The report discusses the control of accidental releases of ammonia to the atmosphere. Ammonia has an IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) concentration of 500 ppm, making it an acute toxic hazard. Reducing the risk associated with an accidental release of ammonia invol...

This report briefly describes the circumstances involving the accidental release of Iodine 131 into the atmosphere from the Purex Plant at Hanford in September, 1963.

A computer program, SUBDOSA, has been developed for calculating external gamma and beta doses to individuals from the accidental release of radionuclides to the atmosphere. Characteristics of SUBDOSA are: (1) Doses from both gamma and beta radiation are c...

An accidental release of radioactivity to the atmosphere from a nuclear power reactor demands rapid response to protect the health and safety of people in the vicinity. Techniques one may utilize to estimate, in real time, the environmental impact and the...

Evacuation of the population in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant following an accidental release of radioactivity into the atmosphere, is one of the protective means which might reduce the radiation doses and radiological effects caused to the popula...

... of the mass filtering effect that would be obtained with one plane. ... The accidental release of liquids or fine solids into the atmosphere of a ...

The purpose of atmospheric transport and diffusion calculations is to provide estimates of concentration and surface deposition from routine and accidental releases of pollutants to the atmosphere. This paper discusses this topic.

The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability is a real-time emergency-response service available to federal and state agencies for providing estimates of the environmental consequences of accidental releases of radioactivity into the atmosphere. This inclu...

Many hazardous gases used in the photovoltaic cell industry are heavier than air. Following an accidental release, their dispersion in air, differs from the dispersion of a neutrally buoyant gas and, as such, it requires special consideration. This report...

Some aspects of the atmospheric dispersion of tritium are discussed, followed by consideration of the dosimetric pathways. In order to assess the significance of a tritium release the doses from various pathways are estimated and compared with the doses e...

Accidental re-entry into the earth's atmosphere could lead to the release and dispersion into the atmosphere of up to about 1% of the plutonium-238 ...

the air is essential to understanding and dealing with important problems such as air pollution and accidental (or intentional) toxic gas releases. FRD's atmospheric tracer...

All calculations of the consequences of an atmospheric release must start with atmospheric dispersion calculations. Time factors make external and inhalation dose estimates of immediate concern closely followed by ground contamination of land, pastures an...

The report discusses the control of accidental releases of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to the atmosphere. SO2 has an IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) concentration of 100 ppm, making it an acute toxic hazard. Reducing the risk associated with an accidental release of SO2 ...

The report discusses the control of accidental releases of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to the atmosphere. HCN has an IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) concentration of 50 ppm, making it an acute toxic hazard. Reducing the risk associated with an accidental release of HCN...

The Savannah River Plant (SRP) releases small amounts of radioactive nuclides to the atmosphere as a consequence of the production of radioisotopes. The potential for larger accidental releases to the atmosphere also exists, although the probability for m...

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) used computer models to evaluate the hazards associated with potential chlorine releases during the operation of a 13,000-gallon liquid chlorine storage facility a...

The purpose of this study is to develop a concept for an advisory service that could be used to assess the consequences of an accidental release of radioactivity or other toxic materials to the atmosphere. This capability would be used in the form of advisories to AEC sites and facilities and eventually could be applied to licensee ...

... Directive SUBJECT Release of Information Concerning Accidental Casualties ___- Involving Military Personnel or Equipment ...

This study investigates the sensitivity of the probabilistic consequences projected by the computer code GASPROB to changes in the assumed toxicity of sulfur dioxide gas (SO2). GASPROB simulates the consequences of accidental releases to the atmosphere of...

Dispersion models are used to assess the possible extent and severity of accidental or terrorist releases of toxic materials. Most operational models only provide a characterization of average concentrations and conditions following a release. Knowledge of the variability about...

Highly toxic hydrogen selenide and hydrogen sulfide gases are used in the production of copper-indium-diselenide photovoltaic cells by reactive sputtering. In the event of an accident, these gases mat be released to the atmosphere and pose hazards to publ...

