The focus of most neurodegenerative disease studies has been on neuronal death in particular subpopulations of the central nervous system. The associated response of glial populations has been ascribed the term "reactive astrocytosis." This has been defined as the proliferation of astrocytes accompanied by cellular hypertrophy and ...

Although alterations in glial structure and function commonly accompany death of neurons in neurodegenerative diseases, the role glia play in modulating neuronal loss is poorly understood. We have created a model of Alexander disease in Drosophila by expressing disease-linked mutant versions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in ...

When the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) of the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, is transected in the first week of postnatal life, axons can grow back past the lesion and achieve functional reinnervation of caudal projection regions. In contrast, when the tract is sectioned after postnatal day 7 (P7), axons do not reinnervate regions caudal to the cut. The experiments reported here ...

Burns and inhalation of toxic gases, including carbon monoxide (CO) and cyanide, which are produced by combustion, are major factors involved in fire death. The present study immunohistochemically investigated basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in the brains of fire fatalities (n=49) to examine the ...

Astrocyte reactions to brain damage are usually accompanied by increases in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, though it remains unclear whether this reaction is universal. The aim of the present work was to study the reactions of astrocytes in the superficial glial delimiting membrane of the human brain to traumatic ...

Oro-facial pain following injury and infection is frequently observed in dental clinics. While neuropathic pain evoked by injury associated with nerve lesion has an involvement of glia/immune cells, inflammatory hyperalgesia has an exaggerated sensitization mediated by local and circulating immune mediators. To better understand the contribution of central nervous system (CNS) ...

Oro-facial pain following injury and infection is frequently observed in dental clinics. While neuropathic pain evoked by injury associated with nerve lesion has an involvement of glia/immune cells, inflammatory hyperalgesia has an exaggerated sensitization mediated by local and circulating immune mediators. To better understand the contribution of central nervous system (CNS) ...

Ultrastructural studies of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus suggest that an active retraction and extension of astrocytic processes (structural plasticity) from between magnocellular neuroendocrine neurons plays a role in the release of oxytocin, vasopressin, or both peptides that accompanies parturition, lactation, and dehydration. In support of this, Salm et ...

A subset of neurodegenerative tauopathies is characterized by abundant filamentous inclusions of hyperphosphorylated tau in both neurons and glia. While the contribution of neuronal tau to behavioral changes and neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases has been studied extensively, the functional consequences of tau deposition in glial cells have been less well ...

Previously, the authors have demonstrated that an increase in the astrocyte-associated protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), accompanies brain injury induced by a variety of chemical insults. In the present study the authors examined the effect...

Previously, the authors have demonstrated that an increase in the astrocyte-associated protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), accompanies brain injury induced by a variety of chemical insults. In the present study the authors examined the effects of microwave-induced hy...

The effects of an intravitreal or subretinal injection of soluble or aggregated forms of A?_1�42 on retinal nestin-immunoreactivity (?IR) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-IR in astrocytes and M�ller glial cells and the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) were tested in the in vivo rat vitreal-retinal model. ...

Neuronal receptive endings, such as dendritic spines and sensory protrusions, are structurally remodeled by experience. How receptive endings acquire their remodeled shapes is not well understood. In response to environmental stressors, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enters a diapause state, termed dauer, which is accompanied by remodeling of sensory ...

The {beta}-amyloid precursor protein (APP) bears characteristics of an acute-phase protein and therefore is likely to be involved in the glial response to brain injury. In the brain, APP is rapidly synthesized by activated glial cells in response to comparatively mild neuronal lesions, e.g., a remote peripheral ...

Neuroinflammation is a feature of many neurological disorders that is accompanied by the activation of glial cells and the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Such activation is a normal response oriented to protect neural tissue and it is mainly regulated by microglia and astroglia. However, excessive and chronic ...

Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) accompany olfactory growing axons in their entry to the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Due to this special characteristic, considerable attention has been focused on the possibility of using OEG for CNS regeneration. OEG present a large heterogeneity in culture with respect to their cellular morphology and expressed molecules. ...

PURPOSEEvidence supports the immune system activity accompanying glaucomatous neurodegeneration. This study aimed to determine the in vitro effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the phenotype and antigen-presenting function of the retina and optic nerve head glia.METHODSCultures of rat retina and optic nerve head glia were treated with a mixture of ROS-generating ...

Polysialic acid (PSA) is a large carbohydrate added post-translationally to the extracellular domain of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) that influences its adhesive and other functional properties. PSA-NCAM is widely distributed in the developing nervous system where it promotes dynamic cell interactions, like those responsible for axonal growth, terminal sprouting ...

