galaxy radius. We find that, with radiative losses included, highly mass-loaded winds must be driven at high central temperatures, whereas low mass-loaded winds can be driven at low temperatures just above the peak of the cooling curve, meaning radiative losses can drastically affect the wind solution even for low mass-loading factors. By including radiative losses,more » we are able to show that subsonic flows can be ignored as a possible mechanism for expelling mass and energy from a galaxy compared to the more efficient transonic solutions. Specifically, the transonic solutions with low mass loading and high energy loading are the most efficient. Our model also produces low-temperature, high-velocity winds that could explain the prevalence of low-temperature material in observed outflows. Finally, we show that our model, unlike the well-known Chevalier and Clegg model, can reproduce the observed linear relationship between wind X-ray luminosity and star formation rate (SFR) over a large range of SFR from 1–1000 M{sub ⊙} yr{sup −1} assuming the wind mass-loading factor is higher for low-mass, and hence, low-SFR galaxies. We also constrain the allowed mass-loading factors that can fit the observed X-ray luminosity versus SFR trend, further suggesting an inverse relationship between mass loading and SFR as explored in advanced numerical simulations.« less

  13. "Rapid Revisit" Measurements of Sea Surface Winds Using CYGNSS

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Park, J.; Johnson, J. T.

    2017-12-01

    The Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) is a space-borne GNSS-R (GNSS-Reflectometry) mission that launched December 15, 2016 for ocean surface wind speed measurements. CYGNSS includes 8 small satellites in the same LEO orbit, so that the mission provides wind speed products having unprecedented coverage both in time and space to study multi-temporal behaviors of oceanic winds. The nature of CYGNSS coverage results in some locations on Earth experiencing multiple wind speed measurements within a short period of time (a "clump" of observations in time resulting in a "rapid revisit" series of measurements). Such observations could seemingly provide indications of regions experiencing rapid changes in wind speeds, and therefore be of scientific utility. Temporally "clumped" properties of CYGNSS measurements are investigated using early CYGNSS L1/L2 measurements, and the results show that clump durations and spacing vary with latitude. For example, the duration of a clump can extend as long as a few hours at higher latitudes, with gaps between clumps ranging from 6 to as high as 12 hours depending on latitude. Examples are provided to indicate the potential of changes within a clump to produce a "rapid revisit" product for detecting convective activity. Also, we investigate detector design for identifying convective activities. Results from analyses using recent CYGNSS L2 winds will be provided in the presentation.

  14. Geochemical behaviour of the Tunisian background aerosols in Sirocco wind circulations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Azri, Chafai; Abida, Habib; Medhioub, Khaled

    2009-05-01

    This study examines spatial and time evolutions of the principal constituents of the Tunisian background aerosols under Sirocco wind circulations. Aerosols coming from the Sahara Desert were found to be loaded with particulate matter, especially silicon. The aerosols were shown to have varying geochemical behaviour along the "South-North" displacement of the Saharan plumes, depending on the wind flow characteristics, geomorphologic features and the nature of soils swept by the wind. In the south and the center part of the country, the transfer of aerosol constituents to the soil (by gravity and/or impaction) was probably predominated by localized enrichment phenomena. The latter are reinforced by the effect of turbulent winds over bare soils, wind wakes and probably selective disintegration, especially in the vicinity of the geomorphologic features of central Tunisia. These relatively high features, extending over important distances, appear to be of paramount importance for the phenomena of redistribution of aerosol constituents even during periods without Sirocco wind circulations. In the northern section of the country, aerosol constituent concentrations dropped to almost 50%, in spite of the abundance of localized turbulent winds. This may be explained by the effect of forests and the relatively dense vegetation cover, which clearly reinforces the transfer phenomena to the soil and the attenuate of dust entrainment.

  15. Wind turbine/generator set having a stator cooling system located between stator frame and active coils

    DOEpatents

    Bevington, Christopher M.; Bywaters, Garrett L.; Coleman, Clint C.; Costin, Daniel P.; Danforth, William L.; Lynch, Jonathan A.; Rolland, Robert H.

    2012-11-13

    A wind turbine comprising an electrical generator that includes a rotor assembly. A wind rotor that includes a wind rotor hub is directly coupled to the rotor assembly via a simplified connection. The wind rotor and generator rotor assembly are rotatably mounted on a central spindle via a bearing assembly. The wind rotor hub includes an opening having a diameter larger than the outside diameter of the central spindle adjacent the bearing assembly so as to allow access to the bearing assembly from a cavity inside the wind rotor hub. The spindle is attached to a turret supported by a tower. Each of the spindle, turret and tower has an interior cavity that permits personnel to traverse therethrough to the cavity of the wind rotor hub. The wind turbine further includes a frictional braking system for slowing, stopping or keeping stopped the rotation of the wind rotor and rotor assembly.

  16. Supernova shock breakout through a wind

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Balberg, Shmuel; Loeb, Abraham

    2011-06-01

    The breakout of a supernova shock wave through the progenitor star's outer envelope is expected to appear as an X-ray flash. However, if the supernova explodes inside an optically thick wind, the breakout flash is delayed. We present a simple model for estimating the conditions at shock breakout in a wind based on the general observable quantities in the X-ray flash light curve; the total energy EX, and the diffusion time after the peak, tdiff. We base the derivation on the self-similar solution for the forward-reverse shock structure expected for an ejecta plowing through a pre-existing wind at large distances from the progenitor's surface. We find simple quantitative relations for the shock radius and velocity at breakout. By relating the ejecta density profile to the pre-explosion structure of the progenitor, the model can also be extended to constrain the combination of explosion energy and ejecta mass. For the observed case of XRO08109/SN2008D, our model provides reasonable constraints on the breakout radius, explosion energy and ejecta mass, and predicts a high shock velocity which naturally accounts for the observed non-thermal spectrum.

  17. SeaWinds Wind-Ice Interaction

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2000-05-07

    The figure demonstrates of the capability of the SeaWinds instrument on NASA QuikScat satellite in monitoring both sea ice and ocean surface wind, thus helping to further our knowledge in wind-ice interaction and its effect on climate change.

  18. Wind Retrievals under Rain for Passive Satellite Microwave Radiometers and its Applications to Hurricane Tracking

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Meissner, Thomas; Wentz, Frank J.

    2008-01-01

    We have developed an algorithm that retrieves wind speed under rain using C-hand and X-band channels of passive microwave satellite radiometers. The spectral difference of the brightness temperature signals due to wind or rain allows to find channel combinations that are sufficiently sensitive to wind speed but little or not sensitive to rain. We &ve trained a statistical algorithm that applies under hurricane conditions and is able to measure wind speeds in hurricanes to an estimated accuracy of about 2 m/s. We have also developed a global algorithm, that is less accurate but can be applied under all conditions. Its estimated accuracy is between 2 and 5 mls, depending on wind speed and rain rate. We also extend the wind speed region in our model for the wind induced sea surface emissivity from currently 20 m/s to 40 mls. The data indicate that the signal starts to saturate above 30 mls. Finally, we make an assessment of the performance of wind direction retrievals from polarimetric radiometers as function of wind speed and rain rate

  19. Constraints on Solar Wind Acceleration Mechanisms from Ulysses Plasma Observations: The First Polar Pass

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Barnes, Aaron; Gazis, Paul R.; Phillips, John L.

    1995-01-01

    The mass flux density and velocity of the solar wind at polar latitudes can provide strong constraints on solar wind acceleration mechanisms. We use plasma observations from the first polar passage of the Ulysses spacecraft to investigate this question. We find that the mass flux density and velocity are too high to reconcile with acceleration of the solar wind by classical thermal conduction alone. Therefore acceleration of the high-speed must involve extended deposition of energy by some other mechanism, either as heat or as a direct effective pressure, due possibly to waves and/or turbulence, or completely non-classical heat transport.

  20. Clemson University Wind Turbine Drivetrain Test Facility

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tuten, James Maner; Haque, Imtiaz; Rigas, Nikolaos

    In November of 2009, Clemson University was awarded a competitive grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to design, build and operate a facility for full-scale, highly accelerated mechanical testing of next-generation wind turbine drivetrain technologies. The primary goal of the project was to design, construct, commission, and operate a state-of-the-art sustainable facility that permits full-scale highly accelerated testing of advanced drivetrain systems for large wind turbines. The secondary goal was to meet the objectives of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, especially in job creation, and provide a positive impact on economically distressed areas in the Unitedmore » States, and preservation and economic recovery in an expeditious manner. The project was executed according to a managed cooperative agreement with the Department of Energy and was an extraordinary success. The resultant new facility is located in North Charleston, SC, providing easy transportation access by rail, road or ship and operates on an open access model such that it is available to the U.S. Wind Industry for research, analysis, and evaluation activities. The 72 m by 97 m facility features two mechanical dynamometer test bays for evaluating the torque and blade dynamic forces experienced by the rotors of wind turbine drivetrains. The dynamometers are rated at 7.5 MW and 15 MW of low speed shaft power and are configured as independent test areas capable of simultaneous operation. All six degrees of freedom, three linear and three rotational, for blade and rotor dynamics are replicated through the combination of a drive motor, speed reduction gearbox and a controllable hydraulic load application unit (LAU). This new LAU setup readily supports accelerated lifetime mechanical testing and load analysis for the entire drivetrain system of the nacelle and easily simulates a wide variety of realistic operating scenarios in a controlled laboratory environment. The development

  1. Project Ukko - Design of a climate service visualisation interface for seasonal wind forecasts

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hemment, Drew; Stefaner, Moritz; Makri, Stephann; Buontempo, Carlo; Christel, Isadora; Torralba-Fernandez, Veronica; Gonzalez-Reviriego, Nube; Doblas-Reyes, Francisco; de Matos, Paula; Dykes, Jason

    2016-04-01

    Project Ukko is a prototype climate service to visually communicate probabilistic seasonal wind forecasts for the energy sector. In Project Ukko, an interactive visualisation enhances the accessibility and readability to the latests advances in seasonal wind speed predictions developed as part of the RESILIENCE prototype of the EUPORIAS (EC FP7) project. Climate services provide made-to-measure climate information, tailored to the specific requirements of different users and industries. In the wind energy sector, understanding of wind conditions in the next few months has high economic value, for instance, for the energy traders. Current energy practices use retrospective climatology, but access to reliable seasonal predictions based in the recent advances in global climate models has potential to improve their resilience to climate variability and change. Despite their potential benefits, a barrier to the development of commercially viable services is the complexity of the probabilistic forecast information, and the challenge of communicating complex and uncertain information to decision makers in industry. Project Ukko consists of an interactive climate service interface for wind energy users to explore probabilistic wind speed predictions for the coming season. This interface enables fast visual detection and exploration of interesting features and regions likely to experience unusual changes in wind speed in the coming months.The aim is not only to support users to better understand the future variability in wind power resources, but also to bridge the gap between practitioners' traditional approach and the advanced prediction systems developed by the climate science community. Project Ukko is presented as a case study of cross-disciplinary collaboration between climate science and design, for the development of climate services that are useful, usable and effective for industry users. The presentation will reflect on the challenge of developing a climate

  2. Contesting facts about wind farms in Australia and the legitimacy of adverse health effects.

    PubMed

    Clark, Shannon; Botterill, Linda Courtenay

    2017-02-01

    The development of wind energy in Australia has been subject to ongoing public debate and has been characterised by concerns over the health impacts of wind turbines. Using discursive psychology, we examine 'wind turbine syndrome' as a contested illness and analyse how people build and undermine divergent arguments about wind-farm health effects. This article explores two facets of the dispute. First, we consider how participants construct 'facts' about the health effects of wind farms. We examine rhetorical resources used to construct wind farms as harmful or benign. Second, we examine the local negotiation of the legitimacy of health complaints. In the research interviews examined, even though interviewees treat those who report experiencing symptoms from wind farms as having primary rights to narrate their own experience, this epistemic primacy does not extend to the ability to 'correctly' identify symptoms' cause. As a result, the legitimacy of health complaints is undermined. Wind turbine syndrome is an example of a contested illness that is politically controversial. We show how stake, interest and legitimacy are particularly relevant for participants' competing descriptions about the 'facts' of wind turbine health effects.

  3. Modeling long correlation times using additive binary Markov chains: Applications to wind generation time series.

    PubMed

    Weber, Juliane; Zachow, Christopher; Witthaut, Dirk

    2018-03-01

    Wind power generation exhibits a strong temporal variability, which is crucial for system integration in highly renewable power systems. Different methods exist to simulate wind power generation but they often cannot represent the crucial temporal fluctuations properly. We apply the concept of additive binary Markov chains to model a wind generation time series consisting of two states: periods of high and low wind generation. The only input parameter for this model is the empirical autocorrelation function. The two-state model is readily extended to stochastically reproduce the actual generation per period. To evaluate the additive binary Markov chain method, we introduce a coarse model of the electric power system to derive backup and storage needs. We find that the temporal correlations of wind power generation, the backup need as a function of the storage capacity, and the resting time distribution of high and low wind events for different shares of wind generation can be reconstructed.

  4. Modeling long correlation times using additive binary Markov chains: Applications to wind generation time series

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Weber, Juliane; Zachow, Christopher; Witthaut, Dirk

    2018-03-01

    Wind power generation exhibits a strong temporal variability, which is crucial for system integration in highly renewable power systems. Different methods exist to simulate wind power generation but they often cannot represent the crucial temporal fluctuations properly. We apply the concept of additive binary Markov chains to model a wind generation time series consisting of two states: periods of high and low wind generation. The only input parameter for this model is the empirical autocorrelation function. The two-state model is readily extended to stochastically reproduce the actual generation per period. To evaluate the additive binary Markov chain method, we introduce a coarse model of the electric power system to derive backup and storage needs. We find that the temporal correlations of wind power generation, the backup need as a function of the storage capacity, and the resting time distribution of high and low wind events for different shares of wind generation can be reconstructed.

  5. Four essays on offshore wind power potential, development, regulatory framework, and integration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dhanju, Amardeep

    Offshore wind power is an energy resource whose potential in the US has been recognized only recently. There is now growing interest among the coastal states to harness the resource, particularly in states adjacent to the Mid-Atlantic Bight where the shallow continental shelf allows installation of wind turbines using the existing foundation technology. But the promise of bountiful clean energy from offshore wind could be delayed or forestalled due to policy and regulatory challenges. This dissertation is an effort to identify and address some of the important challenges. Focusing on Delaware as a case study it calculates the extent of the wind resource; considers one means to facilitate resource development---the establishment of statewide and regional public power authorities; analyzes possible regulatory frameworks to manage the resource in state-controlled waters; and assesses the use of distributed storage to manage intermittent output from wind turbines. In order to cover a diversity of topics, this research uses a multi-paper format with four essays forming the body of work. The first essay lays out an accessible methodology to calculate offshore wind resource potential using publicly available data, and uses this methodology to access wind resources off Delaware. The assessment suggests a wind resource approximately four times the average electrical load in Delaware. The second essay examines the potential role of a power authority, a quasi-public institution, in lowering the cost of capital, reducing financial risk of developing and operating a wind farm, and enhancing regional collaboration on resource development and management issues. The analysis suggests that a power authority can lower the cost of offshore wind power by as much as 1/3, thereby preserving the ability to pursue cost-competitive development even if the current federal incentives are removed. The third essay addresses the existing regulatory void in state-controlled waters of Delaware

  6. Main-Sequence O Stars in NGC 6231: Enhanced Winds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Morrison, Nancy D.

    Three late O-type main-sequence stars in the open cluster NGC 6231 will be observed with IUE at high dispersion, and their C IV and N V resonance-line profiles will be studied. From low-dispersion IUE observations, 10 members of the cluster have been found to have anomalously strong C IV resonance lines for their spectral types. Massa, Savage, and Cassinelli (1984) observed two of these "UV peculiar" stars (spectral types B0.5 V and B1 V) at high dispersion. They found that the C IV lines have a strong, broad, shortward-shifted absorption component, which suggests a greatly enhanced wind relative to the average for the spectral type. They proposed that the enhancement is due to an overabundance of C. Recently, however, Grigsby, Gordon, Morrison, and Zimba (1992) showed from optical spectra that these stars have normal C abundances. Thus, there is not yet a convincing explanation for these strikingly anomalous stellar winds. By extending the temperature range over which the phenomenon has been studied at high dispersion, however, we expect to gain new physical information. From wind modeling of the line profiles, we will derive mass-loss rates and terminal velocities, and we will test whether these winds are described by radiation-driven wind theory.

  7. Imaging with HST the Time Evolution of Eta Carinae's Colliding Winds

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gull, Theodore R.; Madura, Thomas I.; Groh, Jose H.; Corcoran, Michael F.

    2011-01-01

    We report new HST/STIS observations that map the high-ionization forbidden line emission in the inner arcsecond of Eta Car, the first that fully image the extended wind-wind interaction region of the massive colliding wind binary. These observations were obtained after the 2009.0 periastron at orbital phases 0.084, 0.163, and 0.323 of the 5.54-year spectroscopic cycle. We analyze the variations in brightness and morphology of the emission, and find that blue-shifted emission (-400 to -200 km/s is symmetric and elongated along the northeast-southwest axis, while the red-shifted emission (+ 100 to +200 km/s) is asymmetric and extends to the north-northwest. Comparison to synthetic images generated from a 3-D dynamical model strengthens the 3-D orbital orientation found by Madura et al. (2011), with an inclination i approx. 138deg, argument of periapsis omega approx. 270deg, and an orbital axis that is aligned at the same PA on the sky as the symmetry axis of the Homunculus, 312deg. We discuss the potential that these and future mappings have for constraining the stellar parameters of the companion star and the long-term variability of the system.

  8. An extreme wind erosion event of the fresh Eyjafjallajökull 2010 volcanic ash

    PubMed Central

    Arnalds, Olafur; Thorarinsdottir, Elin Fjola; Thorsson, Johann; Waldhauserova, Pavla Dagsson; Agustsdottir, Anna Maria

    2013-01-01

    Volcanic eruptions can generate widespread deposits of ash that are subsequently subjected to erosive forces which causes detrimental effects on ecosystems. We measured wind erosion of the freshly deposited Eyjafjallajökull ash at a field site the first summer after the 2010 eruption. Over 30 wind erosion events occurred (June-October) at wind speeds > 10 m s−1 in each storm with gusts up to 38.7 m s−1. Surface transport over one m wide transect (surface to 150 cm height) reached > 11,800 kg m−1 during the most intense storm event with a rate of 1,440 kg m−1 hr−1 for about 6½ hrs. This storm is among the most extreme wind erosion events recorded on Earth. The Eyjafjallajökull wind erosion storms caused dust emissions extending several hundred km from the volcano affecting both air quality and ecosystems showing how wind erosion of freshly deposited ash prolongs impacts of volcanic eruptions. PMID:23409248

  9. An extreme wind erosion event of the fresh Eyjafjallajökull 2010 volcanic ash.

    PubMed

    Arnalds, Olafur; Thorarinsdottir, Elin Fjola; Thorsson, Johann; Waldhauserova, Pavla Dagsson; Agustsdottir, Anna Maria

    2013-01-01

    Volcanic eruptions can generate widespread deposits of ash that are subsequently subjected to erosive forces which causes detrimental effects on ecosystems. We measured wind erosion of the freshly deposited Eyjafjallajökull ash at a field site the first summer after the 2010 eruption. Over 30 wind erosion events occurred (June-October) at wind speeds > 10 m s(-1) in each storm with gusts up to 38.7 m s(-1). Surface transport over one m wide transect (surface to 150 cm height) reached > 11,800 kg m(-1) during the most intense storm event with a rate of 1,440 kg m(-1) hr(-1) for about 6½ hrs. This storm is among the most extreme wind erosion events recorded on Earth. The Eyjafjallajökull wind erosion storms caused dust emissions extending several hundred km from the volcano affecting both air quality and ecosystems showing how wind erosion of freshly deposited ash prolongs impacts of volcanic eruptions.

  10. Diurnal evolution of wind structure and data availability measured by the DOE prototype radar system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hirth, Brian D.; Schroeder, John L.; Guynes, Jerry G.

    2017-11-01

    A new Doppler radar prototype has been developed and deployed at Texas Tech University with a focus on enhancing the technologies’ capability to contribute to wind plant relevant complex flow measurements. In particular, improvements in data availability, total data coverage, and autonomous operation were targeted to enable contributions to a wider range of wind energy applications. Doppler radar offers rapid scan speeds, extended maximum range and excellent along-beam range resolution allowing for the simultaneous measurement of various wind phenomena ranging from regional and wind plant scales to inflow and wake flow assessment for an individual turbine. Data examples and performance improvements relative to a previous edition of the technology are presented, including insights into the influence of diurnal atmospheric stability evolution of wind structure and system performance.

  11. Cerberus Wind Streaks

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2002-01-01

    (Released 6 May 2002) The Science Cerberus is a dark region on Mars that has shrunk down from a continuous length of about 1000 km to roughly three discontinuous spots a few 100 kms in length in less than 20 years. There are two competing processes at work in the Cerberus region that produce the bright and dark features seen in this THEMIS image. Bright dust settles out of the atmosphere, especially after global dust storms, depositing a layer just thick enough to brighten the dark surfaces. Deposition occurs preferentially in the low wind 'shadow zones' within craters and downwind of crater rims, producing the bright streaks. The direction of the streaks clearly indicates that the dominant winds come from the northeast. Dust deposition would completely blot out the dark areas if it were not for the action of wind-blown sand grains scouring the surface and lifting the dust back into the atmosphere. Again, the shadow zones are protected from the blowing sand, preserving the bright layer of dust. Also visible in this image are lava flow features extending from the flanks of the huge Elysium volcanoes to the northwest. Two shallow channels and a raised flow lobe are just barely discernable. The lava channel in the middle of the image crosses the boundary of the bright and dark surfaces without any obvious change in its morphology. This demonstrates that the bright dust layer is very thin in this location, perhaps as little as a few millimeters. The Story Mars is an ever-changing land of spectacular contrasts. This THEMIS image shows the Cerberus region of Mars, a dark area located near the Elysium volcanoes and fittingly named after the three-headed, dragon-tailed dog who guards the door of the underworld. Two opposing processes are at work here: a thin layer of dust falling from the atmosphere and/or dust storms creating brighter surface areas (e.g. the top left portion of this image) and dust being scoured away by the action of the Martian wind disturbing the sand

  12. Complex terrain experiments in the New European Wind Atlas.

    PubMed

    Mann, J; Angelou, N; Arnqvist, J; Callies, D; Cantero, E; Arroyo, R Chávez; Courtney, M; Cuxart, J; Dellwik, E; Gottschall, J; Ivanell, S; Kühn, P; Lea, G; Matos, J C; Palma, J M L M; Pauscher, L; Peña, A; Rodrigo, J Sanz; Söderberg, S; Vasiljevic, N; Rodrigues, C Veiga

    2017-04-13

    The New European Wind Atlas project will create a freely accessible wind atlas covering Europe and Turkey, develop the model chain to create the atlas and perform a series of experiments on flow in many different kinds of complex terrain to validate the models. This paper describes the experiments of which some are nearly completed while others are in the planning stage. All experiments focus on the flow properties that are relevant for wind turbines, so the main focus is the mean flow and the turbulence at heights between 40 and 300 m. Also extreme winds, wind shear and veer, and diurnal and seasonal variations of the wind are of interest. Common to all the experiments is the use of Doppler lidar systems to supplement and in some cases replace completely meteorological towers. Many of the lidars will be equipped with scan heads that will allow for arbitrary scan patterns by several synchronized systems. Two pilot experiments, one in Portugal and one in Germany, show the value of using multiple synchronized, scanning lidar, both in terms of the accuracy of the measurements and the atmospheric physical processes that can be studied. The experimental data will be used for validation of atmospheric flow models and will by the end of the project be freely available.This article is part of the themed issue 'Wind energy in complex terrains'. © 2017 The Authors.

  13. 75 FR 20034 - Over-the-Road Bus Accessibility Program Grants: Corrections

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-16

    ... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Transit Administration Over-the-Road Bus Accessibility... ``Over-the-Road Bus Accessibility Program Grants,'' extends the application deadline, and allows... comply with the terms and conditions of the Special Warranty for the Over-the-Road Bus Accessibility...

  14. Computational modelling of an operational wind turbine and validation with LIDAR

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Creech, Angus; Fruh, Wolf-Gerrit; Clive, Peter

    2010-05-01

    We present a computationally efficient method to model the interaction of wind turbines with the surrounding flow, where the interaction provides information on the power generation of the turbine and the generated wake behind the turbine. The turbine representation is based on the principle of an actuator volume, whereby the energy extraction and balancing forces on the fluids are formulated as body forces which avoids the extremely high computational costs of boundary conditions and forces. Depending on the turbine information available, those forces can be derived either from published turbine performance specifications or from their rotor and blade design. This turbine representation is then coupled to a Computational Fluid Dynamics package, in this case the hr-adaptive Finite-Element code Fluidity from Imperial College, London. Here we present a simulation of an operational 950kW NEG Micon NM54 wind turbine installed in the west of Scotland. The calculated wind is compared with LIDAR measurements using a Galion LIDAR from SgurrEnergy. The computational domain extends over an area of 6km by 6km and a height of 750m, centred on the turbine. The lower boundary includes the orography of the terrain and surface roughness values representing the vegetation - some forested areas and some grassland. The boundary conditions on the sides are relaxed Dirichlet conditions, relaxed to an observed prevailing wind speed and direction. Within instrumental errors and model limitations, the overall flow field in general and the wake behind the turbine in particular, show a very high degree of agreement, demonstrating the validity and value of this approach. The computational costs of this approach are such that it is possible to extend this single-turbine example to a full wind farm, as the number of required mesh nodes is given by the domain and then increases only linearly with the number of turbines

  15. Analysis of Change in the Wind Speed Ratio according to Apartment Layout and Solutions

    PubMed Central

    Hyung, Won-gil; Kim, Young-Moon; You, Ki-Pyo

    2014-01-01

    Apartment complexes in various forms are built in downtown areas. The arrangement of an apartment complex has great influence on the wind flow inside it. There are issues of residents' walking due to gust occurrence within apartment complexes, problems with pollutant emission due to airflow congestion, and heat island and cool island phenomena in apartment complexes. Currently, the forms of internal arrangements of apartment complexes are divided into the flat type and the tower type. In the present study, a wind tunnel experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation were performed with respect to internal wind flows in different apartment arrangement forms. Findings of the wind tunnel experiment showed that the internal form and arrangement of an apartment complex had significant influence on its internal airflow. The wind velocity of the buildings increased by 80% at maximum due to the proximity effects between the buildings. The CFD simulation for relaxing such wind flows indicated that the wind velocity reduced by 40% or more at maximum when the paths between the lateral sides of the buildings were extended. PMID:24688430

  16. Analysis of change in the wind speed ratio according to apartment layout and solutions.

    PubMed

    Hyung, Won-gil; Kim, Young-Moon; You, Ki-Pyo

    2014-01-01

    Apartment complexes in various forms are built in downtown areas. The arrangement of an apartment complex has great influence on the wind flow inside it. There are issues of residents' walking due to gust occurrence within apartment complexes, problems with pollutant emission due to airflow congestion, and heat island and cool island phenomena in apartment complexes. Currently, the forms of internal arrangements of apartment complexes are divided into the flat type and the tower type. In the present study, a wind tunnel experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation were performed with respect to internal wind flows in different apartment arrangement forms. Findings of the wind tunnel experiment showed that the internal form and arrangement of an apartment complex had significant influence on its internal airflow. The wind velocity of the buildings increased by 80% at maximum due to the proximity effects between the buildings. The CFD simulation for relaxing such wind flows indicated that the wind velocity reduced by 40% or more at maximum when the paths between the lateral sides of the buildings were extended.

  17. "What Page, Miss?" Enhancing Text Accessibility with DAISY (Digital Accessible Information SYstem)

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Spooner, Sue

    2014-01-01

    Introduction: The provision of specially formatted materials is a complex and increasingly difficult task, given the extensive and burgeoning range of texts and resources available for classroom use. The need to extend the provision of accessible formats to include digital resources (in addition to braille, audio, and large print) led to a study…

  18. Integration of Wind Energy Systems into Power Engineering Education Program at UW-Madison

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Venkataramanan, Giri; Lesieutre, Bernard; Jahns, Thomas

    This project has developed an integrated curriculum focused on the power engineering aspects of wind energy systems that builds upon a well-established graduate educational program at UW- Madison. Five new courses have been developed and delivered to students. Some of the courses have been offered on multiple occasions. The courses include: Control of electric drives for Wind Power applications, Utility Applications of Power Electronics (Wind Power), Practicum in Small Wind Turbines, Utility Integration of Wind Power, and Wind and Weather for Scientists and Engineers. Utility Applications of Power Electronics (Wind Power) has been provided for distance education as well asmore » on-campus education. Several industrial internships for students have been organized. Numerous campus seminars that provide discussion on emerging issues related to wind power development have been delivered in conjunction with other campus events. Annual student conferences have been initiated, that extend beyond wind power to include sustainable energy topics to draw a large group of stakeholders. Energy policy electives for engineering students have been identified for students to participate through a certificate program. Wind turbines build by students have been installed at a UW-Madison facility, as a test-bed. A Master of Engineering program in Sustainable Systems Engineering has been initiated that incorporates specializations that include in wind energy curricula. The project has enabled UW-Madison to establish leadership at graduate level higher education in the field of wind power integration with the electric grid.« less

  19. Modeling of the coupled magnetospheric and neutral wind dynamos

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Thayer, Jeffrey P.

    1994-01-01

    This report summarizes the progress made in the first year of NASA Grant No. NAGW-3508 entitled 'Modeling of the Coupled Magnetospheric and Neutral Wind Dynamos.' The approach taken has been to impose magnetospheric boundary conditions with either pure voltage or current characteristics and solve the neutral wind dynamo equation under these conditions. The imposed boundary conditions determine whether the neutral wind dynamo will contribute to the high-latitude current system or the electric potential. The semi-annual technical report, dated December 15, 1993, provides further detail describing the scientific and numerical approach of the project. The numerical development has progressed and the dynamo solution for the case when the magnetosphere acts as a voltage source has been evaluated completely using spectral techniques. The simulation provides the field-aligned current distribution at high latitudes due to the neutral wind dynamo. A number of geophysical conditions can be simulated to evaluate the importance of the neutral wind dynamo contribution to the field-aligned current system. On average, field-aligned currents generated by the neutral wind dynamo contributed as much as 30 percent to the large-scale field-aligned current system driven by the magnetosphere. A term analysis of the high-latitude neutral wind dynamo equation describing the field aligned current distribution has also been developed to illustrate the important contributing factors involved in the process. The case describing the neutral dynamo response for a magnetosphere acting as a pure current generator requires the existing spectral code to be extended to a pseudo-spectral method and is currently under development.

  20. Structured Slow Solar Wind Variability: Streamer-blob Flux Ropes and Torsional Alfvén Waves

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Higginson, A. K.; Lynch, B. J.

    2018-05-01

    The slow solar wind exhibits strong variability on timescales from minutes to days, likely related to magnetic reconnection processes in the extended solar corona. Higginson et al. presented a numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulation that showed interchange magnetic reconnection is ubiquitous and most likely responsible for releasing much of the slow solar wind, in particular along topological features known as the Separatrix-Web (S-Web). Here, we continue our analysis, focusing on two specific aspects of structured slow solar wind variability. The first type is present in the slow solar wind found near the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), and the second we predict should be present everywhere S-Web slow solar wind is observed. For the first type, we examine the evolution of three-dimensional magnetic flux ropes formed at the top of the helmet streamer belt by reconnection in the HCS. For the second, we examine the simulated remote and in situ signatures of the large-scale torsional Alfvén wave (TAW), which propagates along an S-Web arc to high latitudes. We describe the similarities and differences between the reconnection-generated flux ropes in the HCS, which resemble the well-known “streamer blob” observations, and the similarly structured TAW. We discuss the implications of our results for the complexity of the HCS and surrounding plasma sheet and the potential for particle acceleration, as well as the interchange reconnection scenarios that may generate TAWs in the solar corona. We discuss predictions from our simulation results for the dynamic slow solar wind in the extended corona and inner heliosphere.

  1. Documentation and archiving of the Space Shuttle wind tunnel test data base. Volume 1: Background and description

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Romere, Paul O.; Brown, Steve Wesley

    1995-01-01

    Development of the space shuttle necessitated an extensive wind tunnel test program, with the cooperation of all the major wind tunnels in the United States. The result was approximately 100,000 hours of space shuttle wind tunnel testing conducted for aerodynamics, heat transfer, and structural dynamics. The test results were converted into Chrysler DATAMAN computer program format to facilitate use by analysts, a very cost effective method of collecting the wind tunnel test results from many test facilities into one centralized location. This report provides final documentation of the space shuttle wind tunnel program. The two-volume set covers evolution of space shuttle aerodynamic configurations and gives wind tunnel test data, titles of wind tunnel data reports, sample data sets, and instructions for accessing the digital data base.

  2. Comparison of horizontal winds from the LIMS satellite instrument with rocket measurements

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Smith, A. K.; Bailey, P. L.

    1985-01-01

    Statistical results are given for a comparison between horizontal geostrophic winds computed from satellite height data and all available in situ rocket wind soundings during a 7-month period. The satellite data are the daily mapped fields from the Nimbus 7 Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) instrument, which extend from 100 to 0.1 mbar. Results indicate that in both the tropics and the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, the average zonal and meridional wind speeds agree to within 2-4 m/s throughout the stratosphere. The rms differences are much larger, with values of 5-10 m/s in the lower stratosphere, increasing to 20-40 m/s in the lower mesosphere. Time series show that LIMS and rocketsonde zonal wind speeds show coherent variations with temporal periods of 1-2 weeks and more, and both exhibit irregular variations on time scales of less than one week.

  3. The S-Web Model for the Sources of the Slow Solar Wind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Antiochos, Spiro K.; Karpen, Judith T.; DeVore, C. Richard

    2012-01-01

    Models for the origin of the slow solar wind must account for two seemingly contradictory observations: The slow wind has the composition of the closed-field corona, implying that it originates from the continuous opening and closing of flux at the boundary between open and closed field. On the other hand, the slow wind has large angular width, up to 60 degrees, suggesting that its source extends far from the open-closed boundary. We describe a model that can explain both observations. The key idea is that the source of the slow wind at the Sun is a network of narrow (possibly singular) open-field corridors that map to a web of separatrices (the S-Web) and quasi-separatrix layers in the heliosphere. We discuss the dynamics of the S-Web model and its implications for present observations and for the upcoming observations from Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus.

  4. Investigation of Response Amplitude Operators for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines: Preprint

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ramachandran, G. K. V.; Robertson, A.; Jonkman, J. M.

    This paper examines the consistency between response amplitude operators (RAOs) computed from WAMIT, a linear frequency-domain tool, to RAOs derived from time-domain computations based on white-noise wave excitation using FAST, a nonlinear aero-hydro-servo-elastic tool. The RAO comparison is first made for a rigid floating wind turbine without wind excitation. The investigation is further extended to examine how these RAOs change for a flexible and operational wind turbine. The RAOs are computed for below-rated, rated, and above-rated wind conditions. The method is applied to a floating wind system composed of the OC3-Hywind spar buoy and NREL 5-MW wind turbine. The responsesmore » are compared between FAST and WAMIT to verify the FAST model and to understand the influence of structural flexibility, aerodynamic damping, control actions, and waves on the system responses. The results show that based on the RAO computation procedure implemented, the WAMIT- and FAST-computed RAOs are similar (as expected) for a rigid turbine subjected to waves only. However, WAMIT is unable to model the excitation from a flexible turbine. Further, the presence of aerodynamic damping decreased the platform surge and pitch responses, as computed by both WAMIT and FAST when wind was included. Additionally, the influence of gyroscopic excitation increased the yaw response, which was captured by both WAMIT and FAST.« less

  5. Offshore Wind Research | Wind | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    validation and certification. A photo of an offshore wind turbine with a yellow foundation floating in the wind turbine with three turbines and blue ocean in the background. Design Methods, Tools, and Standards Applying 35 years of wind turbine validation expertise, NREL has developed instrumentation for high

  6. Density, Velocity and Ionization Structure in Accretion-Disc Winds

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sonneborn, George (Technical Monitor); Long, Knox

    2004-01-01

    This was a project to exploit the unique capabilities of FUSE to monitor variations in the wind- formed spectral lines of the luminous, low-inclination, cataclysmic variables(CV) -- RW Sex. (The original proposal contained two additional objects but these were not approved.) These observations were intended to allow us to determine the relative roles of density and ionization state changes in the outflow and to search for spectroscopic signatures of stochastic small-scale structure and shocked gas. By monitoring the temporal behavior of blue-ward extended absorption lines with a wide range of ionization potentials and excitation energies, we proposed to track the changing physical conditions in the outflow. We planned to use a new Monte Carlo code to calculate the ionization structure of and radiative transfer through the CV wind. The analysis therefore was intended to establish the wind geometry, kinematics and ionization state, both in a time-averaged sense and as a function of time.