The three-dimensional diagnostic wind field model (MATHEW) and the particle-in-cell transport and diffusion model (ADPIC) are used by the Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) for real-time assessments of the consequences from accidental releases...

The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) Center located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, provides real-time estimates of the environmental consequences of accidental releases of radioactivity or other hazardous materials into the atmos...

Atmospheric transport and diffusion models have been developed for real-time calculations of the location and concentration of toxic or radioactive materials during an accidental release at the Savannah River Site (SRS). These models are based Gaussian di...

The accidental release of toxic chemicals into the atmosphere is an ongoing concern. Not only for the Air Force, but for any group working with hazardous materials. To evaluate the extent of the hazard area resulting from the atmospheric dispersion of the...

The radiological consequences of a wide range of notional accidental releases from a 1300 MW(e) LMFBR were assessed in a study published in 1977 (NRPB - R53). In that study representative values were in general adopted for each of the important parameters...

The computer program TriStat (Tritium dose assessment for stationary release) was used to estimate the human dose under stationary release and to obtain a conservative estimate of the dose after an accidental release as well. The atmospheric behavior of tritium is described by a Gaussian ...

A quality assurance plan (QAP) is a documented description or a listing of the controls to be implemented to assure that an operation or activity is accomplished in a consistent manner and in accordance with requirements. Federal, state, and local governments require emergency planning for facilities that may affect the public in the event of an accidental ...

The manual discusses reducing the risk associated with an accidental release of chlorine. It identifies examples of potential causes of accidental releases that apply to processes that use chlorine, as well as measures that may be taken to reduce the accidental release ...

... was through accidental release from a private research facility. ...

... as the reinforcement in filamentary composite materials brought up the possibility of accidental release of carbon fibers from the burning of crashed ...

On 12 June 1998, the Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) learned from news reports about the accidental release of cesium-137 from a steel mill near Algeciras, Spain. We used the U.S. Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAP...

The accuracy associated with assessing the environmental consequences of an accidental atmospheric release of radioactivity is highly dependent on our knowledge of the source release rate which is generally poorly known. This paper reports on a technique that integrates the radiological measurements with ...

A database of vegetation, soil, and air tritium concentrations at gridded coordinate locations following nine accidental atmospheric releases is described. While none of the releases caused a significant dose to the public, the data collected are valuable for comparison with the results of tritium transport models ...

A database of vegetation, soil, and air tritium concentrations at gridded coordinate locations following nine accidental atmospheric releases is described. While none of the releases caused a significant dose to the public, the data collected is valuable for comparison with the results of tritium transport models ...

The fact that tritium can be incorporated into organic molecules renders the description and modelization of tritium transfer more complex than that of other radionuclides such as Sr and Cs. Tritium taken up in organic form is a more efficient precursor o...

A survey of existing atmospheric dispersion models has been conducted to determine the most appropriate basis for the development of a model for predicting the consequences of an accidental UF(sub 6) release. The model is required for safety analysis stud...

Sandia Laboratories has put into operation a new facility, the Tritium Research Laboratory. The laboratory incorporates containment and cleanup facilities such that any tritium accidentally released is captured rather than vented to the atmosphere. This c...

Numerous atmospheric dispersion models have been developed for use in the nuclear industry. Such models are used to determine relative concentrations of airborne radionuclides at various locations as a result of routine or accidental releases from nuclear...

The concept of a dose-rate conversion factor for external exposure to photons and electrons and its application to the estimation of population dose following routine or accidental releases of radionuclides to the atmosphere were discussed. Dose-rate conv...

The COSYMA program system for evaluating the off-site consequences of accidental releases of radioactive material to the atmosphere includes an ECONOMICS module for assessing economic consequences. The aim of this module is to convert various consequences...

The aim of this study is to investigate vent filter technologies that could be applied to ITER in accidental situations and to discuss how effective they could be in reducing accidental releases of gases, vapors and aerosols to the atmosphere. The study's...