Polysialic acid (PSA) is a large carbohydrate added post-translationally to the extracellular domain of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) that influences its adhesive and other functional properties. PSA-NCAM is widely distributed in the developing nervous system where it promotes dynamic cell interactions, like those responsible for axonal growth, terminal sprouting ...

It has been hypothesized that neuroinflammation triggered during brain development can alter brain functions later in life. We investigated the contribution of inflammation to the alteration of normal brain circuitries in the context of neuroexcitotoxicity following neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions in rats with ibotenic acid, an NMDA glutamate receptor agonist. Excitotoxic ibotenic acid ...

The role of the conserved focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family of protein tyrosine kinases in the development and physiological functions of the CNS has long been an area of interest among neuroscientists. In this report, we observe that Drosophila mutants lacking Fak56 exhibit a decreased lifespan, accompanied by a bang-sensitive phenotype, which is characterized by sensitivity ...

The current etiopathogenesis of spinal cord injury comprises a growing number of nontraumatic causes, including ischemia generating hypoxic-dysmetabolic conditions. To mimic the metabolic disruption accompanying nontraumatic acute spinal cord injury and to characterize the type and dynamics of cell death in relation to locomotor network function, we used, as a model, the rat ...

We have previously reported that neuron and glia could collaboratively govern the immunomodulation in traumatic rats. Herein, we characterized the sequential involvement of cortical neuron, microglia, and astrocytes in the traumatic stress-mediated neuroimmune modulation. At day 1 of trauma, transient extracellular signal related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation was initiated in neuron and ...

Diverse neurotoxic insults result in proliferation and hypertrophy of astrocytes, a subtype of central nervous system glia. he hallmark of this response, often termed "reactive gliosis," is the enhanced expression of the major intermediate filament protein of astrocytes, glial fi...

Diverse neurotoxic insults results in proliferation and hypertrophy of astrocytes. he hallmark of this response is enhanced expression of the major intermediate filament protein of astrocytes, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). hese observations suggest that GFAP may be a us...

The development of edema in the diabetic retina may be caused by vascular leakage and glial cell swelling. To determine whether diabetic retinopathy alters the swelling characteristics of retinal glial cells and changes the properties of the glial membrane K+ conductance, isolated retinas and glial cells of rats ...

Retinal M�ller glia have received considerable attention with regard to their potential to function as quiescent retinal precursors. Various activation strategies induce characteristic features of retinal progenitor cells in M�ller glia; however, these are often accompanied by hallmark features of reactive gliosis. We investigated the effects of an intravitreal injection ...

The hypothesis is based on glial-neuronal interactions in the cardio-respiratory centre of the brainstem. Recently, it has been experimentally verified that glial cells, especially astrocytes, exert a modulatory function in the maintenance of homeostasis in this brain region. In addition, astrocytes may also control the rhythms of heartbeat and breathing ...

Neuroglial interactions are most profound during development or damage of nerve tissue. We studied the responses of crayfish stretch receptor neurons (SRN) and satellite glial cells to photosensitization with sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine Photosens. Although Photosens was localized mainly in the glial envelope, neurons were very ...

Recent studies indicate that the descending serotonin (5-HT) system from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in the brainstem and the 5-HT(3) receptor subtype in the spinal dorsal horn are involved in enhanced descending pain facilitation after tissue and nerve injury. However, the mechanisms underlying the activation of the 5-HT(3) receptor and its contribution to facilitation of pain remain ...

Synucleinopathies comprise a diverse group of neurodegenerative proteinopathies that share common pathological lesions composed of aggregates of conformational and posttranslational modifications of alpha-synuclein in selected populations of neurons and glia. Abnormal filamentous aggregates of misfolded alpha-synuclein protein are the major components of Lewy bodies, dystrophic (Lewy) neurites, ...

BACKGROUND: Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor is a survival factor for dopaminergic neurons and a promising candidate for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, the delivery issue of the protein to the brain still remains unsolved. Our aim was to investigate the effect of long-term delivery of encapsulated glial cell-derived neurotrophic ...

Organisms are structurally robust, as cells accommodate changes preserving structural integrity and function. The molecular mechanisms underlying structural robustness and plasticity are poorly understood, but can be investigated by probing how cells respond to injury. Injury to the CNS induces proliferation of enwrapping glia, leading to axonal re-enwrapment and partial functional recovery. This ...