  7. Winds from T Tauri stars. I - Spherically symmetric models

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hartmann, Lee; Avrett, Eugene H.; Loeser, Rudolf; Calvet, Nuria

    1990-01-01

    Line fluxes and profiles are computed for a sequence of spherically symmetric T Tauri wind models. The calculations indicate that the H-alpha emission of T Tauri stars arises in an extended and probably turbulent circumstellar envelope at temperatures above about 8000 K. The models predict that Mg II resonance line emission should be strongly correlated with H-alpha fluxes; observed Mg II/H-alpha ratios are inconsistent with the models unless extinction corrections have been underestimated. The models predict that most of the Ca II resonance line and IR triplet emission arises in dense layers close to the star rather than in the wind. H-alpha emission levels suggest mass loss rates of about 10 to the -8th solar mass/yr for most T Tauri stars, in reasonable agreement with independent analysis of forbidden emission lines. These results should be useful for interpreting observed line profiles in terms of wind densities, temperatures, and velocity fields.

  8. Numerical investigations of wake interactions of two wind turbines in tandem

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Qian, Yaoru; Wang, Tongguang

    2018-05-01

    Aerodynamic performance and wake interactions between two wind turbine models under different layouts are investigated numerically using large eddy simulation in conjunction with actuator line method based on the “Blind Test” series wind tunnel experiments from Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Numerical results of the power and thrust coefficients of the two rotors and wake characteristics are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. Extended investigations emphasizing the influence of different layout arrangements on the downstream rotor performance and wake development are conducted. Results show that layout arrangements have great influence on the power and thrust prediction of the downstream turbine.

  9. Terminology Guideline for Classifying Offshore Wind Energy Resources

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Beiter, Philipp; Musial, Walt

    The purpose of this guideline is to establish a clear and consistent vocabulary for conveying offshore wind resource potential and to interpret this vocabulary in terms that are familiar to the oil and gas (O&G) industry. This involves clarifying and refining existing definitions of offshore wind energy resource classes. The terminology developed in this guideline represents one of several possible sets of vocabulary that may differ with respect to their purpose, data availability, and comprehensiveness. It was customized to correspond with established offshore wind practices and existing renewable energy industry terminology (e.g. DOE 2013, Brown et al. 2015) while conformingmore » to established fossil resource classification as best as possible. The developers of the guideline recognize the fundamental differences that exist between fossil and renewable energy resources with respect to availability, accessibility, lifetime, and quality. Any quantitative comparison between fossil and renewable energy resources, including offshore wind, is therefore limited. For instance, O&G resources are finite and there may be significant uncertainty associated with the amount of the resource. In contrast, aboveground renewable resources, such as offshore wind, do not generally deplete over time but can vary significantly subhourly, daily, seasonally, and annually. The intent of this guideline is to make these differences transparent and develop an offshore wind resource classification that conforms to established fossil resource classifications where possible. This guideline also provides methods to quantitatively compare certain offshore wind energy resources to O&G resource classes for specific applications. Finally, this guideline identifies areas where analogies to established O&G terminology may be inappropriate or subject to misinterpretation.« less

  10. Comet Borrelly Slows Solar Wind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2001-01-01

    Over 1300 energy spectra taken on September 22, 2001 from the ion and electron instruments on NASA's Deep Space 1 span a region of 1,400,000 kilometers (870,000 miles) centered on the closest approach to the nucleus of comet Borrelly. A very strong interaction occurs between the solar wind (horizontal red bands to left and right in figure) and the comet's surrounding cloud of dust and gas, the coma. Near Deep Space 1's closest approach to the nucleus, the solar wind picked up charged water molecules from the coma (upper green band near the center), slowing the wind sharply and creating the V-shaped energy structure at the center.

    Deep Space 1 completed its primary mission testing ion propulsion and 11 other advanced, high-risk technologies in September 1999. NASA extended the mission, taking advantage of the ion propulsion and other systems to undertake this chancy but exciting, and ultimately successful, encounter with the comet. More information can be found on the Deep Space 1 home page at http://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/ds1/ .

    Deep Space 1 was launched in October 1998 as part of NASA's New Millennium Program, which is managed by JPL for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The California Institute of Technology manages JPL for NASA.

  11. Colliding Winds in Symbiotic Binary Systems. I. Analytic and Numerical Solutions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kenny, H. T.; Taylor, A. R.

    2005-01-01

    We present new formulations of binary colliding wind models appropriate to symbiotic star systems. The derived models differ from previous formulations in assuming mixing of the shocked material from both incoming streams, rather than postulating a self-sustaining contact discontinuity. The CWb model (colliding winds, binary) extends the work of Girard and Willson by the derivation of an adiabatic temperature, the consideration of radiative cooling, the inclusion of thermal pressures in the incoming winds, and the treatment of interaction shells of finite thickness and density. The finite thickness of the interaction shell allows for calculation of its radiative intensity distribution. The CWc model (colliding winds, concentric) is a similar extension of the model of Kwok, Purton, and Fitzgerald. It is derived in a manner parallel to that of the CWb model, thereby facilitating a unification of the two models. A unified model is desired since wind collisions in symbiotic systems should include aspects of both CWb and CWc interactions. Two examples of model applications are presented: a comparison of the flux densities arising from colliding winds (CWb model) with those arising from the ionization of the surrounding medium (STB model) in the galactic population of symbiotic stars, and model imaging of the symbiotic nova HM Sge.

  12. Dynamics of wind setdown at Suez and the Eastern Nile Delta.

    PubMed

    Drews, Carl; Han, Weiqing

    2010-08-30

    Wind setdown is the drop in water level caused by wind stress acting on the surface of a body of water for an extended period of time. As the wind blows, water recedes from the upwind shore and exposes terrain that was formerly underwater. Previous researchers have suggested wind setdown as a possible hydrodynamic explanation for Moses crossing the Red Sea, as described in Exodus 14. This study analyzes the hydrodynamic mechanism proposed by earlier studies, focusing on the time needed to reach a steady-state solution. In addition, the authors investigate a site in the eastern Nile delta, where the ancient Pelusiac branch of the Nile once flowed into a coastal lagoon then known as the Lake of Tanis. We conduct a satellite and modeling survey to analyze this location, using geological evidence of the ancient bathymetry and a historical description of a strong wind event in 1882. A suite of model experiments are performed to demonstrate a new hydrodynamic mechanism that can cause an angular body of water to divide under wind stress, and to test the behavior of our study location and reconstructed topography. Under a uniform 28 m/s easterly wind forcing in the reconstructed model basin, the ocean model produces an area of exposed mud flats where the river mouth opens into the lake. This land bridge is 3-4 km long and 5 km wide, and it remains open for 4 hours. Model results indicate that navigation in shallow-water harbors can be significantly curtailed by wind setdown when strong winds blow offshore.

  13. Coronal magnetic fields and the solar wind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Newkirk, G., Jr.

    1972-01-01

    Current information is presented on coronal magnetic fields as they bear on problems of the solar wind. Both steady state fields and coronal transient events are considered. A brief critique is given of the methods of calculating coronal magnetic fields including the potential (current free) models, exact solutions for the solar wind and field interaction, and source surface models. These solutions are compared with the meager quantitative observations which are available at this time. Qualitative comparisons between the shapes of calculated magnetic field lines and the forms visible in the solar corona at several recent eclipses are displayed. These suggest that: (1) coronal streamers develop above extended magnetic arcades which connect unipolar regions of opposite polarity; and (2) loops, arches, and rays in the corona correspond to preferentially filled magnetic tubes in the approximately potential field.

  14. A simulation environment for assisting system design of coherent laser doppler wind sensor for active wind turbine pitch control

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shinohara, Leilei; Pham Tran, Tuan Anh; Beuth, Thorsten; Umesh Babu, Harsha; Heussner, Nico; Bogatscher, Siegwart; Danilova, Svetlana; Stork, Wilhelm

    2013-05-01

    In order to assist a system design of laser coherent Doppler wind sensor for active pitch control of wind turbine systems (WTS), we developed a numerical simulation environment for modeling and simulation of the sensor system. In this paper we present this simulation concept. In previous works, we have shown the general idea and the possibility of using a low cost coherent laser Doppler wind sensing system for an active pitch control of WTS in order to achieve a reduced mechanical stress, increase the WTS lifetime and therefore reduce the electricity price from wind energy. Such a system is based on a 1.55μm Continuous-Wave (CW) laser plus an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with an output power of 1W. Within this system, an optical coherent detection method is chosen for the Doppler frequency measurement in megahertz range. A comparatively low cost short coherent length laser with a fiber delay line is used for achieving a multiple range measurement. In this paper, we show the current results on the improvement of our simulation by applying a Monte Carlo random generation method for positioning the random particles in atmosphere and extend the simulation to the entire beam penetrated space by introducing a cylindrical co-ordinate concept and meshing the entire volume into small elements in order to achieve a faster calculation and gain more realistic simulation result. In addition, by applying different atmospheric parameters, such as particle sizes and distributions, we can simulate different weather and wind situations.

  15. Radiology Physician Extenders: A Literature Review of the History and Current Roles of Physician Extenders in Medical Imaging.

    PubMed

    Sanders, Vicki L; Flanagan, Jennifer

    2015-01-01

    The purpose of the literature review was to assess the origins of radiology physician extenders and examine the current roles found in the literature of advanced practice physician extenders within medical imaging. Twenty-six articles relating to physician assistants (PAs), nurse practitioners (NPs), radiologist assistants (RAs), and nuclear medicine advanced associates (NMAAs) were reviewed to discern similarities and differences in history, scope of practice, and roles in the medical imaging field. The literature showed PAs and NPs are working mostly in interventional radiology. PAs, NPs, and RAs perform similar tasks in radiology, including history and physicals, evaluation and management, preprocedure work-up, obtaining informed consent, initial observations/reports, and post-procedure follow-up. NPs and PAs perform a variety of procedures but most commonly vascular access, paracentesis, and thoracentesis. RAs perform gastrointestinal, genitourinary, nonvascular invasive fluoroscopy procedures, and vascular access procedures. The review revealed NMAAs are working in an advanced role, but no specific performances of procedures was found in the literature, only suggested tasks and clinical competencies. PAs, NPs, and RAs are currently the three main midlevel providers used in medical imaging. These midlevel providers are being used in a variety of ways to increase the efficiency of the radiologist and provide diagnostic and therapeutic radiologic procedures to patients. NMAAs are being used in medical imaging but little literature is available on current roles in clinical practice. More research is needed to assess the exact procedures and duties being performed by these medical imaging physician extenders.

  16. Hydrodynamic Models of Line-Driven Accretion Disk Winds III: Local Ionization Equilibrium

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Pereyra, Nicolas Antonio; Kallman, Timothy R.; White, Nicholas E. (Technical Monitor)

    2002-01-01

    We present time-dependent numerical hydrodynamic models of line-driven accretion disk winds in cataclysmic variable systems and calculate wind mass-loss rates and terminal velocities. The models are 2.5-dimensional, include an energy balance condition with radiative heating and cooling processes, and includes local ionization equilibrium introducing time dependence and spatial dependence on the line radiation force parameters. The radiation field is assumed to originate in an optically thick accretion disk. Wind ion populations are calculated under the assumption that local ionization equilibrium is determined by photoionization and radiative recombination, similar to a photoionized nebula. We find a steady wind flowing from the accretion disk. Radiative heating tends to maintain the temperature in the higher density wind regions near the disk surface, rather than cooling adiabatically. For a disk luminosity L (sub disk) = solar luminosity, white dwarf mass M(sub wd) = 0.6 solar mass, and white dwarf radii R(sub wd) = 0.01 solar radius, we obtain a wind mass-loss rate of M(sub wind) = 4 x 10(exp -12) solar mass yr(exp -1) and a terminal velocity of approximately 3000 km per second. These results confirm the general velocity and density structures found in our earlier constant ionization equilibrium adiabatic CV wind models. Further we establish here 2.5D numerical models that can be extended to QSO/AGN winds where the local ionization equilibrium will play a crucial role in the overall dynamics.

  17. Distribution and solar wind control of compressional solar wind-magnetic anomaly interactions observed at the Moon by ARTEMIS

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Halekas, J. S.; Poppe, A. R.; Lue, C.; Farrell, W. M.; McFadden, J. P.

