... Radiation on Behavior and the Brain; Nuclear Weapons Accident Response Procedure; Management of Radiation Accidents; Medical Operations ...

Aug 30, 2005 ... NASA Official Fleet Management Handbook. Driver's Handbook. Summary of Accident Procedures. The following process will be followed for ...

After a brief recall of French safety rationale, the reactor operation and severe accident management is given. The research and development aimed at developing accident management procedures and emergency organization in France for the case of a NPP acci...

In this paper the authors describe the procedures and the organizations which are used in case of severe accident on a pressurized water reactor. (ERA citation 13:033624)

... Prevent accidents; Ensure, demonstrate & verify compliance; Define procedures in case of accidents or unforeseen events. Module 6: FMPs. ...

This document describes the following aspects: Core meltdown prevention guidelines; severe accidents with core meltdown mitigation; diagnosis and prognosis methods. Figs. (Atomindex citation 24:067128)

Aug 30, 2005 ... The purpose of this handbook is to provide policies and procedures to guide fleet management activities at all NASA Centers. It allows staff to ...

Prior to the accident at Three Mile Island, little attention was given to the development of procedures for the management of severe accidents, that is, accidents in which the reactor core is damaged. Since TMI, however, significant effort has been devoted to developing strategies for severe ...

and grading code. This is useful as a basis for decision-making in the medical management as it assigns of the severity of damage � the decision on the kind of hospital � the provision of appropriate therapeutic therapeutic procedures it is necessary to assess the state and probable outcome of radiation accident victims

...functional requirements of a safety management system must include� ...d) Procedures for reporting accidents, near accidents, and non-conformities with...company's and vessel's safety management system, and the ISM...

Guidance for Radiation Accident Management Introduction Basics of Radiation Detection Measurement Safety Around Radiation Sources Types of Radiation Exposure Managing Radiation...

...PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CHEMICAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION...75 Management of change. (a) The owner...procedures to manage changes (except for �replacements...kind�) to process chemicals, technology, equipment...and procedures; and, changes to stationary...

...ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROVISIONS Risk Management Plan § 68.175 Prevention...recent change that triggered management of change procedures and the...recent review or revision of management of change procedures....

...CONTINUED) CHEMICAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROVISIONS Risk Management Plan § 68.175 Prevention...recent change that triggered management of change procedures and...recent review or revision of management of change procedures....

To enhance the capability of reactor operators to cope with the hypothetical severe accident its the key issue for utilities. Taiwan Power Company has started the enhancement programs on extension of emergency operating procedures (EOPs). It includes the review of existing LOPs based on the conclusions and recommendations of probabilistic risk assessment ...

... ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS, SAFETY, AVIATION ACCIDENTS, PREVENTION, MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS, RISK MANAGEMENT. ...

... conclusions cited dispatch procedures and risk management as the major causes for accidents but not one recommendation ... Page 57. 39 avoid it. ...

The definition and the multidimensionality aspects of accident management have been reviewed. The suggested elements in the development of a programme for severe accident management have been identified and discussed. The strategies concentrate on the two tiered approaches. Operative management ...

The nuclear industry is now initiating a serious effort to define the elements of an accident management program at each utility with an operating reactor, which is a significant change in conditions from those in 1985, when the work of Di Salvo et al. was published. Each utility is now conducting an individual plant examination (IPE) to uncover plant ...

The use of NUREG-1150 and similar Probabilistic Risk Assessments in NRC and industry risk management programs is discussed. Risk management'' is more comprehensive than the commonly used term accident management.'' Accident management ...

... Descriptors : *DECISION MAKING, *SAFETY FACTOR, *ACCIDENTS, *MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS, MILITARY PERSONNEL, MANAGEMENT ...

This report provides the results of work carried out in support of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Accident Management Research Program to develop a technical basis for evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of current and proposed strategies for boiling water reactor (BWR) severe accident management. ...

This report provides the results of work carried out in support of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Accident Management Research Program to develop a technical basis for evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of current and proposed strategies for boiling water reactor (BWR) severe accident management. ...