Two errors have been identified in the authorization basis for the 242-A Evaporator at the Hanford Site. These errors, which appear in the 242-A Evaporator/Crystallizer Final Safety Analysis Report analysis of ammonia gas concentrations accidentally relea...

This report is an important contribution to the behavior of pressurized liquefied gases when accidentally released into the atmosphere. LNG vehicle fueling stations and LPG storage facilities operate at elevated pressures. Accidental releases could result in rainout and the formation of an ...

Emergency response to airborne releases of radiative material requires estimating potential doses to downwind populations. This paper reports that emergency response personnel estimate radiation doses as accurately as possible; however, uncertain ties and biases in this process often introduce an over-conservatism in the final estimate. The process for determining the ...

SUBDOSA calculates external gamma and beta doses to individuals from the accidental release of radionuclides to the atmosphere. Doses are calculated as a function of: quantity released, duration of release, atmospheric conditions during the release, and ...

A mathematical model describing the behavior of a gas of any density released into a turbulent atmosphere was developed. A numerical treatment was established for two dimensional flow. An understanding of the effects of accidental or continuous release wa...

Removal by atmospheric processes of routinely and accidentally released tritium from a controlled thermonuclear reactor (CTR) was investigated. Based on previous studies, the assumed form of the tritium for this analysis was HTO, or tritiated water vapor. Assuming a CTR operation in Morris, Illinois, surface water and ...

Removal by atmospheric processes of routinely and accidentally released tritium from a controlled thermonuclear reactor (CTR) was investigated. Based on previous studies, the assumed form of the tritium for this analysis was HTO or tritiated water vapor. Assuming a CTR operation in Morris, Illinois, surface water and ...

A database of vegetation, soil, and air tritium concentrations at gridded coordinate locations following nine accidental atmospheric releases is described. The concentration data is supported by climatological data taken during and immediately after the releases. In six cases, the release data ...

... ballast water discharge, intentional release as forage for sport fish, and accidental release from aquaculture facilities. ...

There are objects with high level of risk of accidental releases (nuclear, chemical, bi- ological, etc). These accidents may occur during transportation of waste, natural haz- ards, human errors and various operations of the high risk. Considering an operation of the Kursk NS lifting and transportation, we suggest a methodology for the com- plex risk ...

The rail shipment of large quantities of radiocesium involves a potential accidental release of this material in a readily available form to the biosphere. The magnitude of the associated potential damage to man and his environment is evaluated in this report. The evaluation of the consequences of an accidental ...

Throughout fifty-three years of operations, an estimated 29,300 TBq of tritium have been released to the atmosphere at the Livermore site of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; about 75% of this was released accidentally as gaseous tritium in 1965 and 1970. Routine emissions contributed slightly more than 3,700 ...

Highly toxic hydrogen selenide and hydrogen sulfide gases are used in the production of copper-indium-diselenide photovoltaic cells by reactive sputtering. In the event of an accident, these gases may be released to the atmosphere and pose hazards to public and occupational safety and health. This paper outlines an approach for designing systems for the ...

This thesis studied the management of hazard assessment of accidental releases and identified some relevant methods and how they could be used to optimize assessment of accidental releases to the environment. Further, the thesis produced an approach to ha...

The paper discusses control and mitigation systems for accidental releases of toxic chemicals. A review of the control/mitigation system data base developed during an EPA study reveals that the major control measure employed by industry for accidental releases is routine process ...

Sites exist with high levels of risk of accidental atmospheric releases. These releases can be hazardous nuclear, chemical, and biological matter. Such accidents may occur during transport of waste, or they may be due to natural hazards, human errors, terror acts or various operations at high risk. Considering the ...

This report provides a summary of work carried out on behalf of the Atomic Energy Control Board, concerned with the consequences of accidental releases to the atmosphere of hydrogen sulphide (H(sub 2)S) at a heavy water plant. In this study, assessments o...

An accidental atmospheric release of PuO sub 2 particles from a nuclear facility may result in deposition of a major fraction of the particles within a few kilometers downwind. Estimates of plume depletion as a function of distance were computed using our...

