Estimation of the risks of accidental radioactive releases is necessary in assessing the safety of any nuclear waste management system. The case of a radioactive waste form enclosed in a barrier system is considered. Two test calculations were carried out. (DLC)

Evacuation of the population in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant following an accidental release of radioactivity into the atmosphere, is one of the protective means which might reduce the radiation doses and radiological effects caused to the popula...

An accidental release of radioactivity to the atmosphere from a nuclear power reactor demands rapid response to protect the health and safety of people in the vicinity. Techniques one may utilize to estimate, in real time, the environmental impact and the...

This paper presents the following calculations: 1. the amount of radioactivity retained in the lung resulting from various accidental releases of radioactivity under various average and worst meteorological conditions, 2. the number of people exposed.

This manual documents a recommended methodology for determining the ingestion pathway consequences of hypothetical accidental airborne radiological releases from facilities at the Savannah River Site. Both particulate and tritiated radioactive contaminant...

This study was performed to obtain information that could be useful for obtaining an early estimate of the probable total stack activity monitor response in the event of an accidental release of radioactive activity in the process room.

The FUSECRAC code, a modification of the CRAC code, was developed to estimate public health effects from released fusion radioactivity both for safety studies and for comparison of the hazards associated with candidate structural materials. This paper sum...

This study estimates the health effects in terms of radionuclide concentrations for aquifers feeding various sources. Contamination is due to the accidental underground release of radioactive Liquid effluents at the reprocessing plant at La Hague. Radionu...

This study estimates the health effects in terms of radionuclide concentrations for aquifers feeding various sources. Contamination is due to accidental underground release of radioactive liquid effluents, at the reprocessing plant of La Hague. Radionucli...

An assessment of the ITER radioactivity confinement shows reduction of potential accidental releases to the environment by two orders of magnitude. Important credits are the 1% volume/day confinement leakage rate, radioactivity decay for short-lived isoto...

Accidental releases of radioactivity from fission reactors will consist of active vapors or aerosols. Composition of the released plume will depend on the energy of release and fission product volatility. An apparatus is described that can efficiently (95...

The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability is a real-time emergency-response service available to federal and state agencies for providing estimates of the environmental consequences of accidental releases of radioactivity into the atmosphere. This inclu...

Of the more than 450 underground nuclear explosives tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site from August 1963 (signing of the Limited Test Ban Treaty) through the end of 1986, only 23 accidentally released radioactivity that was detectable beyond the boundary of the NTS. Of these ...

This study considered the sensitivity to the dose-response relationships adopted for the estimation of early biological effects from notional accidental releases of radioactivity from fast breeder reactors. Two distinct aspects were considered: the sensit...

BS>A few topics which affect the handling of an accidental radioactivity release from a nuclear power plant are discussed, such as: time available to institute emergency procedures, chemical prophylaxis, improvised respiratory protection, and dose and deposition estimation. The intent is to provide practical suggestions to ...

Assumptions acceptable to the NRC are provided for use in evaluating the offsite radiological consequences of a postulated accidental release of radioactive gases from a BWR offgas system.

A reevaluation of the current wet deposition models for radioactive plumes of the Gaussian type is presented. The application of the methodology to routine and accidental activity releases from nuclear facilities is discussed. A set of washout parameters for a simplified model has been included.

Assumptions acceptable to the NRC are provided for use in evaluating the offsite radiological consequences of a postulated accidental release of radioactive gases from a BWR offgas system.

All calculations of the consequences of an atmospheric release must start with atmospheric dispersion calculations. Time factors make external and inhalation dose estimates of immediate concern closely followed by ground contamination of land, pastures an...

A synoptic classification scheme, a mesoscale meteorological model, and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model for pollution transport and dispersion are reviewed. Such models can describe the transport and dispersion of pollutants released into time-vary...

The Savannah River Plant (SRP) releases small amounts of radioactive nuclides to the atmosphere as a consequence of the production of radioisotopes. The potential for larger accidental releases to the atmosphere also exists, although the probability for m...

The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) Center located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, provides real-time estimates of the environmental consequences of accidental releases of radioactivity or other hazardous materials into the atmos...

... Directive SUBJECT Release of Information Concerning Accidental Casualties ___- Involving Military Personnel or Equipment ...

The radiological consequences of a wide range of notional accidental releases from a 1300 MW(e) LMFBR were assessed in a study published in 1977 (NRPB - R53). In that study representative values were in general adopted for each of the important parameters...