This paper looks at error tolerance from an organizational rather than an individual perspective. Many shipping and aircraft accidents have their primary origins in latent human failures; that is, fallible management decisions whose consequences may lie dormant for long periods before coming into adverse conjunction with local triggering factors to cause ...

This document presents a shortened version of the procedure, models, and data for human reliability analysis (HRA) which are presented in the Handbook of Human Reliability Analysis With emphasis on Nuclear Power Plant Applications (NUREG/CR-1278, August 1983). This shortened version was prepared and tried out as part of the Accident Sequence Evaluation ...

A general methodology is presented for conducting an analysis of the various aspects of the hazards associated with the storage and transportation of liquefied natural gas (LNG) which should be considered during the planning stages of a typical LNG ship terminal. The procedure includes the performance of a hazards and system analysis of the proposed site, a probability ...

A ground-breaking study was recently completed as part of the Seabrook Level 2 PRA update. This study updates the post-core damage phenomena to be consistent with the most recent information and includes accident management activities that should be modeled in the Level 2 PRA. Overall, the result is a Level 2 PRA that fully meets the requirements of the ...

This book contains the proceedings on medical management of radiation accidents. Topics covered include: Fundamentals of radiation accidents, Emergency room management of radiation accidents, and Special aspects of nuclear power.

The report presents, in summary form, a mode of procedure for accident analysis in nuclear waste management facilities. New instruments for safety analysis have been developed and tested. The report describes exemplary safety analyses with the new instrum...

about homeland security research. Browse these EPA Emergency Response subtopics Accidents Accident Preparedness, Accident Prevention, Chemical Accidents, Radiation Accidents...

One phase of accident management covers the actions taken during the course of an accident by the plant operating and technical staff to prevent or minimize off-site radiation releases, gain control, and return the plant to a safe state. Inherent in accomplishing these goals is obtaining a clear picture of the nature of the ...

This paper briefly describes the results of work carried out in support of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Accident Management Research Program to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of current and proposed strategies for BWR severe accident management. These results are described in detail in the ...

This paper briefly describes the results of work carried out in support of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Accident Management Research Program to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of current and proposed strategies for BWR severe accident management. These results are described in detail in the ...

This case report describes the prehospital care of a person after an occupational accident. The amputation of whole extremities is rare and needs a standardized procedure: at first lifesaving procedures are necessary before saving the limb. The work at a conveyor belt resulted in taking of an arm. On the basis of this case report the ...

... Title : Procedural Handbook for Escape System/Accident Investigation Helmet Usage Aspects, Including Failure Analysis. ...

... Title : Analysis of Most Frequency Violated Procedures Accidents,. Corporate Author : ALABAMA UNIV UNIVERSITY DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY. ...

The Severe Accident Analysis Program (SAAP) is a program of experimental and analytical studies aimed at characterizing severe accidents that might occur in the Savannah River Site Production Reactors. The goals of the Severe Accident Analysis Program are: To develop an understanding of severe accidents in SRS ...

The fundamental objective of the accident management program is to assure, in the event of a severe accident at a nuclear plant, that the effectiveness of personnel and equipment is maximized in preventing or mitigating the consequences of the accident. T...

Safety management is a kind of system management, that is management by purposes. Taking "defence-in-depth" strategy, DDS - there can be defined four main aims and four method groups of risk management in transport: 1. minimizing transport accidents risk; 2. minimizing number of undesirable ...

In this paper a pressurized water reactor plant scenario is evaluated during a loss of feedwater following multiple failures and operator interventions. For a more realistic analysis, an experiment performed on the SPES facility is taken as a reference. A suitably qualified RELAP5/MOD2 code nodalization was used to evaluate the behavior of the facility under the failure of various systems and the ...

Accident management is examined from several related perspectives. The emphasis is on the role of the operating crew and the technical support provided to them before, during, and after an accident. The relationship among accident management, risk managem...

One of the most important uses of dose assessment models in response to accidents at nuclear facilities is to help provide guidance to emergency response managers for identifying, and mitigating, the consequences of an accident once the accident has been terminated. By combining results from assessment models with ...