    2017-06-01

    A statistical investigation of 5 years of observations from the two-probe Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission reveals that strong compressional interactions occur infrequently at high altitudes near the ecliptic but can form in a wide range of solar wind conditions and can occur up to two lunar radii downstream from the lunar limb. The compressional events, some of which may represent small-scale collisionless shocks ("limb shocks"), occur in both steady and variable interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions, with those forming in steady IMF well organized by the location of lunar remanent crustal magnetization. The events observed by ARTEMIS have similarities to ion foreshock phenomena, and those observed in variable IMF conditions may result from either local lunar interactions or distant terrestrial foreshock interactions. Observed velocity deflections associated with compressional events are always outward from the lunar wake, regardless of location and solar wind conditions. However, events for which the observed velocity deflection is parallel to the upstream motional electric field form in distinctly different solar wind conditions and locations than events with antiparallel deflections. Consideration of the momentum transfer between incoming and reflected solar wind populations helps explain the observed characteristics of the different groups of events.Plain Language SummaryWe survey the environment around the Moon to determine when and where strong amplifications in the charged particle density and magnetic field strength occur. These structures may be some of the smallest shock waves in the solar system, and learning about their formation informs us about the interaction of charged particles with small-scale magnetic fields throughout the solar system and beyond. We find that these compressions occur in an <span class="hlt">extended</span> region</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1107455','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1107455"><span>Advancements in <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Integration Study Data Modeling: The <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Integration National Dataset (<span class="hlt">WIND</span>) Toolkit; Preprint</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Draxl, C.; Hodge, B. M.; Orwig, K.</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>Regional <span class="hlt">wind</span> integration studies in the United States require detailed <span class="hlt">wind</span> power output data at many locations to perform simulations of how the power system will operate under high-penetration scenarios. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> data sets that serve as inputs into the study must realistically reflect the ramping characteristics, spatial and temporal correlations, and capacity factors of the simulated <span class="hlt">wind</span> plants, as well as be time synchronized with available load profiles. The <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Integration National Dataset (<span class="hlt">WIND</span>) Toolkit described in this paper fulfills these requirements. A <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource dataset, <span class="hlt">wind</span> power production time series, and simulated forecasts from a numerical weather predictionmore » model run on a nationwide 2-km grid at 5-min resolution will be made publicly available for more than 110,000 onshore and offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> power production sites.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AAS...200.7403O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AAS...200.7403O"><span>Effects of Nongray Opacity on Radiatively Driven Wolf-Rayet <span class="hlt">Winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Onifer, A. J.; Gayley, K. G.</p> <p>2002-05-01</p> <p>Wolf-Rayet <span class="hlt">winds</span> are characterized by their large momentum fluxes, and simulations of radiation driving have been increasingly successful in modeling these <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Simple analytic approaches that help understand the most critical processes for copious momentum deposition already exist in the effectively gray approximation, but these have not been <span class="hlt">extended</span> to more realistic nongray opacities. With this in mind, we have developed a simplified theory for describing the interaction of the stellar flux with nongray <span class="hlt">wind</span> opacity. We replace the detailed line list with a set of statistical parameters that are sensitive not only to the strength but also the wavelength distribution of lines, incorporating as a free parameter the rate of photon frequency redistribution. We label the resulting flux-weighted opacity the statistical Sobolev- Rosseland (SSR) mean, and explore how changing these various statistical parameters affects the flux/opacity interaction. We wish to acknowledge NSF grant AST-0098155</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.753j2003G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.753j2003G"><span>A study of rotor and platform design trade-offs for large-scale floating vertical axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Griffith, D. Todd; Paquette, Joshua; Barone, Matthew; Goupee, Andrew J.; Fowler, Matthew J.; Bull, Diana; Owens, Brian</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Vertical axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines are receiving significant attention for offshore siting. In general, offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> offers proximity to large populations centers, a vast & more consistent <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource, and a scale-up opportunity, to name a few beneficial characteristics. On the other hand, offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> suffers from high levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and in particular high balance of system (BoS) costs owing to <span class="hlt">accessibility</span> challenges and limited project experience. To address these challenges associated with offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span>, Sandia National Laboratories is researching large-scale (MW class) offshore floating vertical axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines (VAWTs). The motivation for this work is that floating VAWTs are a potential transformative technology solution to reduce offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> LCOE in deep-water locations. This paper explores performance and cost trade-offs within the design space for floating VAWTs between the configurations for the rotor and platform.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1353000','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1353000"><span>2016 State of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Development in the United States by Region</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Baranowski, Ruth; Oteri, Frank; Baring-Gould, Ian</p> <p></p> <p>Significant expansion of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy development will be required to achieve the scenarios outlined in the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE)'s <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Vision: 20% <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy by 2030 and 35% <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy by 2050. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> energy currently provides nearly 5% of the nation's electricity but has the potential to provide much more. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> industry and the DOE's <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Technologies Office are addressing technical <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy challenges, such as reducing turbine costs and increasing energy production and reliability. The Office recognizes that public acceptance of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy can be challenging, depending on the proximity of proposed <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms tomore » local populations. Informed decision makers and communities equipped with unbiased information about the benefits and impacts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy development are better prepared to navigate the sometimes contentious development process. In 2014, DOE established six Regional Resource Centers (RRCs) across the United States to communicate unbiased, credible information about <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy to stakeholders through regional networks. The RRCs provide ready <span class="hlt">access</span> to this information to familiarize the public with <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy; raise awareness about potential benefits and issues; and disseminate data on siting considerations such as turbine sound and wildlife habitat protection. This document summarizes the status and drivers for U.S. <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy development during 2016. RRC leaders provided a report of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy development in their regions, which was combined with findings from National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) researchers to provide an account of the state of the regions, as well as updates on developments in individual states. NREL researchers and state partners added updates for all states that are not directly supported by an RRC. Accounts for each region include updates on renewable portfolio standards, the Clean Power Plan, workforce development, manufacturing and economic development, and individual state updates</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21568542','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21568542"><span>Systematic measurements of ion-proton differential streaming in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Berger, L; Wimmer-Schweingruber, R F; Gloeckler, G</p> <p>2011-04-15</p> <p>The small amount of heavy ions in the highly rarefied solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> are sensitive tracers for plasma-physics processes, which are usually not <span class="hlt">accessible</span> in the laboratory. We have analyzed differential streaming between heavy ions and protons in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> at 1 AU. 3D velocity vector and magnetic field measurements from the Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Electron Proton Alpha Monitor and the Magnetometer aboard the Advanced Composition Explorer were used to reconstruct the ion-proton difference vector v(ip) = v(i) - v(p) from the 12 min 1D Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Ion Composition Spectrometer observations. We find that all 44 analyzed heavy ions flow along the interplanetary magnetic field at velocities which are smaller than, but comparable to, the local Alfvén speed C(A). The flow speeds of 35 of the 44 ion species lie within the range of ±0.15C(A) around 0.55C(A), the flow speed of He(2+).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.9259H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.9259H"><span>A global <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource atlas including high-resolution terrain effects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hahmann, Andrea; Badger, Jake; Olsen, Bjarke; Davis, Neil; Larsen, Xiaoli; Badger, Merete</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p> aggregated <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources that result from using different reanalyses in the various verification regions. A prototype web interface for the public <span class="hlt">access</span> to the data will also be showcased.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ems..confE.213M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ems..confE.213M"><span>Dynamical downscaling of <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mengelkamp, H.-T.; Huneke, S.; Geyer, J.</p> <p>2010-09-01</p> <p>Dynamical downscaling of <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power applications H.-T. Mengelkamp*,**, S. Huneke**, J, Geyer** *GKSS Research Center Geesthacht GmbH **anemos Gesellschaft für Umweltmeteorologie mbH Investments in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power require information on the long-term mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential and its temporal variations on daily to annual and decadal time scales. This information is rarely available at specific <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm sites. Short-term on-site measurements usually are only performed over a 12 months period. These data have to be set into the long-term perspective through correlation to long-term consistent <span class="hlt">wind</span> data sets. Preliminary <span class="hlt">wind</span> information is often asked for to select favourable <span class="hlt">wind</span> sites over regional and country wide scales. Lack of high-quality <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements at weather stations was the motivation to start high resolution <span class="hlt">wind</span> field simulations The simulations are basically a refinement of global scale reanalysis data by means of high resolution simulations with an atmospheric mesoscale model using high-resolution terrain and land-use data. The 3-dimensional representation of the atmospheric state available every six hours at 2.5 degree resolution over the globe, known as NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data, forms the boundary conditions for continuous simulations with the non-hydrostatic atmospheric mesoscale model MM5. MM5 is nested in itself down to a horizontal resolution of 5 x 5 km². The simulation is performed for different European countries and covers the period 2000 to present and is continuously updated. Model variables are stored every 10 minutes for various heights. We have analysed the <span class="hlt">wind</span> field primarily. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> data set is consistent in space and time and provides information on the regional distribution of the long-term mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential, the temporal variability of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential, the vertical variation of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> potential, and the temperature, and pressure distribution (air density). In the context of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power these data are used </p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991STIN...9129643K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991STIN...9129643K"><span>Worldwide <span class="hlt">wind</span>/diesel hybrid power system study: Potential applications and technical issues</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>King, W. R.; Johnson, B. L., III</p> <p>1991-04-01</p> <p>The world market potential for <span class="hlt">wind</span>/diesel hybrid technology is a function of the need for electric power, the availability of sufficient <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource to support <span class="hlt">wind</span>/diesel power, and the existence of buyers with the financial means to invest in the technology. This study includes data related to each of these three factors. This study does not address market penetration, which would require analysis of application specific <span class="hlt">wind</span>/diesel economics. Buyer purchase criteria, which are vital to assessing market penetration, are discussed only generally. Countries were screened for a country-specific market analysis based on indicators of need and <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource. Both developed countries and less developed countries (LDCs) were screened for <span class="hlt">wind</span>/diesel market potential. Based on the results of the screening, ten countries showing high market potential were selected for more extensive market analyses. These analyses provide country-specific market data to guide <span class="hlt">wind</span>/diesel technology developers in making design decisions that will lead to a competitive product. Section 4 presents the country-specific data developed for these analyses, including more extensive <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource characterization, application-specific market opportunities, business conditions, and energy market characterizations. An attempt was made to identify the potential buyers with ability to pay for <span class="hlt">wind</span>/diesel technology required to meet the application-specific market opportunities identified for each country. Additionally, the country-specific data are <span class="hlt">extended</span> to corollary opportunities in countries not covered by the study. Section 2 gives recommendations for <span class="hlt">wind</span>/diesel research based on the findings of the study.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP41B1840G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP41B1840G"><span>Dune growth under multidirectional <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gadal, C.; Rozier, O.; Claudin, P.; Courrech Du Pont, S.; Narteau, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Under unidirectional <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes, flat sand beds become unstable to produce periodic linear dunes, commonly called transverse dunes because their main ridges are oriented perpendicular to the air flow. In areas of low sediment availability, the same interactions between flow, transport and topography produce barchan dunes, isolated sand-pile migrating over long distances with a characteristic crescentic shape. For the last fifteen years, barchan dunes and the instability at the origin of transverse dunes have been the subject of numerous studies that have identified a set of characteristic length and time scales with respect to the physical properties of both grains and fluid. This is not the case for dunes developing under multidirectional <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes. Under these conditions, dune orientation is measured with respect to the direction of the resultant sand flux. Depending on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> regime, dunes do not always line up perpendicularly to the resultant sand flux, but can also be at an oblique angle or even parallel to it. These oblique and longitudinal dunes are ubiquitous in all deserts on Earth and planetary bodies because of the seasonal variability of <span class="hlt">wind</span> orientation. They are however poorly constrained by observations and there is still no complete theoretical framework providing a description of their orientation and initial wavelength. Here, we <span class="hlt">extend</span> the linear stability analysis of a flat sand of bed done in two dimensions for a unidirectional flow to three dimensions and multidirectional flow regimes. We are able to recover transitions from transverse to oblique or longitudinal dune patterns according to changes in <span class="hlt">wind</span> regimes. We besides give a prediction for the initial dune wavelength. Our results compare well to previous theory of dune orientation and to field, experimental and numerical data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A14E..07C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A14E..07C"><span>Hourly <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Speed Interval Prediction in Arid Regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chaouch, M.; Ouarda, T.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The long and <span class="hlt">extended</span> warm and dry summers, the low rate of rain and humidity are the main factors that explain the increase of electricity consumption in hot arid regions. In such regions, the ventilating and air-conditioning installations, that are typically the most energy-intensive among energy consumption activities, are essential for securing healthy, safe and suitable indoor thermal conditions for building occupants and stored materials. The use of renewable energy resources such as solar and <span class="hlt">wind</span> represents one of the most relevant solutions to overcome the increase of the electricity demand challenge. In the recent years, <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy is gaining more importance among the researchers worldwide. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> energy is intermittent in nature and hence the power system scheduling and dynamic control of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine requires an estimate of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy. Accurate forecast of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed is a challenging task for the <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy research field. In fact, due to the large variability of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed caused by the unpredictable and dynamic nature of the earth's atmosphere, there are many fluctuations in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power production. This inherent variability of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed is the main cause of the uncertainty observed in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power generation. Furthermore, producing <span class="hlt">wind</span> power forecasts might be obtained indirectly by modeling the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed series and then transforming the forecasts through a power curve. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> speed forecasting techniques have received substantial attention recently and several models have been developed. Basically two main approaches have been proposed in the literature: (1) physical models such as Numerical Weather Forecast and (2) statistical models such as Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, Neural Networks. While the initial focus in the literature has been on point forecasts, the need to quantify forecast uncertainty and communicate the risk of extreme ramp events has led to an interest in producing probabilistic forecasts. In short term</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..276a2004M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..276a2004M"><span>3D <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Scanner lidar measurements of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and turbulence around <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines, buildings and bridges</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mikkelsen, T.; Sjöholm, M.; Angelou, N.; Mann, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span>Scanner is a distributed research infrastructure developed at DTU with the participation of a number of European countries. The research infrastructure consists of a mobile technically advanced facility for remote measurement of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and turbulence in 3D. The <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Scanners provide coordinated measurements of the entire <span class="hlt">wind</span> and turbulence fields, of all three <span class="hlt">wind</span> components scanned in 3D space. Although primarily developed for research related to on- and offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines and <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms, the facility is also well suited for scanning turbulent <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields around buildings, bridges, aviation structures and of flow in urban environments. The mobile <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Scanner facility enables 3D scanning of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and turbulence fields in full scale within the atmospheric boundary layer at ranges from 10 meters to 5 (10) kilometers. Measurements of turbulent coherent structures are applied for investigation of flow pattern and dynamical loads from turbines, building structures and bridges and in relation to optimization of the location of, for example, <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms and suspension bridges. This paper presents our achievements to date and reviews briefly the state-of-the-art of the <span class="hlt">Wind</span>Scanner measurement technology with examples of uses for <span class="hlt">wind</span> engineering applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED387107.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED387107.pdf"><span>Video and Computer Technologies for <span class="hlt">Extended</span>-Campus Programming.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sagan, Edgar L.; And Others</p> <p></p> <p>This paper discusses video and computer technologies for <span class="hlt">extended</span>-campus programming (courses and programs at off-campus sites). The first section provides an overview of the distance education program at the University of Kentucky (UK), and highlights the improved <span class="hlt">access</span> to graduate and professional programs, advances in technology, funding,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-06-03/pdf/2013-13059.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-06-03/pdf/2013-13059.pdf"><span>78 FR 33101 - Notice of Availability of the Record of Decision for the Alta East <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Project, Kern County...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-06-03</p> <p>... turbines, <span class="hlt">access</span> roads, collector substation, operation and maintenance facility, temporary portable... <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines capable of generating up to 153 megawatts. The project site is within the planning....LVRWB11B4520.FX0000] Notice of Availability of the Record of Decision for the Alta East <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Project, Kern...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016xnnd.confE..60P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016xnnd.confE..60P"><span>XMM-Newton, powerful AGN <span class="hlt">winds</span> and galaxy feedback</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pounds, K.; King, A.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>The discovery that ultra-fast ionized <span class="hlt">winds</span> - sufficiently powerful to disrupt growth of the host galaxy - are a common feature of luminous AGN is major scientific breakthrough led by XMM-Newton. An <span class="hlt">extended</span> observation in 2014 of the prototype UFO, PG1211+143, has revealed an unusually complex outflow, with distinct and persisting velocities detected in both hard and soft X-ray spectra. While the general properties of UFOs are consistent with being launched - at the local escape velocity - from the inner disc where the accretion rate is modestly super-Eddington (King and Pounds, Ann Rev Astron Astro- phys 2015), these more complex flows have raised questions about the outflow geometry and the importance of shocks and enhanced cooling. XMM-Newton seems likely to remain the best Observatory to study UFOs prior to Athena, and further <span class="hlt">extended</span> observations, of PG1211+143 and other bright AGN, have the exciting potential to establish the typical <span class="hlt">wind</span> dynamics, while providing new insights on the accretion geometry and continuum source structure. An emphasis on such large, coordinated observing programmes with XMM-Newton over the next decade will continue the successful philosophy pioneered by EXOSAT, while helping to inform the optimum planning for Athena</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930015971','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930015971"><span>Empirical <span class="hlt">wind</span> model for the middle and lower atmosphere. Part 1: Local time average</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hedin, A. E.; Fleming, E. L.; Manson, A. H.; Schmidlin, F. J.; Avery, S. K.; Franke, S. J.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The HWM90 thermospheric <span class="hlt">wind</span> model was revised in the lower thermosphere and <span class="hlt">extended</span> into the mesosphere and lower atmosphere to provide a single analytic model for calculating zonal and meridional <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles representative of the climatological average for various geophysical conditions. Gradient <span class="hlt">winds</span> from CIRA-86 plus rocket soundings, incoherent scatter radar, MF radar, and meteor radar provide the data base and are supplemented by previous data driven model summaries. Low-order spherical harmonics and Fourier series are used to describe the major variations throughout the atmosphere including latitude, annual, semiannual, and longitude (stationary wave 1). The model represents a smoothed compromise between the data sources. Although agreement between various data sources is generally good, some systematic differences are noted, particularly near the mesopause. Root mean square differences between data and model are on the order of 15 m/s in the mesosphere and 10 m/s in the stratosphere for zonal <span class="hlt">wind</span>, and 10 m/s and 4 m/s, respectively, for meridional <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EntIS...4..111E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EntIS...4..111E"><span>A framework for investigation into <span class="hlt">extended</span> enterprise resilience</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Erol, Ozgur; Sauser, Brian J.; Mansouri, Mo</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>This article proposes a framework for investigation into '<span class="hlt">extended</span> enterprise resilience' based on the key attributes of enterprise resilience in the context of <span class="hlt">extended</span> enterprises. Such attributes, namely agility, flexibility, adaptability and connectivity, are frequently defined as supporting attributes of enterprise resilience, but the issue is how they can be more effectively applied to <span class="hlt">extended</span> enterprises. The role of information technology in assisting connectivity and collaboration is frequently recognised as contributing to resilience on all levels, and will likewise be employed on the level of <span class="hlt">extended</span> enterprise systems. The proposed framework is based on the expanded application of two primary enablers of enterprise resilience: (i) the capability of an enterprise to connect systems, people, processes and information in a way that allows enterprise to become more connected and responsive to the dynamics of its environment, stakeholders and competitors; (ii) the alignment of information technology with business goals. The former requires inter- and intra-level interoperability and integration within the <span class="hlt">extended</span> enterprises, and the latter requires modelling of the underlying technology infrastructure and creation of a consolidated view of, and <span class="hlt">access</span> to, all available resources in the <span class="hlt">extended</span> enterprises that can be attained by well-defined enterprise architecture.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/wind/offshore-grid-integration.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/wind/offshore-grid-integration.html"><span>Grid Integration of Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> | <span class="hlt">Wind</span> | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>. Photograph of a <em><span class="hlt">wind</span></em> <em>turbine</em> in the ocean. Located about 10 kilometers off the coast of Arklow, Ireland, the Grid Integration of Offshore <em><span class="hlt">Wind</span></em> Grid Integration of Offshore <em><span class="hlt">Wind</span></em> Much can be learned from the existing land-based integration research for handling the variability and uncertainty of the <em><span class="hlt">wind</span></em> resource</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1117052','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1117052"><span>The <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Integration National Dataset (<span class="hlt">WIND</span>) toolkit (Presentation)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Caroline Draxl: NREL</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Regional <span class="hlt">wind</span> integration studies require detailed <span class="hlt">wind</span> power output data at many locations to perform simulations of how the power system will operate under high penetration scenarios. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> datasets that serve as inputs into the study must realistically reflect the ramping characteristics, spatial and temporal correlations, and capacity factors of the simulated <span class="hlt">wind</span> plants, as well as being time synchronized with available load profiles.As described in this presentation, the <span class="hlt">WIND</span> Toolkit fulfills these requirements by providing a state-of-the-art national (US) <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource, power production and forecast dataset.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750002821','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750002821"><span>Termination of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> in the hot, partially ionized interstellar medium. Ph.D. Thesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lombard, C. K.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>Theoretical foundations for understanding the problem of the termination of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> are reexamined in the light of most recent findings concerning the states of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and the local interstellar medium. The investigation suggests that a simple extention of Parker's (1961) analytical model provides a useful approximate description of the combined solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, interstellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma flowfield under conditions presently thought to occur. A linear perturbation solution exhibiting both the effects of photoionization and charge exchange is obtained for the supersonic solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. A numerical algorithm is described for computing moments of the non-equilibrium hydrogen distribution function and associated source terms for the MHD equations. Computed using the algorithm in conjunction with the <span class="hlt">extended</span> Parker solution to approximate the plasma flowfield, profiles of hydrogen number density are given in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> along the upstream and downstream axes of flow with respect to the direction of the interstellar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Predictions of solar Lyman-alpha backscatter intensities to be observed at 1 a.u. have been computed, in turn, from a set of such hydrogen number density profiles varied over assumed conditions of the interstellar <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A51D3063H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A51D3063H"><span>Inter-Comparison of WRF Model Simulated <span class="hlt">Winds</span> and MISR Stereoscopic <span class="hlt">Winds</span> Embedded within Mesoscale von Kármán Wake Vortices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Horvath, A.; Nunalee, C. G.; Mueller, K. J.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Several distinct wake regimes are possible when considering atmospheric flow past a steep mountainous island. Of these regimes, coherent vortex shedding in low-Froude number flow is particularly interesting because it can produce laterally focused paths of counter rotating eddies capable of <span class="hlt">extending</span> downstream for hundreds of kilometers (i.e., a von Kármán vortex street). Given the spatial scales of atmospheric von Kármán vortices, which typically lies on the interface of the meso-scale and the micro-scale, they are uniquely challenging to model using conventional numerical weather prediction platforms. In this presentation, we present high resolution (1-km horizontally) numerical modeling results using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, of multiple real-world von Kármán vortex shedding events associated with steep islands (e.g., Madeira island, Gran Canaria island, etc.). In parallel, we also present corresponding cloud-motion <span class="hlt">wind</span> and cloud-top height measurements from the satellite-based Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument. The MISR stereo algorithm enables experimental retrieval of the horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector (both along-track and cross-track components) at 4.4-km resolution, in addition to the operational 1.1-km resolution cross-track <span class="hlt">wind</span> and cloud-top height products. These products offer the fidelity appropriate for inter-comparison with the numerically simulated vortex streets. In general, we find an agreement between the instantaneous simulated cloud level <span class="hlt">winds</span> and the MISR stereoscopic <span class="hlt">winds</span>; however, discrepancies in the vortex street length and localized horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear were documented. In addition, the simulated fields demonstrate sensitivity to turbulence closure and input terrain height data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/wind/testing-support.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/wind/testing-support.html"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Research Validation | <span class="hlt">Wind</span> | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine <em>Research</em> Validation <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine <em>Research</em> Validation Photo of a large <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine operators with turbine and component <em>research</em> validation that ensures performance and reliability. Prototype <em>research</em> is especially important to capture manufacturing flaws. The NWTC staff conducts <em>research</em> on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMEP43A0966G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMEP43A0966G"><span>AERO: A Decision Support Tool for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Erosion Assessment in Rangelands and Croplands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Galloza, M.; Webb, N.; Herrick, J.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> erosion is a key driver of global land degradation, with on- and off-site impacts on agricultural production, air quality, ecosystem services and climate. Measuring rates of <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion and dust emission across land use and land cover types is important for quantifying the impacts and identifying and testing practical management options. This process can be assisted by the application of predictive models, which can be a powerful tool for land management agencies. The Aeolian EROsion (AERO) model, a <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion and dust emission model interface provides <span class="hlt">access</span> by non-expert land managers to a sophisticated <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion decision-support tool. AERO incorporates land surface processes and sediment transport equations from existing <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion models and was designed for application with available national long-term monitoring datasets (e.g. USDI BLM Assessment, Inventory and Monitoring, USDA NRCS Natural Resources Inventory) and monitoring protocols. Ongoing AERO model calibration and validation are supported by geographically diverse data on <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion rates and land surface conditions collected by the new National <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Erosion Research Network. Here we present the new AERO interface, describe parameterization of the underpinning <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion model, and provide a summary of the model applications across agricultural lands and rangelands in the United States.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830005502','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830005502"><span>The measurement of the synoptic scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> over the ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pierson, W. J.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Mesoscale and microscale features of the turbulent <span class="hlt">winds</span> over the ocean are related to the synoptic scale <span class="hlt">winds</span> in terms of published spectral forms for the microscale, a mesoscale valley and published values of U*, VAR u', VAR v' and z/L, as defined in the text and as obtained for moderate to gale force <span class="hlt">winds</span>. The frequencies involved correspond to periods longer than 1 hour and <span class="hlt">extend</span> to the microscale, which starts at a period near 2 minutes, or so, and continues to the Kolmogorov inertial range. Nondimensional spectra that span both the mesoscale and the microscale are derived as a function of u, f(= n z/u) and z/L, where z is 10 meters, L is the Monin Obukov stability length and u is evaluated at 10 meters. For the same u, different values of z/L produce a range of values of u which in turn result in variations of the eddy structure of the mesoscale and microscale spectra. Both conventional anemometer averages and remotely sensed <span class="hlt">winds</span> contain a random component of the mesoscale <span class="hlt">wind</span> in their values. These components are differnces and not errors when <span class="hlt">winds</span> are compared, and quantitative values for these differences are given. Ways to improve the measurement of the synoptic scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> by transient ships, data buoys and scatterometers on future spacecraft are described. These ways are loner averaging times for ships and data buoys, depending on the synoptic conditions, and pooling spacecraft to form super observations. Design considerations for future remote sensing systems are given.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ems..confE.650V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ems..confE.650V"><span>Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power Integration in severely fluctuating <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>von Bremen, L.</p> <p>2010-09-01</p> <p>Strong power fluctuations from offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms that are induced by <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed fluctuations pose a severe problem to the save integration of offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> power into the power supply system. Experience at the first large-scale offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm Horns Rev showed that spatial smoothing of power fluctuations within a single <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm is significantly smaller than onshore results suggest when distributed <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms of 160 MW altogether are connected to a single point of common-coupling. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> power gradients larger than 10% of the rated capacity within 5 minutes require large amount of regulation power that is very expensive for the grid operator. It must be noted that a <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed change of only 0.5m/s result in a <span class="hlt">wind</span> power change of 10% (within the range of 9-11 m/s where the <span class="hlt">wind</span> power curve is steepest). Hence, it is very important for the grid operator to know if strong fluctuations are likely or not. Observed weather conditions at the German <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy research platform FINO1 in the German bight are used to quantify <span class="hlt">wind</span> fluctuations. With a standard power curve these <span class="hlt">wind</span> fluctuations are transfered to <span class="hlt">wind</span> power. The aim is to predict the probability of exceedence of certain <span class="hlt">wind</span> power gradients that occur in a time interval of e.g. 12 hours. During 2006 and 2009 the distribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power fluctuations looks very similar giving hope that distinct atmospheric processes can be determined that act as a trigger. Most often high <span class="hlt">wind</span> power fluctuations occur in a range of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds between 9-12 m/s as can be expected from the shape of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> power curve. A cluster analysis of the 500 hPa geopotential height to detect predominant weather regimes shows that high fluctuations are more likely in north-western flow. It is shown that most often high fluctuations occur in non-stable atmospheric stratification. The description of stratification by means of the vertical gradient of the virtual potential temperature is chosen to be indicative for convection, i</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.749a2011S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.749a2011S"><span>Application of two passive strategies on the load mitigation of large offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shirzadeh, Rasoul; Kühn, Martin</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>This study presents the numerical results of two passive strategies to reduce the support structure loads of a large offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. In the first approach, an omnidirectional tuned mass damper is designed and implemented in the tower top to alleviate the structural vibrations. In the second approach, a viscous fluid damper model which is diagonally attached to the tower at two points is developed. Aeroelastic simulations are performed for the offshore 10MW INNWIND.EU reference <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine mounted on a jacket structure. Lifetime damage equivalent loads are evaluated at the tower base and compared with those for the reference <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. The results show that the integrated design can <span class="hlt">extend</span> the lifetime of the support structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMEP21A0561C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMEP21A0561C"><span>Influence of Complex Terrain on <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Fields in the Mojave Desert, Southwestern US</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Clow, G. D.; Reynolds, R. L.; Urban, F. E.; Bogle, R.; Vogel, J. M.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>The complex terrain of southern California has important effects on the <span class="hlt">winds</span> in this dust-producing region. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) to investigate the influences of rugged topography on the <span class="hlt">wind</span> field in the Mojave Desert at a variety of scales. For this study, the WRF model was used in a retrospective mode over the time period 2000-to-present, with horizontal resolutions as fine as 1-km in specific areas of interest (i.e., known dust-source areas). At a regional scale, the juxtaposition of California's Central Valley with the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range often generates a band of strong <span class="hlt">winds</span> <span class="hlt">extending</span> eastward from the southern end of the Sierra Nevada and Tehachapi Mountains across the Mojave Desert and into Arizona. At finer scales, WRF-derived <span class="hlt">winds</span> within this band reveal terrain deflection, focusing, channeling, and rapid direction change over short distances. These effects are important for assessing the capacity of <span class="hlt">wind</span> to produce dust at potential dust-source areas during specific events, and for determining dust-transport pathways. Comparison of the WRF results during strong <span class="hlt">wind</span> events with data from meteorological stations having dust emission instruments (saltation sensors and/or <span class="hlt">wind</span>-triggered time-lapse cameras) help elucidate landscape conditions that influence dust emission and patterns of dust transport.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.P54C..05K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.P54C..05K"><span>Correlating Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Modulation with Ionospheric Variability at Mars from MEX and MAVEN Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kopf, A. J.; Morgan, D. D.; Halekas, J. S.; Ruhunusiri, S.; Gurnett, D. A.; Connerney, J. E. P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The synthesis of observations by the Mars Express and Mars Atmosphere and Volatiles Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft allows for a unique opportunity to study variability in the Martian ionosphere from multiple perspectives. One major source for this variability is the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Due to its elliptical orbit which precesses over time, MAVEN periodically spends part of its orbit outside the Martian bow shock, allowing for direct measurements of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> impacting the Martian plasma environment. When the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) instrument aboard Mars Express is simultaneously sounding the ionosphere, the influence from changes in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> can be observed. Previous studies have suggested a positive correlation, connecting ionospheric density to the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> proton flux, but depended on Earth-based measurements for solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions. More recently, research has indicated that observations of ionospheric variability from these two spacecraft can be connected in special cases, such as shock wave impacts or specific solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> magnetic field orientations. Here we <span class="hlt">extend</span> this to more general solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions and examine how changes in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> properties measured by MAVEN instruments correlate with ionospheric structure and dynamics observed simultaneously in MARSIS remote and local measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2932978','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2932978"><span>Dynamics of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Setdown at Suez and the Eastern Nile Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Drews, Carl; Han, Weiqing</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background <span class="hlt">Wind</span> setdown is the drop in water level caused by <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress acting on the surface of a body of water for an <span class="hlt">extended</span> period of time. As the <span class="hlt">wind</span> blows, water recedes from the upwind shore and exposes terrain that was formerly underwater. Previous researchers have suggested <span class="hlt">wind</span> setdown as a possible hydrodynamic explanation for Moses crossing the Red Sea, as described in Exodus 14. Methodology/Principal Findings This study analyzes the hydrodynamic mechanism proposed by earlier studies, focusing on the time needed to reach a steady-state solution. In addition, the authors investigate a site in the eastern Nile delta, where the ancient Pelusiac branch of the Nile once flowed into a coastal lagoon then known as the Lake of Tanis. We conduct a satellite and modeling survey to analyze this location, using geological evidence of the ancient bathymetry and a historical description of a strong <span class="hlt">wind</span> event in 1882. A suite of model experiments are performed to demonstrate a new hydrodynamic mechanism that can cause an angular body of water to divide under <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress, and to test the behavior of our study location and reconstructed topography. Conclusions/Significance Under a uniform 28 m/s easterly <span class="hlt">wind</span> forcing in the reconstructed model basin, the ocean model produces an area of exposed mud flats where the river mouth opens into the lake. This land bridge is 3–4 km long and 5 km wide, and it remains open for 4 hours. Model results indicate that navigation in shallow-water harbors can be significantly curtailed by <span class="hlt">wind</span> setdown when strong <span class="hlt">winds</span> blow offshore. PMID:20827299</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMGC51J..02G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMGC51J..02G"><span>Effect of thermal stability/complex terrain on <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine model(s): a <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel study to address complex atmospheric conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Guala, M.; Hu, S. J.; Chamorro, L. P.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Turbulent boundary layer measurements in both <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel and in the near-neutral atmospheric surface layer revealed in the last decade the significant contribution of the large scales of motions to both turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses, for a wide range of Reynolds number. These scales are known to grow throughout the logarithmic layer and to <span class="hlt">extend</span> several boundary layer heights in the streamwise direction. Potentially, they are a source of strong unsteadiness in the power output of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines and in the aerodynamic loads of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blades. However, the large scales in realistic atmospheric conditions deserves further study, with well controlled boundary conditions. In the atmospheric <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel of the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, with a 16 m long test section and independently controlled incoming flow and floor temperatures, turbulent boundary layers in a range of stability conditions, from the stratified to the convective case, can be reproduced and monitored. Measurements of fluctuating temperature, streamwise and wall normal velocity components are simultaneously obtained by an ad hoc calibrated and customized triple-wire sensor. A <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine model with constant loading DC motor, constant tip speed ratio, and a rotor diameter of 0.128m is used to mimic a large full scale turbine in the atmospheric boundary layer. Measurements of the fluctuating voltage generated by the DC motor are compared with measurements of the blade's angular velocity by laser scanning, and eventually related to velocity measurements from the triple-wire sensor. This study preliminary explores the effect of weak stability and complex terrain (through a set of spanwise aligned topographic perturbations) on the large scales of the flow and on the fluctuations in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine(s) power output.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/wind/reliability.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/wind/reliability.html"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power Reliability Research | <span class="hlt">Wind</span> | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Reliability Collaborative fact sheet. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine <em>Blade</em> Reliability <span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbine <em>blade</em> failures are an extremely rare occurrence, but when they do happen, the results can be catastrophic. For this reason, <em>blade</em> manufacturers require tests of <em>blade</em> properties, static mechanical tests, and fatigue tests to certify <span class="hlt">wind</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LatJP..55b..11B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LatJP..55b..11B"><span>Impact of Financing Instruments and Strategies on the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power Production Costs: A Case of Lithuania</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bobinaite, V.; Konstantinaviciute, I.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The paper aims at demonstrating the relevance of financing instruments, their terms and financing strategies in relation to the cost of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power production and the ability of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power plant (PP) to participate in the electricity market in Lithuania. The <span class="hlt">extended</span> approach to the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) is applied. The feature of the <span class="hlt">extended</span> approach lies in considering the lifetime cost and revenue received from the support measures. The research results have substantiated the relevance of financing instruments, their terms and strategies in relation to their impact on the LCOE and competitiveness of <span class="hlt">wind</span> PP. It has been found that financing of <span class="hlt">wind</span> PP through the traditional financing instruments (simple shares and bank loans) makes use of venture capital and bonds coming even in the absence of any support. It has been estimated that strategies consisting of different proportions of hard and soft loans, bonds, own and venture capital result in the average LCOE of 5.1-5.7 EURct/kWh (2000 kW), when the expected electricity selling price is 5.4 EURct/kWh. The financing strategies with higher shares of equity could impact by around 6 % higher LCOE compared to the strategies encompassing higher shares of debt. However, seeking to motivate venture capitalists, bond holders or other new financiers entering the <span class="hlt">wind</span> power sector, support measures (feed-in tariff or investment subsidy) are relevant in case of 250 kW <span class="hlt">wind</span> PP. It has been estimated that under the unsupported financing strategies, the average LCOE of 250 kW <span class="hlt">wind</span> PP will be 7.8-8.8 EURct/kWh, but it will reduce by around 50 % if feed-in tariff or 50 % investment subsidy is applied.