This manual documents a recommended methodology for determining the ingestion pathway consequences of hypothetical accidental airborne radiological releases from facilities at the Savannah River Site. Both particulate and tritiated radioactive contaminants are addressed. Other approaches should be applied for evaluation of routine ...

The fact that tritium can be incorporated into organic molecules renders the description and modelization of tritium transfer more complex than that of other radionuclides such as Sr and Cs. Tritium taken up in organic form is a more efficient precursor o...

The COSYMA program system for evaluating the off-site consequences of accidental releases of radioactive material to the atmosphere includes an ECONOMICS module for assessing economic consequences. The aim of this module is to convert various consequences...

Atmospheric transport and diffusion models have been developed for real-time calculations of the location and concentration of toxic or radioactive materials during an accidental release at the Savannah River Site (SRS). These models are based Gaussian di...

The aim of studies on iodine is to demonstrate that in the case of failure in the containment occuring after more than one day, the total quantity of iodine released would be lower or equal to 1% of the inventory of the core at the moment of the begining ...

A mixed oxide fuel fabrication plant is basically a conventional industrial facility in which dangerous materials are processed. The potential hazards are of a conventional nature, and must be taken into account at the equipment and building design stage....

This article describes the epidemiological studies being carried out to determine radiation doses to the public from intentional and accidental releases of radioactive compounds during the Cold War. These studies at present are focused on Hanford, Oak Ridge, and Fernald, with studies beginning at Rocky Flats and Savannah.

Studies carried out by the organizations commissioned to ensure nuclear safety, more particularly the Departement de Surete Nucleaire du Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, principally dealt with the behaviour of aerosols inside the reactor containment bui...

The report presents the NRC staff with a tool for assessing the potential effects of accidental releases of radioactive materials and toxic substances on habitability of nuclear facility control rooms. The tool is a computer code that estimates concentrat...

A software package intended for the assessments of risks resulting from accidental release of radioactive materials from a nuclear power plant is presented. The models and the various programs based on them, are described. The work includes detailed opera...

The problem of estimating internal exposure from the intake of uranium is discussed. Excreta samples are routinely taken from workers at regular intervals during normal operations and/or after an accidental release of radioactive substances to the immedia...

The effluent release from experiments is controlled by limiting the size of each sample irradiated so that if it was accidentally completely volatized into the closed room, the radioactive concentration would not exceed the permitted limits. The possible releases of Ar-41 and N-16 from the reactor are also ...

The purpose of this study is to develop a concept for an advisory service that could be used to assess the consequences of an accidental release of radioactivity or other toxic materials to the atmosphere. This capability would be used in the form of advisories to AEC sites and facilities and eventually could be applied to licensee ...

Pakistan Research Reactor (PARR-1) has many operational safety features against any accidental failure of its control system. Nevertheless the risk, how-so-ever remote, of any accidental excursion that may lead to the release of radioactive material from ...

The manual discusses reducing the risk associated with an accidental release of chlorine. It identifies examples of potential causes of accidental releases that apply to processes that use chlorine, as well as measures that may be taken to reduce the accidental release ...

... was through accidental release from a private research facility. ...

>From winter meeting of American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Detroit, Michigan, USA (11 Nov 1973). The probability of accidents occurring in the nuclear fuel cycle is examined by considering: projected number of shipments of nuclear materials for power reactors (excluding breeder and gascooled reactors); transport by truck, rail, aircraft, and barge; and statistics on the ...

... as the reinforcement in filamentary composite materials brought up the possibility of accidental release of carbon fibers from the burning of crashed ...

In the event that a radioisotope-fueled SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) unit is placed accidentally in an ocean environment the potential release of the radioisotopic fuel material to the ocean environment may generate a radiological hazard. St...

The food ingestion consequences due to radioactive particulates of an accidental release, scenario 1-RD-3, are evaluated for Savannah River Technology Center. The sizes of land areas requiring the protective action of food interdiction are calculated. The consequences of the particulate portion of the release are ...

The development of technological bases for siting nuclear fuel cycle facilities requires calculational models and computer codes for the evaluation of risks and the assessment of environmental impact of radioactive effluents. A literature search and review of available computer programs revealed that no one program was capable of performing all of the great variety of ...

Topics covered in the review include: current radiation protection standards for workers; current radiation protection standards for the routine exposures of the public; environmental radiation standards for specific practices or sources; protective action guides for accidental releases of radioactivity to the environment; de minimis ...