A concerted action, termed METREPOL, was accepted by the Commission of the European Communities and was started in December 1997. Its purpose was to develop a new approach to the medical management of radiation accident victims with respect to diagnostic procedures and therapeutic options, based on recognition and evaluation of health ...

... Descriptors : *ARMY PERSONNEL, *MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS, COST ANALYSIS, MILITARY VEHICLES, SAFETY, AVIATION ACCIDENTS ...

and disposal of GMOs; facility certification Yes No Describe procedure for management and reporting of GMO accident or incident Yes No Explain specific conditions for licensed GMO dealing (if applicable) Yes

Severe accident management can be defined as the use of existing and/or alternative resources, systems and actors to prevent or mitigate a core-melt accident. For each accident sequence and each combination of severe accident management strategies, there ...

APRIL is a fast-running and user-friendly system code for interactive simulations of severe accidents in boiling water reactors (BWRs). The component models in the most recent version, APRIL.MOD3X, include the reactor core and pressure vessel, as well as the primary and secondary containments. Whereas APRIL.MOD3X is a fast-running code, the models are mechanistically based and ...

Most laboratory safety programs include inspections to identify hazards and thereby control accidents. There are certain elements that must be a part of a successful inspection and control process. These are a systematic and consistent inspection procedure, a reliable evaluation of identified hazards, and effective follow-up actions. Laboratory ...

On October 1, 1994 a shipment of low-level waste from the Fernald Environmental Management Project, Fernald, Ohio, was involved in an accident near Rolla, Missouri. The accident did not result in the release of any radioactive material. The accident did generate important lessons learned primarily in the areas of ...

Accident management is examined from several different perspectives. The emphasis is on the role of the operating crew and the technical support provided to them before, during, and after an accident. The relationship among accident management, risk management, and ...

Language: English ...

... fumigation to help: Prevent accidents Ensure, demonstrate & verify compliance Define procedures in case of accidents or ...

... in unit operations. Descriptors : *ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS, MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS. Subject Categories : SAFETY ...

The experience on accident management on French PWRs is described. Figs and tabs. (Atomindex citation 24:067281)

... The chief executive is responsible to ensure that each manager is provided with a periodic summary of his unit's safety performance. The Accident ...

... Accession Number : ADA143667. Title : Accident Management Orientation Guide. Descriptive Note : Final rept.,. Corporate ...

... Accession Number : ADP004472. Title : Accident Management Orientation Guide,. Corporate Author : SCS ENGINEERS RESTON VA. ...

Devices (IND) Categories of Medical Effects More... Nuclear Reactor Accidents About Nuclear Reactor Accidents Initiate Radiation Medical Management Transportation Accidents...

Effective planning for the management of severe accidents at nuclear power plants can produce both a reduction in the frequency of such accidents as well as the ability to mitigate their consequences if and when they should occur. This report provides an ...

A strategy has been developed for systematically addressing and handling the hazards posed by a transportation accident involving hazardous materials. The Accident Management Orientation Guide presents this system as a logic sequence of events in a color-...

An accident in a plant for solvent recovery from solvent-contaminated wastes was examined. An experimental investigation of the accident was carried out using calorimetric and thermogravimetric techniques. The immediate cause of the accident was an unforeseen exothermic decomposition reaction. The main underlying cause of the ...

The report evaluates the existing procedures used by (WSDOT) Washington State Department of Transportation for collecting, storing, and analyzing accident information. The report reviews published literature on accident analysis systems, reviews the propo...

This paper addresses the need for a management program for nuclear power accidents. According to the author, the tools and technology for severe accident management exist. The need for a clear, realistic definition of nuclear accident program requirements is discussed.

The Laboratory has developed this Emergency Management Plan (EMP) to assist in emergency planning, preparedness, and response to anticipated and actual emergencies. The Plan establishes guidance for ensuring safe Laboratory operation, protection of the environment, and safeguarding Department of Energy (DOE) property. Detailed information and specific instructions required by ...