Glial cells are responsible for a wide range of functions in the nervous system of vertebrates. The myelinated nervous systems of extant elasmobranchs have the longest independent history of all gnathostomes. Much is known about the development of glia in other jawed vertebrates, but research in elasmobranchs is just beginning to reveal the mechanisms ...

Apr 21, 2011 ... If so, anti-inflammatory determines how spaceflight affects the eyes of astronauts is critical if humans are to attempt long-duration space ...

Purpose: Retinal M�ller (glial) cells undergo "reactive gliosis", a stress response that is accompanied by changes in their morphology and upregulation of various cellular markers. Reactive gliosis is seen in many retinal diseases and conditions; however, it is not known whether it is a common, stereotypic ...

We have demonstrated that overcoming matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated suppression of glial proliferation stimulates axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. The regenerative capacity of the adult CNS in response to injury and demyelination depends on the ability of multipotent glial NG2+ progenitor cells to ...

There is immunohistochemical evidence for endothelin (ET) receptors in satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia, but there is no information on the function of these receptors. We used calcium imaging to study this question in isolated mouse trigeminal ganglia and found that satellite glial cells are highly sensitive to ET-1, with threshold at 0.05 nM. ...

The mammalian brain and spinal cord contain heterogeneous populations of cycling, immature cells. These include cells with stem cell-like properties as well as progenitors in various stages of early glial differentiation. This latter population is distributed widely throughout gray and white matter and numerically represents an extremely large cell pool. In this review, we ...

Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) are adult onset neurodegenerative disorders characterised by prominent intracellular ?-synuclein aggregates (?-synucleinopathies). The glial contribution to neurodegeneration in ?-synucleinopathies was largely underestimated until recently. However, brains of PD and DLB patients exhibit ...

The retinal pigment epithelium is an important barrier to drug transport as well as contributing to the normal functioning of the photoreceptors. The contributions of glial cells in the retina to the maintenance and development of this barrier is important. There is evidence that retinal secreted factors play a role in the induction and maintenance of the outer blood retinal ...

Previous observations have provided evidence that the afferent-axon-induced development of synaptic glomeruli in the antennal lobe of the moth Manduca sexta depends upon an interaction between ingrowing sensory axons and the glial cells of the antennal lobe. In order to differentiate between the roles of glial cells and of afferent axons on the ...

Neuronal activity evokes localized changes in blood flow. Although this response, termed neurovascular coupling, is widely used to monitor human brain function and diagnose pathology, the cellular mechanisms that mediate the response remain unclear. We investigated the contribution of glial cells to neurovascular coupling in the ...

Neuronal activity evokes localized changes in blood flow. Although this response, termed neurovascular coupling, is widely used to monitor human brain function and diagnose pathology, the cellular mechanisms that mediate the response remain unclear. We investigated the contribution of glial cells to neurovascular coupling in the ...

Spinal cord injury (SCI) in mammals leads to a robust inflammatory response followed by the formation of a glial and connective tissue scar that comprises a barrier to axonal regeneration. The inbred MRL/MpJ mouse strain exhibits reduced inflammation after peripheral injury and shows true regeneration without tissue scar formation following an ear punch ...

Purpose of reviewRecent studies show that peripheral injury activates both neuronal and non-neuronal or glial components of the peripheral and central cellular circuitry. The subsequent neuron-glial interactions contribute to pain hypersensitivity. This review will briefly discuss novel findings that have shed light on the cellular mechanisms of ...

The immune response that accompanies spinal cord injury contributes to both injury and reparative processes. It is this duality that is the focus of this review. Here we consider the complex cellular and molecular immune responses that lead to the infiltration of leukocytes and glial activation, promote oxidative ...

A growing body of evidence suggests that glial cells are involved in practically all aspects of neural function. Glial cells regulate the homeostasis of the brain, influence the development of the nervous system, modulate synaptic activity, and carry out the immune response inside the brain. In addition, they play an important role in ...

A growing body of evidence suggests that glial cells are involved in practically all aspects of neural function. Glial cells regulate the homeostasis of the brain, influence the development of the nervous system, modulate synaptic activity, and carry out the immune response inside the brain. In addition, they play an important role in ...

BackgroundLyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) may present as meningitis, cranial neuropathy, acute radiculoneuropathy or, rarely, as encephalomyelitis. We hypothesized that glia, upon exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent, produce inflammatory mediators that promote the acute cellular infiltration of early LNB. This inflammatory context could potentiate glial and ...

