Some aspects of the atmospheric dispersion of tritium are discussed, followed by consideration of the dosimetric pathways. In order to assess the significance of a tritium release the doses from various pathways are estimated and compared with the doses e...

Dose calculations have been performed for accidental releases of tritium and activation products. Unit releases of 1 GBq per nuclide have been investigated for 31 fusion relevant nuclides. Additionally, unit releases of 1g of tritium and several activated...

The computer program TriStat (Tritium dose assessment for stationary release) was used to estimate the human dose under stationary release and to obtain a conservative estimate of the dose after an accidental release as well. The atmospheric behavior of tritium is described by a Gaussian dispersion model. The ...

A review of technology assessment studies as well as original research papers is presented in two diagrams with respect to estimating (1) the performance of fusion reactors in containing tritium, and (2) the radiological consequences of normal operational losses as well as accidental releases of tritium. ...

The ingestion pathway consequences following an accidental tritium release from the Savannah River Site Tritium Facilities are evaluated.

A database of vegetation, soil, and air tritium concentrations at gridded coordinate locations following nine accidental atmospheric releases is described. While none of the releases caused a significant dose to the public, the data collected are valuable for comparison with the results of tritium transport models used for risk ...

A database of vegetation, soil, and air tritium concentrations at gridded coordinate locations following nine accidental atmospheric releases is described. While none of the releases caused a significant dose to the public, the data collected is valuable for comparison with the results of tritium transport models used for risk ...

One of the primary objectives of the MFTF-B upgrades is to demonstrate the technology of tritium breeding in a reactor-like configuration. This requires use and processing of tritium, involving an inventory of several hundred grams at the plant. This paper reviews the results of a preliminary assessment of the radiation hazard ...

Tritium, which is used as a fuel of a D-T burning fusion reactor, is the most important radionuclide for the safety assessment of a nuclear fusion experimental reactor such as ITER. Thus, a computer code, ACUTRI, which calculates the radiological impact of tritium released accidentally to the atmosphere, has been ...

In order to predict tritium concentration at ground level near a nuclear site, a conceivable process for tritium transfer in the natural ecosystem must be traced. We developed an Easy Evaluation System for Atmospheric Dispersion (EESAD) code based on the random walk method (RWM) for calculation of the atmospheric dispersion of tritium. ...

Developments and accomplishments at Sandia Laoratories in three diverse areas are described in a popular fashion. The Tritium Research Laboratory uses modern methods of dual containment to protect against accidental release of tritium. A newly developed t...

The ingestion pathway consequences following a postulated accidental tritium release from the Savannah River Technology Center are evaluated.

An improvement in a tritium control system based on a catalytic oxidation reactor wherein accidental releases of tritium into room air are controlled by flooding the catalytic oxidation reactor with hydrogen when the tritium concentration in the room air exceeds a specified limit. The sudden flooding with hydrogen ...

The improvement in a tritium control system is based on a catalytic oxidation reactor wherein accidental releases of tritium into room air are controlled by flooding the catalytic oxidation reactor with hydrogen when the tritium concentration in the room air exceeds a specified limit. The sudden flooding with ...

An improvement is described in a tritium control system based on a catalytic oxidation reactor wherein accidental releases of tritium into room air are controlled by flooding the catalytic oxidation reactor with hydrogen when the tritium concentration in the room air exceeds a specified limit. The sudden flooding ...

The fact that tritium can be incorporated into organic molecules renders the description and modelization of tritium transfer more complex than that of other radionuclides such as Sr and Cs. Tritium taken up in organic form is a more efficient precursor o...

Sandia Laboratories has put into operation a new facility, the Tritium Research Laboratory. The laboratory incorporates containment and cleanup facilities such that any tritium accidentally released is captured rather than vented to the atmosphere. This c...

Sandia Laboratories, Livermore, is constructing a new facility, the Tritium Research Laboratory, that incorporates containment and cleanup facilities which hold any tritium that is accidentally released rather than allow the material to be vented to the a...