Work sponsored by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to identify and asses boiling water reactor (BWR) in-vessel accident management strategies was recently completed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). (Mitigative strategies for containment events have been the subject of a companion study at Brookhaven National Laboratory.) The focus of this ...

Proposed procedures for reporting and handling diving casualties are discussed. The procedures were developed as part of a plan for a National Diving Accident Network for the United States. The plans for the national diving accident reporting network are ...

... Accession Number : ADA473197. Title : Postmortem Ethanol Testing Procedures Available to Accident Investigators. Descriptive Note : Final rept. ...

The goal of this document is the organization of operating teams and procedures in accident and emergency situations in EDF PWR units. (Atomindex citation 24:067289)

The paper will discuss work being conducted during this human factors review including: (1) support of the Severe Accident Sequence Analysis (SASA) Program based on an assessment of operator actions, and (2) development of a descriptive model of operator severe accident management. Research by SASA analysts on the Browns Ferry Unit One ...

Indian nuclear power program as of now is mainly based on Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs). Operating Procedures for normal power operation and Emergency Operating Procedures for operational transients and accidents within design basis exist for all Indian PHWRs. In addition, on-site and off-site emergency response ...

This paper briefly describes a methodology developed by the accident management group at the Savannah River site (SRS) for review of the safety analysis and operating/emergency procedures for selected design-basis accidents. The major focus of the review methodology is to identify any discrepancies between the ...

Guidelines for developing hospital policies and procedures to provide emergency services in cases involving chemical accident victims have been developed. The proposed guidelines are consistent with the standards of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, hospital internal and external disaster management plans and the ...

The use of NUREG-1150 and similar Probabilistic Risk Assessments in NRC and industry risk management programs is discussed. ''Risk management'' is more comprehensive than the commonly used term ''accident management.'' Accident management includes strateg...

The management of severe accidents in light water reactors is receiving much attention in several countries. The reduction of risk by measures and/or actions that would affect the behavior of a severe accident is discussed. The research program that is being conducted by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission focuses on both in-vessel ...

...false Flow and dissemination of accident or incident information. 831...NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD ACCIDENT/INCIDENT INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES...13 Flow and dissemination of accident or incident information....

... § 71.73 Hypothetical accident conditions. (a) Test procedures...Evaluation for hypothetical accident conditions is to be based... Tests for hypothetical accident conditions must be conducted...been assumed for criticality analysis, immersion under a head...

In support of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Accident Management Research Program, the availability of instruments to supply accident management information during a broad range of severe accidents is evaluated for a Boiling Water Reactor with a M...

The management of severe accidents in light water reactors is receiving much attention in several countries. The reduction of risk by measures and/or actions that would affect the behavior of a severe accident is discussed. The research program that is be...

Results accomplished by safety work at one mine where management decided that avoidable accidents must be prevented and that essentially all accidents are avoidable are shown.

High power-distance has been implicated in many aircraft accidents involving Southeast Asian carriers where crew resource management (CRM) has been identified as a root cause. However, this commentary argues that the design of modern flight decks and their standard operating procedures have an inherent Western (low power-distance) bias ...

Chapter 5 -THE CONTRIBUTING CAUSE OF THE ACCIDENT The decision to launch the ... of the engineers at Thiokol after the management reversed its position. ...

of organizational accidents and to illustrate both effective and ineffective application of safety ..... Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents, by ...

... and their employees from accidents have two options: (1) insurance, and (2) accident prevention programs (Pate-Cornell, 1996). ...

... Radiation Accidents and the Radiology Department. ... Local -ROSENBERG RD, UNM Radiation Accidents Management Course Lecture, and Workshops 1986, 87, 88, 89 ...

Dose calculation procedures to be used in the event of a truck transportation accident involving radioactive waste being shipped from a TVA facility. Two types of accidents are considered: one involving fire, and one involving a spill of packaged waste an...

The paper describes the implementation of the data-sensor fusion and sensor management technology for accident management through simulated severe accident (SA) scenarios subjected to study. By means of accident management the appropriate prompt actions t...

A traffic accident on a major freeway snarls traffic. While the cars involved in the accident appear to have sustained significant damage, the incident has not yet been reported to local police or emergency medical services and, consequently, no response vehicles are on the scene to reroute traffic or treat any potential injuries. However, traffic cameras ...