The skin is a repository of sensory axons immersed within the turnover of epidermal, follicular, and dermal cellular constituents. We show that epidermal and perifollicular axons within intact hairy skin of mice possess a remarkable dynamic plasticity linked to their microenvironment. For example, the majority of epidermal axons express the growth protein GAP43. Unexpectedly, we induced new ...

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) play important physiological roles including proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. ERK5 contains kinase domain that shares homology with ERK1/2 and the T-E-Y activation motif at amino-terminal half, whereas the extended carboxy-terminal half is unique. Because the physiological role of ERK5 in glial cells remains ...

HMBA, a differentiation inducer belonging to the class of hybrid polar compounds, is known to induce terminal differentiation of a number of leukemic and solid tumour cell lines. In this report we have shown that HMBA markedly inhibits growth of C6 glioma cells at non-cytotoxic concentrations ranging from 2.5 m m to 10 m m in a dose-dependent manner. The growth inhibitory effect can be detected as ...

SummaryRecent studies suggest that astroglia, a major non-neuronal cell type in the central nervous system, actively participate in synaptic activity and potentially contribute to neurological disorders including chronic pain. Astroglia exhibit a hyperactive phenotype, also referred to as reactive astrocytosis, in response to peripheral injury. This process is often referred ...

Cannabinoid receptor (CB) agonists are known to attenuate allodynia in a range of pain models, but their long-term effects and their mechanisms of action are controversial. The present study compares the antiallodynic effects of long-term treatment with a mixed CB1/CB2 (WIN55,212-2) and a selective CB2 (GW405833) cannabinoid receptor agonist and correlates these effects with their influences on ...

The array of specialized neuronal and glial cell types that characterize the adult central nervous system originates from neuroepithelial proliferating precursor cells. The transition from proliferating neuroepithelial precursor cells to neuronal lineages is accompanied by rapid global changes in gene expression in coordination with epigenetic ...

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 202-209. ABSTRACT: Glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) is the predominant subtype of glutamate transporters which are responsible for the homeostasis of extracellular glutamate. Our previous studies have shown that up-regulation in GLT-1 protein expression matches brain ischemic tolerance induced by cerebral ischemic ...

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by ?-amyloid accumulation in the central nervous system. As ?-amyloid is neurotoxic in culture, we have explored the mechanisms of toxicity in the search for therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease and now identify a key role for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in ?-amyloid-induced neuronal death. Exposure of hippocampal neuronal/glial ...

Ataxia-telangiectasia is a multifaceted syndrome caused by null mutations in the ATM gene, which encodes the protein kinase ATM, a key participant in the DNA damage response. Retinal neurons are highly susceptible to DNA damage because they are terminally differentiated and have the highest metabolic activity in the central nervous system. In this study, we characterized the ...

Glial cells have been shown to increase the levels of synthesis of selected proteins in response to damage inflicted upon their associated axons. These proteins may be instrumental in mediating axonal repair. In this study proteins synthesized by the glia...

Senile plaques are a prominent pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but little is understood about the association of glial cells with plaques or about the dynamics of glial responses through the disease course. We investigated the progression of reactive glial cells and their relationship with AD ...

While many studies have focused on modulating the immune response and enhancing axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI), there is limited work being performed on evaluating the role of glial scar in SCI. We sought to evaluate the effects of glial scar resection in contusion models and dorsal hemisection models of SCI. At one ...

BackgroundAfter spinal cord injury (SCI), the formation of glial scar contributes to the failure of injured adult axons to regenerate past the lesion. Increasing evidence indicates that olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) implanted into spinal cord are found to migrate into the lesion site and induce axons regeneration beyond glial scar and resumption of ...

A key adaptation to environmental hypoxia is an increase in erythropoiesis, driven by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) through what is traditionally thought to be primarily a renal response. However, both neurons and astrocytes (the largest subpopulation of glial cells in the CNS) also express EPO following ischemic injury, and this ...

A key adaptation to environmental hypoxia is an increase in erythropoiesis, driven by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) through what is traditionally thought to be primarily a renal response. However, both neurons and astrocytes (the largest subpopulation of glial cells in the CNS) also express EPO following ischemic injury, and this ...

The chronic performance of implantable neural prostheses is affected by the growth of encapsulation tissue onto the stimulation electrodes. Encapsulation is associated with activation of connective tissue cells at the electrode's metallic contacts, usually made of platinum. Since surface nanotopography can modulate the cellular responses to materials, the aim of the present ...