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT........66K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT........66K"><span>Modeling <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy potential in a data-poor region: A geographic information systems model for Iraq</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khayyat, Abdulkareem Hawta Abdullah Kak Ahmed</p> <p></p> <p>Scope and Method of Study: Most developing countries, including Iraq, have very poor <span class="hlt">wind</span> data. Existing <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed measurements of poor quality may therefore be a poor guide to where to look for the best <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources. The main focus of this study is to examine how effectively a GIS spatial model estimates <span class="hlt">wind</span> power potential in regions where high-quality <span class="hlt">wind</span> data are very scarce, such as Iraq. The research used a mixture of monthly and hourly <span class="hlt">wind</span> data from 39 meteorological stations. The study applied spatial analysis statistics and GIS techniques in modeling <span class="hlt">wind</span> power potential. The model weighted important human, environmental and geographic factors that impact <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine siting, such as roughness length, land use⪉nd cover type, airport locations, road <span class="hlt">access</span>, transmission lines, slope and aspect. Findings and Conclusions: The GIS model provided estimations for <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and <span class="hlt">wind</span> power density and identified suitable areas for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power projects. Using a high resolution (30*30m) digital elevation model DEM improved the GIS <span class="hlt">wind</span> suitability model. The model identified areas suitable for <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm development on different scales. The model showed that there are many locations available for large-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in the southern part of Iraq. Additionally, there are many places in central and northern parts (Kurdistan Region) for smaller scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine placement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7479E..0LW','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7479E..0LW"><span>Visible<span class="hlt">Wind</span>: <span class="hlt">wind</span> profile measurements at low altitude</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilkerson, Tom; Bradford, Bill; Marchant, Alan; Apedaile, Tom; Wright, Cordell</p> <p>2009-09-01</p> <p>Visible<span class="hlt">Wind</span>TM is developing an inexpensive rapid response system, for accurately characterizing <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear and small scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> phenomena in the boundary layer and for prospecting suitable locations for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power turbines. The Valid<span class="hlt">Wind</span> system can also collect reliable "ground truth" for other remote <span class="hlt">wind</span> sensors. The system employs small (0.25 m dia.) lightweight balloons and a tracker consisting of an Impulse 200 XL laser rangefinder coupled to a PC for automated data recording. Experiments on balloon trajectories demonstrate that the laser detection of range (+/- 0.5 m), together with measured azimuth and altitude, is an inexpensive, convenient, and capable alternative to other <span class="hlt">wind</span> tracking methods. The maximum detection range has been increased to 2200 meters using micro-corner-cube retroreflector tape on balloons. Low power LEDs enable nighttime tracking. To avoid large balloon gyrations about the mean trajectory, we use balloons having low ascent rates and subcritical Reynolds numbers. Trajectory points are typically recorded every 4 - 7 seconds. Atmospheric features observed under conditions of inversions or "light and variable <span class="hlt">winds</span>" include abrupt onsets of shear at altitudes of 100-250 m, velocity changes of order 1-3 m/s within layers of 10-20 m thickness, and veering of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction by 180 degrees or more as altitude increases from 300 to 500 m. We have previously reported comparisons of balloon-based <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles with the output of a co-located sodar. Even with the Impulse rangefinder, our system still requires a "man in the loop" to track the balloon. A future system enhancement will automate balloon tracking, so that laser returns are obtained automatically at 1 Hz. While balloon measurements of large-scale, high altitude <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles are well known, this novel measurement system provides high-resolution, real-time characterization of the fluctuating local <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields at the bottom of the boundary layer where <span class="hlt">wind</span> power turbines and other</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160005030','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160005030"><span>Advancing Test Capabilities at NASA <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Tunnels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bell, James</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>NASA maintains twelve major <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels at three field centers capable of providing flows at 0.1 M 10 and unit Reynolds numbers up to 45106m. The maintenance and enhancement of these facilities is handled through a unified management structure under NASAs Aeronautics and Evaluation and Test Capability (AETC) project. The AETC facilities are; the 11x11 transonic and 9x7 supersonic <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels at NASA Ames; the 10x10 and 8x6 supersonic <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels, 9x15 low speed tunnel, Icing Research Tunnel, and Propulsion Simulator Laboratory, all at NASA Glenn; and the National Transonic Facility, Transonic Dynamics Tunnel, LAL aerothermodynamics laboratory, 8 High Temperature Tunnel, and 14x22 low speed tunnel, all at NASA Langley. This presentation describes the primary AETC facilities and their current capabilities, as well as improvements which are planned over the next five years. These improvements fall into three categories. The first are operations and maintenance improvements designed to increase the efficiency and reliability of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels. These include new (possibly composite) fan blades at several facilities, new temperature control systems, and new and much more capable facility data systems. The second category of improvements are facility capability advancements. These include significant improvements to optical <span class="hlt">access</span> in <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel test sections at Ames, improvements to test section acoustics at Glenn and Langley, the development of a Supercooled Large Droplet capability for icing research, and the development of an icing capability for large engine testing. The final category of improvements consists of test technology enhancements which provide value across multiple facilities. These include projects to increase balance accuracy, provide NIST-traceable calibration characterization for <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels, and to advance optical instruments for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) validation. Taken as a whole, these individual projects provide significant</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150000161','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150000161"><span>Atomic Physics of Shocked Plasma in <span class="hlt">Winds</span> of Massive Stars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Leutenegger, Maurice A.; Cohen, David H.; Owocki, Stanley P.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>High resolution diffraction grating spectra of X-ray emission from massive stars obtained with Chandra and XMM-Newton have revolutionized our understanding of their powerful, radiation-driven <span class="hlt">winds</span>. Emission line shapes and line ratios provide diagnostics on a number of key <span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters. Modeling of resolved emission line velocity profiles allows us to derive independent constraints on stellar mass-loss rates, leading to downward revisions of a factor of a few from previous measurements. Line ratios in He-like ions strongly constrain the spatial distribution of Xray emitting plasma, confirming the expectations of radiation hydrodynamic simulations that X-ray emission begins moderately close to the stellar surface and <span class="hlt">extends</span> throughout the <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Some outstanding questions remain, including the possibility of large optical depths in resonance lines, which is hinted at by differences in line shapes of resonance and intercombination lines from the same ion. Resonance scattering leads to nontrivial radiative transfer effects, and modeling it allows us to place constraints on shock size, density, and velocity structure</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950011783','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950011783"><span>Microburst vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> estimation from horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Vicroy, Dan D.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>The vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> or downdraft component of a microburst-generated <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear can significantly degrade airplane performance. Doppler radar and lidar are two sensor technologies being tested to provide flight crews with early warning of the presence of hazardous <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear. An inherent limitation of Doppler-based sensors is the inability to measure velocities perpendicular to the line of sight, which results in an underestimate of the total <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear hazard. One solution to the line-of-sight limitation is to use a vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> model to estimate the vertical component from the horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurement. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of simple vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> models to improve the hazard prediction capability of an airborne Doppler sensor in a realistic microburst environment. Both simulation and flight test measurements were used to test the vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> models. The results indicate that in the altitude region of interest (at or below 300 m), the simple vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> models improved the hazard estimate. The radar simulation study showed that the magnitude of the performance improvement was altitude dependent. The altitude of maximum performance improvement occurred at about 300 m.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26217739','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26217739"><span>Dataset from chemical gas sensor array in turbulent <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fonollosa, Jordi; Rodríguez-Luján, Irene; Trincavelli, Marco; Huerta, Ramón</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>The dataset includes the acquired time series of a chemical detection platform exposed to different gas conditions in a turbulent <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel. The chemo-sensory elements were sampling directly the environment. In contrast to traditional approaches that include measurement chambers, open sampling systems are sensitive to dispersion mechanisms of gaseous chemical analytes, namely diffusion, turbulence, and advection, making the identification and monitoring of chemical substances more challenging. The sensing platform included 72 metal-oxide gas sensors that were positioned at 6 different locations of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel. At each location, 10 distinct chemical gases were released in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel, the sensors were evaluated at 5 different operating temperatures, and 3 different <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds were generated in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel to induce different levels of turbulence. Moreover, each configuration was repeated 20 times, yielding a dataset of 18,000 measurements. The dataset was collected over a period of 16 months. The data is related to "On the performance of gas sensor arrays in open sampling systems using Inhibitory Support Vector Machines", by Vergara et al.[1]. The dataset can be <span class="hlt">accessed</span> publicly at the UCI repository upon citation of [1]: http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Gas+sensor+arrays+in+open+sampling+settings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhDT........18R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhDT........18R"><span>Equilibrium pricing in electricity markets with <span class="hlt">wind</span> power</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rubin, Ofir David</p> <p></p> <p> precision is still low. Therefore, it is crucial that the uncertainty in forecasting <span class="hlt">wind</span> power is considered when modeling trading behavior. Our theoretical framework is based on finding a symmetric Cournot-Nash equilibrium in double-sided auctions in both forwards and spot electricity markets. The theoretical framework allows for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a model of electricity markets that explain two main empirical findings; the existence of forwards premium and spot market mark-ups. That is a significant contribution since so far forward premiums have been explained exclusively by the assumption of risk-averse behavior while spot mark-ups are the outcome of the body of literature assuming oligopolistic competition. In the next step, we <span class="hlt">extend</span> the theoretical framework to account for deregulated electricity markets with <span class="hlt">wind</span> power. Modeling a <span class="hlt">wind</span>-integrated electricity market allows us to analyze market outcomes with respect to three main factors; the introduction of uncertainty from the supply side, ownership of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power capacity and the geographical diversification of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power capacity. For the purpose of modeling trade in electricity forwards one should simulate the information agents have regarding future availability of aggregate <span class="hlt">wind</span> power. This is particularly important for modeling accurately traders' ability to predict the spot price distribution. We develop a novel numerical methodology for the simulation of the conditional distribution of regional <span class="hlt">wind</span> power at the time of trading short-term electricity forwards. Finally, we put the theoretical framework and the numerical methodology developed in this study to work by providing a detailed computational experiment examining electricity market outcomes for a particular expansion path of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power capacity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0779085','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0779085"><span>Remote Sensing <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Shear System.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Contents: Remote sensing of <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear and the theory and development of acoustic doppler; <span class="hlt">Wind</span> studies; A comparison of methods for the remote detection of <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the airport environment; Acoustic doppler system development; System calibration; Airport operational tests.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED511646.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED511646.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools: A <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America Project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>US Department of Energy, 2007</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America program (based at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory) sponsors the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools Project to raise awareness in rural America about the benefits of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy while simultaneously educating college seniors regarding <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy applications. The three primary project goals of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28972925','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28972925"><span>Interactive 3D geodesign tool for multidisciplinary <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine planning.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rafiee, Azarakhsh; Van der Male, Pim; Dias, Eduardo; Scholten, Henk</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbine site planning is a multidisciplinary task comprising of several stakeholder groups from different domains and with different priorities. An information system capable of integrating the knowledge on the multiple aspects of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine plays a crucial role on providing a common picture to the involved groups. In this study, we have developed an interactive and intuitive 3D system (Falcon) for planning <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine locations. This system supports iterative design loops (<span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine configurations), based on the emerging field of geodesign. The integration of GIS, game engine and the analytical models has resulted in an interactive platform with real-time feedback on the multiple <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine aspects which performs efficiently for different use cases and different environmental settings. The implementation of tiling techniques and open standard web services support flexible and on-the-fly loading and querying of different (massive) geospatial elements from different resources. This boosts data <span class="hlt">accessibility</span> and interoperability that are of high importance in a multidisciplinary process. The incorporation of the analytical models in Falcon makes this system independent from external tools for different environmental impacts estimations and results in a unified platform for performing different environmental analysis in every stage of the scenario design. Game engine techniques, such as collision detection, are applied in Falcon for the real-time implementation of different environmental models (e.g. noise and visibility). The interactivity and real-time performance of Falcon in any location in the whole country assist the stakeholders in the seamless exploration of various scenarios and their resulting environmental effects and provides a scope for an interwoven discussion process. The flexible architecture of the system enables the effortless application of Falcon in other countries, conditional to input data availability. The embedded open web</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25786940','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25786940"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> fence enclosures for infrasonic <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise reduction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Abbott, JohnPaul; Raspet, Richard; Webster, Jeremy</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>A large porous <span class="hlt">wind</span> fence enclosure has been built and tested to optimize <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise reduction at infrasonic frequencies between 0.01 and 10 Hz to develop a technology that is simple and cost effective and improves upon the limitations of spatial filter arrays for detecting nuclear explosions, <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine infrasound, and other sources of infrasound. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> noise is reduced by minimizing the sum of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise generated by the turbulence and velocity gradients inside the fence and by the area-averaging the decorrelated pressure fluctuations generated at the surface of the fence. The effects of varying the enclosure porosity, top condition, bottom gap, height, and diameter and adding a secondary windscreen were investigated. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> fence enclosure achieved best reductions when the surface porosity was between 40% and 55% and was supplemented by a secondary windscreen. The most effective <span class="hlt">wind</span> fence enclosure tested in this study achieved <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise reductions of 20-27 dB over the 2-4 Hz frequency band, a minimum of 5 dB noise reduction for frequencies from 0.1 to 20 Hz, constant 3-6 dB noise reduction for frequencies with turbulence wavelengths larger than the fence, and sufficient <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise reduction at high <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds (3-6 m/s) to detect microbaroms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..DFDR31008S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015APS..DFDR31008S"><span>Measurements of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-waves under transient <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shemer, Lev; Zavadsky, Andrey</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> forcing in nature is always unsteady, resulting in a complicated evolution pattern that involves numerous time and space scales. In the present work, <span class="hlt">wind</span> waves in a laboratory <span class="hlt">wind</span>-wave flume are studied under unsteady forcing`. The variation of the surface elevation is measured by capacitance wave gauges, while the components of the instantaneous surface slope in across-<span class="hlt">wind</span> and along-<span class="hlt">wind</span> directions are determined by a regular or scanning laser slope gauge. The locations of the wave gauge and of the laser slope gauge are separated by few centimeters in across-<span class="hlt">wind</span> direction. Instantaneous <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity was recorded simultaneously using Pitot tube. Measurements are performed at a number of fetches and for different patterns of <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity variation. For each case, at least 100 independent realizations were recorded for a given <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity variation pattern. The accumulated data sets allow calculating ensemble-averaged values of the measured parameters. Significant differences between the evolution patterns of the surface elevation and of the slope components were found. Wavelet analysis was applied to determine dominant wave frequency of the surface elevation and of the slope variation at each instant. Corresponding ensemble-averaged values acquired by different sensors were computed and compared. Analysis of the measured ensemble-averaged quantities at different fetches makes it possible to identify different stages in the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-wave evolution and to estimate the appropriate time and length scales.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=281931','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=281931"><span>Spatial application of WEPS for estimating <span class="hlt">wind</span> erosion in the Pacific Northwest</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) is used to simulate soil erosion on cropland and was originally designed to run simulations on a field-scale size. This study <span class="hlt">extended</span> WEPS to run on multiple fields (grids) independently to cover a large region and to conduct an initial investigation to ass...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150007184','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150007184"><span>Airborne <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Profiling Algorithm for Doppler <span class="hlt">Wind</span> LIDAR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kavaya, Michael J. (Inventor); Beyon, Jeffrey Y. (Inventor); Koch, Grady J. (Inventor)</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Systems, methods, and devices of the present invention enable airborne Doppler <span class="hlt">Wind</span> LIDAR system measurements and INS/GPS measurements to be combined to estimate <span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters and compensate for instrument misalignment. In a further embodiment, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction may be computed based on two orthogonal line-of-sight LIDAR returns.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1090149','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1090149"><span>Report on <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Subsystem Reliability - A Survey of Various Databases (Presentation)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sheng, S.</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> industry has been challenged by premature subsystem/component failures. Various reliability data collection efforts have demonstrated their values in supporting <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine reliability and availability research & development and industrial activities. However, most information on these data collection efforts are scattered and not in a centralized place. With the objective of getting updated reliability statistics of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines and/or subsystems so as to benefit future <span class="hlt">wind</span> reliability and availability activities, this report is put together based on a survey of various reliability databases that are <span class="hlt">accessible</span> directly or indirectly by NREL. For each database, whenever feasible, a brief description summarizingmore » database population, life span, and data collected is given along with its features & status. Then selective results deemed beneficial to the industry and generated based on the database are highlighted. This report concludes with several observations obtained throughout the survey and several reliability data collection opportunities in the future.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21558207','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21558207"><span>The role of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-tunnel studies in integrative research on migration biology.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Engel, Sophia; Bowlin, Melissa S; Hedenström, Anders</p> <p>2010-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> tunnels allow researchers to investigate animals' flight under controlled conditions, and provide easy <span class="hlt">access</span> to the animals during flight. These increasingly popular devices can benefit integrative migration biology by allowing us to explore the links between aerodynamic theory and migration as well as the links between flight behavior and physiology. Currently, <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels are being used to investigate many different migratory phenomena, including the relationship between metabolic power and flight speed and carry-over effects between different seasons. Although biotelemetry is also becoming increasingly common, it is unlikely that it will be able to completely supplant <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels because of the difficulty of measuring or varying parameters such as flight speed or temperature in the wild. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> tunnels and swim tunnels will therefore continue to be important tools we can use for studying integrative migration biology. © The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6070193','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6070193"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> direction change criteria for <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine design</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Cliff, W.C.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>A method is presented for estimating the root mean square (rms) value of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction change, ..delta..theta(tau) = theta(tau + tau) - theta(tau), that occurs over the swept area of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine rotor systems. An equation is also given for the rms value of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction change that occurs at a single point in space, i.e., a direcion change that a <span class="hlt">wind</span> vane would measure. Assuming a normal probability density function for the lateral <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity change and relating this to angular changes, equations are given for calculating the expected number of <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction changes, larger than anmore » arbitrary value, that will occur in 1 hr as well as the expected number that will occur during the design life of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. The equations presented are developed using a small angle approximation and are, therefore, considered appropriate for <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction changes of less than 30/sup 0/. The equations presented are based upon neutral atmospheric boundary-layer conditions and do not include information regarding events such as tornados, hurricanes, etc.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1048065','SCIGOVIMAGE-SCICINEMA'); return false;" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1048065"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy at NREL's National <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Technology Center</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/">ScienceCinema</a></p> <p>None</p> <p>2017-12-09</p> <p>It is a pure, plentiful natural resource. Right now <span class="hlt">wind</span> is in high demand and it holds the potential to transform the way we power our homes and businesses. NREL is at the forefront of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy research and development. NREL's National <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Technology Center (NWTC) is a world-class facility dedicated to accelerating and deploying <span class="hlt">wind</span> technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.2997M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.2997M"><span>Anywhere the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Blows does Really Matter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Montaldo, Nicola; Oren, Ram</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The variation of net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) has been explained at coarse scales with variation of forcing variables among climate regions and associated biomes, at the intermediate, mesoscale, with differences among dominating vegetation types and conditions, and at the misoscale with heterogeneity of the eddy covariance footprint properties. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> is rarely considered in analysis of surface fluxes for its effects on periodic budgets of water and carbon. In many regions conditions change frequently between maritime and continental depending on <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity (VW) and direction. In these regions, water and carbon fluxes may respond to mesoscale weather patterns <span class="hlt">extending</span> maritime influences far inland. Using eddy-covariance data from Sardinia, we show that daytime net carbon exchange (NEE) of a mixed pasture-woodland (grass-wild olive) ecosystem (Detto et al., 2006; Montaldo et al., 2008) increased with VW, especially during summer-dry conditions. As VW increased, the air, humidified over sea, remains relatively moist and cool to a greater distance inland, reaching only ~50 km during slow Saharan Sirocco <span class="hlt">wind</span> but >160 km during mostly Mistral <span class="hlt">wind</span> (4 m/s) from Continental Europe. A 30% lower vapor pressure deficit (D) associated with high VW (average 2 kPa at 4 m/s), allowed a 50% higher canopy stomatal conductance (gc) and, thus, photosynthesis. However, because gc and D have opposite effects on evapotranspiration (Ee), Ee was unaffected by VW. Thus, higher NEE during summertime Mistral reflects increased ecosystem water-use efficiency (We) and a departure from a costly carbon-water tradeoff. Yet many regions often experience high velocity <span class="hlt">winds</span>, attention is typically focused on the capacity of strong <span class="hlt">winds</span> to fan regional fires, threatening human habitation and natural habitats, and reducing Carbon storage (C), NEE and latent heat flux. However, depending on their origin, high velocity <span class="hlt">winds</span> can bring continental air to the coast (e.g., Santa Ana <span class="hlt">winds</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDD17010S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDD17010S"><span>Dynamic wake model with coordinated pitch and torque control of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms for power tracking</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shapiro, Carl; Meyers, Johan; Meneveau, Charles; Gayme, Dennice</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Control of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm power production, where <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines within a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm coordinate to follow a time-varying power set point, is vital for increasing renewable energy participation in the power grid. Previous work developed a one-dimensional convection-diffusion equation describing the advection of the velocity deficit behind each turbine (wake) as well the turbulent mixing of the wake with the surrounding fluid. Proof-of-concept simulations demonstrated that a receding horizon controller built around this time-dependent model can effectively provide power tracking services by modulating the thrust coefficients of individual <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. In this work, we <span class="hlt">extend</span> this model-based controller to include pitch angle and generator torque control and the first-order dynamics of the drive train. Including these dynamics allows us to investigate control strategies for providing kinetic energy reserves to the grid, i.e. storing kinetic energy from the <span class="hlt">wind</span> in the rotating mass of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine rotor for later use. CS, CM, and DG are supported by NSF (ECCS-1230788, CMMI 1635430, and OISE-1243482, the WINDINSPIRE project). JM is supported by ERC (Active<span class="hlt">Wind</span>Farms, 306471). This research was conducted using computational resources at MARCC.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-GRC-1943-C-01955.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-GRC-1943-C-01955.html"><span>Altitude <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Tunnel Drive Motor Installation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1943-07-21</p> <p>Construction workers install the drive motor for the Altitude <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Tunnel (AWT) in the Exhauster Building at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory. The AWT was capable of operating full-scale engines in air density, speed, and temperature similar to that found at high altitudes. The tunnel could produce <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds up to 500 miles per hour through a 20-foot-diameter test section at the standard operating altitude of 30,000 feet. The airflow was created by a large wooden fan near the tunnel’s southeast corner. This photograph shows the installation of the 18,000-horsepower drive motor inside the adjoining Exhauster Building in July 1943. The General Electric motor, whose support frame is seen in this photograph, connected to a drive shaft that <span class="hlt">extended</span> from the building, through the tunnel shell, and into a 12-bladed, 31-foot-diameter spruce wood fan. Flexible couplings on the shaft allowed for the movement of the shell. The corner of the Exhauster Building was built around the motor after its installation. The General Electric induction motor could produce 10 to 410 revolutions per minute and create <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds up to 500 miles per hour, or Mach 0.63, at 30,000 feet. The AWT became operational in January 1944 and tested piston, turbojet and ramjet engines for nearly 20 years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AAS...22545201D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AAS...22545201D"><span>A Green Bank Telescope 21cm survey of HI clouds in the Milky Way's nuclear <span class="hlt">wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Denbo, Sara; Endsley, Ryan; Lockman, Felix J.; Ford, Alyson</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Feedback processes such as large-scale galactic <span class="hlt">winds</span> are thought to be responsible for distributing enriched gas throughout a galaxy and even into the IGM. Such <span class="hlt">winds</span> have been found in many galaxies with active star formation near their center, and the Fermi bubbles provide evidence for such a nuclear <span class="hlt">wind</span> in our own Milky Way. A recent 21 cm HI survey by the Australia Telescope Compact Array discovered a population of compact, isolated clouds surrounding the Galactic Center that may be entrained in the Fermi bubble <span class="hlt">wind</span>. We present data from a survey of 21cm HI over an <span class="hlt">extended</span> region around the Galactic Center using the Green Bank Telescope. These observations provide more strict constraints on neutral clouds in the Fermi bubble <span class="hlt">wind</span>, and a more robust description of the parameters of HI clouds (i.e., mass, column density, and lifetime) near the Galactic Center.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Open+AND+Access&pg=5&id=EJ916694','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Open+AND+Access&pg=5&id=EJ916694"><span>The Growing Impact of Open <span class="hlt">Access</span> Distance Education Journals: A Bibliometric Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Zawacki-Richter, Olaf; Anderson, Terry; Tuncay, Nazime</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Open <span class="hlt">access</span> dissemination resonates with many distance education researchers and practitioners because it aligns with their fundamental mission of <span class="hlt">extending</span> <span class="hlt">access</span> to learning opportunity. However, there remains lingering doubt whether this increase in <span class="hlt">access</span> comes at a cost of reducing prestige, value (often determined in promotion and tenure…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050041752','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050041752"><span>An Overview of <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Driven Rovers for Planetary Exploration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hajos, Gregory A.; Jones, Jack A.; Behar, Alberto; Dodd, Micheal</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The use of in-situ propulsion is considered enabling technology for long duration planetary surface missions. Most studies have focused on stored energy from chemicals extracted from the soil or the use of soil chemicals to produce photovoltaic arrays. An older form of in-situ propulsion is the use of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power. Recent studies have shown potential for <span class="hlt">wind</span> driven craft for exploration of Mars, Titan and Venus. The power of the <span class="hlt">wind</span>, used for centuries to power <span class="hlt">wind</span> mills and sailing ships, is now being applied to modern land craft. Efforts are now underway to use the <span class="hlt">wind</span> to push exploration vehicles on other planets and moons in <span class="hlt">extended</span> survey missions. Tumbleweed rovers are emerging as a new type of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-driven science platform concept. Recent investigations by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) indicate that these light-weight, mostly spherical or quasi-spherical devices have potential for long distance surface exploration missions. As a power boat has unique capabilities, but relies on stored energy (fuel) to move the vessel, the Tumbleweed, like the sailing ships of the early explorers on earth, uses an unlimited resource the <span class="hlt">wind</span> to move around the surface of Mars. This has the potential to reduce the major mass drivers of robotic rovers as well as the power generation and storage systems. Jacques Blamont of JPL and the University of Paris conceived the first documented Mars <span class="hlt">wind</span>-blown ball in 1977, shortly after the Viking landers discovered that Mars has a thin CO2 atmosphere with relatively strong <span class="hlt">winds</span>. In 1995, Jack Jones, et al, of JPL conceived of a large <span class="hlt">wind</span>-blown inflated ball for Mars that could also be driven and steered by means of a motorized mass hanging beneath the rolling axis of the ball. A team at NASA Langley Research Center started a biomimetic Tumbleweed design study in 1998. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> tunnel and CFD analysis were applied to a variety of concepts to optimize the aerodynamic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1236155-wind-measurements-from-arc-scans-doppler-wind-lidar','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1236155-wind-measurements-from-arc-scans-doppler-wind-lidar"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Measurements from Arc Scans with Doppler <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Lidar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Wang, H.; Barthelmie, R. J.; Clifton, Andy; ...</p> <p>2015-11-25</p> <p>When defining optimal scanning geometries for scanning lidars for <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy applications, we found that it is still an active field of research. Our paper evaluates uncertainties associated with arc scan geometries and presents recommendations regarding optimal configurations in the atmospheric boundary layer. The analysis is based on arc scan data from a Doppler <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidar with one elevation angle and seven azimuth angles spanning 30° and focuses on an estimation of 10-min mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction. When flow is horizontally uniform, this approach can provide accurate <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements required for <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource assessments in part because of itsmore » high resampling rate. Retrieved <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocities at a single range gate exhibit good correlation to data from a sonic anemometer on a nearby meteorological tower, and vertical profiles of horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, though derived from range gates located on a conical surface, match those measured by mast-mounted cup anemometers. Uncertainties in the retrieved <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity are related to high turbulent <span class="hlt">wind</span> fluctuation and an inhomogeneous horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> field. Moreover, the radial velocity variance is found to be a robust measure of the uncertainty of the retrieved <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed because of its relationship to turbulence properties. It is further shown that the standard error of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed estimates can be minimized by increasing the azimuthal range beyond 30° and using five to seven azimuth angles.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730002080','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730002080"><span>Elemental and isotopic abundances in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Geiss, J.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>The use of collecting foils and lunar material to assay the isotopic composition of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> is reviewed. Arguments are given to show that lunar surface correlated gases are likely to be most useful in studying the history of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, though the isotopic abundances are thought to give a good approximation to the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> composition. The results of the analysis of Surveyor material are also given. The conditions leading to a significant component of the interstellar gas entering the inner solar system are reviewed and suggestions made for experimental searches for this fraction. A critical discussion is given of the different ways in which the basic solar composition could be modified by fractionation taking place between the sun's surface and points of observation such as on the Moon or in interplanetary space. An <span class="hlt">extended</span> review is made of the relation of isotopic and elemental composition of the interplanetary gas to the dynamic behavior of the solar corona, especially processes leading to fractionation. Lastly, connection is made between the subject of composition, nucleosynthesis and the convective zone of the sun, and processes leading to modification of initial accretion of certain gases on the Earth and Moon.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5563892-horizontal-wind-powered-reaction-turbine-electrical-generator','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5563892-horizontal-wind-powered-reaction-turbine-electrical-generator"><span>Horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> powered reaction turbine electrical generator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>de Geus, A.M.</p> <p>1980-05-27</p> <p>A horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> powered electrical generator is disclosed in which a horizontal reaction turbine is disposed within an augmentor cowling which <span class="hlt">extends</span> downwind of the turbine. First stage curved stator blades interconnect the augmentor with the turbine cowling, and secondary stator blades are spaced downwind from said primary stator blades to <span class="hlt">extend</span> inwardly from the augmentor to terminate short of the turbine cowling. These secondary stator blades have a greater angle of departure than the primary stator blades to increase the rotational velocity of the air at the expense of its axial velocity while permitting the axial velocity of themore » air moving inwardly of the secondary stator blades to be undiminished. A venturi-structured diffusor is carried by said augmentor in a downwind position to lower the pressure generally and assist the action of the secondary stator blades.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29370803','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29370803"><span>Modelling and observing the role of <span class="hlt">wind</span> in Anopheles population dynamics around a reservoir.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Endo, Noriko; Eltahir, Elfatih A B</p> <p>2018-01-25</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> conditions, as well as other environmental conditions, are likely to influence malaria transmission through the behaviours of Anopheles mosquitoes, especially around water-resource reservoirs. <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-induced waves in a reservoir impose mortality on aquatic-stage mosquitoes. Mosquitoes' host-seeking activity is also influenced by <span class="hlt">wind</span> through dispersion of [Formula: see text]. However, no malaria transmission model exists to date that simulated those impacts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> mechanistically. A modelling framework for simulating the three important effects of <span class="hlt">wind</span> on the behaviours of mosquito is developed: attraction of adult mosquitoes through dispersion of [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] attraction), advection of adult mosquitoes (advection), and aquatic-stage mortality due to <span class="hlt">wind</span>-induced surface waves (waves). The framework was incorporated in a mechanistic malaria transmission simulator, HYDREMATS. The performance of the <span class="hlt">extended</span> simulator was compared with the observed population dynamics of the Anopheles mosquitoes at a village adjacent to the Koka Reservoir in Ethiopia. The observed population dynamics of the Anopheles mosquitoes were reproduced with some reasonable accuracy in HYDREMATS that includes the representation of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> effects. HYDREMATS without the <span class="hlt">wind</span> model failed to do so. Offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> explained the increase in Anopheles population that cannot be expected from other environmental conditions alone. Around large water bodies such as reservoirs, the role of <span class="hlt">wind</span> in the dynamics of Anopheles population, hence in malaria transmission, can be significant. Modelling the impacts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> on the behaviours of Anopheles mosquitoes aids in reproducing the seasonality of malaria transmission and in estimation of the risk of malaria around reservoirs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003RMxAC..15...70D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003RMxAC..15...70D"><span>The ``Ghost Shell'': Discovery of the Forward Shock from Colliding <span class="hlt">Winds</span> about Eta Carinae</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dorland, B. N.; Currie, D. G.; Kaufer, A.; Bacciotti, F.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>We report on the newly discovered ``Ghost Shell'' around eta Carinae. We have detected a high-velocity ( ~ - 850 km /s), spatially <span class="hlt">extended</span>, narrow emission feature lying in front of the southeast lobe of eta Carinae's homunculus. This feature has the speed of a high-velocity shock but the spectrum of a low-velocity shock. We propose that the Ghost Shell is the forward shock between the fast stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> of the great eruption of 1842 and the older, slow, massive <span class="hlt">wind</span>. This discovery is described in more detail in Currie, Dorland, & Kaufer (2002).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170002677&hterms=black&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dblack','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170002677&hterms=black&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dblack"><span>The Accretion Disk <span class="hlt">Wind</span> in the Black Hole GRS 1915 + 105</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Miller, J.M.; Raymond, J.; Fabian, A. C.; Gallo, E.; Kaastra, J.; Kallman, T.; King, A. L.; Proga, D.; Reynolds, C. S.; Zoghbi, A.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>We report on a 120 kiloseconds Chandra/HETG spectrum of the black hole GRS 1915+105. The observation was made during an <span class="hlt">extended</span> and bright soft state in 2015 June. An extremely rich disk <span class="hlt">wind</span> absorption spectrum is detected, similar to that observed at lower sensitivity in 2007. The very high resolution of the third-order spectrum reveals four components to the disk <span class="hlt">wind</span> in the Fe K band alone; the fastest has a blueshift of v = 0.03 c (velocity equals 0.03 the speed of light). Broadened reemission from the <span class="hlt">wind</span> is also detected in the first-order spectrum, giving rise to clear accretion disk P Cygni profiles. Dynamical modeling of the re-emission spectrum gives <span class="hlt">wind</span> launching radii of r approximately equal to 10 (sup 2-4) GM (Gravitational constant times Mass) divided by c (sup 2) (the speed of light squared). <span class="hlt">Wind</span> density values of n approximately equal to 10 (sup 13-16) per cubic centimeter are then required by the ionization parameter formalism. The small launching radii, high density values, and inferred high mass outflow rates signal a role for magnetic driving. With simple, reasonable assumptions, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> properties constrain the magnitude of the emergent magnetic field to be B approximately equal to 10 (sup 3-4) G (Gravitational constant) if the <span class="hlt">wind</span> is driven via magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pressure from within the disk and B approximately equal to 10 (sup 4-5) G (Gravitational constant) if the <span class="hlt">wind</span> is driven by magnetocentrifugal acceleration. The MHD estimates are below upper limits predicted by the canonical alpha-disk model. We discuss these results in terms of fundamental disk physics and black hole accretion modes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25301446','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25301446"><span><span class="hlt">Extended</span> endoscopic transsphenoidal approach infrachiasmatic corridor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ceylan, Savas; Anik, Ihsan; Koc, Kenan; Cabuk, Burak</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">extended</span> endoscopic transsphenoidal approach is required for skull base lesions <span class="hlt">extending</span> to the suprasellar area. Inferior approach using the infrachiasmatic corridor allows <span class="hlt">access</span> to the lesions through the tumor growth that is favorable for the <span class="hlt">extended</span> transsphenoidal approaches. Infrachiasmatic corridor is a safer route for the inferior approaches that is made up by basal arachnoid membrane and Liliequist's membrane with its leaves (diencephalic and mesencephalic leaf). This area <span class="hlt">extends</span> from the optic canal and tuberculum sella to the corpus mamillare. We performed <span class="hlt">extended</span> endoscopic approach using the infrachiasmatic corridor in 52 cases, including tuberculum sella meningiomas (n:23), craniopharyngiomas (n:16), suprasellar Rathke's cleft cyst (n:6), pituitary adenoma (n:2), fibrous dysplasia (n:1), infundibular granulosa cell tumor (n:2), and epidermoid tumor (n:2). Total resection was achieved in 17 of 23 (74%) with tuberculum sellae meningioma using infrachiasmatic approach. Twenty patients presented with visual disorders and 14 of them improved. There were two postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakages and one transient diabetes insipidus and one permanent diabetes insipidus. Sixteen patients were operated on by the infrachiasmatic approach for craniopharyngiomas. Improvement was reached in seven of eight patients presented with visual disorders. Complete tumor resection was performed in 10 of 16 cases and cyst aspiration in 4 cases, and there were remnants in two cases. Postoperative CSF leakage was seen in two patients. Infrachiasmatic corridor provides an easier and safer inferior route for the removal of middle midline skull base lesions in selected cases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920012688','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920012688"><span>A new class of galactic discrete gamma ray sources: Chaotic <span class="hlt">winds</span> of massive stars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Wan; White, Richard L.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>We propose a new class of galactic discrete gamma-ray sources, the chaotic, high mass-loss-rate <span class="hlt">winds</span> from luminous early-type stars. Early-type stellar <span class="hlt">winds</span> are highly unstable due to intrinsic line-driven instabilities, and so are permeated by numerous strong shocks. These shocks can accelerate a small fraction of thermal electrons and ions to relativistic energies via the first-order Fermi mechanism. A power-law-like photon spectrum <span class="hlt">extending</span> from keV to above 10 MeV energies is produced by inverse Compton scattering of the extremely abundant stellar UV photons by the relativistic electrons. In addition, a typical pi(sup 0)-decay gamma-ray spectrum is generated by proton-ion interactions in the densest part of the <span class="hlt">winds</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27942685','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27942685"><span>Control and formation mechanism of <span class="hlt">extended</span> nanochannel geometry in colloidal mesoporous silica particles.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sokolov, I; Kalaparthi, V; Volkov, D O; Palantavida, S; Mordvinova, N E; Lebedev, O I; Owens, J</p> <p>2017-01-04</p> <p>A large class of colloidal multi-micron mesoporous silica particles have well-defined cylindrical nanopores, nanochannels which self-assembled in the templated sol-gel process. These particles are of broad interest in photonics, for timed drug release, enzyme stabilization, separation and filtration technologies, catalysis, etc. Although the pore geometry and mechanism of pore formation of such particles has been widely investigated at the nanoscale, their pore geometry and its formation mechanism at a larger (<span class="hlt">extended</span>) scale is still under debate. The <span class="hlt">extended</span> geometry of nanochannels is paramount for all aforementioned applications because it defines <span class="hlt">accessibility</span> of nanochannels, and subsequently, kinetics of interaction of the nanochannel content with the particle surrounding. Here we present both experimental and theoretical investigation of the <span class="hlt">extended</span> geometry and its formation mechanism in colloidal multi-micron mesoporous silica particles. We demonstrate that disordered (and consequently, well <span class="hlt">accessible</span>) nanochannels in the initially formed colloidal particles gradually align and form <span class="hlt">extended</span> self-sealed channels. This knowledge allows to control the percentage of disordered versus self-sealed nanochannels, which defines <span class="hlt">accessibility</span> of nanochannels in such particles. We further show that the observed aligning the channels is in agreement with theory; it is thermodynamically favored as it decreases the Gibbs free energy of the particles. Besides the practical use of the obtained results, developing a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of morphogenesis of complex geometry of nanopores will open doors to efficient and controllable synthesis that will, in turn, further fuel the practical utilization of these particles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21576523-extended-ray-emission-vicinity-microquasar-ls-pulsar-wind-nebula','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21576523-extended-ray-emission-vicinity-microquasar-ls-pulsar-wind-nebula"><span><span class="hlt">EXTENDED</span> X-RAY EMISSION IN THE VICINITY OF THE MICROQUASAR LS 5039: PULSAR <span class="hlt">WIND</span> NEBULA?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Durant, Martin; Kargaltsev, Oleg; Pavlov, George G.</p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>LS 5039 is a high-mass binary with a period of 4 days, containing a compact object and an O-star, one of the few high-mass binaries detected in {gamma}-rays. Our Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer observation of LS 5039 provided a high-significance ({approx}10{sigma}) detection of <span class="hlt">extended</span> emission clearly visible for up to 1' from the point source. The spectrum of this emission can be described by an absorbed power-law model with photon index {Gamma} = 1.9 {+-} 0.3, somewhat softer than the point-source spectrum {Gamma} = 1.44 {+-} 0.07, with the same absorption, N{sub H} = (6.4 {+-} 0.6) x 10{supmore » 21} cm{sup -2}. The observed 0.5-8 keV flux of the <span class="hlt">extended</span> emission is {approx_equal} 8.8 x 10{sup -14} erg s{sup -1}cm{sup -2} or 5% of the point-source flux; the latter is a factor of {approx}2 lower than the lowest flux detected so far. Fainter <span class="hlt">extended</span> emission with comparable flux and a softer ({Gamma} {approx} 3) spectrum is detected at even greater radii (up to 2'). Two possible interpretations of the <span class="hlt">extended</span> emission are a dust scattering halo and a synchrotron nebula powered by energetic particles escaping the binary. We discuss both of these scenarios and favor the nebula interpretation, although some dust contribution is possible. We have also found transient sources located within a narrow stripe south of LS 5039. We discuss the likelihood of these sources to be related to LS 5039.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1955d0088M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1955d0088M"><span>Evaluation model of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy resources and utilization efficiency of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ma, Jie</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Due to the large amount of abandoned <span class="hlt">winds</span> in <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms, the establishment of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm evaluation model is particularly important for the future development of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms In this essay, consider the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm's <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy situation, <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Resource Model (WERM) and <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Utilization Efficiency Model(WEUEM) are established to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Resource Model (WERM) contains average <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, average <span class="hlt">wind</span> power density and turbulence intensity, which assessed <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy resources together. Based on our model, combined with the actual measurement data of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm, calculate the indicators using the model, and the results are in line with the actual situation. We can plan the future development of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm based on this result. Thus, the proposed establishment approach of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm assessment model has application value.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1439273','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1439273"><span>Assessment of the Economic Potential of Distributed <span class="hlt">Wind</span> in Colorado, Minnesota, and New York</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Baring-Gould, Edward I; McCabe, Kevin; Sigrin, Benjamin O</p> <p></p> <p>Stakeholders in the small and distributed <span class="hlt">wind</span> space require <span class="hlt">access</span> to better tools and data for more informed decisions on high-impact topics, including project planning, policymaking, and funding allocation. A major challenge in obtaining improved information is in the identification of favorable sites - namely, the intersection of sufficient <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource with economic parameters such as retail rates, incentives, and other policies. This presentation made at the AWEA WINDPOWER Conference and Exhibition in Chicago in 2018 explores the researchers' objective: To understand the spatial variance of key distributed <span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters and identify where they intersect to form pockets of favorablemore » areas in Colorado, Minnesota, and New York.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870062204&hterms=solar+pumping&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Bpumping','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870062204&hterms=solar+pumping&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Bpumping"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> diagnostics from Doppler-enhanced scattering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Noci, Giancarlo; Kohl, John L.; Withbroe, George L.