Topics covered in the review include: current radiation protection standards for workers; current radiation protection standards for the routine exposures of the public; environmental radiation standards for specific practices or sources; protective action guides for accidental releases of radioactivity to the environment; de minimis ...

The nuclear facilities at Risoe National Laboratory are equipped with high-efficiency filters to protect the environment from routine or accidental releases of radioactive material. The filter efficiency must be tested regularly and a method for on-site c...

Emergency response to airborne releases of radiative material requires estimating potential doses to downwind populations. This paper reports that emergency response personnel estimate radiation doses as accurately as possible; however, uncertain ties and biases in this process often introduce an over-conservatism in the final estimate. The process for determining the ...

Based on a study to assess the application and utility of sheltering and evacuation as specific protective measures in the event of accidental releases of gaseous radioactive material from nuclear power plants, this report is the second of two parts that deal specifically with the effectiveness of sheltering and evacuationas protective ...

Based on a study to assess the application and utility of sheltering and evacuation as specific protective measures in the event of accidental releases of gaseous radioactive material from nuclear power plants, this report is the first of two that deal specifically with the effectiveness of public shelter structures. The second report ...

Conservatism in the calculation of the effective dose following an airborne release from an accident involving a fuel reprocessing waste tank is examined. Within the regulatory constraints at the Hanford Site, deterministic effective dose calculations are conservative by at least an order of magnitude. Deterministic calculations should be used with caution in reaching ...

The accuracy associated with assessing the environmental consequences of an accidental atmospheric release of radioactivity is highly dependent on our knowledge of the source release rate which is generally poorly known. This paper reports on a technique that integrates the radiological measurements with ...

A method is described for identification, preliminary evaluation, and screening of potential accident sequences leading to uncontrolled release of radioactive materials. Included is a procedure for estimating the risk sum of all identified sequences. In a...

... ballast water discharge, intentional release as forage for sport fish, and accidental release from aquaculture facilities. ...

Consequence of the accidental release of radioactivity from a nuclear power plant is assessed in terms of exposure or dose to the members of the public. Assessment of risk is routed through this dose computation. Dose computation basically depends on the basic dose assessment model and exposure pathways. One of the exposure pathways is ...

Consequence of the accidental release of radioactivity from a nuclear power plant is assessed in terms of exposure or dose to the members of the public. Assessment of risk is routed through this dose computation. Dose computation basically depends on the basic dose assessment model and exposure pathways. One of the exposure pathways is ...

SUBDOSA calculates external gamma and beta doses to individuals from the accidental release of radionuclides to the atmosphere. Doses are calculated as a function of: quantity released, duration of release, atmospheric conditions during the release, and horizontal distance from the ...

The TRACES computer program relates the radioactivity concentration in up to 12 specific environmental media to the potential radiation dose to a member of the public via up to 21 exposure pathways. It can calculate doses arising from environmental contamination of short duration (short term accidental release) or personal exposure of ...

Accidental releases of radioactive material at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory resulted in the establishment of building and ventilation design criteria and the requirement for a hazards evaluation for those facilities which contain or handle radioactive materials of physiological hazard greater than that ...

The report discusses the control of accidental releases of ammonia to the atmosphere. Ammonia has an IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) concentration of 500 ppm, making it an acute toxic hazard. Reducing the risk associated with an accidental release of ammonia invol...

This thesis studied the management of hazard assessment of accidental releases and identified some relevant methods and how they could be used to optimize assessment of accidental releases to the environment. Further, the thesis produced an approach to ha...

The paper discusses control and mitigation systems for accidental releases of toxic chemicals. A review of the control/mitigation system data base developed during an EPA study reveals that the major control measure employed by industry for accidental releases is routine process ...

The paper considers the potential for damage from the accidental release of conductive carbon fibers

... Title : The Potential for Accidental Release of Carbon/Graphite Fibers from Resin Matrix Composites as Determined by Thermogravimetric Analysis. ...

This research studies the behavior of the actinide elements in aqueous solution. The high radioactivity of the transuranium actinides limits the concentrations which can be studied and, consequently, limits the experimental techniques. However, oxidation state analogs (trivalent lanthanides, tetravalent thorium, and hexavalent uranium) do not suffer from these limitations. ...

Both routine and inadvertent releases of hazardous materials or contaminants may occur at industrial sites. For example small releases of radioactivity are made when a buildup occurs in the working area of a nuclear reactor complex. The nuclear reactor plant itself is usually enclosed within a protective shell which is intended to ...