The chronic performance of implantable neural prostheses is affected by the growth of encapsulation tissue onto the stimulation electrodes. Encapsulation is associated with activation of connective tissue cells at the electrode's metallic contacts, usually made of platinum. Since surface nanotopography can modulate the cellular responses to materials, the aim of the present ...

The glial water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is implicated in the control of ion and osmohomeostasis in the sensory retina. Using retinal slices from AQP4-deficient and wild-type mice, we investigated whether AQP4 is involved in the regulation of glial cell volume under altered osmotic conditions. Superfusion of retinal slices with a hypoosmolar solution ...

BackgroundPurinergic receptor-mediated signaling plays an important role in the function of glial cells, including glial tumor cells. Bradykinin is also an important paracrine mediator which is highly expressed in brain tumors and may correlate with their pathological grade. Interaction between bradykinin and purinergic signaling may therefore be involved ...

To through light on the mechanisms underlying the stimulation and persistence of glial cell activation in Parkinsonism, we investigate the function of IFN-? and TNF-? in experimental models of Parkinson's disease and analyze their relation with local glial cell activation. It was found that IFN-? and TNF-? remained higher over the years in the serum and ...

We report a rare case of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) concurring with diffuse astrocytoma and arachnoid cyst, and also re-evaluate the glial component in archival FCD cases for the differential diagnosis of diffuse gliomas. A 7-year-old boy with a 9-month history of psychomotor seizures disclosed a hyperintense area accompanied by a cystic lesion in the ...

Elevated nitric oxide (NO) and proton levels in synovial fluid are implicated in joint pathology. However, signaling pathways stimulated by these molecules that mediate inflammation and pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) have not been investigated. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of NO-proton stimulation of trigeminal neurons on the in vivo expression of mitogen-activated ...

Neuronal activity can stimulate an increase in astrocyte intracellular calcium concentration, which is propagated through neighboring astrocytes as a "calcium wave"; these calcium waves are accompanied by the release of glutamate. Sodium-dependent glutamate uptake leads to a secondary astrocytic sodium wave, accompanied by a wave of increased glucose ...

The rodent ventrobasal (VB) thalamus receives sensory inputs from the whiskers and projects to the cortex, from which it receives reciprocal excitatory afferents. Much is known about the properties and functional roles of these glutamatergic inputs to thalamocortical neurons in the VB, but no data are available on how these afferents can affect thalamic glial cells. In this ...

The functional role of murine TLR8 in the inflammatory response of the central nervous system (CNS) remains unclear. Murine TLR8 does not appear to respond to human TLR7/8 agonists, due to a five amino acid deletion in the ectodomain. However, recent studies have suggested that murine TLR8 may be stimulated by alternate ligands, which include vaccinia virus DNA, phosphothioate ...

Student materials which accompany the slides/tape title commanding the initial response (a16593-ss00).

Glial inflammation plays an integral role in the development of neurodegenerative disease. Although somatostatin is known to be a local anti-inflammatory factor in the periphery, evidence of a similar function in the brain is scarce. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of somatostatin on prostaglandin E(2) synthesis in primary neonatal rat ...

Mammalian puberty requires complex interactions between glial and neuronal regulatory systems within the hypothalamus that results in the timely increase in the secretion of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Assessing the molecules required for the development of coordinated communication networks between glia and LHRH neuron terminals in the basal hypothalamus, as ...

Mammalian puberty requires complex interactions between glial and neuronal regulatory systems within the hypothalamus that results in the timely increase in the secretion of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Assessing the molecules required for the development of coordinated communication networks between glia and LHRH neuron terminals in the basal hypothalamus, as ...

Complex interactions and interconnectivity between neurons are hallmarks of normal neuronal differentiation and development. Neurons also interact with other cell types, notably glia, and rely on substances released by glia for their normal function. A deficit in glial response may disturb this critical neuronal-glial-neuronal ...

The activities of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase in neuronal and glial cell-enriched fractions obtained from the cerebral cortex of rat brain during aging (15, 30, 90, 350, 750 days of age) were assayed. Our results showed that glutathione peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase activities varied little during the ...

The astrocyte response to central nervous system injury induced by neonatal alcohol exposure was evaluated using radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Rat pups were exposed to alcohol on postnatal days 4 throu...

... The glial protein S-100A exists in the blood of normal healthy humans at low concentrations (�0.03 KgIL j1 ) ... Analyses for S-100A were ...

Neonatal bacterial infection in rats alters the responses to a variety of subsequent challenges later in life. Here we explored the effects of neonatal bacterial infection on a subsequent drug challenge during adolescence, using administration of the psychostimulant amphetamine. Male rat pups were injected on postnatal day 4 (P4) with live Escherichia coli (E. coli) or PBS ...