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> ions can attain sufficient outflow speed, w, to cause line excitation by chromospheric or transition region radiation in a nearby line. It is shown that this <span class="hlt">extends</span> the diagnostic possibilities of a coronal EUV line to much larger values of w than would be possible if pumping were limited to radiation from the same spectral line. For the 1037.6 A coronal line of O VI, the pumping effect of the chromospheric C II 1037.0 A line is efficient for w between 100 and 250 km/s. An approximate expression for the line ratio for a doublet of the Li or Na isoelectronic sequences is derived, and the diagnostic capabilities of doublet line ratios, either by themselves or combined with the observation of other quantities, are discussed. In particular, that the determination of doublet line ratios at several heights can be sufficient to yield the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity at those heights together with a constraint on other coronal parameters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0016773','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0016773"><span>LOKI <span class="hlt">WIND</span> CORRECTION COMPUTER AND <span class="hlt">WIND</span> STUDIES FOR LOKI</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>which relates burnout deviation of flight path with the distributed <span class="hlt">wind</span> along the boost trajectory. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> influence function was applied to...electrical outputs. A complete <span class="hlt">wind</span> correction computer system based on the influence function and the results of <span class="hlt">wind</span> studies was designed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1213650U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..1213650U"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbines Adaptation to the Variability of the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Field</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ulianov, Yuriy; Martynenko, Gennadii; Misaylov, Vitaliy; Soliannikova, Iuliia</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">WIND</span> TURBINES ADAPTATION TO THE VARIABILITY OF THE <span class="hlt">WIND</span> FIELD The subject of our scientific research is <span class="hlt">wind</span> power turbines (WPT) with the horizontal axis which were now common in the world. Efficient <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines work is largely determined by non-stationarity of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> field, expressed in its gustiness, the presence of vertical and horizontal shifts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and direction. At critical values of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters WPT has aerodynamic and mechanical overload, leading to breakdowns, premature wear and reduce the life of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. To prevent accidents at the peak values of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed it is used the regulatory system of windwheels. WPT control systems provide a process orientation of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine rotor axis in the line of the mean <span class="hlt">wind</span>. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbines are also equipped with braking device used to protect against breakdowns when a significant increase in the <span class="hlt">wind</span>. In general, all these methods of regulation are not always effective. Thus, in practice there may be situations when the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed is many times greater than the stated limit. For example, if there are microbursts in the atmospheric boundary layer, low-level <span class="hlt">wind</span> shears caused by its gust front, storms, etc. It is required for a <span class="hlt">wind</span> power turbine adaptation to intensive short-term <span class="hlt">wind</span> impulses and considerable vertical <span class="hlt">wind</span> shifts that the data about them shall be obtained ahead of time. To do this it is necessary to have the information on the real structure of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> field in the area of the blade sweep for the minimum range against the <span class="hlt">wind</span> that is determined by the mean speed and the system action time. The implementation of acoustic and laser traditional <span class="hlt">wind</span> sounding systems is limited by ambient acoustic noise, by heavy rain, snowfall and by fog. There are free of these disadvantages the inclined radioacoustic sounding (IRASS) technique which works for a system of remote detection and control of <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts. IRASS technique is realized as low-potential Doppler pulse radar</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1046108','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1046108"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> flow through shrouded <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>were so patient with me during this process, sometimes spending hours in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel room with me while I performed what seemed like endless runs ...disorderly <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocities that result from the rotating turbine blades . In 2011, a study conducted by the White House Office of Science and...targets, and scattering target returns” [4]. Furthermore, the shadowing effects from spinning <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blades can adversely impact air-traffic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MNRAS.459.1907N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MNRAS.459.1907N"><span>Temporal variability of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> from the star τ Boötis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nicholson, B. A.; Vidotto, A. A.; Mengel, M.; Brookshaw, L.; Carter, B.; Petit, P.; Marsden, S. C.; Jeffers, S. V.; Fares, R.; BCool Collaboration</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>We present new <span class="hlt">wind</span> models for τ Boötis (τ Boo), a hot-Jupiter-host-star whose observable magnetic cycles makes it a uniquely useful target for our goal of monitoring the temporal variability of stellar <span class="hlt">winds</span> and their exoplanetary impacts. Using spectropolarimetric observations from May 2009 to January 2015, the most extensive information of this type yet available, to reconstruct the stellar magnetic field, we produce multiple 3D magnetohydrodynamic stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> models. Our results show that characteristic changes in the large-scale magnetic field as the star undergoes magnetic cycles produce changes in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> properties, both globally and locally at the position of the orbiting planet. Whilst the mass loss rate of the star varies by only a minimal amount (˜4 per cent), the rates of angular momentum loss and associated spin-down time-scales are seen to vary widely (up to ˜140 per cent), findings consistent with and <span class="hlt">extending</span> previous research. In addition, we find that temporal variation in the global <span class="hlt">wind</span> is governed mainly by changes in total magnetic flux rather than changes in <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma properties. The magnetic pressure varies with time and location and dominates the stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure at the planetary orbit. By assuming a Jovian planetary magnetic field for τ Boo b, we nevertheless conclude that the planetary magnetosphere can remain stable in size for all observed stellar cycle epochs, despite significant changes in the stellar field and the resulting local space weather environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.524a2032C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.524a2032C"><span>Investigation of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Rotor Concepts for Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ceyhan, Özlem; Grasso, Francesco</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>Current plans in offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy developments call for further reduction of cost of energy. In order to contribute to this goal, several <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine rotor concepts have been investigated. Assuming the future offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines will operate only in the offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms, the rotor concepts are not only evaluated for their stand-alone performances and their potential in reducing the loads, but also for their performance in an offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm. In order to do that, the 10MW reference <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine designed in Innwind.EU project is chosen as baseline. Several rotor parameters have been modified and their influences are investigated for offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine design purposes. This investigation is carried out as a conceptual parametrical study. All concepts are evaluated numerically with BOT (Blade optimisation tool) software in <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine level and with Farmflow software in <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm level for two <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm layouts. At the end, all these concepts are compared with each other in terms of their advantages and disadvantages.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9060356','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9060356"><span>Evaluation of a polymer implanted port <span class="hlt">access</span> device.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brown, J M</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p> port <span class="hlt">access</span> device was removed and the port <span class="hlt">access</span> device tip was cultured with culture results being negative. No other patients experienced complications related to the port <span class="hlt">access</span> device. The polymer port <span class="hlt">access</span> device provided a safe and effective means of <span class="hlt">extending</span> port <span class="hlt">access</span> times. This reduced the number of restarts for the patients and could <span class="hlt">extend</span> portal septum life by exposing the portal septum to fewer <span class="hlt">accesses</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982STIN...8323866D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982STIN...8323866D"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Conversion System Analysis Model (WECSAM) computer program documentation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Downey, W. T.; Hendrick, P. L.</p> <p>1982-07-01</p> <p>Described is a computer-based <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy conversion system analysis model (WECSAM) developed to predict the technical and economic performance of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy conversion systems (WECS). The model is written in CDC FORTRAN V. The version described <span class="hlt">accesses</span> a data base containing <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource data, application loads, WECS performance characteristics, utility rates, state taxes, and state subsidies for a six state region (Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana). The model is designed for analysis at the county level. The computer model includes a technical performance module and an economic evaluation module. The modules can be run separately or together. The model can be run for any single user-selected county within the region or looped automatically through all counties within the region. In addition, the model has a restart capability that allows the user to modify any data-base value written to a scratch file prior to the technical or economic evaluation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.466.2458C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.466.2458C"><span>Hot planetary <span class="hlt">winds</span> near a star: dynamics, <span class="hlt">wind-wind</span> interactions, and observational signatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Carroll-Nellenback, Jonathan; Frank, Adam; Liu, Baowei; Quillen, Alice C.; Blackman, Eric G.; Dobbs-Dixon, Ian</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Signatures of 'evaporative' <span class="hlt">winds</span> from exoplanets on short (hot) orbits around their host star have been observed in a number of systems. In this paper, we present global adaptive mesh refinement simulations that track the launching of the <span class="hlt">winds</span>, their expansion through the circumstellar environment, and their interaction with a stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. We focus on purely hydrodynamic flows including the anisotropy of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> launching and explore the orbital/fluid dynamics of the resulting flows in detail. In particular, we find that a combination of the tidal and Coriolis forces strongly distorts the planetary 'Parker' <span class="hlt">wind</span> creating 'up-orbit' and 'down-orbit' streams. We characterize the flows in terms of their orbital elements that change depending on their launch position on the planet. We find that the anisotropy in the atmospheric temperature leads to significant backflow on to the planet. The planetary <span class="hlt">wind</span> interacts strongly with the stellar <span class="hlt">wind</span> creating instabilities that may cause eventual deposition of planetary gas on to the star. We present synthetic observations of both transit and absorption line-structure for our simulations. For our initial conditions, we find that the orbiting <span class="hlt">wind</span> material produces absorption signatures at significant distances from the planet and substantial orbit-to-orbit variability. Lyα absorption shows red- and blueshifted features out to 70 km s-1. Finally, using semi-analytic models we constrain the effect of radiation pressure, given the approximation of uniform stellar absorption.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFMSA41A1057R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFMSA41A1057R"><span>Collaborative analysis of Planetary Waves in the Mesospheric Neutral <span class="hlt">Winds</span> with SuperDARN and TIMED Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ruohoniemi, J. M.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>The SuperDARN HF radars are best known for observing the ExB drift of ionospheric plasma in the high-latitude F region. At mesospheric altitudes the trails of ionization produced by meteors provide another kind of target for radar backscatter, and the motions imparted to these trails by <span class="hlt">winds</span> in the neutral atmosphere can be measured. In the northern hemisphere the coverage of mesospheric <span class="hlt">winds</span> currently <span class="hlt">extends</span> over a 180 deg longitude sector but is confined by propagation conditions to latitudes near 55 deg geographic. We have analyzed several <span class="hlt">extended</span> periods of simultaneous observations of the neutral <span class="hlt">wind</span> involving SuperDARN and the TIMED suite of instruments. Often, the <span class="hlt">winds</span> show clear evidence of large-scale wave events. The quasi 2-day planetary waves are prominent and their occurrence is seen to depend on season. By comparing the wave characteristics between the satellite and ground observations we obtain a complete breakdown of the wave activity in terms of wave periods and zonal wavenumbers. In addition, the semidiurnal tide is a ubiquitous feature of the mid-latitude mesosphere. A single radar station cannot resolve the sun-synchronous component from other contributions at the semidiurnal frequency. We show that with a chain of radars along a latitude band, the true sun-synchronous, or migrating, component can be inferred. Joint analysis can be performed chiefly with data from the SABRE and TIDI instruments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AMT....10.2881B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AMT....10.2881B"><span>Three-dimensional structure of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine wakes as measured by scanning lidar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bodini, Nicola; Zardi, Dino; Lundquist, Julie K.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The lower <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds and increased turbulence that are characteristic of turbine wakes have considerable consequences on large <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms: turbines located downwind generate less power and experience increased turbulent loads. The structures of wakes and their downwind impacts are sensitive to <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and atmospheric variability. Wake characterization can provide important insights for turbine layout optimization in view of decreasing the cost of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy. The CWEX-13 field campaign, which took place between June and September 2013 in a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm in Iowa, was designed to explore the interaction of multiple wakes in a range of atmospheric stability conditions. Based on lidar <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements, we <span class="hlt">extend</span>, present, and apply a quantitative algorithm to assess wake parameters such as the velocity deficits, the size of the wake boundaries, and the location of the wake centerlines. We focus on wakes from a row of four turbines at the leading edge of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm to explore variations between wakes from the edge of the row (outer wakes) and those from turbines in the center of the row (inner wakes). Using multiple horizontal scans at different elevations, a three-dimensional structure of wakes from the row of turbines can be created. Wakes erode very quickly during unstable conditions and can in fact be detected primarily in stable conditions in the conditions measured here. During stable conditions, important differences emerge between the wakes of inner turbines and the wakes of outer turbines. Further, the strong <span class="hlt">wind</span> veer associated with stable conditions results in a stretching of the wake structures, and this stretching manifests differently for inner and outer wakes. These insights can be incorporated into low-order wake models for <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm layout optimization or for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power forecasting.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1374921-three-dimensional-structure-wind-turbine-wakes-measured-scanning-lidar','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1374921-three-dimensional-structure-wind-turbine-wakes-measured-scanning-lidar"><span>Three-dimensional structure of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine wakes as measured by scanning lidar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Bodini, Nicola; Zardi, Dino; Lundquist, Julie K.</p> <p>2017-08-14</p> <p>The lower <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds and increased turbulence that are characteristic of turbine wakes have considerable consequences on large <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms: turbines located downwind generate less power and experience increased turbulent loads. The structures of wakes and their downwind impacts are sensitive to <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and atmospheric variability. Wake characterization can provide important insights for turbine layout optimization in view of decreasing the cost of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy. The CWEX-13 field campaign, which took place between June and September 2013 in a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm in Iowa, was designed to explore the interaction of multiple wakes in a range of atmospheric stability conditions.more » Based on lidar <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements, we <span class="hlt">extend</span>, present, and apply a quantitative algorithm to assess wake parameters such as the velocity deficits, the size of the wake boundaries, and the location of the wake centerlines. We focus on wakes from a row of four turbines at the leading edge of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm to explore variations between wakes from the edge of the row (outer wakes) and those from turbines in the center of the row (inner wakes). Using multiple horizontal scans at different elevations, a three-dimensional structure of wakes from the row of turbines can be created. Wakes erode very quickly during unstable conditions and can in fact be detected primarily in stable conditions in the conditions measured here. During stable conditions, important differences emerge between the wakes of inner turbines and the wakes of outer turbines. Further, the strong <span class="hlt">wind</span> veer associated with stable conditions results in a stretching of the wake structures, and this stretching manifests differently for inner and outer wakes. As a result, these insights can be incorporated into low-order wake models for <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm layout optimization or for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power forecasting.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.471.1488N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.471.1488N"><span>Centrifugally driven <span class="hlt">winds</span> from protostellar accretion discs - I. Formulation and initial results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nolan, C. A.; Salmeron, R.; Federrath, C.; Bicknell, G. V.; Sutherland, R. S.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Protostellar discs play an important role in star formation, acting as the primary mass reservoir for accretion on to young stars and regulating the extent to which angular momentum and gas is released back into stellar nurseries through the launching of powerful disc <span class="hlt">winds</span>. In this study, we explore how disc structure relates to the properties of the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-launching region, mapping out the regions of protostellar discs where <span class="hlt">wind</span> launching could be viable. We combine a series of 1.5D semi-analytic, steady-state, vertical disc-<span class="hlt">wind</span> solutions into a radially <span class="hlt">extended</span> 1+1.5D model, incorporating all three diffusion mechanisms (Ohm, Hall and ambipolar). We observe that the majority of mass outflow via disc <span class="hlt">winds</span> occurs over a radial width of a fraction of an astronomical unit, with outflow rates attenuating rapidly on either side. We also find that the mass accretion rate, magnetic field strength and surface density profile each have significant effects on both the location of the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-launching region and the ejection/accretion ratio \\dot{M}_out/\\dot{M}_in. Increasing either the accretion rate or the magnetic field strength corresponds to a shift of the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-launching region to smaller radii and a decrease in \\dot{M}_out/\\dot{M}_in, while increasing the surface density corresponds to launching regions at larger radii with increased \\dot{M}_out/\\dot{M}_in. Finally, we discover a class of disc <span class="hlt">winds</span> containing an ineffective launching configuration at intermediate radii, leading to two radially separated regions of <span class="hlt">wind</span> launching and diminished \\dot{M}_out/\\dot{M}_in. We find that the <span class="hlt">wind</span> locations and ejection/accretion ratio are consistent with current observational and theoretical estimates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1374921-three-dimensional-structure-wind-turbine-wakes-measured-scanning-lidar','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1374921-three-dimensional-structure-wind-turbine-wakes-measured-scanning-lidar"><span>Three-dimensional structure of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine wakes as measured by scanning lidar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Bodini, Nicola; Zardi, Dino; Lundquist, Julie K.</p> <p></p> <p>The lower <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds and increased turbulence that are characteristic of turbine wakes have considerable consequences on large <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms: turbines located downwind generate less power and experience increased turbulent loads. The structures of wakes and their downwind impacts are sensitive to <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and atmospheric variability. Wake characterization can provide important insights for turbine layout optimization in view of decreasing the cost of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy. The CWEX-13 field campaign, which took place between June and September 2013 in a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm in Iowa, was designed to explore the interaction of multiple wakes in a range of atmospheric stability conditions.more » Based on lidar <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements, we <span class="hlt">extend</span>, present, and apply a quantitative algorithm to assess wake parameters such as the velocity deficits, the size of the wake boundaries, and the location of the wake centerlines. We focus on wakes from a row of four turbines at the leading edge of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm to explore variations between wakes from the edge of the row (outer wakes) and those from turbines in the center of the row (inner wakes). Using multiple horizontal scans at different elevations, a three-dimensional structure of wakes from the row of turbines can be created. Wakes erode very quickly during unstable conditions and can in fact be detected primarily in stable conditions in the conditions measured here. During stable conditions, important differences emerge between the wakes of inner turbines and the wakes of outer turbines. Further, the strong <span class="hlt">wind</span> veer associated with stable conditions results in a stretching of the wake structures, and this stretching manifests differently for inner and outer wakes. As a result, these insights can be incorporated into low-order wake models for <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm layout optimization or for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power forecasting.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.9498G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.9498G"><span>Autonomous Aerial Sensors for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power Meteorology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Giebel, Gregor; Schmidt Paulsen, Uwe; Reuder, Joachim; La Cour-Harbo, Anders; Thomsen, Carsten; Bange, Jens; Buschmann, Marco</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>This poster describes a new approach for measurements in <span class="hlt">wind</span> power meteorology using small unmanned flying platforms. During a week of flying a lighter-than-air vehicle, two small electrically powered aeroplanes and a larger helicopter at the Risø test station at Høvsøre, we will compare <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed measurements with fixed mast and LIDAR measurements, investigate optimal flight patterns for each measurement task, and measure other interesting meteorological features like the air-sea boundary in the vicinity of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm. In order to prepare the measurement campaign, a workshop is held, soliciting input from various communities. Large-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms, especially offshore, need an optimisation between installed <span class="hlt">wind</span> power density and the losses in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm due to wake effects between the turbines. While the wake structure behind single <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines onshore is fairly well understood, there are different problems offshore, thought to be due mainly to the low turbulence. Good measurements of the wake and wake structure are not easy to come by, as the use of a met mast is static and expensive, while the use of remote sensing instruments either needs significant <span class="hlt">access</span> to the turbine to mount an instrument, or is complicated to use on a ship due to the ship's own movement. In any case, a good LIDAR or SODAR will cost many tens of thousands of euros. Another current problem in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy is the coming generation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in the 10-12 MW class, with tip heights of over 200 m. Very few measurement masts exist to verify our knowledge of atmospheric physics - all that is known is that the boundary layer description we used so far is not valid any more. Here, automated Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) could be used as either an extension of current high masts or to build a network of very high ‘masts' in a region of complex terrain or coastal flow conditions. In comparison to a multitude of high masts, UAVs could be quite cost-effective. In order to test</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010032395','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010032395"><span>Acceleration of the Fast Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> by Solitary Waves in Coronal Holes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ofman, Leon</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this investigation is to develop a new model for the acceleration of the fast solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> by nonlinear. time-dependent multidimensional MHD simulations of waves in solar coronal holes. Preliminary computational studies indicate that nonlinear waves are generated in coronal holes by torsional Alfv\\'{e}n waves. These waves in addition to thermal conduction may contribute considerably to the accelerate the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Specific goals of this proposal are to investigate the generation of nonlinear solitary-like waves and their effect on solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> acceleration by numerical 2.5D MHD simulation of coronal holes with a broad range of plasma and wave parameters; to study the effect of random disturbances at the base of a solar coronal hole on the fast solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> acceleration with a more advanced 2.5D MHD model and to compare the results with the available observations; to <span class="hlt">extend</span> the study to a full 3D MHD simulation of fast solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> acceleration with a more realistic model of a coronal hole and solar boundary conditions. The ultimate goal of the three year study is to model the, fast solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> in a coronal hole, based on realistic boundary conditions in a coronal hole near the Sun, and the coronal hole structure (i.e., density, temperature. and magnetic field geometry,) that will become available from the recently launched SOHO spacecraft.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000021483','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000021483"><span>Acceleration of the Fast Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> by Solitary Waves in Coronal Holes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ofman, Leon</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this investigation is to develop a new model for the acceleration of the fast solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> by nonlinear, time-dependent multidimensional MHD simulations of waves in solar coronal holes. Preliminary computational studies indicate that solitary-like waves are generated in coronal holes nonlinearly by torsional Alfven waves. These waves in addition to thermal conduction may contribute considerably to the accelerate the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. Specific goals of this proposal are to investigate the generation of nonlinear solitary-like waves and their effect on solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> acceleration by numerical 2.5D MHD simulation of coronal holes with a broad range of plasma and wave parameters; to study the effect of random disturbances at the base of a solar coronal hole on the fast solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> acceleration with a more advanced 2.5D MHD model and to compare the results with the available observations; to <span class="hlt">extend</span> the study to a full 3D MHD simulation of fast solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> acceleration with a more realistic model of a coronal hole and solar boundary conditions. The ultimate goal of the three year study is to model the fast solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> in a coronal hole, based on realistic boundary conditions in a coronal hole near the Sun, and the coronal hole structure (i.e., density, temperature, and magnetic field geometry) that will become available from the recently launched SOHO spacecraft.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080031334&hterms=solar+energy+advantage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Benergy%2Badvantage','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080031334&hterms=solar+energy+advantage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Benergy%2Badvantage"><span>Recent Insights into the Nature of Turbulence in the Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Goldstein, Melvun L.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>During the past several years, studies of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbulence using data from Cluster and other spacecraft, and results from new numerical simulations, have revealed new aspects of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbulence. I will try to highlight some of that research. At the shortest length scales and highest frequencies, there is renewed interest in determining how the turbulence dissipates, e.g., whether by kinetic Alfven waves or whistler turbulence. Finding observational evidence for exponential damping of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> fluctuations has proven challenging. New studies using a combination of flux gate and search coil magnetometer data from Cluster have <span class="hlt">extended</span> this search (in the spacecraft frame of reference) to more than 10 Hertz. New models and simulations are also being used to study the dissipation. A detailed study of fluctuations in the magnetosheath suggests that turbulent dissipation could be occurring at very thin current sheets as had been suggested by two-dimensional MHD simulations more than 20 years ago. Data from the four Cluster spacecraft, now at their maximum separation of 10,000 km provide new opportunities to investigate the symmetry properties, scale lengths, and the relative proportion of magnetic energy in parallel and perpendicular wave numbers of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbulence. By utilizing well-calibrated electron data, it has been possible to take advantage of the tetrahedral separation of Cluster in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> near apogee to measure directly the compressibility and vorticity of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RAA....18...50K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RAA....18...50K"><span>Saturn’s gravitational field induced by its equatorially antisymmetric zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kong, Dali; Zhang, Keke; Schubert, Gerald; Anderson, John D.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The cloud-level zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> of Saturn are marked by a substantial equatorially antisymmetric component with a speed of about 50ms‑1 which, if they are sufficiently deep, can produce measurable odd zonal gravitational coefficients ΔJ 2k+1, k = 1, 2, 3, 4. This study, based on solutions of the thermal-gravitational <span class="hlt">wind</span> equation, provides a theoretical basis for interpreting the odd gravitational coefficients of Saturn in terms of its equatorially antisymmetric zonal flow. We adopt a Saturnian model comprising an ice-rock core, a metallic dynamo region and an outer molecular envelope. We use an equatorially antisymmetric zonal flow that is parameterized, confined in the molecular envelope and satisfies the solvability condition required for the thermal-gravitational <span class="hlt">wind</span> equation. The structure and amplitude of the zonal flow at the cloud level are chosen to be consistent with observations of Saturn. We calculate the odd zonal gravitational coefficients ΔJ 2k+1, k = 1, 2, 3, 4 by regarding the depth of the equatorially antisymmetric <span class="hlt">winds</span> as a parameter. It is found that ΔJ 3 is ‑4.197 × 10‑8 if the zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> <span class="hlt">extend</span> about 13 000 km downward from the cloud tops while it is ‑0.765 × 10‑8 if the depth is about 4000 km. The depth/profile of the equatorially antisymmetric zonal <span class="hlt">winds</span> can eventually be estimated when the high-precision measurements of the Cassini Grand Finale become available.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.6150H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.6150H"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> controls on Mercury's magnetospheric cusp</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>He, Maosheng; Vogt, Joachim; Heyner, Daniel; Zhong, Jun</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>This study assesses the response of the cusp to solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> changes comprehensively, using 2848 orbits of MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) observation. The assessment entails four steps: (1) propose and validate an approach to estimate the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> magnetic field (interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)) for MESSENGER's cusp transit; (2) define an index σ measuring the intensity of the magnetic disturbance which significantly peaks within the cusp and serves as an indicator of the cusp activity level; (3) construct an empirical model of σ as a function of IMF and Mercury's heliocentric distance rsun, through linear regression; and (4) use the model to estimate and compare the polar distribution of the disturbance σ under different conditions for a systematic comparison. The comparison illustrates that the disturbance peak over the cusp is strongest and widest <span class="hlt">extending</span> in local time for negative IMF Bx and negative IMF Bz, and when Mercury is around the perihelion. Azimuthal shifts are associated with both IMF By and rsun: the cusp moves toward dawn when IMF By or rsun decrease. These dependences are explained in terms of the IMF Bx-controlled dayside magnetospheric topology, the component reconnection model applied to IMF By and Bz, and the variability of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> ram pressure associated with heliocentric distance rsun. The applicability of the component reconnection model on IMF By indicates that at Mercury reconnection occurs at lower shear angles than at Earth.<abstract type="synopsis"><title type="main">Plain Language SummaryMercury's magnetosphere was suggested to be particularly sensitive to solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions. This study investigates the response of the magnetospheric cusp to solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions systematically. For this purpose, we analyze the statistical predictability of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) at Mercury, develop an approach for estimating the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> magnetic field (IMF) for MErcury Surface</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhDT.......154A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhDT.......154A"><span>Operation of Power Grids with High Penetration of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Al-Awami, Ali Taleb</p> <p></p> <p>The integration of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power into the power grid poses many challenges due to its highly uncertain nature. This dissertation involves two main components related to the operation of power grids with high penetration of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy: <span class="hlt">wind</span>-thermal stochastic dispatch and <span class="hlt">wind</span>-thermal coordinated bidding in short-term electricity markets. In the first part, a stochastic dispatch (SD) algorithm is proposed that takes into account the stochastic nature of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> power output. The uncertainty associated with <span class="hlt">wind</span> power output given the forecast is characterized using conditional probability density functions (CPDF). Several functions are examined to characterize <span class="hlt">wind</span> uncertainty including Beta, Weibull, Extreme Value, Generalized Extreme Value, and Mixed Gaussian distributions. The unique characteristics of the Mixed Gaussian distribution are then utilized to facilitate the speed of convergence of the SD algorithm. A case study is carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Then, the SD algorithm is <span class="hlt">extended</span> to simultaneously optimize the system operating costs and emissions. A modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is suggested to identify the Pareto-optimal solutions defined by the two conflicting objectives. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to study the effect of changing load level and imbalance cost factors on the Pareto front. In the second part of this dissertation, coordinated trading of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and thermal energy is proposed to mitigate risks due to those uncertainties. The problem of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-thermal coordinated trading is formulated as a mixed-integer stochastic linear program. The objective is to obtain the optimal tradeoff bidding strategy that maximizes the total expected profits while controlling trading risks. For risk control, a weighted term of the conditional value at risk (CVaR) is included in the objective function. The CVaR aims to maximize the expected profits of the least profitable scenarios, thus</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70018009','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70018009"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> and tidal forcing of a buoyant plume, Mobile Bay, Alabama</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Stumpf, R.P.; Gelfenbaum, G.; Pennock, J.R.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>AVHRR satellite imagery and in situ observations were combined to study the motion of a buoyant plume at the mouth of Mobile Bay, Alabama. The plume <span class="hlt">extended</span> up to 30 km from shore, with a thickness of about 1 m. The inner plume, which was 3-8 m thick, moved between the Bay and inner shelf in response to tidal forcing. The tidal prism could be identified through the movement of plume waters between satellite images. The plume responded rapidly to alongshore <span class="hlt">wind</span>, with sections of the plume moving at speeds of more than 70 cm s-1, about 11% of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. The plume moved predominantly in the direction of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> with a weak Ekman drift. The enhanced speed of the plume relative to normal surface drift is probably due to the strong stratification in the plume, which limits the transfer of momentum into the underlying ambient waters. ?? 1993.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DSRII.132...54L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DSRII.132...54L"><span>Gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> and their effects on regional oceanography Part II: Kodiak Island, Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ladd, Carol; Cheng, Wei; Salo, Sigrid</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Frequent gap <span class="hlt">winds</span>, defined here as offshore-directed flow channeled through mountain gaps, have been observed near Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> from the Iliamna Lake gap were investigated using QuikSCAT <span class="hlt">wind</span> data. The influence of these <span class="hlt">wind</span> events on the regional ocean was examined using satellite and in situ data combined with Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) model runs. Gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> influence the entire shelf width (> 200 km) northeast of Kodiak Island and <span class="hlt">extend</span> an additional 150 km off-shelf. Due to strong gradients in the along-shelf direction, they can result in vertical velocities in the ocean of over 20 m d-1 due to Ekman pumping. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> events also disrupt flow of the Alaska Coastal Current (ACC), resulting in decreased flow down Shelikof Strait and increased velocities on the outer shelf. This disruption of the ACC has implications for freshwater transport into the Bering Sea. The oceanographic response to gap <span class="hlt">winds</span> may influence the survival of larval fishes as Arrowtooth Flounder recruitment is negatively correlated with the interannual frequency of gap-<span class="hlt">wind</span> events, and Pacific Cod recruitment is positively correlated. The frequency of offshore directed <span class="hlt">winds</span> exhibits a strong seasonal cycle averaging 7 days per month during winter and 2 days per month during summer. Interannual variability is correlated with the Pacific North America Index and shows a linear trend, increasing by 1.35 days per year. An accompanying paper discusses part I of our study (Ladd and Cheng, 2016) focusing on gap-<span class="hlt">wind</span> events flowing out of Cross Sound in the eastern GOA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT.......121L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT.......121L"><span>Optimal Locations for Siting <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Projects: Technical Challenges, Economics, and Public Preferences</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lamy, Julian V.</p> <p></p> <p>Increasing the percentage of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power in the United States electricity generation mix would facilitate the transition towards a more sustainable, low-pollution, and environmentally-conscious electricity grid. However, this effort is not without cost. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> power generation is time-variable and typically not synchronized with electricity demand (i.e., load). In addition, the highest-output <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources are often located in remote locations, necessitating transmission investment between generation sites and load. Furthermore, negative public perceptions of <span class="hlt">wind</span> projects could prevent widespread <span class="hlt">wind</span> development, especially for projects close to densely-populated communities. The work presented in my dissertation seeks to understand where it's best to locate <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy projects while considering these various factors. First, in Chapter 2, I examine whether energy storage technologies, such as grid-scale batteries, could help reduce the transmission upgrade costs incurred when siting <span class="hlt">wind</span> projects in distant locations. For a case study of a hypothetical 200 MW <span class="hlt">wind</span> project in North Dakota that delivers power to Illinois, I present an optimization model that estimates the optimal size of transmission and energy storage capacity that yields the lowest average cost of generation and transmission (/MWh). I find that for this application of storage to be economical, energy storage costs would have to be 100/kWh or lower, which is well below current costs for available technologies. I conclude that there are likely better ways to use energy storage than for <span class="hlt">accessing</span> distant <span class="hlt">wind</span> projects. Following from this work, in Chapter 3, I present an optimization model to estimate the economics of <span class="hlt">accessing</span> high quality <span class="hlt">wind</span> resources in remote areas to comply with renewable energy policy targets. I include temporal aspects of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power (variability costs and correlation to market prices) as well as total <span class="hlt">wind</span> power produced from different farms. I assess the goal of providing</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918663G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918663G"><span>IEA <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Task 36 Forecasting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Giebel, Gregor; Cline, Joel; Frank, Helmut; Shaw, Will; Pinson, Pierre; Hodge, Bri-Mathias; Kariniotakis, Georges; Sempreviva, Anna Maria; Draxl, Caroline</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> power forecasts have been used operatively for over 20 years. Despite this fact, there are still several possibilities to improve the forecasts, both from the weather prediction side and from the usage of the forecasts. The new International Energy Agency (IEA) Task on <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power Forecasting tries to organise international collaboration, among national weather centres with an interest and/or large projects on <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecast improvements (NOAA, DWD, UK MetOffice, …) and operational forecaster and forecast users. The Task is divided in three work packages: Firstly, a collaboration on the improvement of the scientific basis for the <span class="hlt">wind</span> predictions themselves. This includes numerical weather prediction model physics, but also widely distributed information on <span class="hlt">accessible</span> datasets for verification. Secondly, we will be aiming at an international pre-standard (an IEA Recommended Practice) on benchmarking and comparing <span class="hlt">wind</span> power forecasts, including probabilistic forecasts aiming at industry and forecasters alike. This WP will also organise benchmarks, in cooperation with the IEA Task WakeBench. Thirdly, we will be engaging end users aiming at dissemination of the best practice in the usage of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power predictions, especially probabilistic ones. The Operating Agent is Gregor Giebel of DTU, Co-Operating Agent is Joel Cline of the US Department of Energy. Collaboration in the task is solicited from everyone interested in the forecasting business. We will collaborate with IEA Task 31 Wakebench, which developed the Windbench benchmarking platform, which this task will use for forecasting benchmarks. The task runs for three years, 2016-2018. Main deliverables are an up-to-date list of current projects and main project results, including datasets which can be used by researchers around the world to improve their own models, an IEA Recommended Practice on performance evaluation of probabilistic forecasts, a position paper regarding the use of probabilistic forecasts</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA20846.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA20846.html"><span>Curiosity Destinations for Second <span class="hlt">Extended</span> Mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-10-03</p> <p>This map shows the route driven by NASA's Curiosity Mars rover from the location where it landed in August 2012 to its location in September 2016 at "Murray Buttes," and the path planned for reaching destinations at "Hematite Unit" and "Clay Unit" on lower Mount Sharp. Blue triangles mark waypoints investigated by Curiosity during the rover's two-year prime mission and first two-year <span class="hlt">extended</span> mission. The Hematite Unit and Clay Unit are key destinations for the second two-year extension, through September 2018. The base image for the map is from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. North is up. Bagnold Dunes form a band of dark, <span class="hlt">wind</span>-blown material at the foot of Mount Sharp. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA20846</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3776385','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3776385"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Tunnel Tests for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Pressure Distribution on Gable Roof Buildings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Gable roof buildings are widely used in industrial buildings. Based on <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel tests with rigid models, <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure distributions on gable roof buildings with different aspect ratios were measured simultaneously. Some characteristics of the measured <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure field on the surfaces of the models were analyzed, including mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure, fluctuating <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure, peak negative <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure, and characteristics of proper orthogonal decomposition results of the measured <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure field. The results show that extremely high local suctions often occur in the leading edges of longitudinal wall and windward roof, roof corner, and roof ridge which are the severe damaged locations under strong <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The aspect ratio of building has a certain effect on the mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure coefficients, and the effect relates to <span class="hlt">wind</span> attack angle. Compared with experimental results, the region division of roof corner and roof ridge from AIJ2004 is more reasonable than those from CECS102:2002 and MBMA2006.The contributions of the first several eigenvectors to the overall <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure distributions become much bigger. The investigation can offer some basic understanding for estimating <span class="hlt">wind</span> load distribution on gable roof buildings and facilitate <span class="hlt">wind</span>-resistant design of cladding components and their connections considering <span class="hlt">wind</span> load path. PMID:24082851</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24082851','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24082851"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> tunnel tests for <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure distribution on gable roof buildings.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jing, Xiao-kun; Li, Yuan-qi</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Gable roof buildings are widely used in industrial buildings. Based on <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel tests with rigid models, <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure distributions on gable roof buildings with different aspect ratios were measured simultaneously. Some characteristics of the measured <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure field on the surfaces of the models were analyzed, including mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure, fluctuating <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure, peak negative <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure, and characteristics of proper orthogonal decomposition results of the measured <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure field. The results show that extremely high local suctions often occur in the leading edges of longitudinal wall and windward roof, roof corner, and roof ridge which are the severe damaged locations under strong <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The aspect ratio of building has a certain effect on the mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure coefficients, and the effect relates to <span class="hlt">wind</span> attack angle. Compared with experimental results, the region division of roof corner and roof ridge from AIJ2004 is more reasonable than those from CECS102:2002 and MBMA2006.The contributions of the first several eigenvectors to the overall <span class="hlt">wind</span> pressure distributions become much bigger. The investigation can offer some basic understanding for estimating <span class="hlt">wind</span> load distribution on gable roof buildings and facilitate <span class="hlt">wind</span>-resistant design of cladding components and their connections considering <span class="hlt">wind</span> load path.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950013208','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950013208"><span>Documentation and archiving of the Space Shuttle <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel test data base. Volume 2: User's Guide to the Archived Data Base</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Romere, Paul O.; Brown, Steve Wesley</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Development of the Space Shuttle necessitated an extensive <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel test program, with the cooperation of all the major <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels in the United States. The result was approximately 100,000 hours of Space Shuttle <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel testing conducted for aerodynamics, heat transfer, and structural dynamics. The test results were converted into Chrysler DATAMAN computer program format to facilitate use by analysts, a very cost effective method of collecting the <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel test results from many test facilities into one centralized location. This report provides final documentation of the Space Shuttle <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel program. The two-volume set covers the evolution of Space Shuttle aerodynamic configurations and gives <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel test data, titles of <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel data reports, sample data sets, and instructions for <span class="hlt">accessing</span> the digital data base.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18955546','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18955546"><span><span class="hlt">Accessibility</span>: global gateway to health literacy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Perlow, Ellen</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Health literacy, cited as essential to achieving Healthy People 2010's goals to "increase quality and years of healthy life" and to "eliminate health disparities," is defined by Healthy People as "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions." <span class="hlt">Accessibility</span>, by definition, the aforementioned "capacity to obtain," thus is health literacy's primary prerequisite. <span class="hlt">Accessibility</span>'s designation as the global gateway to health literacy is predicated also on life's realities: global aging and climate change, war and terrorism, and life-<span class="hlt">extending</span> medical and technological advances. People with diverse <span class="hlt">access</span> needs are health professionals' raison d'être. However, <span class="hlt">accessibility</span>, consummately cross-cultural and universal, is virtually absent as a topic of health promotion and practice research and scholarly discussion of health literacy and equity. A call to action to place <span class="hlt">accessibility</span> in its rightful premier position on the profession's agenda is issued.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1065K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1065K"><span>Mesopause region <span class="hlt">wind</span>, temperature and airglow irradiance above Eureka, Nunavut</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kristoffersen, Samuel; Ward, William E.; Vail, Christopher; Shepherd, Marianna</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The PEARL All Sky Imager (PASI, airglow images), the Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager (SATI, airglow irradiance and temperature) and the E-Region <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Interferometer II (ERWIN2, <span class="hlt">wind</span>, airglow irradiance and temperature) are co-located at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL)in Eureka, Nunavut (80 N, 86 W). These instruments view the <span class="hlt">wind</span>, temperature and airglow irradiance of hydroxyl (all three) O2 (ERWIN2 and SATI), sodium (PASI), and oxygen green line (PASI and ERWIN2). The viewing locations and specific emissions of the various instruments differ. Nevertheless, the co-location of these instruments provides an excellent opportunity for case studies of specific events and for intercomparison between the different techniques. In this paper we discuss the approach we are using to combine observations from the different instruments. Case studies show that at times the various instruments are in good agreement but at other times they differ. Of particular interest are situations where gravity wave signatures are evident for an <span class="hlt">extended</span> period of time and one such situation is presented. The discussion includes consideration of the filtering effect of viewing through airglow layers and the extent to which <span class="hlt">wind</span>, airglow and temperature variations can be associated with the same gravity wave.