The LPGS computer program was developed to calculate the radiological impacts resulting from radioactive releases to the hydrosphere. The hydrosphere is represented by the following types of water bodies: estuary, small river, well, lake, and one-dimensional (1-D) river. The program is principally designed to calculate radiation dose (individual and ...

Large quantities of radiostrontium inn the form of strontium carbonate have been shipped from HAPO in the HAPO-II shipping systems. Modifications have recently been completed to equip the two HAPO-I systems for shipments of strontium. This report updates previous hazards evaluations such shipments, to account for the greater strontium inventory of the HAPO-I system.

Neutron activation of materials in a compact tokamak fusion reactor has been investigated. Results of activation product inventory, dose rate, and decay heat calculations in the blanket and injectors are presented for a reactor design with stainless steel structures. Routine transport of activated materials into the plasma and vacuum systems is discussed. Accidental ...

The Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP) at the Hanford, Washington, site began operating in the 1950s to produce plutonium metal and oxide for national defense purposes. Due to the production requirements and methods utilized to meet national needs and the abrupt shutdown of the plant in the late 1980s, the plant was left in a condition that poses a risk of radiation exposure to plant workers, of ...

The high precipitation rates aggravate the consequences of hypothetical accidental releases of radioactive material from the Angra dos Reis Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), as determined by probabilistic risk assessment. A 30-year rainfall series was analysed, ...

The Hallam Power Reactor is described relative to site, buildings, reactor and associated heat-transfer system, instrumentation and control, auxiliary systems, and fuel and component handling facilities. The potential hazards of radioactivity and safeguards for confinement are discussed. Radiation levels and accidental effluent ...

The Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in April 1986 is the most serious accidental release of radioactivity ydinturvallisuustutkimus Nordisk kjernesikkerhetsforskning Nordisk k�rns�kerhetsforskning Nordic nuclear safety research potential nuclear events (e.g. reactor accident or nuclear terrorism). Furthermore, knowledge with ...

An accidental release of a quantity of radioactive material took place from the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant RHRS into Wheeler Reservoir from 1945 CST on January 4, 1977, until 0200 CST on January 5. The Water Systems Development Branch was requested to pre...

The purpose of this project is to evaluate environmental transport and dose calculational models employed in the assessment of the radiological impact of routine and accidental radioactive discharges. This includes the identification of these models, the evaluation of their conceptualization, simplifying assumptions, and data bases, the estimation of their ...

The problem of estimating internal exposure from the intake of uranium is discussed. Excreta samples are routinely taken from workers at regular intervals during normal operations and/or after an accidental release of radioactive substances to the immediate environment of the worker. Data on the activity excreted per day is analyzed to ...

An event tree is developed, outlining ways which radioactivity can be accidentally released from high level solidified wastes. Probabilities are assigned to appropriate events in the tree and the major contributors to dose to the general population are identified. All doses are computed on a per megawatt electric-year basis. ...

The staff concludes that for representative sites, there are differences in the impacts of accidental radioactive releases to the hydrosphere between floating nuclear plants (FNPs) and land-based plants (LBPs) of the ice-condenser type. The consequences of releases from design basis accidents are found to be lower ...

The Savannah River Plant (SRP) releases small amounts of radioactive nuclides to the atmosphere as a consequence of the production of radioisotopes. The potential for larger accidental releases to the atmosphere also exists, although the probability for most accidents is low. To provide for emergency ...

There is uncertainty in all aspects of assessing the consequences of accidental releases of radioactive material, from understanding and describing the environmental and biological transfer processes to modeling emergency response. The need for an exchange of views and a comparison of approaches between the diverse disciplines led to ...

A combination of Gaussian plume and particle-in-cell techniques is used to simulate the atmospheric transport and dispersion of a puff release of radioactive material. The release is caused by an accident that is assumed to occur during the shipment of the radioactive material through central New York City. The ...

The radioactive exposure of the traffic moving on the same highway as spent fuel shipments has been neglected in the past. Methods developed for calculating peak exposures, the number of individuals receiving a dose in excess of a certain limiting value, and the cumulative population doses for the occupants of the vehicles under a variety of highway and accident ...

This document contains recommendations on appropriate human physiological and dosimetric parameters for use in assessing doses in the short term following an accidental release of radioactive contamination to the atmosphere during a nuclear emergency. It focuses on the exposure pathways expected to deliver the greatest radiation dose ...