A recent study from Varelas et al. in Nature Cell Biology reveals a role for the transcriptional regulator TAZ in TGFbeta signaling. Not only does TAZ couple phospho-Smads to the transcriptional machinery, it is also essential for their nuclear accumulation. PMID:18606136

The Cockayne syndrome B (CSB) protein is essential for transcription-coupled DNA repair (TCR), which is dependent on RNA polymerase II elongation. TCR is required to quickly remove the cytotoxic transcription-blocking DNA lesions. Functional GFP-tagged CSB, expressed at physiological levels, was homogeneously dispersed throughout the nucleoplasm in ...

Recent studies demonstrate that the factors involved in mRNA processing specify the fate of a transcript. The mRNA is either committed for export to the cytoplasm or accumulates in the nucleus, where it may be degraded. These studies reveal crosstalk among the nuclear events faced by the pre-mRNA. It is becoming evident that the components of the mRNA ...

Silent chromatin domains prevent transcription by packaging DNA into a higher order heterochromatin structure that is inaccessible to the transcriptional machinery. To preserve the transcriptional program in dividing cells, silent and active chromatin dom...

The transcription of the HSV genome during productive infection occurs with cellular transcriptional machinery and viral promoters utilizing cellular transcription factor binding sites.

Advances in structure determination of the bacterial and eukaryotic transcription machinery have led to a dramatic increase in understanding the mechanism of transcription. Models for the specific assembly of the RNA Polymerase II transcription machinery at a promoter, conformational changes ...

The 26S proteasome modulates steroid hormone receptor-dependent gene transcription at least in part by regulating turnover and recycling of receptor/transcriptional DNA complexes, thereby ensuring continued hormone response. For the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), inhibition of proteasome-mediated proteolysis or RNA interference-mediated depletion of ...

Maf1 is negative regulator of RNA polymerase III in yeast. We observed high levels of both primary transcript and end-matured, intron-containing pre-tRNAs in the maf1 strain. This pre-tRNA accumulation could be overcome by transcription inhibition, arguing against a direct role of Maf1 in tRNA maturation and suggesting saturation of ...

A phytoene dehydrogenase-deficient mutant of Mucor circinelloides accumulating only phytoene was transformed with the gene encoding the corresponding enzyme (carB gene) of Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Carotenoids derived from phytoene were detected in the transformants showing that the P. blakesleeanus carB gene complements the M. circinelloides carB mutation. These newly formed ...

At a workshop on machinery health monitoring, 15 speakers presented short, prepared talks on topics including vibration monitoring, plant machinery diagnostics, use of test equipment and interpretation of results, economic benefits of monitoring, expert s...

Zn(2+) ions are a critical component of cellular machinery. The ion is required for the function of many cell components crucial to survival, such as transcription factors, protein synthetic machinery, metabolic enzymes, hormone packaging, among other roles. In stark contrast to the cells' necessity for a sufficient Zn(2+) supply, an ...

A role for variant histone H2A.Z in gene expression is now well established but little is known about the mechanisms by which it operates. Using a combination of ChIP�chip, knockdown and expression profiling experiments, we show that upon gene induction, human H2A.Z associates with gene promoters and helps in recruiting the transcriptional machinery. ...

A complete gene expression reaction is reconstituted in a cell-free system comprising the entire endogenous transcription, translation, as well as mRNA and protein degradation machinery of E. coli. In dissecting the major reaction steps, we derive a coarse-grained enzymatic description of biosynthesis and degradation, from which ten relevant rate constants ...

Acetaldehyde is a toxic compound produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells under several growth conditions. The adverse effects of this molecule are important, as significant amounts accumulate inside the cells. By means of global gene expression analyses, we have detected the effects of acetaldehyde addition in the expression of about 400 genes. Repressed genes include many ...

Myotonic dystrophies (DMs) are characterised by highly variable clinical manifestations consisting of muscle weakness and atrophy, and a wide spectrum of extramuscular manifestations. In both DM1 and DM2 forms, expanded nucleotide sequences cause the accumulation of mutant transcripts in the nucleus, thus deregulating the function of some RNA-binding ...

... the degree to which the accumulation of mutations in breast cancer cells is due to a change in the fidelity of the cellular DNA replication machinery ...

Transcriptional Control of DNA-Based Nanomachines Wendy U. Dittmer and Friedrich C. Simmel* Sektion with the transcription machinery of prokaryotic organisms and created a gene that codes for the production of an m demonstrate that the transcription process successfully reads out the gene and automatically brings

The growth inhibition of dividing cells and most of the transcriptional responses upon TGF-beta treatment depend on the Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 transcription factors. These proteins shuttle continuously between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, transmitting the ligand status of the TGF-beta receptors to the nuclear transcription ...