A database of vegetation, soil, and air tritium concentrations at gridded coordinate locations following nine accidental atmospheric releases is described. The concentration data is supported by climatological data taken during and immediately after the releases. In six cases, the release data is supplemented with meteorological data taken at seven towers ...

Fusion reactor facilities will be required to minimize releases of hazardous materials to the environment during both normal operations and accident situations. The Tritium Systems Test Assembly (TSTA) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory has a tritium removal system, capable of processing room air to collect tritium ...

Characteristics of neutron induced radioactivities for low activation materials in a deuterium-tritium fusion power reactor were investigated. The criteria for the assessment of low activation materials were reviewed. Candidate structural materials, namely vanadium alloy (V5CR5Ti), ferritic steel (modified HT9), and SiC composite material, and tungsten ...

This Primer is designed for use by operations and maintenance personnel to improve their knowledge of tritium safe handling practices. It is applicable to many job classifications and can be used as a reference for classroom work or for self-study. It is presented in general terms for use throughout the DOE Complex. After reading it, one should be able to: describe methods of ...

Vulnerability of tritium in a solid breeding material has been determined for accidents involving failure of the barrier between the blanket and reactor building. Two breeding materials were analyzed, lithium aluminate and lithium oxide. Accident scenario...

A primary objective of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor Project (TFTR) is to demonstrate the production of fusion energy using the deuterium--tritium fusion reaction in a magnetically confined plasma system. This paper will discuss the various tritium control methods employed to minimize the release of tritium to the environment. The ...

The ever-increasing world inventory of tritium mandates improvement of handling procedures to prevent accidental releases and/or personnel exposures. Tritium releases to the environment can arise from several sources: tritium production; nuclear weapons t...

Operation of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) and the proposed Princeton Ignition Test Reactor (PITR) will involve the generation and burning of a deuterium-tritium plasma. Systems associated with both the TFTR and PITR will be designed to minimize the potential release of tritium and other radioisotopes under both routine operational and ...

Removal by atmospheric processes of routinely and accidentally released tritium from a controlled thermonuclear reactor (CTR) was investigated. Based on previous studies, the assumed form of the tritium for this analysis was HTO, or tritiated water vapor. Assuming a CTR operation in Morris, Illinois, surface water and ...

Removal by atmospheric processes of routinely and accidentally released tritium from a controlled thermonuclear reactor (CTR) was investigated. Based on previous studies, the assumed form of the tritium for this analysis was HTO or tritiated water vapor. Assuming a CTR operation in Morris, Illinois, surface water and ...

An analysis of the heat transport and water detritiation systems of ITER has been performed in order to determine major pathways for tritium loss and estimate releases during normal operation (operational tritium release). Heavy water escape and tritium release estimates compiled on the basis of operating experiences of typical CANDU ...

An accidental tritium release (570 L, 210 TBq) from the K-Reactor at the Savannah River Site (South Carolina, USA) occurred between December 22-25, 1991. Observed tritium concentrations in rivers and streams, as well as in the coastal estuary, are used to calibrate a hydrologic flow and transport model, BASINS 4.0 (Better ...

This thesis studied the management of hazard assessment of accidental releases and identified some relevant methods and how they could be used to optimize assessment of accidental releases to the environment. Further, the thesis produced an approach to ha...

... future uncertainties in the use of these reactors, ERAB, at the request of DOE, in 1988 assessed various reactor technologies for tritium production. ...

Deterministic and probabilistic dose assessments for releases of tritium have been performed for the potential European ITER Site of Vandellos (Spain). Besides national regulatory models, internationally accepted computer codes such as NORMTRI (for normal conditions) and UFOTRI (for incidental/accidental conditions) were used for the ...

An accidental release of HTO to the atmosphere from a reactor at the Chalk River Laboratories was assessed in a timely and efficient manner using a combination of predictive modelling and environmental sampling. A simple Gaussian plume model performed well in predicting the concentration of HTO in air. Doses to workers and to members of the public were ...

The tritium systems and the tritium needed for MFTF- alpha +T were assessed. This mirror reactor produces 20 MW of power, has 10% availability, and uses tritium positive neutral beams with 20 to 30% total gas efficiency as fuelers. The two burn times cons...