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-GRC-1944-C-03991.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-GRC-1944-C-03991.html"><span>Turning Vanes inside the Altitude <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Tunnel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1944-02-21</p> <p>Men stand in front of turning vanes inside the Altitude <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Tunnel (AWT) at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory. The AWT was the only <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel capable of testing full-size aircraft engines in simulated altitude conditions. A large wooden drive fan, located on the other side of these vanes, created <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds up to 500 miles per hour. The drive shaft connected the fan to the induction motor located in an adjacent building. Turning vanes were located in each corner of the rectangular tunnel to straighten the airflow and direct it around the corners. This set of vanes was located in the 31-foot-diameter southeast corner of the tunnel. These elliptical panels consisted of 36 to 42 vertical vanes that were supported by three horizontal supports. The individual vanes were 2.5 feet long and half-moon shaped. The panel of vanes was affixed to the curved corner rings of the tunnel. Each set of turning vanes had a moveable vane in the middle of the lower level for personnel <span class="hlt">access</span>. Each set of vanes took weeks to assemble before they were installed during the summer of 1943. This publicity photograph was taken just weeks after the tunnel became operational in February 1944.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2018/nrel-wind-leaders-participate-in-wind-industry-partnership-summit.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2018/nrel-wind-leaders-participate-in-wind-industry-partnership-summit.html"><span>NREL <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Leaders Participate in <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Industry Partnership Summit | News |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>NREL</A> NREL <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <em>Leaders</em> Participate in <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Industry Partnership Summit NREL <span class="hlt">Wind</span> <em>Leaders</em> enable innovations needed to advance U.S. <span class="hlt">wind</span> systems. "The summit brought together <em>leaders</em> from</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvB..90r4201S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvB..90r4201S"><span>Effect of strong disorder on three-dimensional chiral topological insulators: Phase diagrams, maps of the bulk invariant, and existence of topological <span class="hlt">extended</span> bulk states</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Song, Juntao; Fine, Carolyn; Prodan, Emil</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>The effect of strong disorder on chiral-symmetric three-dimensional lattice models is investigated via analytical and numerical methods. The phase diagrams of the models are computed using the noncommutative <span class="hlt">winding</span> number, as functions of disorder strength and model's parameters. The localized/delocalized characteristic of the quantum states is probed with level statistics analysis. Our study reconfirms the accurate quantization of the noncommutative <span class="hlt">winding</span> number in the presence of strong disorder, and its effectiveness as a numerical tool. <span class="hlt">Extended</span> bulk states are detected above and below the Fermi level, which are observed to undergo the so-called "levitation and pair annihilation" process when the system is driven through a topological transition. This suggests that the bulk invariant is carried by these <span class="hlt">extended</span> states, in stark contrast with the one-dimensional case where the <span class="hlt">extended</span> states are completely absent and the bulk invariant is carried by the localized states.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/wind/','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/wind/"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Facilities Support Innovation and Collaboration Take a Tour of a <em><span class="hlt">Wind</span></em> <em>Turbine</em> Featured Publications 2017 Recommended Practices Lidar-Enhanced <em><span class="hlt">Wind</span></em> <em>Turbine</em> Control: Past, Present, and Future Development of a 5 MW <em><span class="hlt">wind</span></em> <em>turbine</em> science and lowering the cost of <em><span class="hlt">wind</span></em>-generated electricity alongside our partners. We</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1060009.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1060009.pdf"><span>Universally <span class="hlt">Accessible</span> Instruction: Oxymoron or Opportunity?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>McGuire, Joan M.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The movement to <span class="hlt">extend</span> universal design from physical to instructional environments has escalated in the past two decades. Frameworks to guide the field of postsecondary education in its efforts to intentionally build <span class="hlt">accessibility</span> features into college teaching and course materials include Universal Design in Education, Universal Design for…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26567066','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26567066"><span>[<span class="hlt">Extending</span> the palliative approach across the French health system].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mino, Jean-Christophe</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>The care provision for people at the end of life requires a palliative care approach to be <span class="hlt">extended</span> across the whole healthcare system. <span class="hlt">Access</span> to palliative care for everyone requires training for professionals, support for specialised structures and teams as well as clear political will. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhDT.......159L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhDT.......159L"><span>Near real time <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy forecasting incorporating <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lubitz, William David</p> <p></p> <p>A series of experiments and investigations were carried out to inform the development of a day-ahead <span class="hlt">wind</span> power forecasting system. An experimental near-real time <span class="hlt">wind</span> power forecasting system was designed and constructed that operates on a desktop PC and forecasts 12--48 hours in advance. The system uses model output of the Eta regional scale forecast (RSF) to forecast the power production of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm in the Altamont Pass, California, USA from 12 to 48 hours in advance. It is of modular construction and designed to also allow diagnostic forecasting using archived RSF data, thereby allowing different methods of completing each forecasting step to be tested and compared using the same input data. <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-tunnel investigations of the effect of <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction and hill geometry on <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed-up above a hill were conducted. Field data from an Altamont Pass, California site was used to evaluate several speed-up prediction algorithms, both with and without <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction adjustment. These algorithms were found to be of limited usefulness for the complex terrain case evaluated. <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-tunnel and numerical simulation-based methods were developed for determining a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm power curve (the relation between meteorological conditions at a point in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm and the power production of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm). Both methods, as well as two methods based on fits to historical data, ultimately showed similar levels of accuracy: mean absolute errors predicting power production of 5 to 7 percent of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm power capacity. The downscaling of RSF forecast data to the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm was found to be complicated by the presence of complex terrain. Poor results using the geostrophic drag law and regression methods motivated the development of a database search method that is capable of forecasting not only <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds but also power production with accuracy better than persistence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5234349','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5234349"><span>The Concept of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> in Traditional Chinese Medicine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dashtdar, Mehrab; Dashtdar, Mohammad Reza; Dashtdar, Babak; Kardi, Karima; Shirazi, Mohammad khabaz</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The use of folk medicine has been widely embraced in many developed countries under the name of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) and is now becoming the mainstream in the UK and the rest of Europe, as well as in North America and Australia. Diversity, easy <span class="hlt">accessibility</span>, broad continuity, relatively low cost, base levels of technological inputs, fewer side effects, and growing economic importance are some of the positive features of folk medicine. In this framework, a critical need exists to introduce the practice of folk medicine into public healthcare if the goal of reformed <span class="hlt">access</span> to healthcare facilities is to be achieved. The amount of information available to public health practitioners about traditional medicine concepts and the utilization of that information are inadequate and pose many problems for the delivery of primary healthcare globally. Different societies have evolved various forms of indigenous perceptions that are captured under the broad concept of folk medicine, e.g., Persian, Chinese, Grecian, and African folk medicines, which explain the lack of universally accepted definitions of terms. Thus, the exchange of information on the diverse forms of folk medicine needs to be facilitated. Various concepts of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> are found in books on traditional medicine, and many of those go beyond the boundaries established in old manuscripts and are not easily understood. This study intends to provide information, context, and guidance for the collection of all important information on the different concepts of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and for their simplification. This new vision for understanding earlier Chinese medicine will benefit public health specialists, traditional and complementary medicine practitioners, and those who are interested in historical medicine by providing a theoretical basis for the traditional medicines and the acupuncture that is used to eliminate <span class="hlt">Wind</span> in order to treat various diseases. PMID:28097039</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28097039','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28097039"><span>The Concept of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> in Traditional Chinese Medicine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dashtdar, Mehrab; Dashtdar, Mohammad Reza; Dashtdar, Babak; Kardi, Karima; Shirazi, Mohammad Khabaz</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The use of folk medicine has been widely embraced in many developed countries under the name of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) and is now becoming the mainstream in the UK and the rest of Europe, as well as in North America and Australia. Diversity, easy <span class="hlt">accessibility</span>, broad continuity, relatively low cost, base levels of technological inputs, fewer side effects, and growing economic importance are some of the positive features of folk medicine. In this framework, a critical need exists to introduce the practice of folk medicine into public healthcare if the goal of reformed <span class="hlt">access</span> to healthcare facilities is to be achieved. The amount of information available to public health practitioners about traditional medicine concepts and the utilization of that information are inadequate and pose many problems for the delivery of primary healthcare globally. Different societies have evolved various forms of indigenous perceptions that are captured under the broad concept of folk medicine, e.g., Persian, Chinese, Grecian, and African folk medicines, which explain the lack of universally accepted definitions of terms. Thus, the exchange of information on the diverse forms of folk medicine needs to be facilitated. Various concepts of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> are found in books on traditional medicine, and many of those go beyond the boundaries established in old manuscripts and are not easily understood. This study intends to provide information, context, and guidance for the collection of all important information on the different concepts of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> and for their simplification. This new vision for understanding earlier Chinese medicine will benefit public health specialists, traditional and complementary medicine practitioners, and those who are interested in historical medicine by providing a theoretical basis for the traditional medicines and the acupuncture that is used to eliminate <span class="hlt">Wind</span> in order to treat various diseases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A21E0221R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A21E0221R"><span>Model for <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource analysis and for <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm planning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rozsavolgyi, K.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>Due to the ever increasing anthropogenic environmental pollution and the worldwide energy demand, the research and exploitation of environment-friendly renewable energy sources like <span class="hlt">wind</span>, solar, geothermal, biomass become more and more important. During the last decade <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy utilization has developed dynamically with big steps. Over just the past seven years, annual worldwide growth in installed <span class="hlt">wind</span> capacity is near 30 %. Over 94 000 MW installed currently all over the world. Besides important economic incentives, the most extensive and most accurate scientific results are required in order to provide beneficial help for regional planning of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms to find appropriate sites for optimal exploitation of this renewable energy source. This research is on the spatial allocation of possible <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy usage for <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms. In order to carry this out a new model (CMPAM = Complex Multifactoral Polygenetic Adaptive Model) is being developed, which basically is a <span class="hlt">wind</span> climate-oriented system, but other kind of factors are also considered. With this model those areas and terrains can be located where construction of large <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms would be reasonable under the given conditions. This model consist of different sub- modules such as <span class="hlt">wind</span> field modeling sub module (CMPAM/W) that is in high focus in this model development procedure. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> field modeling core of CMPAM is mainly based on sGs (sequential Gaussian simulation) hence geostatistics, but atmospheric physics and GIS are used as well. For the application developed for the test area (Hungary) WAsP visualization results were used from 10 m height as input data. This data was geocorrected (GIS geometric correction) before it was used for further calculations. Using optimized variography and sequential Gaussian simulation, results were applied for the test area (Hungary) at different heights. Simulation results were produced and summarized for different heights. Furthermore an exponential regressive function</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-10-14/pdf/2010-25908.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-10-14/pdf/2010-25908.pdf"><span>75 FR 63170 - <span class="hlt">Access</span> to Confidential Business Information by Avanti Corporation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-14</p> <p>... control actions. They will also provide computer data base support related to providing information on...: <span class="hlt">Access</span> to the confidential data will occur no sooner than October 21, 2010. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION... data, including CBI, will continue until October 31, 2015. If the contract is <span class="hlt">extended</span>, this <span class="hlt">access</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA22362.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA22362.html"><span>Polar <span class="hlt">Winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2018-04-05</p> <p>This VIS image shows 'streamers' of clouds created by katabatic <span class="hlt">winds</span> at the north polar cap. Katabatic <span class="hlt">winds</span> are created by cold air sinking at the pole and then speeding along the ice surface towards the edge of the polar cap. When the <span class="hlt">winds</span> enter troughs the <span class="hlt">wind</span> regime changes from laminar flow to choatic and clouds of ice particles and/or dust are visible. This <span class="hlt">wind</span> activity peaks at the start of northern hemisphere summer. Orbit Number: 53942 Latitude: 86.8433 Longitude: 99.3149 Instrument: VIS Captured: 2014-02-10 10:50 https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22362</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvF...1h3901P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvF...1h3901P"><span>Viscosity effects in <span class="hlt">wind</span> wave generation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Paquier, A.; Moisy, F.; Rabaud, M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>We investigate experimentally the influence of the liquid viscosity on the problem of the generation of waves by a turbulent <span class="hlt">wind</span> at the surface of a liquid, <span class="hlt">extending</span> the results of Paquier et al. [A. Paquier et al., Phys. Fluids 27, 122103 (2015), 10.1063/1.4936395] over nearly three decades of viscosity. The surface deformations are measured with micrometer accuracy using the free-surface synthetic schlieren method. We recover the two regimes of surface deformations previously identified: the wrinkle regime at small <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity, resulting from the viscous imprint on the liquid surface of the turbulent fluctuations in the boundary layer, and the regular wave regime at large <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity. Below the wave threshold, we find that the characteristic amplitude of the wrinkles scales as ν-1 /2u*3 /2 over nearly the whole range of viscosities, whereas their size is essentially unchanged. We propose a simple model for this scaling, which compares well with the data. We show that the critical friction velocity u* for the onset of regular waves slowly increases with viscosity as ν0.2. Whereas the transition between wrinkles and waves is smooth at low viscosity, including for water, it becomes rather abrupt at high viscosity. A third wave regime is found at ν >(100 -200 ) ×10-6m2s-1 , characterized by a slow, nearly periodic emission of large-amplitude isolated fluid bumps.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1331504','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1331504"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Wakes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kelley, Christopher Lee; Maniaci, David Charles; Resor, Brian R.</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>The total energy produced by a <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm depends on the complex interaction of many <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines operating in proximity with the turbulent atmosphere. Sometimes, the unsteady forces associated with <span class="hlt">wind</span> negatively influence power production, causing damage and increasing the cost of producing energy associated with <span class="hlt">wind</span> power. Wakes and the motion of air generated by rotating blades need to be better understood. Predicting wakes and other <span class="hlt">wind</span> forces could lead to more effective <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine designs and farm layouts, thereby reducing the cost of energy, allowing the United States to increase the installed capacity of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy. The Windmore » Energy Technologies Department at Sandia has collaborated with the University of Minnesota to simulate the interaction of multiple <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. By combining the validated, large-eddy simulation code with Sandia’s HPC capability, this consortium has improved its ability to predict unsteady forces and the electrical power generated by an array of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. The array of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines simulated were specifically those at the Sandia Scaled <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm Testbed (SWiFT) site which aided the design of new <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blades being manufactured as part of the National Rotor Testbed project with the Department of Energy.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24624820','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24624820"><span>[Hygienic problems in the location of modern <span class="hlt">wind</span> electric power stations in their design].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kireeva, I S; Makhniuk, V M; Akimenko, V Ia; Dumanskiĭ, Iu D; Semashko, P V</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Hygienic aspects of the placement of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power plants (WPP) in connection with the intensive development of <span class="hlt">wind</span> power and the lack of systematic information on their effects of the environment and living conditions of the population are becoming more actual. In the article there are considered results of the sanitary-epidemiological expertise of the construction project of three modern large <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm (the South - Ukrainian, Tiligulskaya and Pokrovskaya) with a total capacity offrom 180 to 500 MW of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms with 2.3 MW power generators of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. It is shown that in the process of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm construction a contamination of the environment (air soil, ground water) may take place due to the working of construction equipment and vehicle, excavation, welding and other operations, in the exploitation of <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm there can be created elevated levels of acoustic and electromagnetic pollution in the neighborhood and emergencies with the destruction of WPP in adverse weather conditions. Based on the calculations presented in the projects, and the analysis of data on the impact offoreign windfarm on the environment it was found that the limiting factor of the influence is the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm noise pollution in the audio frequency range that <span class="hlt">extends</span> beyond the territory of <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields, electromagnetic radiation is recorded within the hygienic standards and below only in the immediate vicinity of its sources (electrical equipment and power lines). For considered modern <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms there was grounded sanitary protective zone with dimensions of 700 mfrom the outermost <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines by the noise and it was recommended compliance distance of200 mfrom the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine to limit any activity and people staying in times of possible emergency situations in adverse weather conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29793079','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29793079"><span>Shifts in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy potential following land-use driven vegetation dynamics in complex terrain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fang, Jiannong; Peringer, Alexander; Stupariu, Mihai-Sorin; Pǎtru-Stupariu, Ileana; Buttler, Alexandre; Golay, Francois; Porté-Agel, Fernando</p> <p>2018-10-15</p> <p>Many mountainous regions with high <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy potential are characterized by multi-scale variabilities of vegetation in both spatial and time dimensions, which strongly affect the spatial distribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource and its time evolution. To this end, we developed a coupled interdisciplinary modeling framework capable of assessing the shifts in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy potential following land-use driven vegetation dynamics in complex mountain terrain. It was applied to a case study area in the Romanian Carpathians. The results show that the overall shifts in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy potential following the changes of vegetation pattern due to different land-use policies can be dramatic. This suggests that the planning of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy project should be integrated with the land-use planning at a specific site to ensure that the expected energy production of the planned <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm can be reached over its entire lifetime. Moreover, the changes in the spatial distribution of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and turbulence under different scenarios of land-use are complex, and they must be taken into account in the micro-siting of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines to maximize <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy production and minimize fatigue loads (and associated maintenance costs). The proposed new modeling framework offers, for the first time, a powerful tool for assessing long-term variability in local <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy potential that emerges from land-use change driven vegetation dynamics over complex terrain. Following a previously unexplored pathway of cause-effect relationships, it demonstrates a new linkage of agro- and forest policies in landscape development with an ultimate trade-off between renewable energy production and biodiversity targets. Moreover, it can be <span class="hlt">extended</span> to study the potential effects of micro-climatic changes associated with <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms on vegetation development (growth and patterning), which could in turn have a long-term feedback effect on <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource distribution in mountainous regions. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH51E..05S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH51E..05S"><span><p> Mapping 3D plasma structure in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> with the L1 constellation: joint observations from <span class="hlt">Wind</span>, ACE, DSCOVR, and SoHO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stevens, M. L.; Kasper, J. C.; Case, A. W.; Korreck, K. E.; Szabo, A.; Biesecker, D. A.; Prchlik, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>At this moment in time, four observatories with similar instrumentation- <span class="hlt">Wind</span>, ACE, DSCOVR, and SoHO- are stationed directly upstream of the Earth and making continuous observations. They are separated by drift-time baselines of seconds to minutes, timescales on which MHD instabilities in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> are known to grow and evolve, and spatial baselines of tens to 200 earth radii, length scales relevant to the Earth's magnetosphere. By comparing measurements of matched solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> structures from the four vantage points, the form of structures and associated dynamics on these scales is illuminated. Our targets include shocks and MHD discontinuities, stream fronts, locii of reconnection and exhaust flow boundary layers, plasmoids, and solitary structures born of nonlinear instability. We use the tetrahedral quality factors and other conventions adopted for Cluster to identify periods where the WADS constellation is suitably non-degenerate and arranged in such a way as to enable specific types of spatial, temporal, or spatiotemporal inferences. We present here an overview of the geometries <span class="hlt">accessible</span> to the L1 constellation and timing-based and plasma-based observations of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> structures from 2016-17. We discuss the unique potential of the constellation approach for space physics and space weather forecasting at 1 AU.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ne0078.photos.198187p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ne0078.photos.198187p/"><span>1. Southwest front, dock no. 491. Aircraft tail <span class="hlt">extends</span> through ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>1. Southwest front, dock no. 491. Aircraft tail <span class="hlt">extends</span> through gasket in center hangar doors. View to east. - Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Nose Docks, On either side of Hangar <span class="hlt">Access</span> Apron at Northwest end of Project Looking Glass Historic District, Bellevue, Sarpy County, NE</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-08-13/pdf/2013-19595.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-08-13/pdf/2013-19595.pdf"><span>78 FR 49248 - Passenger Vessels <span class="hlt">Accessibility</span> Guidelines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-08-13</p> <p>... ARCHITECTURAL AND TRANSPORTATION BARRIERS COMPLIANCE BOARD 36 CFR Part 1196 [Docket No. ATBCB-2013... Barriers Compliance Board. ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking; extension of comment period. SUMMARY: The Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (<span class="hlt">Access</span> Board) is <span class="hlt">extending</span> until January 24, 2014...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1259255','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1259255"><span>IEA <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Task 26: Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm Baseline Documentation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Smart, Gavin; Smith, Aaron; Warner, Ethan</p> <p></p> <p>This document has been produced to provide the definition and rationale for the Baseline Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm established within IEA <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Task 26--Cost of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy. The Baseline has been developed to provide a common starting point for country comparisons and sensitivity analysis on key offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> cost and value drivers. The baseline project reflects an approximate average of the characteristics of projects installed between 2012 and 2014, with the project life assumed to be 20 years. The baseline <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm is located 40 kilometres (km) from construction and operations and maintenance (O&M) ports and from export cable landfall. Themore » <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm consists of 100 4-megawatt (MW) <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines mounted on monopile foundations in an average water depth of 25 metres (m), connected by 33-kilovolt (kV) inter-array cables. The arrays are connected to a single offshore substation (33kV/220kV) mounted on a jacket foundation, with the substation connected via a single 220kV export cable to an onshore substation, 10km from landfall. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm employs a port-based O&M strategy using crew-transfer vessels.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvA..97e2115Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvA..97e2115Y"><span>Geometrical meaning of <span class="hlt">winding</span> number and its characterization of topological phases in one-dimensional chiral non-Hermitian systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yin, Chuanhao; Jiang, Hui; Li, Linhu; Lü, Rong; Chen, Shu</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>We unveil the geometrical meaning of <span class="hlt">winding</span> number and utilize it to characterize the topological phases in one-dimensional chiral non-Hermitian systems. While chiral symmetry ensures the <span class="hlt">winding</span> number of Hermitian systems are integers, it can take half integers for non-Hermitian systems. We give a geometrical interpretation of the half integers by demonstrating that the <span class="hlt">winding</span> number ν of a non-Hermitian system is equal to half of the summation of two <span class="hlt">winding</span> numbers ν1 and ν2 associated with two exceptional points, respectively. The <span class="hlt">winding</span> numbers ν1 and ν2 represent the times of the real part of the Hamiltonian in momentum space encircling the exceptional points and can only take integers. We further find that the difference of ν1 and ν2 is related to the second <span class="hlt">winding</span> number or energy vorticity. By applying our scheme to a non-Hermitian Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model and an <span class="hlt">extended</span> version of it, we show that the topologically different phases can be well characterized by <span class="hlt">winding</span> numbers. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the existence of left and right zero-mode edge states is closely related to the <span class="hlt">winding</span> number ν1 and ν2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM23A2466U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM23A2466U"><span>Leveraging the Polar Cap: Ground-Based Measurements of the Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Urban, K. D.; Gerrard, A. J.; Weatherwax, A. T.; Lanzerotti, L. J.; Patterson, J. D.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>In this study, we look at and identify relationships between solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> quantities that have previously been shown to have direct <span class="hlt">access</span> into the very high-latitude polar cap as measured by ground-based riometers and magnetometers in Antarctica: ultra-low frequency (ULF) power in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz component and solar energetic proton (SEP) flux (Urban [2016] and Patterson et al. [2001], respectively). It is shown that such solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> and ground-based observations can be used to infer the hydromagnetic structure and magnetospheric mapping of the polar cap region in a data-driven manner, and that high-latitude ground-based instrumentation can be used to infer concurrent various state parameters of the geospace environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.tmpL..71G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.tmpL..71G"><span>Efficient common-envelope ejection through dust-driven <span class="hlt">winds</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Glanz, Hila; Perets, Hagai B.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Common-envelope evolution (CEE) is the short-lived phase in the life of an interacting binary-system during which two stars orbit inside a single shared envelope. Such evolution is thought to lead to the inspiral of the binary, the ejection of the <span class="hlt">extended</span> envelope and the formation of a remnant short-period binary. However, detailed hydrodynamical models of CEE encounter major difficulties. They show that following the inspiral most of the envelope is not ejected; though it expands to larger separations, it remains bound to the binary. Here we propose that dust-driven <span class="hlt">winds</span> can be produced following the CEE. These can evaporate the envelope following similar processes operating in the ejection of the envelopes of AGB stars. Pulsations in an AGB-star drives the expansion of its envelope, allowing the material to cool down to low temperatures thus enabling dust condensation. Radiation pressure on the dust accelerates it, and through its coupling to the gas it drives <span class="hlt">winds</span> which eventually completely erode the envelope. We show that the inspiral phase in CE-binaries can effectively replace the role of stellar pulsation and drive the CE expansion to scales comparable with those of AGB stars, and give rise to efficient mass-loss through dust-driven <span class="hlt">winds</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26233033','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26233033"><span>Calculated <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise for an infrasonic <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise enclosure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Abbott, JohnPaul; Raspet, Richard</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>A simple calculation of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise measured at the center of a large porous <span class="hlt">wind</span> fence enclosure is developed. The calculation provides a good model of the measured <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise, with a good agreement within ±5 dB, and is derived by combining the <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise contributions from (a) the turbulence-turbulence and turbulence-shear interactions inside the enclosure, (b) the turbulence interactions on the surface of the enclosure, and (c) the turbulence-shear interactions outside of the enclosure. Each <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise contribution is calculated from the appropriate measured turbulence spectra, velocity profiles, correlation lengths, and the mean velocity at the center, surface, and outside of the enclosure. The model is verified by comparisons of the measured <span class="hlt">wind</span> noise to the calculated estimates of the differing noise contributions and their sum.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013xmm..prop..198P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013xmm..prop..198P"><span>Exploring the Powerful Ionised <span class="hlt">Wind</span> in the Seyfert Galaxy PG1211+143</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pounds, Ken</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>Highly-ionised high-speed <span class="hlt">winds</span> in AGN (UFOs) were first detected with XMM-Newton a decade ago, and are now established as a key factor in the study of SMBH accretion, and in the growth and metal enrichment of their host galaxies. However, information on the ionisation and dynamical structure, and the ultimate fate of UFOs remains very limited. We request a 600ks <span class="hlt">extended</span> XMM-Newton study of the prototype UFO PG1211+143 in AO-13, to obtain high quality EPIC and RGS spectra, to map the flow structure and variability, while seeking evidence for the anticipated interaction with the ISM and possible conversion of the energetic <span class="hlt">wind</span> to a momentum-driven flow.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160002973','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160002973"><span>AGN Obscuration from <span class="hlt">Winds</span>: From Dusty Infrared-Driven to Warm and X-Ray Photoionized</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dorodnitsyn, A.; Kallman, T.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We present calculations of AGN <span class="hlt">winds</span> at approximate parsec scales, along with the associated obscuration. We take into account the pressure of infrared radiation on dust grains and the interaction of X-rays from a central black hole with hot and cold plasma. Infrared radiation (IR) is incorporated in radiation-hydrodynamic simulations adopting the flux-limited diffusion approximation. We find that in the range of X-ray luminosities L=0.05 - 0.6L(sub Edd) the Compton-thick part of the flow (aka torus) has an opening angle of approximately 72? -75? regardless of the luminosity. At L 0.1 the outflowing dusty <span class="hlt">wind</span> provides the obscuration with IR pressure playing a major role. The global flow consists of two phases: the cold flow at inclinations (theta) greater than or approximately 70? and a hot, ionized <span class="hlt">wind</span> of lower density at lower inclinations. The dynamical pressure of the hot <span class="hlt">wind</span> is important in shaping the denser IR supported flow. At luminosities less than or equal to 0.1L(sub Edd) episodes of outflow are followed by <span class="hlt">extended</span> periods when the <span class="hlt">wind</span> switches to slow accretion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70019770','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70019770"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> assistance: A requirement for migration of shorebirds?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Butler, Robert W.; Williams, Tony D.; Warnock, Nils; Bishop, Mary Anne</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>We investigated the importance of <span class="hlt">wind</span>-assisted flight for northward (spring) migration by Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) along the Pacific Coast of North America. Using current models of energy costs of flight and recent data on the phenology of migration, we estimated the energy (fat) requirements for migration in calm <span class="hlt">winds</span> and with <span class="hlt">wind</span>-assisted flight for different rates of fat deposition: (1) a variable rate, assuming that birds deposit the minimum amount of fat required to reach the next stopover site; (2) a constant maximum rate of 1.0 g/day; and (3) a lower constant rate of 0.4 g/day. We tested these models by comparing conservative estimates of predicted body mass along the migration route with empirical data on body mass of Western Sandpipers at different stopover sites and upon arrival at the breeding grounds. In calm conditions, birds would have to deposit unrealistically high amounts of fat (up to 330% of observed values) to maintain body mass above absolute lean mass values. Fat-deposition rates of 1.0 g/day and 0.4 g/day, in calm conditions, resulted in a steady decline in body mass along the migration route, with predicted body masses on arrival in Alaska of only 60% (13.6 g) and 26% (5.9 g) of average lean mass (22.7 g). Conversely, birds migrating with <span class="hlt">wind</span> assistance would be able to complete migration with fat-deposition rates as low as 0.4 g/day, similar to values reported for this size bird from field studies. Our results <span class="hlt">extend</span> the conclusion of the importance of <span class="hlt">winds</span> for large, long-distance migrants to a small, short-distance migrant. We suggest that the migratory decisions of birds are more strongly influenced by the frequency and duration of <span class="hlt">winds</span> aloft, i.e. by events during the flight phase, than by events during the stopover phase of migration, such as fat-deposition rate, that have been the focus of much recent migration theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSH33A4129L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSH33A4129L"><span>Solar Corona/<span class="hlt">Wind</span> Composition and Origins of the Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lepri, S. T.; Gilbert, J. A.; Landi, E.; Shearer, P.; von Steiger, R.; Zurbuchen, T.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Measurements from ACE and Ulysses have revealed a multifaceted solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, with distinctly different kinetic and compositional properties dependent on the source region of the <span class="hlt">wind</span>. One of the major outstanding issues in heliophysics concerns the origin and also predictability of quasi-stationary slow solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>. While the fast solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> is now proven to originate within large polar coronal holes, the source of the slow solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> remains particularly elusive and has been the subject of long debate, leading to models that are stationary and also reconnection based - such as interchange or so-called S-web based models. Our talk will focus on observational constraints of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> sources and their evolution during the solar cycle. In particular, we will point out long-term variations of <span class="hlt">wind</span> composition and dynamic properties, particularly focused on the abundance of elements with low First Ionization Potential (FIP), which have been routinely measured on both ACE and Ulysses spacecraft. We will use these in situ observations, and remote sensing data where available, to provide constraints for solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> origin during the solar cycle, and on their correspondence to predictions for models of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMIN22A..05E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMIN22A..05E"><span><span class="hlt">Extending</span> the Common Framework for Earth Observation Data to other Disciplinary Data and Programmatic <span class="hlt">Access</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Evans, B. J. K.; Wyborn, L. A.; Druken, K. A.; Richards, C. J.; Trenham, C. E.; Wang, J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Australian National Computational Infrastructure (NCI) manages a large geospatial repository (10+ PBytes) of Earth systems, environmental, water management and geophysics research data, co-located with a petascale supercomputer and an integrated research cloud. NCI has applied the principles of the "Common Framework for Earth-Observation Data" (the Framework) to the organisation of these collections enabling a diverse range of researchers to explore different aspects of the data and, in particular, for seamless programmatic data analysis, both in-situ <span class="hlt">access</span> and via data services. NCI provides <span class="hlt">access</span> to the collections through the National Environmental Research Data Interoperability Platform (NERDIP) - a comprehensive and integrated data platform with both common and emerging services designed to enable data <span class="hlt">accessibility</span> and citability. Applying the Framework across the range of datasets ensures that programmatic <span class="hlt">access</span>, both in-situ and network methods, work as uniformly as possible for any dataset, using both APIs and data services. NCI has also created a comprehensive quality assurance framework to regularise compliance checks across the data, library APIs and data services, and to establish a comprehensive set of benchmarks to quantify both functionality and performance perspectives for the Framework. The quality assurance includes organisation of datasets through a data management plan, which anchors the data directory structure, version controls and data information services so that they are kept aligned with operational changes over time. Specific attention has been placed on the way data are packed inside the files. Our experience has shown that complying with standards such as CF and ACDD is still not enough to ensure that all data services or software packages correctly read the data. Further, data may not be optimally organised for the different <span class="hlt">access</span> patterns, which causes poor performance of the CPUs and bandwidth utilisation. We will also</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150011962&hterms=science+important&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dscience%2Bimportant','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150011962&hterms=science+important&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dscience%2Bimportant"><span>Implications of <span class="hlt">Wind</span>-Assisted Aerial Navigation for Titan Mission Planning and Science Exploration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Elfes, A.; Reh, K.; Beauchamp, P.; Fathpour, N.; Blackmore, L.; Newman, C.; Kuwata, Y.; Wolf, M.; Assad, C.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The recent Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM) proposal incorporates a montgolfiere (hot air balloon) as part of its architecture. Standard montgolfiere balloons generate lift through heating of the atmospheric gases inside the envelope, and use a vent valve for altitude control. A Titan aerobot (robotic aerial vehicle) would have to use radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) for electric power, and the excess heat generated can be used to provide thermal lift for a montgolfiere. A hybrid montgolfiere design could have propellers mounted on the gondola to generate horizontal thrust; in spite of the unfavorable aerodynamic drag caused by the shape of the balloon, a limited amount of lateral controllability could be achieved. In planning an aerial mission at Titan, it is extremely important to assess how the moon-wide <span class="hlt">wind</span> field can be used to <span class="hlt">extend</span> the navigation capabilities of an aerobot and thereby enhance the scientific return of the mission. In this paper we explore what guidance, navigation and control capabilities can be achieved by a vehicle that uses the Titan <span class="hlt">wind</span> field. The control planning approach is based on passive <span class="hlt">wind</span> field riding. The aerobot would use vertical control to select <span class="hlt">wind</span> layers that would lead it towards a predefined science target, adding horizontal propulsion if available. The work presented in this paper is based on aerodynamic models that characterize balloon performance at Titan, and on TitanWRF (Weather Research and Forecasting), a model that incorporates heat convection, circulation, radiation, Titan haze properties, Saturn's tidal forcing, and other planetary phenomena. Our results show that a simple unpropelled montgolfiere without horizontal actuation will be able to reach a broad array of science targets within the constraints of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> field. The study also indicates that even a small amount of horizontal thrust allows the balloon to reach any area of interest on Titan, and to do so in a fraction of the time needed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/wind/fact-sheets.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/wind/fact-sheets.html"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> and Water Power Fact Sheets | <span class="hlt">Wind</span> | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Advanced Control <em>Turbine</em> Systems to Increase Performance, Decrease Structural Loading of <em><span class="hlt">Wind</span></em> Turbines and and Water Power Fact Sheets <em><span class="hlt">Wind</span></em> and Water Power Fact Sheets The capabilities for research at the National <em><span class="hlt">Wind</span></em> Technology Center (NWTC) are numerous. Below you will find fact sheets about the many</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050199461','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050199461"><span>Abe Silverstein 10- by 10-Foot Supersonic <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Tunnel Validated for Low-Speed (Subsonic) Operation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hoffman, Thomas R.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The NASA Glenn Research Center and Lockheed Martin Corporation tested an aircraft model in two <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels to compare low-speed (subsonic) flow characteristics. Objectives of the test were to determine and document the similarities and uniqueness of the tunnels and to validate that Glenn's 10- by 10-Foot Supersonic <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Tunnel (10x10 SWT) is a viable low-speed test facility. Results from two of Glenn's <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels compare very favorably and show that the 10x10 SWT is a viable low-speed <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel. The Subsonic Comparison Test was a joint effort by NASA and Lockheed Martin using the Lockheed Martin's Joint Strike Fighter Concept Demonstration Aircraft model. Although Glenn's 10310 and 836 SWT's have many similarities, they also have unique characteristics. Therefore, test data were collected for multiple model configurations at various vertical locations in the test section, starting at the test section centerline and <span class="hlt">extending</span> into the ceiling and floor boundary layers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wind&id=EJ941846','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wind&id=EJ941846"><span>Prospecting for <span class="hlt">Wind</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Swapp, Andy; Schreuders, Paul; Reeve, Edward</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Many people use <span class="hlt">wind</span> to help meet their needs. Over the years, people have been able to harness or capture the <span class="hlt">wind</span> in many different ways. More recently, people have seen the rebirth of electricity-generating <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines. Thus, the age-old argument about technology being either good or bad can also be applied to the <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> can be a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/wind/impacts.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/wind/impacts.html"><span>Impacts | <span class="hlt">Wind</span> | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>in hard hats standing on top of a large <em><span class="hlt">wind</span></em> <em>turbine</em> overlooking several other <em><span class="hlt">wind</span></em> turbines in the Framework Transforms FAST <em><span class="hlt">Wind</span></em> <em>Turbine</em> Modeling Tool NREL Assesses National Design Standards for Offshore <em><span class="hlt">Wind</span></em> Resource NREL Identifies Investments for <em><span class="hlt">Wind</span></em> <em>Turbine</em> Drivetrain Technologies Awards R&D 100</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950063734&hterms=atmosphere+wind+profile&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Datmosphere%2Bwind%2Bprofile','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950063734&hterms=atmosphere+wind+profile&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Datmosphere%2Bwind%2Bprofile"><span><span class="hlt">Winds</span> and accretion in delta Sagittae</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Eaton, Joel A.; Hartkopf, William I.; Mcalister, Harold A.; Mason, Brian D.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The ten-year binary delta Sge (M2 Ib-II+B9.5 V) is a zeta Aur binary containing an abnormally cool component. Combining our analysis of the system as a visual binary with Batten's radial-velocity solution leads to the following properties: i = 40 deg, a = 51 mas = 8.83 A.U. = 1893 solar radius, hence d = 173 pc; M(sub B) = 2.9 solar mass and M(sub M) = 3.8 solar mass; and R(sub B) = 2.6 solar radius and R(sub M) = 152 solar radius. This interpretation of the orbit places the M supergiant on the asymptotic giant branch. We have collected ultraviolet spectra throughout the star's 1980-90 orbit, concentrated around the conjuction of 1990. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> of the M giant appears in these as narrow shell lines of singly ionized metals, chiefly Fe II, with P-Cyg profiles at many phases, which show the slow variation in strength expected for the orbit but no pronounced atmospheric eclipse. The terminal velocity of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> is 16-18 km/s, and its excitation temperature is approximately 10,000 K. Most of the broadening of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> lines is caused by differential expansion of the atmosphere, with (unmeasurably) low turbulent velocities. Nontheless, the mass loss rate (1.1 +/- 0.4 X 10 (exp -8) solar mas/yr) is almost the same as found previously by Reimers and Schroder for very different assumptions about the velocity structure. Also seen in the spectrum throughout the orbit are the effects of a variable, high-speed <span class="hlt">wind</span> as well as evidence for accretion onto the B9.5 star. This high-speed <span class="hlt">wind</span> absorbs in species of all ionization stages observed, e. g., C II, Mg II, Al III, SI IV, C IV, and has a terminaal velocity in the range 200-450 km/s. We presume this <span class="hlt">wind</span> originates at the B dwarf, not the M supergiant, and speculate that it comes from an accretion disk, as suggested by recent models of magnetically moderated accretion. Evidence for accretion is redshifted absorption in the same transitions formed in the high-speed <span class="hlt">wind</span>, as well as broad emission lines of singly ionized</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.2141R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.2141R"><span>Intermittency of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> on scale 0.01-16 Hz.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Riazantseva, Maria; Zastenker, Georgy; Chernyshov, Alexander; Petrosyan, Arakel</p> <p></p> <p>Magnetosphere of the Earth is formed in the process of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> flow around earth's magnetic field. Solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> is a flow of turbulent plasma that displays a multifractal structure and an intermittent character. That is why the study of the characteristics of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbulence is very important part of the solution of the problem of the energy transport from the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> to magnetosphere. A large degree of intermittency is observed in the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> ion flux and magnetic field time rows. We investigated the intermittency of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> fluctuations under large statistics of high time resolution measurements onboard Interball-1 spacecraft on scale from 0.01 to 16 Hz. Especially it is important that these investigation is carry out for the first time for the earlier unexplored (by plasma data) region of comparatively fast variations (frequency up to 16 Hz), so we significantly <span class="hlt">extend</span> the range of intermittency observations for solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma. The intermittency practically absent on scale more then 1000 s and it grows to the small scales right up till t 30-60 s. The behavior of the intermittency for the scale less then 30-60 s is rather changeable. The boundary between these two rates of intermittency is quantitatively near to the well-known boundary between the dissipation and inertial scales of fluctuations, what may point to their possible relation. Special attention is given to a comparison of intermittency for solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> observation intervals containing SCIF (Sudden Changes of Ion Flux) to ones for intervals without SCIF. Such a comparison allows one to reveal the fundamental turbulent properties of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> regions in which SCIF is observed more frequently. We use nearly incompressible model of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbulence for obtained data interpretation. The regime when density fluctuations are passive scalar in a hydrodynamic field of velocity is realized in turbulent solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> flows according to this model. This hypothesis can be verified</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=paradigms+AND+disability&pg=7&id=EJ1074585','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=paradigms+AND+disability&pg=7&id=EJ1074585"><span><span class="hlt">Extending</span> Our Vision: <span class="hlt">Access</span> to Inclusive Dance Education for People with Visual Impairment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Seham, Jenny; Yeo, Anna J.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Environmental, organizational and attitudinal obstacles continue to prevent people with vision loss from meaningfully engaging in dance education and performance. This article addresses the societal disabilities that handicap <span class="hlt">access</span> to dance education for the blind. Although much of traditional dance instruction relies upon visual cuing and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780019585&hterms=Wind+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DWind%2Benergy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780019585&hterms=Wind+energy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DWind%2Benergy"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> energy systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Stewart, H. J.