Exponentially grown C6-murine glioma cells were used to study the effects of the halothane (151677) metabolite trifluoroacetic-acid (76051) (TFA) on cell growth; DNA, glycoprotein, and dolichol linked oligosaccharide synthesis; and ribonucleotide triphosp...

of cochlear neurons after noise-induced inner hair cell lesions. They did, however, not investigate was exposed by a postauricular approach and a cochleostomy was performed on the basal turn of the cochlea

This document analyzes, calcium behavior of cultured cells from the SCN. Using digitally enhanced video imaging, we have studied the responses of both neurons and glial cells to glutamate and to several other substances found in the SCN. It has been taken...

if they are capable to pass the blood-brain barrier. It has been accepted for a long time that glial cells, Grandison L. Oxidative stress mediates neuronal DNA damage and apoptosis in response to cytosine arabinoside

The four cephalic sensilla sheath (CEPsh) glial cells are important for development of the nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans. Whether these invertebrate glia can generate intracellular Ca(2+) increases, a hallmark of mammalian glial cell excitability, is not known. To address this issue, we developed a transgenic worm with the specific co-expression ...

We evaluated the shapes, numbers, and spatial distribution of astrocytes within the glial lamina, an astrocyte-rich region at the junction of the retina and optic nerve. A primary aim was to determine how the population of astrocytes, collectively, partitions the axonal space in this region. Astrocyte processes labeled with glial fibrillary acidic protein ...

Spinal glial activation and consequent interleukin-1 (IL-1) release are implicated in pain facilitation induced by inflammation/damage to skin and peripheral nerves. It is unclear whether pain facilitation induced at deep tissue sites also depends on these. We investigated whether spinal IL-1 and/or glial activation mediates bilateral allodynia induced by ...

Chronic alcohol abuse is often co-morbid with depression symptoms and in many cases it appears to induce major depressive disorder. Structural and functional neuroimaging has provided evidence supporting some degree of neuropathological convergence of alcoholism and mood disorders. In order to understand the cellular neuropathology of alcohol dependence and mood disorders, postmortem morphometric ...

Hypoxic preconditioning reprogrammes the brain's response to subsequent H/I (hypoxia-ischaemia) injury by enhancing neuroprotective mechanisms. Given that astrocytes normally support neuronal survival and function, the purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a hypoxic preconditioning stimulus would activate an adaptive astrocytic ...

Hypoxic preconditioning reprogrammes the brain's response to subsequent H/I (hypoxia�ischaemia) injury by enhancing neuroprotective mechanisms. Given that astrocytes normally support neuronal survival and function, the purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a hypoxic preconditioning stimulus would activate an adaptive astrocytic ...

Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. We have previously shown that expression of nonmutated human truncated ? (151-391, 4R), derived from sporadic Alzheimer's disease, induced neurofibrillary degeneration accompanied by microglial and astroglial activation in the brain of transgenic rats. The aim of the current ...

The study of glial derived factors induced by injury and degeneration is important to understand the nervous system response to deteriorating conditions. We focus on Apolipoprotein D (ApoD), a Lipocalin expressed by glia and strongly induced upon aging, injury or neurodegeneration. Here we study ApoD function in the brain of wild type and ApoD-KO mice by ...

In this study we employed a quantitative immunohistochemical approach to compare the brain tissue response to planar silicon microelectrode arrays that were conformally coated with Parylene-C to uncoated controls at 2, 4, and 12 weeks following implantation into the cortex of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. We did not find any difference in the relative intensity or the ...

Recurrent seizure activity has been shown to induce a variety of permanent structural changes in the brain. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) function to promote neuronal plasticity, primarily through cleavage of extracellular matrix proteins. Here, we investigated the role of MMP-9 in the development of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindled seizure in mice. Repeated treatment with PTZ (40 ...

BackgroundGlial cells have been shown to directly participate to the genesis and maintenance of chronic pain in both the sensory ganglia and the central nervous system (CNS). Indeed, glial cell activation has been reported in both the dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord following injury or inflammation of the sciatic nerve, but no data are currently ...

Neuroinflammation, marked by gliosis and infiltrating T cells, is a prominent pathological feature in diverse models of dominantly inherited neurodegenerative diseases. Recent evidence derived from transgenic mice ubiquitously overexpressing mutant Cu²⁺/Zn²⁺ superoxide dismutase (mSOD1), a chronic neurodegenerative model of inherited amyotrophic ...