Guidance for Radiation Accident Management Introduction Basics of Radiation Detection Measurement Safety Around Radiation Sources Types of Radiation Exposure Managing Radiation...

Chemical industries, from their very inception, have been controversial due to the high risks they impose on safety of human beings and the environment. Recent decades have witnessed increasing impacts of the accelerating expansion of chemical industries and chemical accidents have become a major contributor to environmental and health risks in China. This calls for the ...

This report examines five topical areas of concern to severe accident management. These areas are as follows: Human Factors, Accident Management During Shutdown, Information Needs, Long-term Implications, and Uncertainties. The objective of this report is to assist the NRC in performing its research function and to ...

Due to the defense in depth concept and redundancy in safety systems utilized, complex industrial plants, such as nuclear power plants (NPPs) can be operated safely. This capability has been demonstrated by many years of safe operation by numerous NPPs in the US and abroad. However, the occurrence of severe accidents has also demonstrated that constant vigilance in a number of ...

The possibilities were explored for enhancing parallelism in the simulation of systems described by algebraic equations, ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. These techniques, using multiprocessors, were developed to speed up simulations, e.g. for nuclear accidents. Issues involved in their design included suitable approximations to bring the ...

Unsafe tailings management facilities (TMFs) have caused serious accidents in Europe threatening human health/life and the environment. While advanced design, construction and management procedures are available, their implementation requires greater emphasis. An integrated research project funded by the European ...

This document is designed to provide a means for accident/incident prevention by familiarizing managers with management-related accident/incident causal factors which have been revealed in Department of Energy (DOE) supported accident investigation research. It also helps to prepare ...

Work sponsored by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) to identify and perform preliminary assessments of candidate BWR (boiling water reactor) in-vessel accident management strategies was completed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) during fiscal year 1990. Mitigative strategies for containment events have been the subject of a ...

The reactor safety analysis group of Jozef Stefan Institute (IJS) has participated in analyses of International Standard Problem 27 (ISP-27), which was based on test 9.1 b performed at the BETHSY experimental facility (France). In addition, we realized the ISP-27 transient scenario in the analysis of a small-break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA) for Krsko nuclear power plant ...

Serious accidents and incidents occurring within the Department of Energy (DOE) will be investigated by committees including DOE trained investigators. A part of the investigation includes evaluation of management systems as they relate to the accident. T...

This paper presents findings from an extensive study into factors that impact upon the high rate of injuries due to mechanical equipment, especially in small manufacturing firms. Issues relating to knowledge of health and safety issues and to management practices have been shown to be extremely important with regards to safety in small businesses. Knowledge and awareness of ...

The importance of accidents as a cause of death and morbidity in childhood is realized in the countries of the so-called "western" world and in developing countries. The increasing recognition of accidents as a problem has led to paediatricians playing a greater part in accident management and prevention. ...

One of the most important uses of dose assessment models in response to accidents at nuclear facilities is to help provide guidance to emergency response managers for identifying, and mitigating, the consequences of an accident once the accident has been ...

A method of caring for patients who have been exposed a peacetime nuclear accident has been described. It show be apparent that the preparation for such an accident and experience of the medical team, if such an accident should occur, would better prepare the medical profession to occur with problems resulting from a nuclear ...

A fundamental element in a comprehensive, modern safety program is the thorough investigation of accidents and incidents. This manual provides usable guidelines for investigation of all accidents or incidents, and guidance for preparing for accident manag...

The Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP) calls for the Department of Energy to establish a Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center (FRMAC) immediately following a major radiological accident to coordinate all federal off-site monitoring efforts in support of the State and the Cognizant Federal Agency (CFA) for the facility or material involved in ...

Light water reactor safety in the United States through the Three Mile Island (TMI) accident is reviewed and safety gains up to 1983 are assessed. The work was undertaken during 1982-198 to support Alvin Weinberg's ''Second Nuclear Era Study.'' Safety studies, such as the ''Rasmussen Reactor Safety ...