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>A discussion on <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy systems involved with the DOE <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy program is presented. Some of the problems associated with <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy systems are discussed. The cost, efficiency, and structural design of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy systems are analyzed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880014357','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880014357"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> tunnel testing of low-drag airfoils</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Harvey, W. Donald; Mcghee, R. J.; Harris, C. D.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Results are presented for the measured performance recently obtained on several airfoil concepts designed to achieve low drag by maintaining extensive regions of laminar flow without compromising high-lift performance. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel results <span class="hlt">extend</span> from subsonic to transonic speeds and include boundary-layer control through shaping and suction. The research was conducted in the NASA Langley 8-Ft Transonic Pressure Tunnel (TPT) and Low Turbulence Pressure Tunnel (LTPT) which have been developed for testing such low-drag airfoils. Emphasis is placed on identifying some of the major factors influencing the anticipated performance of low-drag airfoils.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4701266','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4701266"><span>A Hybrid Lifetime <span class="hlt">Extended</span> Directional Approach for WBANs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Changle; Yuan, Xiaoming; Yang, Li; Song, Yueyang</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) can provide real-time and reliable health monitoring, attributing to the human-centered and sensor interoperability properties. WBANs have become a key component of the ubiquitous eHealth (electronic health) revolution that prospers on the basis of information and communication technologies. The prime consideration in WBAN is how to maximize the network lifetime with battery-powered sensor nodes in energy constraint. Novel solutions in Medium <span class="hlt">Access</span> Control (MAC) protocols are imperative to satisfy the particular BAN scenario and the need of excellent energy efficiency in healthcare applications. In this paper, we propose a hybrid Lifetime <span class="hlt">Extended</span> Directional Approach (LEDA) MAC protocol based on IEEE 802.15.6 to reduce energy consumption and prolong network lifetime. The LEDA MAC protocol takes full advantages of directional superiority in energy saving that employs multi-beam directional mode in Carrier Sense Multiple <span class="hlt">Access</span>/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) and single-beam directional mode in Time Division Multiple <span class="hlt">Access</span> (TDMA) for alternative in data reservation and transmission according to the traffic varieties. Moreover, the impacts of some inherent problems of directional antennas such as deafness and hidden terminal problem can be decreased owing to that all nodes generate individual beam according to user priorities designated. Furthermore, LEDA MAC employs a Dynamic Polled Allocation Period (DPAP) for burst data transmissions to increase the network reliability and adaptability. Extensive analysis and simulation results show that the proposed LEDA MAC protocol achieves <span class="hlt">extended</span> network lifetime with improved performance compared with IEEE 802.15.6. PMID:26556357</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27623824','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27623824"><span>Efficiency of lung ventilation for people performing <span class="hlt">wind</span> instruments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brzęk, Anna; Famuła, Anna; Kowalczyk, Anna; Plinta, Ryszard</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> instruments musicians are particularly prone to excessive respiratory efforts. Prolonged <span class="hlt">wind</span> instruments performing may lead to changes in respiratory tracts and thus to respiratory muscles overload. It may result in decreasing lung tissue pliability and, as a consequence, in emphysema. Aim of the research has been to describe basic spirometric parameters for <span class="hlt">wind</span> players and causes of potential changes. Slow and forced spirometry with the use of Micro Lab Viasys (Micro Medical, Great Britain) was conducted on 31 <span class="hlt">wind</span> musicians (group A). A survey concerning playing time and frequency, weight of instruments, and education on diaphragmatic breathing was conducted. The control group included 34 healthy persons at similar age (group B). The results were statistically described using Excel and Statistica programmes. The respiratory parameters were within the range of physiological norms and forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) exceeded in both groups the values of 100%. Forced vital capacity and expiratory vital capacity (EVC) values were significantly lower in the group of musicians than in the control group (p < 0.001). In 45% the group A used diaphragmatic breathing, in 31% of examinees mixed respiratory tract was observed. The significant discrepancy of individual parameters was obtained regarding age and the length of time when performing <span class="hlt">wind</span> instrument. Spirometric parameters relative to standards may prove a good respiratory capacity. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) and FEV1 may indicate that a proper technique of respiration during performance was acquired. The length of time when performing <span class="hlt">wind</span> instrument may influence parameters of dynamic spirometry. Med Pr 2016;67(4):427-433. This work is available in Open <span class="hlt">Access</span> model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28151412','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28151412"><span>A Trial of <span class="hlt">Extending</span> Hemodialysis Hours and Quality of Life.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jardine, Meg J; Zuo, Li; Gray, Nicholas A; de Zoysa, Janak R; Chan, Christopher T; Gallagher, Martin P; Monaghan, Helen; Grieve, Stuart M; Puranik, Rajesh; Lin, Hongli; Eris, Josette M; Zhang, Ling; Xu, Jinsheng; Howard, Kirsten; Lo, Serigne; Cass, Alan; Perkovic, Vlado</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The relationship between increased hemodialysis hours and patient outcomes remains unclear. We randomized (1:1) 200 adult recipients of standard maintenance hemodialysis from in-center and home-based hemodialysis programs to <span class="hlt">extended</span> weekly (≥24 hours) or standard (target 12-15 hours, maximum 18 hours) hemodialysis hours for 12 months. The primary outcome was change in quality of life from baseline assessed by the EuroQol 5 dimension instrument (3 level) (EQ-5D). Secondary outcomes included medication usage, clinical laboratory values, vascular <span class="hlt">access</span> events, and change in left ventricular mass index. At 12 months, median weekly hemodialysis hours were 24.0 (interquartile range, 23.6-24.0) and 12.0 (interquartile range, 12.0-16.0) in the <span class="hlt">extended</span> and standard groups, respectively. Change in EQ-5D score at study end did not differ between groups (mean difference, 0.04 [95% confidence interval, -0.03 to 0.11]; P =0.29). <span class="hlt">Extended</span> hours were associated with lower phosphate and potassium levels and higher hemoglobin levels. Blood pressure (BP) did not differ between groups at study end. <span class="hlt">Extended</span> hours were associated with fewer BP-lowering agents and phosphate-binding medications, but were not associated with erythropoietin dosing. In a substudy with 95 patients, we detected no difference between groups in left ventricular mass index (mean difference, -6.0 [95% confidence interval, -14.8 to 2.7] g/m 2 ; P =0.18). Five deaths occurred in the <span class="hlt">extended</span> group and two in the standard group ( P =0.44); two participants in each group withdrew consent. Similar numbers of patients experienced vascular <span class="hlt">access</span> events in the two groups. Thus, <span class="hlt">extending</span> weekly hemodialysis hours did not alter overall EQ-5D quality of life score, but was associated with improvement in some laboratory parameters and reductions in medication burden. (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00649298). Copyright © 2017 by the American Society of Nephrology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24606254','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24606254"><span>Long term estimations of low frequency noise levels over water from an off-shore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bolin, Karl; Almgren, Martin; Ohlsson, Esbjörn; Karasalo, Ilkka</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>This article focuses on computations of low frequency sound propagation from an off-shore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm. Two different methods for sound propagation calculations are combined with meteorological data for every 3 hours in the year 2010 to examine the varying noise levels at a reception point at 13 km distance. It is shown that sound propagation conditions play a vital role in the noise impact from the off-shore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm and ordinary assessment methods can become inaccurate at longer propagation distances over water. Therefore, this paper suggests that methodologies to calculate noise immission with realistic sound speed profiles need to be combined with meteorological data over <span class="hlt">extended</span> time periods to evaluate the impact of low frequency noise from modern off-shore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1220428','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1220428"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Vision: A New Era for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power in the United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>U.S. Department of Energy</p> <p></p> <p>With more than 4.5% of the nation's electricity supplied by <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy today, the Department of Energy has collaborated with industry, environmental organizations, academic institutions, and national laboratories to develop a renewed <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Vision, documenting the contributions of <span class="hlt">wind</span> to date and envisioning a future where <span class="hlt">wind</span> continues to provide key contributions to the nation’s energy portfolio. Building on and updating the 2008 20% <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy by 2030 report, the new <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Vision Report quantifies the economic, environmental, and social benefits of a robust <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy future and the actions that <span class="hlt">wind</span> stakeholders can take to make it a reality.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1343609','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1343609"><span>Improved Estimates of Moments and <span class="hlt">Winds</span> from Radar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Profiler</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Helmus, Jonathan; Ghate, Virendra P.</p> <p>2017-01-02</p> <p>The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility (ACRF) operates nine radar <span class="hlt">wind</span> profilers (RWP) across its sites. These RWPs operate at 915 MHz or 1290 MHz frequency and report the first three moments of the Doppler spectrum. The operational settings of the RWP were modified in summer, 2015 to have single pulse length setting for the <span class="hlt">wind</span> mode and two pulse length settings for the precipitation mode. The moments data collected during the <span class="hlt">wind</span> mode are used to retrieve horizontal <span class="hlt">winds</span>. The vendor-reported <span class="hlt">winds</span> are available at variable time resolution (10 mins, 60 mins,more » etc.) and contain a significant amount of contamination due to noise and clutter. In this data product we have recalculated the moments and the <span class="hlt">winds</span> from the raw radar Doppler spectrum and have made efforts to mitigate the contamination due to instrument noise in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> estimates. Additionally, the moments and <span class="hlt">wind</span> data has been reported in a harmonized layout identical for all locations and sites.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1400355','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1400355"><span>Benchmarking U.S. Small <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Costs with the Distributed <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Taxonomy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Orrell, Alice C.; Poehlman, Eric A.</p> <p></p> <p>The objective of this report is to benchmark costs for small <span class="hlt">wind</span> projects installed in the United States using a distributed <span class="hlt">wind</span> taxonomy. Consequently, this report is a starting point to help expand the U.S. distributed <span class="hlt">wind</span> market by informing potential areas for small <span class="hlt">wind</span> cost-reduction opportunities and providing a benchmark to track future small <span class="hlt">wind</span> cost-reduction progress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27278360','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27278360"><span>Effects of El Niño-driven changes in <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns on North Pacific albatrosses.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thorne, L H; Conners, M G; Hazen, E L; Bograd, S J; Antolos, M; Costa, D P; Shaffer, S A</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Changes to patterns of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and ocean currents are tightly linked to climate change and have important implications for cost of travel and energy budgets in marine vertebrates. We evaluated how El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-driven <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns affected breeding Laysan and black-footed albatross across a decade of study. Owing to latitudinal variation in <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns, <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed differed between habitat used during incubation and brooding; during La Niña conditions, <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds were lower in incubating Laysan (though not black-footed) albatross habitat, but higher in habitats used by brooding albatrosses. Incubating Laysan albatrosses benefited from increased <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds during El Niño conditions, showing increased travel speeds and mass gained during foraging trips. However, brooding albatrosses did not benefit from stronger <span class="hlt">winds</span> during La Niña conditions, instead experiencing stronger cumulative headwinds and a smaller proportion of trips in tailwinds. Increased travel costs during brooding may contribute to the lower reproductive success observed in La Niña conditions. Furthermore, benefits of stronger <span class="hlt">winds</span> in incubating habitat may explain the higher reproductive success of Laysan albatross during El Niño conditions. Our findings highlight the importance of considering habitat <span class="hlt">accessibility</span> and cost of travel when evaluating the impacts of climate-driven habitat change on marine predators. © 2016 The Author(s).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4938084','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4938084"><span>Effects of El Niño-driven changes in <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns on North Pacific albatrosses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Thorne, L. H.; Conners, M. G.; Hazen, E. L.; Bograd, S. J.; Antolos, M.; Costa, D. P.; Shaffer, S. A.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Changes to patterns of <span class="hlt">wind</span> and ocean currents are tightly linked to climate change and have important implications for cost of travel and energy budgets in marine vertebrates. We evaluated how El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-driven <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns affected breeding Laysan and black-footed albatross across a decade of study. Owing to latitudinal variation in <span class="hlt">wind</span> patterns, <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed differed between habitat used during incubation and brooding; during La Niña conditions, <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds were lower in incubating Laysan (though not black-footed) albatross habitat, but higher in habitats used by brooding albatrosses. Incubating Laysan albatrosses benefited from increased <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds during El Niño conditions, showing increased travel speeds and mass gained during foraging trips. However, brooding albatrosses did not benefit from stronger <span class="hlt">winds</span> during La Niña conditions, instead experiencing stronger cumulative headwinds and a smaller proportion of trips in tailwinds. Increased travel costs during brooding may contribute to the lower reproductive success observed in La Niña conditions. Furthermore, benefits of stronger <span class="hlt">winds</span> in incubating habitat may explain the higher reproductive success of Laysan albatross during El Niño conditions. Our findings highlight the importance of considering habitat <span class="hlt">accessibility</span> and cost of travel when evaluating the impacts of climate-driven habitat change on marine predators. PMID:27278360</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1411128-uncertainty-propagation-through-aeroelastic-wind-turbine-model-using-polynomial-surrogates','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1411128-uncertainty-propagation-through-aeroelastic-wind-turbine-model-using-polynomial-surrogates"><span>Uncertainty propagation through an aeroelastic <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine model using polynomial surrogates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Murcia, Juan Pablo; Réthoré, Pierre-Elouan; Dimitrov, Nikolay</p> <p></p> <p>Polynomial surrogates are used to characterize the energy production and lifetime equivalent fatigue loads for different components of the DTU 10 MW reference <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine under realistic atmospheric conditions. The variability caused by different turbulent inflow fields are captured by creating independent surrogates for the mean and standard deviation of each output with respect to the inflow realizations. A global sensitivity analysis shows that the turbulent inflow realization has a bigger impact on the total distribution of equivalent fatigue loads than the shear coefficient or yaw miss-alignment. The methodology presented <span class="hlt">extends</span> the deterministic power and thrust coefficient curves to uncertaintymore » models and adds new variables like damage equivalent fatigue loads in different components of the turbine. These surrogate models can then be implemented inside other work-flows such as: estimation of the uncertainty in annual energy production due to <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource variability and/or robust <span class="hlt">wind</span> power plant layout optimization. It can be concluded that it is possible to capture the global behavior of a modern <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine and its uncertainty under realistic inflow conditions using polynomial response surfaces. In conclusion, the surrogates are a way to obtain power and load estimation under site specific characteristics without sharing the proprietary aeroelastic design.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1411128-uncertainty-propagation-through-aeroelastic-wind-turbine-model-using-polynomial-surrogates','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1411128-uncertainty-propagation-through-aeroelastic-wind-turbine-model-using-polynomial-surrogates"><span>Uncertainty propagation through an aeroelastic <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine model using polynomial surrogates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Murcia, Juan Pablo; Réthoré, Pierre-Elouan; Dimitrov, Nikolay; ...</p> <p>2017-07-17</p> <p>Polynomial surrogates are used to characterize the energy production and lifetime equivalent fatigue loads for different components of the DTU 10 MW reference <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine under realistic atmospheric conditions. The variability caused by different turbulent inflow fields are captured by creating independent surrogates for the mean and standard deviation of each output with respect to the inflow realizations. A global sensitivity analysis shows that the turbulent inflow realization has a bigger impact on the total distribution of equivalent fatigue loads than the shear coefficient or yaw miss-alignment. The methodology presented <span class="hlt">extends</span> the deterministic power and thrust coefficient curves to uncertaintymore » models and adds new variables like damage equivalent fatigue loads in different components of the turbine. These surrogate models can then be implemented inside other work-flows such as: estimation of the uncertainty in annual energy production due to <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource variability and/or robust <span class="hlt">wind</span> power plant layout optimization. It can be concluded that it is possible to capture the global behavior of a modern <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine and its uncertainty under realistic inflow conditions using polynomial response surfaces. In conclusion, the surrogates are a way to obtain power and load estimation under site specific characteristics without sharing the proprietary aeroelastic design.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010125600','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010125600"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Advisory System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Curto, Paul A. (Inventor); Brown, Gerald E. (Inventor); Zysko, Jan A. (Inventor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The present invention is a two-part <span class="hlt">wind</span> advisory system comprising a ground station at an airfield and an airborne unit placed inside an aircraft. The ground station monitors <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions (<span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction, and <span class="hlt">wind</span> gust) at the airfield and transmits the <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions and an airfield ID to the airborne unit. The airborne unit identifies the airfield by comparing the received airfield ID with airfield IDs stored in a database. The airborne unit also calculates the headwind and crosswind for each runway in both directions at the airfield using the received <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions and runway information stored in the database. The airborne unit then determines a recommended runway for takeoff and landing operations of the aircraft based on th runway having the greatest headwind value and displays the airfield ID, <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions, and recommended runway to the pilot. Another embodiment of the present invention includes a wireless internet based airborne unit in which the airborne unit can receive the <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions from the ground station over the internet.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1812780W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1812780W"><span>LIDAR <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed measurements at a Taiwan onshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> park</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Yu-Ting; Lin, Ta-Hui; Hsuan, Chung-Yao; Li, Yu-Cheng; Yang, Ya-Fei; Tai, Tzy-Hwan; Huang, Chien-Cheng</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Measurements of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed and <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction were carried out using a Leosphere Windcube LIDAR system at a Taiwan onshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> park. The Lidar shot a total of five laser beams to the atmosphere to collect the light-of-sight (LOS) velocity. Four beams were sent successively in four cardinal directions along a 28° scanning cone angle, followed by a fifth, vertical beam. An unchangeable sampling rate of approximately 1.2 Hz was set in the LIDAR system to collect the LOS velocity. The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data from two GE 1.5 MW <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines near the LIDAR deployment site were acquired for the whole measuring period from February 4 to February 16 of 2015. The SCADA data include the blade angular velocity, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity measured at hub height from an anemometer mounted on the nacelle, the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine yaw angle, and power production; each parameter was recorded as averages over 1-min periods. The data analysis involving the LIDAR measurements and the SCADA data were performed to obtain the turbulent flow statistics. The results show that the turbine power production has significant dependence to the <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed, <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction, turbulence intensity and <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-08-05/pdf/2010-19228.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-08-05/pdf/2010-19228.pdf"><span>75 FR 47301 - Cedro Hill <span class="hlt">Wind</span> LLC; Butler Ridge <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Center, LLC; High Majestic <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Center, LLC...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-08-05</p> <p>...- 000; EG10-34-000; EG10-34-000; EG10-35-000; EG10-36-000; EG10-37-000; EG10-38-000] Cedro Hill <span class="hlt">Wind</span> LLC; Butler Ridge <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Center, LLC; High Majestic <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Center, LLC; Wessington <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Center, LLC; Juniper Canyon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Power LLC; Loraine Windpark Project, LLC; White Oak Energy LLC; Meadow...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5022792','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5022792"><span>ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS OBSCURATION FROM <span class="hlt">WINDS</span>: FROM DUSTY INFRARED-DRIVEN TO WARM AND X-RAY PHOTOIONIZED</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dorodnitsyn, A.; Kallman, T.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>We present calculations of AGN <span class="hlt">winds</span> at ~parsec scales, along with the associated obscuration. We take into account the pressure of infrared radiation on dust grains and the interaction of X-rays from a central black hole with hot and cold plasma. Infrared radiation (IR) is incorporated in radiation-hydrodynamic simulations adopting the flux-limited diffusion approximation. We find that in the range of X-ray luminosities L=0.05 – 0.6Ledd, the Compton-thick part of the flow (aka torus) has an opening angle of approximately 72° – 75° regardless of the luminosity. At L ≳ 0.1 the outflowing dusty <span class="hlt">wind</span> provides the obscuration with IR pressure playing a major role. The global flow consists of two phases: the cold flow at inclinations θ ≳ 70° and a hot, ionized <span class="hlt">wind</span> of lower density at lower inclinations. The dynamical pressure of the hot <span class="hlt">wind</span> is important in shaping the denser IR supported flow. At luminosities ≤0.1Ledd episodes of outflow are followed by <span class="hlt">extended</span> periods when the <span class="hlt">wind</span> switches to slow accretion. PMID:27642184</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/wind/publications.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/wind/publications.html"><span>Publications | <span class="hlt">Wind</span> | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>-specific analysis can be used to assess the risk induced by loss of a <em><span class="hlt">wind</span></em> <em>turbine</em> blade. The study used for different <em><span class="hlt">wind</span></em> <em>turbine</em> configurations. The authors used assumptions specific to the National <em><span class="hlt">Wind</span></em> ., failure rate for <em><span class="hlt">wind</span></em> <em>turbine</em> rotors) are based on a 13-year-old report on <em><span class="hlt">wind</span></em> turbines installed in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A12F..02O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A12F..02O"><span>Improvements and Lingering Challenges with Modeling Low-Level <span class="hlt">Winds</span> Over Complex Terrain during the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Forecast Improvement Project 2</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Olson, J.; Kenyon, J.; Brown, J. M.; Angevine, W. M.; Marquis, M.; Pichugina, Y. L.; Choukulkar, A.; Bonin, T.; Banta, R. M.; Bianco, L.; Djalalova, I.; McCaffrey, K.; Wilczak, J. M.; Lantz, K. O.; Long, C. N.; Redfern, S.; McCaa, J. R.; Stoelinga, M.; Grimit, E.; Cline, J.; Shaw, W. J.; Lundquist, J. K.; Lundquist, K. A.; Kosovic, B.; Berg, L. K.; Kotamarthi, V. R.; Sharp, J.; Jiménez, P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Rapid Refresh (RAP) and High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) are NOAA real-time operational hourly updating forecast systems run at 13- and 3-km grid spacing, respectively. Both systems use the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) as the model component of the forecast system. During the second installment of the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP 2), the RAP/HRRR have been targeted for the improvement of low-level <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasts in the complex terrain within the Columbia River Basin (CRB), which requires much finer grid spacing to resolve important terrain peaks in the Cascade Mountains as well as the Columbia River Gorge. Therefore, this project provides a unique opportunity to test and develop the RAP/HRRR physics suite within a very high-resolution nest (Δx = 750 m) over the northwestern US. Special effort is made to incorporate scale-aware aspects into the model physical parameterizations to improve RAP/HRRR <span class="hlt">wind</span> forecasts for any application at any grid spacing. Many <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiling and scanning instruments have been deployed in the CRB in support the WFIP 2 field project, which spanned 01 October 2015 to 31 March 2017. During the project, several forecast error modes were identified, such as: (1) too-shallow cold pools during the cool season, which can mix-out more frequently than observed and (2) the low <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed bias in thermal trough-induced gap flows during the warm season. Development has been focused on the column-based turbulent mixing scheme to improve upon these biases, but investigating the effects of horizontal (and 3D) mixing has also helped improve some of the common forecast failure modes. This presentation will highlight the testing and development of various model components, showing the improvements over original versions for temperature and <span class="hlt">wind</span> profiles. Examples of case studies and retrospective periods will be presented to illustrate the improvements. We will demonstrate that the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1370089','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1370089"><span>Mapping of RNA <span class="hlt">accessible</span> sites by extension of random oligonucleotide libraries with reverse transcriptase.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Allawi, H T; Dong, F; Ip, H S; Neri, B P; Lyamichev, V I</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>A rapid and simple method for determining <span class="hlt">accessible</span> sites in RNA that is independent of the length of target RNA and does not require RNA labeling is described. In this method, target RNA is allowed to hybridize with sequence-randomized libraries of DNA oligonucleotides linked to a common tag sequence at their 5'-end. Annealed oligonucleotides are <span class="hlt">extended</span> with reverse transcriptase and the <span class="hlt">extended</span> products are then amplified by using PCR with a primer corresponding to the tag sequence and a second primer specific to the target RNA sequence. We used the combination of both the lengths of the RT-PCR products and the location of the binding site of the RNA-specific primer to determine which regions of the RNA molecules were RNA <span class="hlt">extendible</span> sites, that is, sites available for oligonucleotide binding and extension. We then employed this reverse transcription with the random oligonucleotide libraries (RT-ROL) method to determine the <span class="hlt">accessible</span> sites on four mRNA targets, human activated ras (ha-ras), human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), rabbit beta-globin, and human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Our results were concordant with those of other researchers who had used RNase H cleavage or hybridization with arrays of oligonucleotides to identify <span class="hlt">accessible</span> sites on some of these targets. Further, we found good correlation between sites when we compared the location of <span class="hlt">extendible</span> sites identified by RT-ROL with hybridization sites of effective antisense oligonucleotides on ICAM-1 mRNA in antisense inhibition studies. Finally, we discuss the relationship between RNA <span class="hlt">extendible</span> sites and RNA <span class="hlt">accessibility</span>. PMID:11233988</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.A33H..01M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.A33H..01M"><span>Impacts of past and future climate change on <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy resources in the United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McCaa, J. R.; Wood, A.; Eichelberger, S.; Westrick, K.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>The links between climate change and trends in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy resources have important potential implications for the <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy industry, and have received significant attention in recent studies. We have conducted two studies that provide insights into the potential for climate change to affect future <span class="hlt">wind</span> power production. In one experiment, we projected changes in power capacity for a hypothetical <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm located near Kennewick, Washington, due to greenhouse gas-induced climate change, estimated using a set of regional climate model simulations. Our results show that the annual <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm power capacity is projected to decrease 1.3% by 2050. In a wider study focusing on <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed instead of power, we analyzed projected changes in <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed from 14 different climate simulations that were performed in support of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4). Our results show that the predicted ensemble mean changes in annual mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds are expected to be modest. However, seasonal changes and changes predicted by individual models are large enough to affect the profitability of existing and future <span class="hlt">wind</span> projects. The majority of the model simulations reveal that near-surface <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed values are expected to shift poleward in response to the IPCC A2 emission scenario, particularly during the winter season. In the United States, most models agree that the mean annual <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed values will increase in a region <span class="hlt">extending</span> from the Great Lakes southward across the Midwest and into Texas. Decreased values, though, are predicted across most of the western United States. However, these predicted changes have a strong seasonal dependence, with <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed increases over most of the United States during the winter and decreases over the northern United States during the summer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.753c2005B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.753c2005B"><span>A control-oriented dynamic <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm flow model: “WFSim”</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Boersma, S.; Gebraad, P. M. O.; Vali, M.; Doekemeijer, B. M.; van Wingerden, J. W.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>In this paper, we present and <span class="hlt">extend</span> the dynamic medium fidelity control-oriented <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm Simulator (WFSim) model. WFSim resolves flow fields in <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms in a horizontal, two dimensional plane. It is based on the spatially and temporally discretised two dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and the continuity equation and solves for a predefined grid and <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm topology. The force on the flow field generated by turbines is modelled using actuator disk theory. Sparsity in system matrices is exploited in WFSim, which enables a relatively fast flow field computation. The extensions to WFSim we present in this paper are the inclusion of a wake redirection model, a turbulence model and a linearisation of the nonlinear WFSim model equations. The first is important because it allows us to carry out wake redirection control and simulate situations with an inflow that is misaligned with the rotor plane. The wake redirection model is validated against a theoretical wake centreline known from literature. The second extension makes WFSim more realistic because it accounts for wake recovery. The amount of recovery is validated using a high fidelity simulation model Simulator fOr <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm Applications (SOWFA) for a two turbine test case. Finally, a linearisation is important since it allows the application of more standard analysis, observer and control techniques.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.555a2035F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.555a2035F"><span>Operating <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in strong <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions by using feedforward-feedback control</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Feng, Ju; Sheng, Wen Zhong</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Due to the increasing penetration of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy into power systems, it becomes critical to reduce the impact of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy on the stability and reliability of the overall power system. In precedent works, Shen and his co-workers developed a re-designed operation schema to run <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in strong <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions based on optimization method and standard PI feedback control, which can prevent the typical shutdowns of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines when reaching the cut-out <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. In this paper, a new control strategy combing the standard PI feedback control with feedforward controls using the optimization results is investigated for the operation of variable-speed pitch-regulated <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in strong <span class="hlt">wind</span> conditions. It is shown that the developed control strategy is capable of smoothening the power output of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine and avoiding its sudden showdown at high <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds without worsening the loads on rotor and blades.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890019180','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890019180"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> models for the NSTS ascent trajectory biasing for <span class="hlt">wind</span> load alleviation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Smith, O. E.; Adelfang, S. I.; Batts, G. W.; Hill, C. K.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>New concepts are presented for aerospace vehicle ascent <span class="hlt">wind</span> profile biasing. The purpose for <span class="hlt">wind</span> biasing the ascent trajectory is to provide ascent <span class="hlt">wind</span> loads relief and thus decrease the probability for launch delays due to <span class="hlt">wind</span> loads exceeding critical limits. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> biasing trajectories to the profile of monthly mean <span class="hlt">winds</span> have been widely used for this purpose. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> profile models presented give additional alternatives for <span class="hlt">wind</span> biased trajectories. They are derived from the properties of the bivariate normal probability function using the available <span class="hlt">wind</span> statistical parameters for the launch site. The analytical expressions are presented to permit generalizations. Specific examples are given to illustrate the procedures. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> profile models can be used to establish the ascent trajectory steering commands to guide the vehicle through the first stage. For the National Space Transportation System (NSTS) program these steering commands are called I-loads.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2043D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.891a2043D"><span>Numerical investigation of air flow in a supersonic <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Drozdov, S. M.; Rtishcheva, A. S.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>In the framework of TsAGI’s supersonic <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel modernization program aimed at improving flow quality and <span class="hlt">extending</span> the range of test regimes it was required to design and numerically validate a new test section and a set of shaped nozzles: two flat nozzles with flow Mach number at nozzle exit M=4 and M=5 and two axisymmetric nozzles with M=5 and M=6. Geometric configuration of the nozzles, the test section (an Eiffel chamber) and the diffuser was chosen according to the results of preliminary calculations of two-dimensional air flow in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel circuit. The most important part of the work are three-dimensional flow simulation results obtained using ANSYS Fluent software. The following flow properties were investigated: Mach number, total and static pressure, total and static temperature and turbulent viscosity ratio distribution, heat flux density at <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel walls (for high-temperature flow regimes). It is demonstrated that flow perturbations emerging from the junction of the nozzle with the test section and spreading down the test section behind the boundaries of characteristic rhomb’s reverse wedge are nearly impossible to eliminate. Therefore, in order to perform tests under most uniform flow conditions, the model’s center of rotation and optical window axis should be placed as close to the center of the characteristic rhomb as possible. The obtained results became part of scientific and technical basis of supersonic <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel design process and were applied to a generalized class of similar <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRE..122.1119C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRE..122.1119C"><span>Earth aeolian <span class="hlt">wind</span> streaks: Comparison to <span class="hlt">wind</span> data from model and stations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cohen-Zada, A. L.; Maman, S.; Blumberg, D. G.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> streak is a collective term for a variety of aeolian features that display distinctive albedo surface patterns. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> streaks have been used to map near-surface <span class="hlt">winds</span> and to estimate atmospheric circulation patterns on Mars and Venus. However, because <span class="hlt">wind</span> streaks have been studied mostly on Mars and Venus, much of the knowledge regarding the mechanism and time frame of their formation and their relationship to the atmospheric circulation cannot be verified. This study aims to validate previous studies' results by a comparison of real and modeled <span class="hlt">wind</span> data with <span class="hlt">wind</span> streak orientations as measured from remote-sensing images. Orientations of Earth <span class="hlt">wind</span> streaks were statistically correlated to resultant drift direction (RDD) values calculated from reanalysis and <span class="hlt">wind</span> data from 621 weather stations. The results showed good agreement between <span class="hlt">wind</span> streak orientations and reanalysis RDD (r = 0.78). A moderate correlation was found between the <span class="hlt">wind</span> streak orientations and the weather station data (r = 0.47); a similar trend was revealed on a regional scale when the analysis was performed by continent, with r ranging from 0.641 in North America to 0.922 in Antarctica. At sites where <span class="hlt">wind</span> streak orientations did not correspond to the RDDs (i.e., a difference of 45°), seasonal and diurnal variations in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> flow were found to be responsible for deviation from the global pattern. The study thus confirms that Earth <span class="hlt">wind</span> streaks were formed by the present <span class="hlt">wind</span> regime and they are indeed indicative of the long-term prevailing <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction on global and regional scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110010004','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110010004"><span>Evaluation of Simultaneous Multisine Excitation of the Joined Wing SensorCraft Aeroelastic <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Tunnel Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Heeg, Jennifer; Morelli, Eugene A.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Multiple mutually orthogonal signals comprise excitation data sets for aeroservoelastic system identification. A multisine signal is a sum of harmonic sinusoid components. A set of these signals is made orthogonal by distribution of the frequency content such that each signal contains unique frequencies. This research <span class="hlt">extends</span> the range of application of an excitation method developed for stability and control flight testing to aeroservoelastic modeling from <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel testing. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> tunnel data for the Joined Wing SensorCraft model validates this method, demonstrating that these signals applied simultaneously reproduce the frequency response estimates achieved from one-at-a-time excitation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT.......152W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT.......152W"><span>Land Use, Land Conservation, and <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Development Outcomes in New England</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Weimar, William Cameron</p> <p></p> <p>This dissertation provides three independent research inquiries. The first examines how inter-governmental policy, site-specific, and social factors lead to the success, prolonged delay, or failure of inland <span class="hlt">wind</span> power projects in New England. The three case studies examined include the 48 megawatt Glebe Mountain <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm proposal in southern Vermont, the 30 megawatt Hoosac <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm in western Massachusetts, and the 24 megawatt Lempster <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm in southern New Hampshire. To ascertain why the project outcomes varied, 45 semi-structured interviews were conducted with a range of stakeholders, including <span class="hlt">wind</span> development firms, utility companies, state regulatory agencies, regional planning commissions, town officials, land conservation organizations, and opposition groups. The second study establishes a comprehensive set of thirty-seven explanatory variables to determine the amount of suitable land and the corresponding electricity generation potential within the prime <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource areas of Western Massachusetts. The explanatory variables are incorporated into Boolean GIS suitability models which represent the two divergent positions towards <span class="hlt">wind</span> power development in Massachusetts, and a third, balanced model. The third study determines that exurban residential development is not the only land use factor that reduces <span class="hlt">wind</span> power development potential in Western Massachusetts. A set of Boolean GIS models for 1985 and 2009 find the onset of conservation easements on private lands having the largest impact. During this 25 year period a combination of land use conversion and land conservation has reduced the <span class="hlt">access</span> to prime <span class="hlt">wind</span> resource areas by 18% (11,601 hectares), an equivalent loss of 5,800--8,700 GWh/year of zero carbon electricity generation. The six main findings from this research are: (1) Visual aesthetics remain the main factor of opposition to specific projects; (2) The Not-in-my Backyard debate for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power remains unsettled; (3) Widespread support</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22560317-accessible-solitons-fractional-dimension','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22560317-accessible-solitons-fractional-dimension"><span><span class="hlt">Accessible</span> solitons of fractional dimension</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhong, Wei-Ping, E-mail: zhongwp6@126.com; Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha; Belić, Milivoj</p> <p></p> <p>We demonstrate that <span class="hlt">accessible</span> solitons described by an <span class="hlt">extended</span> Schrödinger equation with the Laplacian of fractional dimension can exist in strongly nonlocal nonlinear media. The soliton solutions of the model are constructed by two special functions, the associated Legendre polynomials and the Laguerre polynomials in the fraction-dimensional space. Our results show that these fractional <span class="hlt">accessible</span> solitons form a soliton family which includes crescent solitons, and asymmetric single-layer and multi-layer necklace solitons. -- Highlights: •Analytic solutions of a fractional Schrödinger equation are obtained. •The solutions are produced by means of self-similar method applied to the fractional Schrödinger equation with parabolic potential.more » •The fractional <span class="hlt">accessible</span> solitons form crescent, asymmetric single-layer and multilayer necklace profiles. •The model applies to the propagation of optical pulses in strongly nonlocal nonlinear media.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA00791&hterms=cost+wind&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dcost%2Bwind','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA00791&hterms=cost+wind&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dcost%2Bwind"><span>Dust <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Tails Around Rocks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>This image was taken by the Sojourner rover's left front camera on Sol 32. The Pathfinder lander is at right and is about 9 meters away. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> tails of dust are clearly seen <span class="hlt">extending</span> from the left side of many of the small rocks in the foreground. The large rocks on the horizon at left center are the next goal of Sojourner as it continues our exploration of Mars.<p/>Mars Pathfinder is the second in NASA's Discovery program of low-cost spacecraft with highly focused science goals. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, developed and managed the Mars Pathfinder mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.632a2036E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.632a2036E"><span>Supernova remnants and pulsar <span class="hlt">wind</span> nebulae with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eger, Peter</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>The observation of very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) gamma rays is an excellent tool to study the most energetic and violent environments in the Galaxy. This energy range is only <span class="hlt">accessible</span> with ground-based instruments such as Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) that reconstruct the energy and direction of the primary gamma ray by observing the Cherenkov light from the induced <span class="hlt">extended</span> air showers in Earths atmosphere. The main goals of Galactic VHE gamma-ray science are the identification of individual sources of cosmic rays (CRs), such as supernova remnants (SNRs), and the study of other extreme astrophysical objects at the highest energies, such as gamma-ray binaries and pulsar <span class="hlt">wind</span> nebulae (PWNe). One of the main challenges is the discrimination between leptonic and hadronic gamma-ray production channels. To that end, the gamma-ray signal from each individual source needs to be brought into context with the multi-wavelength environment of the astrophysical object in question, particularly with observations tracing the density of the surrounding interstellar medium, or synchrotron radiation from relativistic electrons. In this review presented at the European Cosmic Ray Symposium 2014 (ECRS2014), the most recent developments in the field of Galactic VHE gamma-ray science are highlighted, with particular emphasis on SNRs and PWNe.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950054923&hterms=gray+wolf&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dgray%2Bwolf','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950054923&hterms=gray+wolf&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dgray%2Bwolf"><span>Momentum deposition on Wolf-Rayet <span class="hlt">winds</span>: Nonisotropic diffusion with effective gray opacity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gayley, Kenneth G.; Owocki, Stanley P.; Cranmer, Steven R.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>We derive the velocity and mass-loss rate of a steady state Wolf-Rayet (WR) <span class="hlt">wind</span>, using a nonisotropic diffusion approximation applied to the transfer between strongly overlapping spectral lines. Following the approach of Friend & Castor (1983), the line list is assumed to approximate a statistically parameterized Poisson distribution in frequency, so that photon transport is controlled by an angle-dependent, effectively gray opacity. We show the nonisotropic diffusion approximation yields good agreement with more accurate numerical treatments of the radiative transfer, while providing analytic insight into <span class="hlt">wind</span> driving by multiple scattering. We illustrate, in particular, that multiple radiative momentum deposition does not require that potons be repeatedly reflected across substantial distances within the spherical envelope, but indeed is greatest when photons undergo a nearly local diffusion, e.g., through scattering by many lines closely spaced in frequency. Our results reiterate the view that the so-called 'momentum problem' of Wolf-Rayet <span class="hlt">winds</span> is better characterized as an 'opacity problem' of simply identfying enough lines. One way of increasing the number of thick lines in Wolf-Rayet <span class="hlt">winds</span> is to transfer opacity from saturated to unsaturated lines, yielding a steeper opacity distribution than that found in OB <span class="hlt">winds</span>. We discuss the implications of this perspective for <span class="hlt">extending</span> our approach to W-R <span class="hlt">wind</span> models that incorporate a more fundamental treatment of the ionization and excitation processes that determine the line opacity. In particular, we argue that developing statistical descriptions of the lines to allow an improved effective opacity for the line ensemble would offer several advantages for deriving such more fundamental W-R <span class="hlt">wind</span> models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...442..296G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...442..296G"><span>Momentum deposition on Wolf-Rayet <span class="hlt">winds</span>: Nonisotropic diffusion with effective gray opacity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gayley, Kenneth G.; Owocki, Stanley P.; Cranmer, Steven R.</p> <p>1995-03-01</p> <p>We derive the velocity and mass-loss rate of a steady state Wolf-Rayet (WR) <span class="hlt">wind</span>, using a nonisotropic diffusion approximation applied to the transfer between strongly overlapping spectral lines. Following the approach of Friend & Castor (1983), the line list is assumed to approximate a statistically parameterized Poisson distribution in frequency, so that photon transport is controlled by an angle-dependent, effectively gray opacity. We show the nonisotropic diffusion approximation yields good agreement with more accurate numerical treatments of the radiative transfer, while providing analytic insight into <span class="hlt">wind</span> driving by multiple scattering. We illustrate, in particular, that multiple radiative momentum deposition does not require that photons be repeatedly reflected across substantial distances within the spherical envelope, but indeed is greatest when photons undergo a nearly local diffusion, e.g., through scattering by many lines closely spaced in frequency. Our results reiterate the view that the so-called 'momentum problem' of Wolf-Rayet <span class="hlt">winds</span> is better characterized as an 'opacity problem' of simply identifying enough lines. One way of increasing the number of thick lines in Wolf-Rayet <span class="hlt">winds</span> is to transfer opacity from saturated to unsaturated lines, yielding a steeper opacity distribution than that found in OB <span class="hlt">winds</span>. We discuss the implications of this perspective for <span class="hlt">extending</span> our approach to W-R <span class="hlt">wind</span> models that incorporate a more fundamental treatment of the ionization and excitation processes that determine the line opacity. In particular, we argue that developing statistical descriptions of the lines to allow an improved effective opacity for the line ensemble would offer several advantages for deriving such more fundamental W-R <span class="hlt">wind</span> models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009LNCS.5695..127B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009LNCS.5695..127B"><span>An <span class="hlt">Extended</span> Role-Based <span class="hlt">Access</span> Control Model for Delegating Obligations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ben-Ghorbel-Talbi, Meriam; Cuppens, Frédéric; Cuppens-Boulahia, Nora; Bouhoula, Adel</p> <p></p> <p>The main aim of <span class="hlt">access</span> control models is to provide means to simplify the management of the security policy, which is a fastidious and error-prone task. Supporting delegation is considered as an important mean to decentralize the administration and therefore to allow security policy to be more flexible and easier to manipulate. Our main contribution is the proposition of a unified model to the administration and delegation of obligations. Managing such delegations implies more requirements than managing traditional privileges delegation. In fact, delegating obligations may include two interpretations: the delegation of the obligation and the delegation of the responsibility related to this obligation. Therefore, it is important to deal with these two notions separately. Moreover, since delegating an obligation involves the delegation of sanctions, then the consent of the user who receives this delegation may be required in some cases. We address in this paper these requirements and we propose a formalism to deal with them.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.468.1522V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.468.1522V"><span>Neutrino-heated <span class="hlt">winds</span> from millisecond protomagnetars as sources of the weak r-process</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vlasov, Andrey D.; Metzger, Brian D.; Lippuner, Jonas; Roberts, Luke F.; Thompson, Todd A.