Because of the reduction in the nation's stockpile of weapon systems a large amount of tritium is being returned to the Savannah River Site in Aiken, SC. Due to the increased quantity of tritium returning to SRS, the SRS Tritium Facility was tasked to det...

The accurate measurement of tritium in urine in the form of tritiated water (HTO) as well as in organic forms (organically bound tritium (OBT)) is an essential step in assessing tritium exposures correctly. Exchange between HTO and OBT, arising intrinsica...

The potential radiological implications of tritium released to the environment must be assessed to develop a policy for managing the tritium inventory projected for the nuclear power industry, which already produces tritium in megacurie quantities annually. Development of fusion reactors will create large ...

This paper presents assessments of tritium-breeding requirements and breeding potential for the STARFIRE/DEMO design. The assessment of breeding requirement is described based on two design considerations; i.e.: (1) tritium inventory and doubling requirem...

Tritium instrumentation is required for the protection of personnel in any facility handling significant quantities of tritium. In such facilities, in a chronic or accidental tritium release situation, tritium may be present in the air as tritiated hydrogen gas (HT, DT, T/sub 2/) or tritiated ...

The damage to 13 workers following accidental exposures was assessed from lymphocyte chromosomal aberrations, and the results compared with those supplied by physical dosimetry and the clinical syndromes. (FR)

This report summarizes the expected tritium and activation-product inventories and presents an assessment of the potential radiological releases from a fusion reactor power plant, hypothetically located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Routine tritium releases and the resulting dose assessment are discussed. ...

... Accession Number : ADA402708. Title : The Use of Tritium Autoradiography to Assess Fatigue Damage in Metals. Descriptive Note : Technical rept. ...

Tritium processing equipment is installed inside gloveboxes. Leaks of tritium, normal and accidental, are captured by a tritium stripping system using an oxidation-absorption process. Tritium is captured as tritiated water in zeolite beds and is recovered by desorption and reduction. The ...

AXAIRQ is a straight-line Gaussian plume dose model used for prospective accident assessment at the Savannah River Site and currently includes the following dose pathways: inhalation, ground shine, and plume shine. In the event of an accident, another possible pathway for dose would be through ingestion of locally produced contaminated foodstuffs. A model, AXINGST, has been ...

An automated emergency response system for real-time predictions of offsite dose from unplanned atmospheric releases of radioactivity is maintained at the Savannah River Plant. The system consists of a minicomputer and associated peripherals necessary for acquisition and handling of large amounts of meteorological data from a local tower network and the National Weather Service. The minicomputer ...

An early effective dose equivalent (EDE) to the most exposed individual of the public (MEI) at 1 km of 0.5 mSv per g tritium released in HTO form is presently used to quantify the environmental impact of accidental tritium releases from future fusion devices like NET (Next European Torus) or ITER (International Thermonuclear ...

Vulnerability of tritium in a solid breeding material has been determined for accidents involving failure of the barrier between the blanket and reactor building. Two breeding materials were analyzed, lithium aluminate and lithium oxide. Accident scenarios included either continuation or termination of the blanket cooling and helium purge flow. The results showed that with the ...

This paper presents a review of safety studies for accidental sequences in the European solid breeder test blanket module (TBM) system. These studies are the starting point for the Preliminary Safety Analysis Report of ITER, under preparation to get the construction permit first and then later the operation licence. In general the reduced inventory of activation products and ...

This report contains results of a biennial assessment of tritium separation technology and tritium nitration techniques for control of tritium bearing wastewaters at the Hanford Site. Tritium in wastewaters at Hanford have resulted from plutonium production, fuel reprocessing, and waste ...

The Savannah River Site (SRS) was bulk to produce plutonium and tritium for national defense. As a result of site operations, routine and accidental releases of radionuclides have occurred. The effects these releases have on the k>cal population and envir...