Epigenetic regulation is a mechanism by which heritable changes in gene expression are controlled by chromatin status rather than primary DNA sequence. Changes in chromatin structure affect accessibility of DNA elements to the transcriptional machinery and thus affect transcription activity of the gene. A key event in this process is ...

... Ramp Accumulator MOSES winch Seawater Pump Machinery ... The accumulator is a 400-gallon tank, which can be pressurized to 5,000 psi. ...

Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is an extracellular mineral-binding protein expressed in several tissues while accumulated only in bone and cartilage under physiological conditions. Although the precise molecular mechanism of action of MGP remains unknown, all available evidence indicates that it acts as a physiological inhibitor of mineralization. This work presents the cloning of ...

Based on the idea that chromatin domains provide physical barriers for large molecules and multi-enzyme complexes, including the components of the transcription machinery, it has been proposed that transcription should be confined to the surfaces of chromatin domains. As a consequence nascent RNA should accumulate ...

The conserved RECQ5 DNA helicase is a tumor suppressor in mammalian cells. Defects in RECQ5 lead to the accumulation of spontaneous DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) during replication, despite the fact that these cells are proficient in DSB repair by homologous recombination (HR). The reason for this is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that these DSBs are linked to RNA ...

We speculated that in breast cancers, hormone resistance to antagonists involves the inappropriate recruitment of coregulatory proteins to the transcriptional machinery, which switches antagonists into agonists. We set out to discover transcriptional core...

RNA processing events that take place on the transcribed pre-mRNA include capping, splicing, editing, 3' processing, and polyadenylation. Most of these processes occur co-transcriptionally while the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) enzyme is engaged in transcriptional elongation. How Pol II elongation rates are influenced by splicing is not well understood. We ...

RNA processing events that take place on the transcribed pre-mRNA include capping, splicing, editing, 3? processing, and polyadenylation. Most of these processes occur co-transcriptionally while the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) enzyme is engaged in transcriptional elongation. How Pol II elongation rates are influenced by splicing is not well understood. We ...

In microsporocytes of the European larch, we demonstrated the presence of several mRNAs in spherical nuclear bodies. In the nuclei of microsporocytes, we observed up to 12 bodies, ranging from 0.5 to 6�?m in diameter, during the prophase of the first meiotic division. Our previous studies revealed the presence of polyadenylated RNA (poly(A) RNA) in these bodies, but did not confirm the presence ...

The C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a reiterated heptad sequence (Tyr1-Ser2-Pro3-Thr4-Ser5-Pro6-Ser7) that plays a key role in the transcription cycle, coordinating the exchange of transcription and RNA processing factors. The structure of the CTD is flexible and undergoes conformational changes in response ...

MicroRNA (miRNA) biogenesis proceeds from a primary transcript (pri-miRNA) through the pre-miRNA into the mature miRNA. Here, we identify a role of the Caenorhabditis elegans nuclear export receptor XPO-1 and the cap-binding proteins CBP-20/NCBP-2 and CBP-80/NCBP-1 in this process. The RNA-mediated interference of any of these genes causes retarded heterochronic phenotypes ...

Polyphosphate is found in every cell, having roles in diverse processes, including differentiation and response to stress. In this study, we characterize a Toxoplasma gondii mutant containing an insertion within the carboxy-terminal end of a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Vtc2p, a component of the polyphosphate synthetic machinery. Locus TgVTC2 encodes a 140kDa protein ...

ECTS - EUROPEAN CREDIT TRANSFER AND ACCUMULATION SYSTEM TRANSCRIPT OF RECORDS NAME OF SENDING/Department of ..................................................................................................................................................... ECTS departmental coordinator/Department of ...

Although genomes of mitochondria and plastids are very small compared to those of their bacterial ancestors, the transcription machineries of these organelles are of surprising complexity. With respect to the number of different RNA polymerases per organelle, the extremes are represented on one hand by chloroplasts of eudicots which use one bacterial-type ...

Heterostylous species have two types of flowers, thrum and pin morphs, and these are controlled by a single diallelic locus designated the 'S locus'; fertilization between these two flowers is successful. The S gene and the molecular mechanism by which it operates remain to be uncovered, although heterostyly has been studied since Darwin's era. We compared transcripts and ...

Inositol phosphates and the enzymes that interconvert them are key regulators of diverse cellular processes including the transcriptional machinery of arginine synthesis [York (2006) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1761, 552-559]. Despite considerable interest and debate surrounding the role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae inositol polyphosphate kinase (ScIPK2, ARG82, ...

Inositol phosphates and the enzymes that interconvert them are key regulators of diverse cellular processes including the transcriptional machinery of arginine synthesis [York (2006) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1761, 552�559]. Despite considerable interest and debate surrounding the role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae inositol polyphosphate kinase (ScIPK2, ...