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>We explore heavy element nucleosynthesis in neutrino-driven <span class="hlt">winds</span> from rapidly rotating, strongly magnetized protoneutron stars ('millisecond protomagnetars') for which the magnetic dipole is aligned with the rotation axis, and the field is assumed to be a static force-free configuration. We process the protomagnetar <span class="hlt">wind</span> trajectories calculated by Vlasov, Metzger & Thompson through the r-process nuclear reaction network SkyNet using contemporary models for the evolution of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> electron fraction during the protoneutron star cooling phase. Although we do not find a successful second or third-peak r-process for any rotation period P, we show that protomagnetars with P ˜ 1-5 ms produce heavy element abundance distributions that <span class="hlt">extend</span> to higher nuclear mass number than from otherwise equivalent spherical <span class="hlt">winds</span> (with the mass fractions of some elements enhanced by factors of ≳100-1000). The heaviest elements are synthesized by outflows emerging along flux tubes that graze the closed zone and pass near the equatorial plane outside the light cylinder. Due to dependence of the nucleosynthesis pattern on the magnetic field strength and rotation rate of the protoneutron star, natural variations in these quantities between core collapse events could contribute to the observed diversity of the abundances of weak r-process nuclei in metal-poor stars. Further diversity, including possibly even a successful third-peak r-process, could be achieved for misaligned rotators with non-zero magnetic inclination with respect to the rotation axis. If protomagnetars are central engines for GRBs, their relativistic jets should contain a high-mass fraction of heavy nuclei of characteristic mass number \\bar{A}≈ 100, providing a possible source for ultrahigh energy cosmic rays comprised of heavy nuclei with an energy spectrum that <span class="hlt">extends</span> beyond the nominal Grezin-Zatsepin-Kuzmin cut-off for protons or iron nuclei.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDA27007Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDA27007Y"><span>Wake characteristics of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in utility-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Xiaolei; Foti, Daniel; Sotiropoulos, Fotis</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The dynamics of turbine wakes is affected by turbine operating conditions, ambient atmospheric turbulent flows, and wakes from upwind turbines. Investigations of the wake from a single turbine have been extensively carried out in the literature. Studies on the wake dynamics in utility-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms are relatively limited. In this work, we employ large-eddy simulation with an actuator surface or actuator line model for turbine blades to investigate the wake dynamics in utility-scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms. Simulations of three <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms, i.e., the Horns Rev <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm in Denmark, Pleasant Valley <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm in Minnesota, and the Vantage <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm in Washington are carried out. The computed power shows a good agreement with measurements. Analysis of the wake dynamics in the three <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms is underway and will be presented in the conference. This work was support by Xcel Energy (RD4-13). The computational resources were provided by National Renewable Energy Laboratory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937636','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937636"><span>[Fire behavior of ground surface fuels in Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica mixed forest under no <span class="hlt">wind</span> and zero slope condition: a prediction with <span class="hlt">extended</span> Rothermel model].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Ji-Li; Liu, Bo-Fei; Chu, Teng-Fei; Di, Xue-Ying; Jin, Sen</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>A laboratory burning experiment was conducted to measure the fire spread speed, residual time, reaction intensity, fireline intensity, and flame length of the ground surface fuels collected from a Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) mixed stand in Maoer Mountains of Northeast China under the conditions of no <span class="hlt">wind</span>, zero slope, and different moisture content, load, and mixture ratio of the fuels. The results measured were compared with those predicted by the <span class="hlt">extended</span> Rothermel model to test the performance of the model, especially for the effects of two different weighting methods on the fire behavior modeling of the mixed fuels. With the prediction of the model, the mean absolute errors of the fire spread speed and reaction intensity of the fuels were 0.04 m X min(-1) and 77 kW X m(-2), their mean relative errors were 16% and 22%, while the mean absolute errors of residual time, fireline intensity and flame length were 15.5 s, 17.3 kW X m(-1), and 9.7 cm, and their mean relative errors were 55.5%, 48.7%, and 24%, respectively, indicating that the predicted values of residual time, fireline intensity, and flame length were lower than the observed ones. These errors could be regarded as the lower limits for the application of the <span class="hlt">extended</span> Rothermel model in predicting the fire behavior of similar fuel types, and provide valuable information for using the model to predict the fire behavior under the similar field conditions. As a whole, the two different weighting methods did not show significant difference in predicting the fire behavior of the mixed fuels by <span class="hlt">extended</span> Rothermel model. When the proportion of Korean pine fuels was lower, the predicted values of spread speed and reaction intensity obtained by surface area weighting method and those of fireline intensity and flame length obtained by load weighting method were higher; when the proportion of Korean pine needles was higher, the contrary results were obtained.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1339078','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1339078"><span>Reducing <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Curtailment through Transmission Expansion in a <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Vision Future</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jorgensen, Jennie; Mai, Trieu; Brinkman, Greg</p> <p></p> <p>The Department of Energy's 2015 <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Vision study, which analyzed an ambitious scenario where <span class="hlt">wind</span> power served 35% of U.S. electricity consumption in 2050, showed the potential for <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy to provide substantial health, environmental, and economic benefits. Using a commercial unit commitment and economic dispatch model, we build on this research by assessing the hourly operational feasibility of a similar high <span class="hlt">wind</span> future in the Western United States. Our detailed simulations found no hours of unmet load or reserve violations with more than 35% potential <span class="hlt">wind</span> (and 12% potential solar) available on the system, which highlights the technical possibilitymore » of integrating large amounts of <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy. However, absent significant changes to the western grid, we find that substantial <span class="hlt">wind</span> curtailment could be an issue, as it could degrade the potential for <span class="hlt">wind</span> power to reduce fuel costs and lowering the emission benefits. To assess the value of transmission to mitigate <span class="hlt">wind</span> curtailment, we model a suite of transmission expansion scenarios. We find that <span class="hlt">wind</span> curtailment could be reduced by approximately half under a scenario where new transmission is based only on proposed projects. This avoided <span class="hlt">wind</span> curtailment could lower annual production costs and reduce carbon dioxide emissions substantially. Greater transmission expansion was found to yield further benefits, although the marginal benefits of these new lines were found to decline. Overall, these results suggest that power systems operation can be realized with more than 35% <span class="hlt">wind</span> penetration, but that transmission expansion is likely to play a vital role.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5530331','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5530331"><span><span class="hlt">Extended</span> opening hours and patient experience of general practice in England: multilevel regression analysis of a national patient survey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cowling, Thomas E; Harris, Matthew; Majeed, Azeem</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Background The UK government plans to <span class="hlt">extend</span> the opening hours of general practices in England. The ‘<span class="hlt">extended</span> hours <span class="hlt">access</span> scheme’ pays practices for providing appointments outside core times (08:00 to 18.30, Monday to Friday) for at least 30 min per 1000 registered patients each week. Objective To determine the association between <span class="hlt">extended</span> hours <span class="hlt">access</span> scheme participation and patient experience. Methods Retrospective analysis of a national cross-sectional survey completed by questionnaire (General Practice Patient Survey 2013–2014); 903 357 survey respondents aged ≥18 years old and registered to 8005 general practices formed the study population. Outcome measures were satisfaction with opening hours, experience of making an appointment and overall experience (on five-level interval scales from 0 to 100). Mean differences between scheme participation groups were estimated using multilevel random-effects regression, propensity score matching and instrumental variable analysis. Results Most patients were very (37.2%) or fairly satisfied (42.7%) with the opening hours of their general practices; results were similar for experience of making an appointment and overall experience. Most general practices participated in the <span class="hlt">extended</span> hours <span class="hlt">access</span> scheme (73.9%). Mean differences in outcome measures between scheme participants and non-participants were positive but small across estimation methods (mean differences ≤1.79). For example, scheme participation was associated with a 1.25 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.55) increase in satisfaction with opening hours using multilevel regression; this association was slightly greater when patients could not take time off work to see a general practitioner (2.08, 95% CI 1.53 to 2.63). Conclusions Participation in the <span class="hlt">extended</span> hours <span class="hlt">access</span> scheme has a limited association with three patient experience measures. This questions expected impacts of current plans to <span class="hlt">extend</span> opening hours on patient experience. PMID:27343274</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840020745','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840020745"><span>The F2 <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel at Fauga-Mauzac</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Afchain, D.; Broussaud, P.; Frugier, M.; Rancarani, G.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>Details on the French subsonic <span class="hlt">wind</span>-tunnel F2 that becomes operational on July 1983 are presented. Some of the requirements were: (1) installation of models on any wall of the facility, (2) good observation points due to transparent walls, (3) smooth flow, (4) a laser velocimeter, and (5) easy <span class="hlt">access</span> and handling. The characteristics include a nonpressurized return circuit, dimensions of 5 x 1.4 x 1.8 m, maximum velocity of 100 m/s and a variable speed fan of 683 kW.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhA...49t5302A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhA...49t5302A"><span><span class="hlt">Extending</span> quantum mechanics entails <span class="hlt">extending</span> special relativity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aravinda, S.; Srikanth, R.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>The complementarity between signaling and randomness in any communicated resource that can simulate singlet statistics is generalized by relaxing the assumption of free will in the choice of measurement settings. We show how to construct an ontological extension for quantum mechanics (QMs) through the oblivious embedding of a sound simulation protocol in a Newtonian spacetime. Minkowski or other intermediate spacetimes are ruled out as the locus of the embedding by virtue of hidden influence inequalities. The complementarity transferred from a simulation to the extension unifies a number of results about quantum non-locality, and implies that special relativity has a different significance for the ontological model and for the operational theory it reproduces. Only the latter, being experimentally <span class="hlt">accessible</span>, is required to be Lorentz covariant. There may be certain Lorentz non-covariant elements at the ontological level, but they will be inaccessible at the operational level in a valid extension. Certain arguments against the <span class="hlt">extendability</span> of QM, due to Conway and Kochen (2009) and Colbeck and Renner (2012), are attributed to their assumption that the spacetime at the ontological level has Minkowski causal structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000018004','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000018004"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> Forcing of the Pacific Ocean Using Scatterometer <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kelly, Kathryn A.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>The long-term objective of this research was an understanding of the <span class="hlt">wind</span>-forced ocean circulation, particularly for the Pacific Ocean. To determine the ocean's response to the <span class="hlt">winds</span>, we first needed to generate accurate maps of <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress. For the ocean's response to <span class="hlt">wind</span> stress we examined the sea surface height (SSH) both from altimeters and from numerical models for the Pacific Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160003380','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160003380"><span>CubeSat Constellation Cloud <span class="hlt">Winds</span>(C3<span class="hlt">Winds</span>) A New <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Observing System to Study Mesoscale Cloud Dynamics and Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wu, D. L.; Kelly, M.A.; Yee, J.-H.; Boldt, J.; Demajistre, R.; Reynolds, E. L.; Tripoli, G. J.; Oman, L. D.; Prive, N.; Heidinger, A. K.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20160003380'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20160003380_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20160003380_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20160003380_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20160003380_hide"></p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The CubeSat Constellation Cloud <span class="hlt">Winds</span> (C3<span class="hlt">Winds</span>) is a NASA Earth Venture Instrument (EV-I) concept with the primary objective to better understand mesoscale dynamics and their structures in severe weather systems. With potential catastrophic damage and loss of life, strong extratropical and tropical cyclones (ETCs and TCs) have profound three-dimensional impacts on the atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic structures, producing complex cloud precipitation patterns, strong low-level <span class="hlt">winds</span>, extensive tropopause folds, and intense stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Employing a compact, stereo IR-visible imaging technique from two formation-flying CubeSats, C3<span class="hlt">Winds</span> seeks to measure and map high-resolution (2 km) cloud motion vectors (CMVs) and cloud geometric height (CGH) accurately by tracking cloud features within 5-15 min. Complementary to lidar <span class="hlt">wind</span> observations from space, the high-resolution <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields from C3<span class="hlt">Winds</span> will allow detailed investigations on strong low-level <span class="hlt">wind</span> formation in an occluded ETC development, structural variations of TC inner-core rotation, and impacts of tropopause folding events on tropospheric ozone and air quality. Together with scatterometer ocean surface <span class="hlt">winds</span>, C3<span class="hlt">Winds</span> will provide a more comprehensive depiction of atmosphere-boundary-layer dynamics and interactive processes. Built upon mature imaging technologies and long history of stereoscopic remote sensing, C3<span class="hlt">Winds</span> provides an innovative, cost-effective solution to global <span class="hlt">wind</span> observations with potential of increased diurnal sampling via CubeSat constellation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1255206','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1255206"><span>IEA Task 32: <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Lidar Systems for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Deployment (LIDAR)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kuhn, Martin; Trabucchi, Davide; Clifton, Andrew</p> <p>2016-05-25</p> <p>Under the International Energy Agency <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Implementing Agreement (IEA <span class="hlt">Wind</span>) Task 11, researchers started examining novel applications for remote sensing and the issues around them during the 51st topical expert meeting about remote sensing in January 2007. The 59th topical expert meeting organized by Task 11 in October 2009 was also dedicated to remote sensing, and the first draft of the Task's recommended practices on remote sensing was published in January 2013. The results of the Task 11 topical expert meetings provided solid groundwork for a new IEA <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Task 32 on <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidar technologies. Members of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> communitymore » identified the need to consolidate the knowledge about <span class="hlt">wind</span> lidar systems to facilitate their use, and to investigate how to exploit the advantages offered by this technology. This was the motivation that led to the start of IEA <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Task 32 'Lidar Application for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy Deployment' in November 2011. The kick-off was meeting was held in May 2012.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..217a2019M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..217a2019M"><span>Assessment of C-Type Darrieus <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Under Low <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Speed Condition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Misaran, M. S.; Rahman, Md. M.; Muzammil, W. K.; Ismail, M. A.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Harvesting <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy in in a low <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed region is deem un-economical if not daunting task. Study shows that a minimum cut in speed of 3.5 m/s is required to extract a meaningful <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy for electricity while a mean speed of 6 m/s is preferred. However, in Malaysia the mean speed is at 2 m/s with certain potential areas having 3 m/s mean speed. Thus, this work aims to develop a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine that able to operate at lower cut-in speed and produce meaningful power for electricity generation. A C-type Darrieus blade is selected as it shows good potential to operate in arbitrary <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed condition. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine is designed and fabricated in UMS labs while the performance of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine is evaluated in a simulated <span class="hlt">wind</span> condition. Test result shows that the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine started to rotate at 1 m/s compared to a NACA 0012 Darrieus turbine that started to rotate at 3 m/s. The performance of the turbine shows that it have good potential to be used in an intermittent arbitrary <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed condition as well as low mean <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed condition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19970001871&hterms=network+thesis&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dnetwork%2Bthesis','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19970001871&hterms=network+thesis&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dnetwork%2Bthesis"><span>Automation of Some Operations of a <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Tunnel Using Artificial Neural Networks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Decker, Arthur J.; Buggele, Alvin E.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Artificial neural networks were used successfully to sequence operations in a small, recently modernized, supersonic <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel at NASA-Lewis Research Center. The neural nets generated correct estimates of shadowgraph patterns, pressure sensor readings and mach numbers for conditions occurring shortly after startup and <span class="hlt">extending</span> to fully developed flow. Artificial neural networks were trained and tested for estimating: sensor readings from shadowgraph patterns, shadowgraph patterns from shadowgraph patterns and sensor readings from sensor readings. The 3.81 by 10 in. (0.0968 by 0.254 m) tunnel was operated with its mach 2.0 nozzle, and shadowgraph was recorded near the nozzle exit. These results support the thesis that artificial neural networks can be combined with current workstation technology to automate <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel operations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-10-10/pdf/2012-24829.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-10-10/pdf/2012-24829.pdf"><span>77 FR 61597 - Avalon <span class="hlt">Wind</span>, LLC; Avalon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 2, LLC; Catalina Solar, LLC; Catalina Solar 2, LLC; Pacific <span class="hlt">Wind</span>...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-10</p> <p>... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Docket No. EL12-109-000] Avalon <span class="hlt">Wind</span>, LLC; Avalon <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 2, LLC; Catalina Solar, LLC; Catalina Solar 2, LLC; Pacific <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Lessee, LLC; Pacific <span class="hlt">Wind</span> 2, LLC; Valentine Solar, LLC; EDF Renewable Development, Inc.; Notice of Petition for Declaratory...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8690E..09K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8690E..09K"><span>Piezoelectric <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kishore, Ravi Anant; Priya, Shashank</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>In past few years, there has been significant focus towards developing small scale renewable energy based power sources for powering wireless sensor nodes in remote locations such as highways and bridges to conduct continuous health monitoring. These prior efforts have led to the development of micro-scale solar modules, hydrogen fuel cells and various vibration based energy harvesters. However, the cost effectiveness, reliability, and practicality of these solutions remain a concern. Harvesting the <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy using micro-to-small scale <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines can be an excellent solution in variety of outdoor scenarios provided they can operate at few miles per hour of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. The conventional electromagnetic generator used in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> mills always has some cogging torque which restricts their operation above certain cut-in <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed. This study aims to develop a novel piezoelectric <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine that utilizes bimorph actuators for electro-mechanical energy conversion. This device utilizes a Savonius rotor that is connected to a disk having magnets at the periphery. The piezoelectric actuators arranged circumferentially around the disk also have magnets at the tip which interacts with the magnetic field of the rotating disk and produces cyclical deflection. The <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel experiments were conducted between 2-12 mph of <span class="hlt">wind</span> speeds to characterize and optimize the power output of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. Further, testing was conducted in the open environment to quantify the response to random <span class="hlt">wind</span> gusts. An attempt was made towards integration of the piezoelectric <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine with the wireless sensor node.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/wind/land-based-wind.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/wind/land-based-wind.html"><span>Land-Based <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Research | <span class="hlt">Wind</span> | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><em>blades</em>. Technology Research Validation and Certification NREL engineers provide <span class="hlt">wind</span> industry <em>blades</em> stacked on their sides in a large parking lot ready for shipment. Manufacturing and Supply Chain safety vests and hardhats standing near a land-based <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine shaft with its <em>blades</em> on the ground in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120016041','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120016041"><span>Near-Earth Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Flows and Related Geomagnetic Activity During more than Four Solar Cycles (1963-2011)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Richardson, Ian G.; Cane, Hilary V.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>In past studies, we classified the near-Earth solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> into three basic flow types based on inspection of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> plasma and magnetic field parameters in the OMNI database and additional data (e.g., geomagnetic indices, energetic particle, and cosmic ray observations). These flow types are: (1) High-speed streams associated with coronal holes at the Sun, (2) Slow, interstream solar <span class="hlt">wind</span>, and (3) Transient flows originating with coronal mass ejections at the Sun, including interplanetary coronal mass ejections and the associated upstream shocks and post-shock regions. The solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> classification in these previous studies commenced with observations in 1972. In the present study, as well as updating this classification to the end of 2011, we have <span class="hlt">extended</span> the classification back to 1963, the beginning of near-Earth solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> observations, thereby encompassing the complete solar cycles 20 to 23 and the ascending phase of cycle 24. We discuss the cycle-to-cycle variations in near-Earth solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> structures and l1e related geomagnetic activity over more than four solar cycles, updating some of the results of our earlier studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27115397','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27115397"><span>Post-fledging movements of white-tailed eagles: Conservation implications for <span class="hlt">wind</span>-energy development.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Balotari-Chiebao, Fabio; Villers, Alexandre; Ijäs, Asko; Ovaskainen, Otso; Repka, Sari; Laaksonen, Toni</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The presence of poorly sited <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms raises concerns for wildlife, including birds of prey. Therefore, there is a need to <span class="hlt">extend</span> the knowledge of the potential human-wildlife conflicts associated with <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy. Here, we report on the movements and habitat use of post-fledging satellite-tagged white-tailed eagles in Finland, where <span class="hlt">wind</span>-energy development is expected to increase in the near future. In particular, we examine the probability of a fledgling approaching a hypothetical turbine that is placed at different distances from the nest. We found that this probability is high at short distances but considerably decreases with increasing distances to the nest. A utilisation-availability analysis showed that the coast was the preferred habitat. We argue that avoiding construction between active nests and the shoreline, as well as adopting the currently 2-km buffer zone for turbine deployment, can avoid or minimise potential impacts on post-fledging white-tailed eagles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800066596&hterms=WIND+STORMS&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DWIND%2BSTORMS','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800066596&hterms=WIND+STORMS&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DWIND%2BSTORMS"><span>Moisture convergence using satellite-derived <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields - A severe local storm case study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Negri, A. J.; Vonder Haar, T. H.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Five-minute interval 1-km resolution SMS visible channel data were used to derive low-level <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields by tracking small cumulus clouds on NASA's Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System. The satellite-derived <span class="hlt">wind</span> fields were combined with surface mixing ratios to derive horizontal moisture convergence in the prestorm environment of April 24, 1975. Storms began developing in an area <span class="hlt">extending</span> from southwest Oklahoma to eastern Tennessee 2 h subsequent to the time of the derived fields. The maximum moisture convergence was computed to be 0.0022 g/kg per sec and areas of low-level convergence of moisture were in general indicative of regions of severe storm genesis. The resultant moisture convergence fields derived from two <span class="hlt">wind</span> sets 20 min apart were spatially consistent and reflected the mesoscale forcing of ensuing storm development. Results are discussed with regard to possible limitations in quantifying the relationship between low-level flow and between low-level flow and satellite-derived cumulus motion in an antecedent storm environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS31A1996C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS31A1996C"><span>Next generation sensing platforms for <span class="hlt">extended</span> deployments in large-scale, multidisciplinary, adaptive sampling and observational networks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cross, J. N.; Meinig, C.; Mordy, C. W.; Lawrence-Slavas, N.; Cokelet, E. D.; Jenkins, R.; Tabisola, H. M.; Stabeno, P. J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>New autonomous sensors have dramatically increased the resolution and accuracy of oceanographic data collection, enabling rapid sampling over extremely fine scales. Innovative new autonomous platofrms like floats, gliders, drones, and crawling moorings leverage the full potential of these new sensors by <span class="hlt">extending</span> spatiotemporal reach across varied environments. During 2015 and 2016, The Innovative Technology for Arctic Exploration Program at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory tested several new types of fully autonomous platforms with increased speed, durability, and power and payload capacity designed to deliver cutting-edge ecosystem assessment sensors to remote or inaccessible environments. The Expendable Ice-Tracking (EXIT) gloat developed by the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) is moored near bottom during the ice-free season and released on an autonomous timer beneath the ice during the following winter. The float collects a rapid profile during ascent, and continues to collect critical, poorly-<span class="hlt">accessible</span> under-ice data until melt, when data is transmitted via satellite. The autonomous Oculus sub-surface glider developed by the University of Washington and PMEL has a large power and payload capacity and an enhanced buoyancy engine. This 'coastal truck' is designed for the rapid water column ascent required by optical imaging systems. The Saildrone is a solar and <span class="hlt">wind</span> powered ocean unmanned surface vessel (USV) developed by Saildrone, Inc. in partnership with PMEL. This large-payload (200 lbs), fast (1-7 kts), durable (46 kts <span class="hlt">winds</span>) platform was equipped with 15 sensors designed for ecosystem assessment during 2016, including passive and active acoustic systems specially redesigned for autonomous vehicle deployments. The senors deployed on these platforms achieved rigorous accuracy and precision standards. These innovative platforms provide new sampling capabilities and cost efficiencies in high-resolution sensor deployment</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6276S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6276S"><span>Neutral escape at Mars induced by the precipitation of high-energy protons and hydrogen atoms of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> origin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shematovich, Valery I.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>One of the first surprises of the NASA MAVEN mission was the observation by the SWIA instrument of a tenuous population of protons with solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> energies travelling anti-sunward near periapsis, at altitudes of 150-250 km (Halekas et al., 2015). While the penetration of solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> protons to low altitude is not completely unexpected given previous Mars Express results, this population maintains exactly the same velocity as the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> observed. From previous studies it was known that some fraction of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> can interact with the <span class="hlt">extended</span> corona of Mars. By charge exchange with the neutral particles in this corona, some fraction of the incoming solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> protons can gain an electron and become an energetic neutral hydrogen atom. Once neutral, these particles penetrate through the Martian induced magnetosphere with ease, with free <span class="hlt">access</span> to the collisional atmosphere/ionosphere. The origin, kinetics and transport of the suprathermal O atoms in the transition region (from thermosphere to exosphere) of the Martian upper atmosphere due to the precipitation of the high-energy protons and hydrogen atoms are discussed. Kinetic energy distribution functions of suprathermal and superthermal (ENA) oxygen atoms formed in the Martian upper atmosphere were calculated using the kinetic Monte Carlo model (Shematovich et al., 2011, Shematovich, 2013) of the high-energy proton and hydrogen atom precipitation into the atmosphere. These functions allowed us: (a) to estimate the non-thermal escape rates of neutral oxygen from the Martian upper atmosphere, and (b) to compare with available MAVEN measurements of oxygen corona. Induced by precipitation the escape of hot oxygen atoms may become dominant under conditions of extreme solar events - solar flares and coronal mass ejections, - as it was shown by recent observations of the NASA MAVEN spacecraft (Jakosky et al., 2015). This work is supported by the RFBR project and by the Basic Research Program of the Praesidium of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2016/24668.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2016/24668.html"><span><span class="hlt">Winds</span> of Change Blowing for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm Research with NREL's SOWFA Tool |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>News | NREL</A> <span class="hlt">Winds</span> of <em>Change</em> Blowing for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm Research with NREL's SOWFA Tool <span class="hlt">Winds</span> of <em>Change</em> Blowing for <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm Research with NREL's SOWFA Tool April 1, 2016 Before the Energy Department's that researchers all over the world could embrace. Now, the <span class="hlt">winds</span> of <em>change</em> are blowing. SOWFA is a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wind+AND+turbine+AND+problems&id=EJ714410','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wind+AND+turbine+AND+problems&id=EJ714410"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Map</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Journal of College Science Teaching, 2005</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>This brief article describes a new global <span class="hlt">wind</span>-power map that has quantified global <span class="hlt">wind</span> power and may help planners place turbines in locations that can maximize power from the <span class="hlt">winds</span> and provide widely available low-cost energy. The researchers report that their study can assist in locating <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms in regions known for strong and consistent…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1304570-offshore-wind-energy','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1304570-offshore-wind-energy"><span>Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Energy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Strach-Sonsalla, Mareike; Stammler, Matthias; Wenske, Jan</p> <p></p> <p>In 1991, the Vindeby Offshore <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Farm, the first offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm in the world, started feeding electricity to the grid off the coast of Lolland, Denmark. Since then, offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy has developed from this early experiment to a multibillion dollar market and an important pillar of worldwide renewable energy production. Unit sizes grew from 450 kW at Vindeby to the 7.5 MW-class offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines (OWT ) that are currently (by October 2014) in the prototyping phase. This chapter gives an overview of the state of the art in offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine (OWT) technology and introduces the principlesmore » of modeling and simulating an OWT. The OWT components -- including the rotor, nacelle, support structure, control system, and power electronics -- are introduced, and current technological challenges are presented. The OWT system dynamics and the environment (<span class="hlt">wind</span> and ocean waves) are described from the perspective of OWT modelers and designers. Finally, an outlook on future technology is provided. The descriptions in this chapter are focused on a single OWT -- more precisely, a horizontal-axis <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine -- as a dynamic system. Offshore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms and <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm effects are not described in detail in this chapter, but an introduction and further references are given.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ERL.....3a5001M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ERL.....3a5001M"><span>EDITORIAL: <span class="hlt">Wind</span> energy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mann, Jakob; Nørkær Sørensen, Jens; Morthorst, Poul-Erik</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> energy is rapidly growing. In 2006 the installed generating capacity in the world increased by 25%, a growth rate which has more or less been sustained during the last decade. And there is no reason to believe that this growth will slow significantly in the coming years. For example, the United Kingdom's goal for installed <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines by 2020 is 33 GW up from 2 GW in 2006, an average annual growth rate of 22% over that period. More than half of all turbines are installed in Europe, but United States, India and lately China are also rapidly growing markets. The cradle of modern <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy was set by innovative blacksmiths in rural Denmark. Now the <span class="hlt">wind</span> provides more than 20% of the electrical power in Denmark, the industry has professionalized and has close ties with public research at universities. This focus issue is concerned with research in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy. The main purposes of research in <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy are to: decrease the cost of power generated by the <span class="hlt">wind</span>; increase the reliability and predictability of the energy source; investigate and reduce the adverse environmental impact of massive deployment of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines; build research based educations for <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy engineers. This focus issue contains contributions from several fields of research. Decreased costs cover a very wide range of activities from aerodynamics of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blades, optimal site selection for the turbines, optimization of the electrical grid and power market for a fluctuating source, more efficient electrical generators and gears, and new materials and production techniques for turbine manufacturing. The United Kingdom recently started the construction of the London Array, a 1 GW off-shore <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm east of London consisting of several hundred turbines. To design such a farm optimally it is necessary to understand the chaotic and very turbulent flow downwind from a turbine, which decreases the power production and increases the mechanical loads on other nearby turbines. Also</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175817','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175817"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> farm electrical system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Erdman, William L.; Lettenmaier, Terry M.</p> <p>2006-07-04</p> <p>An approach to <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm design using variable speed <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines with low pulse number electrical output. The output of multiple <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines are aggregated to create a high pulse number electrical output at a point of common coupling with a utility grid network. Power quality at each individual <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine falls short of utility standards, but the aggregated output at the point of common coupling is within acceptable tolerances for utility power quality. The approach for aggregating low pulse number electrical output from multiple <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines relies upon a pad mounted transformer at each <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine that performs phase multiplication on the output of each <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine. Phase multiplication converts a modified square wave from the <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine into a 6 pulse output. Phase shifting of the 6 pulse output from each <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine allows the aggregated output of multiple <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines to be a 24 pulse approximation of a sine wave. Additional filtering and VAR control is embedded within the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm to take advantage of the <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm's electrical impedence characteristics to further enhance power quality at the point of common coupling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPD....47.0324P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPD....47.0324P"><span>Morphology of Pseudostreamers and Solar <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Properties</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Panasenco, Olga; Velli, Marco</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>The solar dynamo and photospheric convection lead to three main types of structures <span class="hlt">extending</span> from the solar surface into the corona - active regions, solar filaments (prominences when observed at the limb) and coronal holes. These structures exist over a wide range of scales, and are interlinked with each other in evolution and dynamics. Active regions can form clusters of magnetic activity and the strongest overlie sunspots. In the decay of active regions, the boundaries separating opposite magnetic polarities (neutral lines) develop the specific structures called filament channels above which filaments form. In the presence of flux imbalance decaying active regions can also give birth to lower latitude coronal holes. The accumulation of magnetic flux at coronal hole boundaries also creates the conditions for filament formation: polar crown filaments are permanently present at the boundaries of the polar coronal holes. Middle-latitude and equatorial coronal holes - the result of active region evolution - can create pseudostreamers (PSs) if other coronal holes of the same polarity are present. While helmet streamers form between open fields of opposite polarities, the pseudostreamer, characterized by a smaller coronal imprint, typically shows a more prominent straight ray or stalk <span class="hlt">extending</span> from the corona. The pseudostreamer base at photospheric heights is multipolar; often one observes tripolar magnetic configurations with two neutral lines - where filaments can form - separating the coronal holes. Here we discuss the specific role of filament channels on pseudostreamer topology and on solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> properties. 1D numerical analysis of PSs shows that the properties of the solar <span class="hlt">wind</span> from around PSs depend on the presence/absence of filament channels, number of channels and chirality at the PS base low in the corona.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9262E..0HW','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9262E..0HW"><span>Characterization of turbulent wake of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine by coherent Doppler lidar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Songhua; Yin, Jiaping; Liu, Bingyi; Liu, Jintao; Li, Rongzhong; Wang, Xitao; Feng, Changzhong; Zhuang, Quanfeng; Zhang, Kailin</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>The indispensable <span class="hlt">access</span> to real turbulent wake behavior is provided by the pulsed coherent Doppler Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) which operates by transmitting a laser beam and detecting the radiation backscattered by atmospheric aerosol particles. The Doppler shift in the frequency of the backscattered signal is analyzed to obtain the line-of-sight (LOS) velocity component of the air motion. From the LOS velocities the characteristic of the turbulent wake can be deduced. The Coherent Doppler LIDAR (CDL) is based on all-fiber laser technology and fast digital-signal-processing technology. The 1.5 µm eye-safe Doppler LIDAR system has a pulse length of 200ns and a pulse repetition frequency of 10 kHz. The speed measurement range is ±50m/s and the speed measurement uncertainty is 0.3 m/s. The 2-axis beam scanner and detection range of 3000m enable the system to monitor the whole <span class="hlt">wind</span> farming filed. Because of the all-fiber structure adoption, the system is stable, reliable and high-integrated. The wake vortices of <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine blades with different spatial and temporal scales have been observed by LIDAR. In this paper, the authors discuss the possibility of using LIDAR measurements to characterize the complicated <span class="hlt">wind</span> field, specifically <span class="hlt">wind</span> velocity deficit and terrain effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFD.H2007H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFD.H2007H"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> tunnel measurements of wake structure and <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm power for actuator disk model <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines in yaw</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Howland, Michael; Bossuyt, Juliaan; Kang, Justin; Meyers, Johan; Meneveau, Charles</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Reducing wake losses in <span class="hlt">wind</span> farms by deflecting the wakes through turbine yawing has been shown to be a feasible <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm control approach. In this work, the deflection and morphology of wakes behind a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine operating in yawed conditions are studied using <span class="hlt">wind</span> tunnel experiments of a <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine modeled as a porous disk in a uniform inflow. First, by measuring velocity distributions at various downstream positions and comparing with prior studies, we confirm that the nonrotating <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbine model in yaw generates realistic wake deflections. Second, we characterize the wake shape and make observations of what is termed a "curled wake," displaying significant spanwise asymmetry. Through the use of a 100 porous disk micro-<span class="hlt">wind</span> farm, total <span class="hlt">wind</span> farm power output is studied for a variety of yaw configurations. Strain gages on the tower of the porous disk models are used to measure the thrust force as a substitute for turbine power. The frequency response of these measurements goes up to the natural frequency of the model and allows studying the spatiotemporal characteristics of the power output under the effects of yawing. This work has been funded by the National Science Foundation (Grants CBET-113380 and IIA-1243482, the WINDINSPIRE project). JB and JM are supported by ERC (Active<span class="hlt">Wind</span>Farms, Grant No. 306471).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/981535','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/981535"><span><span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools (Poster)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Baring-Gould, I.</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>As the United States dramatically expands <span class="hlt">wind</span> energy deployment, the industry is challenged with developing a skilled workforce and addressing public resistance. <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Powering America's <span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools project addresses these issues by developing <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Application Centers (WACs) at universities; WAC students assist in implementing school <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines and participate in <span class="hlt">wind</span> courses, by installing small <span class="hlt">wind</span> turbines at community "host" schools, by implementing teacher training with interactive curricula at each host school. This poster provides an overview of the first two years of the <span class="hlt">Wind</span> for Schools project, primarily supporting activities in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Montana, andmore » Idaho.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1433793-assessment-wind-parameter-sensitivity-extreme-fatigue-wind-turbine-loads','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1433793-assessment-wind-parameter-sensitivity-extreme-fatigue-wind-turbine-loads"><span>Assessment of <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Parameter Sensitivity on Extreme and Fatigue <span class="hlt">Wind</span> Turbine Loads</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Robertson, Amy N; Sethuraman, Latha; Jonkman, Jason</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Wind</span> turbines are designed using a set of simulations to ascertain the structural loads that the turbine could encounter. While mean hub-height <span class="hlt">wind</span> speed is considered to vary, other <span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters such as turbulence spectra, sheer, veer, spatial coherence, and component correlation are fixed or conditional values that, in reality, could have different characteristics at different sites and have a significant effect on the resulting loads. This paper therefore seeks to assess the sensitivity of different <span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters on the resulting ultimate and fatigue loads on the turbine during normal operational conditions. Eighteen different <span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters are screened using anmore » Elementary Effects approach with radial points. As expected, the results show a high sensitivity of the loads to the turbulence standard deviation in the primary <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction, but the sensitivity to <span class="hlt">wind</span> shear is often much greater. To a lesser extent, other <span class="hlt">wind</span> parameters that drive loads include the coherence in the primary <span class="hlt">wind</span> direction and veer.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GID.....2..953B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GID.....2..953B"><span>Development and comparisons of <span class="hlt">wind</span> retrieval algorithms for small unmanned aerial systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bonin, T. A.; Chilson, P. B.; Zielke, B. S.; Klein, P. M.; Leeman, J. R.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Recently, there has been an increase in use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) as platforms for conducting fundamental and applied research in the lower atmosphere due to their relatively low cost and ability to collect samples with high spatial and temporal resolution. Concurrent with this development comes the need for accurate instrumentation and measurement methods suitable for small meteorological UASs. Moreover, the instrumentation to be integrated into such platforms must be small and lightweight. Whereas thermodynamic variables can be easily measured using well aspirated sensors onboard, it is much more challenging to accurately measure the <span class="hlt">wind</span> with a UAS. Several algorithms have been developed that incorporate GPS observations as a means of estimating the horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector, with each algorithm exhibiting its own particular strengths and weaknesses. In the present study, the performance of three such GPS-based <span class="hlt">wind</span>-retrieval algorithms has been investigated and compared with <span class="hlt">wind</span> estimates from rawinsonde and sodar observations. Each of the algorithms considered agreed well with the <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements from sounding and sodar data. Through the integration of UAS-retrieved profiles of thermodynamic and kinematic parameters, one can investigate the static and dynamic stability of the atmosphere and relate them to the state of the boundary layer across a variety of times and locations, which might be difficult to <span class="hlt">access</span> using conventional instrumentation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GI......2..177B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GI......2..177B"><span>Comparison and application of <span class="hlt">wind</span> retrieval algorithms for small unmanned aerial systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bonin, T. A.; Chilson, P. B.; Zielke, B. S.; Klein, P. M.; Leeman, J. R.</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>Recently, there has been an increase in use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) as platforms for conducting fundamental and applied research in the lower atmosphere due to their relatively low cost and ability to collect samples with high spatial and temporal resolution. Concurrent with this development comes the need for accurate instrumentation and measurement methods suitable for small meteorological UASs. Moreover, the instrumentation to be integrated into such platforms must be small and lightweight. Whereas thermodynamic variables can be easily measured using well-aspirated sensors onboard, it is much more challenging to accurately measure the <span class="hlt">wind</span> with a UAS. Several algorithms have been developed that incorporate GPS observations as a means of estimating the horizontal <span class="hlt">wind</span> vector, with each algorithm exhibiting its own particular strengths and weaknesses. In the present study, the performance of three such GPS-based <span class="hlt">wind</span>-retrieval algorithms has been investigated and compared with <span class="hlt">wind</span> estimates from rawinsonde and sodar observations. Each of the algorithms considered agreed well with the <span class="hlt">wind</span> measurements from sounding and sodar data. Through the integration of UAS-retrieved profiles of thermodynamic and kinematic parameters, one can investigate the static and dynamic stability of the atmosphere and relate them to the state of the boundary layer across a variety of times and locations, which might be difficult to <span class="hlt">access</span> using conventional instrumentation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830011394','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830011394"><span>Theoretical studies of chromospheres and <span class="hlt">winds</span> in cool stars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dupree, A.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>The formation of spectral lines in expanding spherical atmospheres was determined in a physically realistic way, taking into account multilevel atomic processes, partial frequency redistribution, and other non-LTE transfer effects that affect the formation of optically thick lines. The formation of MgII and Ca II circumstellar absorption lines in late type giants and supergiants is investigated. The radiative cooling rate as a function of density and temperature was calculated from the results of plane parallel chromospheric models and these results were used to approximate the radiative cooling in an <span class="hlt">extended</span> <span class="hlt">wind</span>. The run of temperature was calculated along with the density and velocity profiles. The most important prediction of these models is that a warm zone in the <span class="hlt">wind</span> must exist as a result of the wave heating. Within this zone, the Ca II and Mg II atoms can be ionized to Ca III and Mg III, so that the gas is transparent in the resonance transitions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-078','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-078"><span>Geometeorological data collected by the USGS Desert <span class="hlt">Winds</span> Project at Gold Spring, Great Basin desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979-1992</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Helm, P.J.; Breed, C.S.; Tigges, R.K.; Garcia, P.A.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The primary purpose of the Desert <span class="hlt">Winds</span> Project (DWP) is to obtain high-resolution meteorological data and related surface geological and vegetation data for natural (e.g., uncultivated) desert sites where <span class="hlt">wind</span> is or has been a major erosive or depositional force. The objectives are twofold: (1) to provide the detailed field measurements needed to carry out quantitative studies of <span class="hlt">wind</span> as an agent of surface geologic change; and (2) to establish a baseline for defining the 'normal' range of climatic conditions that can be expected to occur on a decadal time scale, in areas considered representative of the major American deserts. The Gold Spring locality was selected to represent that part of the Great Basin Desert that <span class="hlt">extends</span> into northeastern Arizona. The long-term goal for acquiring and analyzing the Desert <span class="hlt">Winds</span> Project data is to use them to address problems of land resource degradation by <span class="hlt">wind</span>, whether resulting from climatic variation aridification) or human activities (desertification), or both (see techinfo.doc).</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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