... an accidental intake of tritium (20) and for Chernobyl clean-up workers (21). Among several mathematical models ... protracted irradiation was highlighted by the Goiania and Chernobyl accidents (6, 7, 21,...

analyses are required in the launch phase to assess accidental Earth reentry for ... thermal and structural loads in the event of launch failure to assess the risk for ...

... Title : Functional Assessment of Laser Irradiation. Descriptive Note : Final rept. ... Implications for accidental human exposures are presented. (Author). ...

Throughout fifty-three years of operations, an estimated 29,300 TBq of tritium have been released to the atmosphere at the Livermore site of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; about 75% of this was released accidentally as gaseous tritium in 1965 and 1970. Routine emissions contributed slightly more than 3,700 TBq gaseous ...

To successfully control tritium in ITER, the reactor must implement an appropriate tritium tracking programme. This paper introduces the need to compartmentalize the different tritium systems of ITER and then assesses current practical and theoretical tritium quantification methods. By applying ...

Preventing tritium leakage across a large heat transfer area at high temperature is one of the most difficult problems associated with a D-T fusion reactor design. One of the most efficient methods to reduce the mobility of tritium is to convert it to tritiated water. Most solid breeder systems use a purge gas and assume tritium will ...

This paper presents an assessment of tritium-breeding requirement for fusion power reactors. The analysis is based on an evaluation of time-dependent tritium inventories in the reactor system. The method presented can be applied to any fusion systems in operation on a steady-state mode as well as on a pulsed mode. The effect of ...

In assessing tritium production and its relationship to the nation's warhead stockpile requirement, it has been found that large increases of tritium production are needed to achieve modest increases in the stockpile. It has also been found that tritium production needs can be reduced significantly by ...

This document summarizes new theoretical and experimental data that may affect the assessment of environmental releases of tritium and analyzes the significance of this information in terms of the dose to man. Calculated doses resulting from tritium relea...

The purpose of this study is to assess tritium control aspects of fusion reactors, to derive a preliminary estimate of the probable tritium releases and source terms under steady-state reactor operation, and to identify areas where advancement of fusion r...

... the efficiency (tritium transpired/tritium applied) of several irrigation management strategies. The model was parameterized using soil-water content data measured at 18 sites for the first year of the pro...

The increased use of nuclear reactors for power generation will lead to the introduction of tritium into the environment. The need for assessing possible immediate and long-term effects of exposure to this tritium led to the development of a broad program...

In this paper we discuss some of the obstacles to the construction of credible models of global tritium transport for use in dose assessments. We illustrate these difficulties by comparing model predictions of environmental tritium levels with measurement...

This paper assesses a method for extracting tritium from liquid lithium for specific application to the conceptual laser fusion reactor that uses a continuous lithium ''waterfall.'' The tritium diffuses through a refractory metal that contains a getter an...

Welded stainless steel vessels are used for the containment of tritium gas. Weldments have not been well-characterized with respect to embrittlement by tritium and its radioactive decay product and fracture toughness properties are needed to assess the lo...

Previous studies of tritium transport in the environment suggest that although water is the main route for human intake, other routes should not be ignored. The importance of eggs as a step in the pathway for human intake of tritium was assessed by intrav...

Previous studies of tritium transport in the environment suggest that although water is the main route for human intake, other routes should not be ignored. The importance of eggs as a step in the pathway for human intake of tritium was assessed by intravenously administering a s...

A fraction of the tritium gas released to atmosphere can be rapidly oxidized at the surface of soil, and then resuspended to atmosphere as HTO. Since tritiated water is more radiotoxic than tritium gas, we need to calculate the concentrations of HTO which...

This report analyzes proposed changes in the design of the overpack for low-level waste arising from the Tritium Extraction Facility for their potential impact on the radiological performance assessment for the E-Area Low-Level Waste Facility.

Beryllium is one of the best neutron multipliers for the blanket of a fusion reactor, thus several studies have been initiated to evaluate this material behaviour under irradiation both for typical operating and accidental conditions. The most important e...

Historical information about tritium released routinely and accidentally from all Livermore Site Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) facilities and from the Tritium Research Laboratory of Sandia National Laboratories/California (SNL/CA) between ...