The physiological roles of the mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mTERF) family are poorly understood. MTERF and its homologues influence transcriptional readthrough in vitro, but the extent to which they regulate mitochondrial RNA levels in vivo is unclear. In addition, MTERF was previously shown to promote replication pausing. To test their ...

Polyadenylation of RNA is a posttranscriptional modification that can play two somewhat opposite roles: stable polyadenylation of RNA encoded in the nuclear genomes of eukaryote cells contributes to nuclear export, translation initiation, and possibly transcript longevity as well. Conversely, transient polyadenylation targets RNA molecules to rapid exonucleolytic degradation. ...

Polyadenylation of RNA is a posttranscriptional modification that can play two somewhat opposite roles: stable polyadenylation of RNA encoded in the nuclear genomes of eukaryote cells contributes to nuclear export, translation initiation, and possibly transcript longevity as well. Conversely, transient polyadenylation targets RNA molecules to rapid exonucleolytic degradation. ...

The hypoxic stress response of Zea mays L. seedling roots involves regulation of gene expression at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. We investigated the effect of hypoxia on the translational machinery of seedling roots. The levels of monoribosomes and ribosomal subunits increased dramatically within 1 hour of stress. Prolonged hypoxia ...

Mammalian cells exhibit a complex response to DNA damage. The tumor suppressor BRCA1 and associated protein BARD1 are thought to play an important role in this response, and our previous work demonstrated that this includes transient inhibition of the pre-mRNA 3? processing machinery. Here we provide evidence that this inhibition involves proteasomal degradation of a component ...

for a predicted exosome protein (DUF54/COG1325) (18). In Pyrobaculum species, this exosome gene clearly identifies exosome and its connections with the proteasome and the translation and transcription machineries

... the degradation of stalled RNAP II and thus disrupts the coupled transcription by inhibiting RNA processing machinery in cells exposed to DNA ...

The LTR-retrotransposon MAGGY was introduced into naive genomes of Magnaporthe oryzae with different genetic backgrounds (wild-type, and MoDcl1 [mdl1] and MoDcl2 [mdl2] dicer mutants). The MoDcl2 mutants deficient in MAGGY siRNA biogenesis generally showed greater MAGGY mRNA accumulation and more rapid increase in MAGGY copy number than did the wild-type and MoDcl1 mutants ...

Cloned infectious complementary DNAs of the bipartite genomic RNAs of Lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV) were constructed. Inoculation of tobacco protoplasts with the in vitro produced RNAs 1 and 2 transcripts, or with RNA 1 transcript alone, resulted in viral replication accompanied by the production of novel LCV RNA 1-derived RNAs. They included the ...

The HBx protein of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a transcriptional activator that is required for infection and may play an important role in HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Recently, we and others have shown that HBx stimulates the Ras-Raf-MAP kinase cascade, which leads to enhanced cell proliferation and the activation of transcription factors AP-1 and ...

Streptomyces has been known to form two types of septa. The data in this research demonstrated that Streptomyces griseus forms another type of septum near the base of sporogenic hyphae (basal septum). To understand the regulation of the septation machinery in S. griseus, we investigated the expression of the ftsZ gene. S1 nuclease protection assays revealed that four ftsZ ...

Despite several decades of efforts to develop safer, efficacious, and non-addictive opioids for pain treatment, morphine remains the most valuable painkiller in contemporary medicine. Morphine and endogenous mu opioid peptides exert their pharmacological actions mainly through the mu opioid receptor (MOR). Analgesic effects of opioids in animals are dependent on the MOR expression levels, as ...

RNA-binding proteins constitute key factors of the post-transcriptional machinery. These regulatory proteins recognize specific elements within target transcripts to promote, for example, maturation, translation, or stability of mRNAs. In Ustilago maydis, evidence is accumulating that ...

metal. These metals serve important functions and are contained in automobiles, bridges, buildings, machinery, and many other applications. The accumulated quantities of...

The invention provides a method for modulating gene expression by contacting a cellular system with a double-stranded ribonucleic acid molecule capable of associating with a regulatory machinery that controls transcription of one or more genes, wherein th...

Transcript includes testimony on the reports of the Commission Data Base and Software Subcommittees and Additional Views with the following witnesses testifying: Susan Nycum, Frank McCracken, and Philip Dorn, Association for Computing Machinery; Martin Go...

It is widely believed that translation occurs only in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes, but recent results suggest some takes place in nuclei, coupled to transcription. Support for this heterodoxy comes from studies of the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway; this pathway probably uses ribosomes to proofread messenger RNAs. We find components of the ...