Phase I of this study, completed in 1989, identified the most frequently violated procedures causing on-duty accidents that occurred between October 1985 and September 1987. Phase II of the research was conducted to determine why safe operating procedures...

A procedure for reducing vehicle-tree accidents was evaluated. The procedure, developed by the Michigan Department of Transportation, consists of five steps: (1) preparing a base map and plotting roadway information; (2) assigning priorities for field ver...

... Therefore, care is necessary in investigating fatal accidents involving severe ... through loss of pension, workers compensation, life insurance, and the ...

... Response Plan (FRERP), and DoD Accident Response Group (ARG ... MILITARY PUBLICATIONS, *MANUALS, NUCLEAR RADIATION, RESPONSE. ...

Note: The review of applicable Hazard Analyses and Failure Mode and Effects Analyses can be used to identify accident contributors and accident scenarios. ...

Contents: The investigator; Essentials of good investigation; Preaccident planning; Organization of an investigation; Procedures at the scene of the accident; Wreckage recovery and investigation; Witnesses; Records; and Aero-medical.

Following the accident at a nuclear reactor in Chernobyl, USSR, the WHO Regional Office for Europe inaugurated procedures for the systematic collection and dissemination of information. Such were the complexities and uncertainties that it was decided to c...

...occurrences and accidents with existing systems and procedures intended to mitigate the release consequences, along with site characteristics, including meteorology, to evaluate the offsite radiological...

There is a recognized need to provide nuclear power plant technical staff with structured guidance for response to a potential severe accident condition involving core damage and potential release of fission products to the environment. Over the past ten years, many plants worldwide have implemented such guidance for their emergency technical support center teams either by ...

Developments in system analysis and simulation are described which cover the application to training, uncertainty determination, survivability and accident management. 6 refs., 7 figs.

Managing the Risks of. Organizational Accidents. Jim Reason. Professor Emeritus. University of Manchester, UK. RMC V, Cleveland, October 27 2004 ...

weapon involved in a transportation accident would, or could, detonate in a nuclear fashion. Most nuclear weapons will contain conventional high explosives in varying amounts up...

The document describes the IAEA Programme on Nuclear Reactor's Accident Management, and analyses the safety assessment of the PWR type reactor. (Atomindex citation 24:067123)

Detailed investigative philosophy, management techniques, and report preparation are presented for both general and radiation accidents. Figures and examples are liberally used. (PCS)

The idea of primary containment venting to prevent or mitigate the consequences from a severe accident is not new. Research has been conducted on filter effectiveness for over thirty years. United States production reactors have had containment filter systems and applications to commercial facilities have been studied over the same period. In Europe, the countries with the ...

This paper discusses the evolution and reevolution in transient analysis that has been and is occurring. From strictly design basis transients and the determination of margins and setpoints, emphasis continues to shift to risk-dominant sequences and the importance of equipment reliability and operator actions. The importance of simulation in training, procedure development and ...

The report is concerned with the ecological impacts of specific cleanup treatments on the land where they are carried out. The report provides guidance to rational selection among the cleanup procedures likely to be suggested by State, Federal or local government officials, industrial representatives of the entity responsible for the contaminating ...

The Instruction reissues DoD Instruction 4120.13, April 30, 1970, to update DoD policies and procedures and assigns responsibilities for minimizing the potential and severity of DoD chemical agent accidents through the application of safety management and system safety principles.

This document presents, in fact, a third generation or ranking methods. The first generation, an inventory procedure, was developed by D. van den Brand for the province of South Holland and is only available in Dutch. The second generation was developed b...

Radiation accidents have, to date, given rise to 8 cases of acute radiation syndrome which resulted in death. Clinical and pathological findings in these cases are reviewed. Difficulties in correlation of the clinical findings with dose are discussed. Procedures used in the symptomatic treatment of radiation injuries are reviewed. The value of ...

Under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act, the Department of Energy's Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM) is concerned with understanding and managing risk as it applies to the shipment of spent commercial nuclear reactor fuel. Understanding risk in relation to mode and geography may provide opportunities to minimize radiological and ...