Historical information about tritium released routinely and accidentally from all Livermore Site Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) facilities and from the Tritium Research Laboratory of Sandia National Laboratories/California (SNL/CA) between ...

An airborne differential absorption lidar system employing high-energy line-tunable CO/sub 2/ lasers has been used to map cross-plume vertical distributions resulting from a near-surface SF/sub 6/ tracer gas release. The remote SF/sub 6/ tracer measurement technique may be suitable to evaluate distributions of toxic and hazardous materials accidentally ...

The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability service (ARAC), has three main functions: to provide support to designated Department of Energy facilities during an accidental atmospheric release of radionuclides; to support the DOE Emergency Response Team in the event of potential or actual ...

The paper considers the potential for damage from the accidental release of conductive carbon fibers

... Title : The Potential for Accidental Release of Carbon/Graphite Fibers from Resin Matrix Composites as Determined by Thermogravimetric Analysis. ...

In the case of accidental release of hazardous gases in the atmosphere, the emergency responders need a reliable and fast tool to assess the possible consequences and apply the optimal countermeasures. A number of models for the prediction and simulation of hazard areas affected by accidental ...

on File 1/31/08 Quality Assurance Specialist: Organization Signature Date Laura Ortega WES Signature of an accidental release of hazardous chemicals or radiological materials to the atmosphere. This procedure applies, or biological materials to the atmosphere. metpc: IBM PC at TA-59, Bldg. 1, Rm. 178; Meteorology

The Savannah River Plant (SRP) releases small amounts of radioactive nuclides to the atmosphere as a consequence of the production of radioisotopes. The potential for larger accidental releases to the atmosphere also exists, although the probability for most accidents is low. To provide ...

A module simulating ClF{sub 3} chemical reactions with water vapor and thermodynamic processes in the atmosphere after an accidental release has been developed. This module was liked to the HGSYSTEM. Initial model runs simulate the rapid formation of HF and ClO{sub 2} after an atmospheric ...

Throughout fifty-three years of operations, an estimated 792,000 Ci (29,300 TBq) of tritium have been released to the atmosphere at the Livermore site of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL); about 75% was tritium gas (HT) primarily from the accidental releases of 1965 and 1970. Routine emissions ...

The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) uses a modeling system to calculate the impact of accidental radiological or toxic releases to the atmosphere anywhere in the world. Operated for the US Departments of Energy and Defense, ...

Many hazardous gases used in the photovoltaic cell industry are heavier than air. Following an accidental release, their dispersion in air, differs from the dispersion of a neutrally buoyant gas and, as such, it requires special consideration. This report reviews and evaluates basic theoretical models and selected computer codes. Model results also are ...

An early effective dose equivalent (EDE) to the most exposed individual of the public (MEI) at 1 km of 0.5 mSv per g tritium released in HTO form is presently used to quantify the environmental impact of accidental tritium releases from future fusion devices like NET (Next European Torus) or ITER (International Thermonuclear ...

Safety analysis of Department of Energy (DOE) facilities requires consideration of potential exposures to mixtures of chemicals released to the atmosphere. Exposure to chemical mixtures may lead to additive, synergistic, or antagonistic health effects. In the past, the consequences of each chemical have been analyzed separately. This approach may not ...

The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability is a real-time emergency-response service available to federal and state agencies for providing estimates of the environmental consequences of accidental releases of radioactivity into the atmosphere. This includes the estimation of radiation doses to ...

Over the course of fifty-three years, LLNL had six acute releases of tritiated hydrogen gas (HT) and one acute release of tritiated water vapor (HTO) that were too large relative to the annual releases to be included as part of the annual releases from normal operations detailed in Parts 3 and 4 of the Tritium Dose ...

The thermodynamic behavior of hydrogen fluoride when diluted with air, particularly moist air, is very different from that of a simple ideal gas. The gas-air mixture can, depending on conditions, be denser than ambient air or substantially less dense than air. This behavior of an HF cloud would have a major influence on the dispersion behavior of HF in the atmosphere if it ...