An extension of the multiple-foil technique is now being implemented where monitors with stable ( exp 4 He and exp 148 Nd) and relatively long-lived ( exp 60 Co, exp 137 Cs) products are included. Helium accumulation fluence monitors (HAFM's) which consis...

The objectives of this task are to: (1) develop and demonstrate the use of exp 10 B and exp 6 Li helium accumulation fluence monitors (HAFM's) as a reliable and accurate method of measuring reactor neutron fluence; (2) develop and apply an expanded set of...

A helium accumulation fluence monitor (HAFM) has been developed at JOYO for precise and reliable neutron dosimetry. Calibration tests using helium ion implanted samples showed that the HAFM measurement system can measure the number of helium atoms with an uncertainty of about 5%. To verify the measurement accuracy of the neutron ...

This paper reports the first direct measurement of /sup 10/B capture rate in a mockup control rod in a critical assembly. The experiment used the helium accumulation fluence monitor (HAFM) technique. 13 refs.

Z-cut KTP single crystals were irradiated with 300 keV He- and 1 MeV Li-ions at fluences between 1 � 1015 and 2 � 1016 cm?2. The irradiation decreases the refractive index in the depth region of high nuclear energy deposition and, as a consequence, a waveguide barrier is formed. The damage accumulation was monitored using ...

An intelligent neutron fluence integration monitor is introduced. It is used to measure the received neutron fluence of the monocrystalline silicon in reactor radiation channel. The significance of study and specifications of the instrument are briefly de...

The neutron fluence, fluence rate and spectrum monitoring of reactor pressure vessels of Russian VVERs is considered under view of license amendments. Such monitoring over the whole reactor operation of all VVER units based on validated calculational procedures and tested by ex-vessel measurements at every unit is ...

As part of the pressure vessel (PV) materials surveillance program, surveillance capsules including material specimens and neutron flux dosimeters are generally required to monitor changes in the fracture toughness properties of the reactor vessel materials. These capsules are withdrawn sequentially according to a predetermined schedule covering the service life of the vessel, ...

The spectrum adjustment procedure was extended to simultaneous neutron and gamma spectrum adjustment, and the feasibility of this technique is demonstrated in the analysis of HFIR dosimetry experiments. Conditions in which gamma rays may contribute considerably to radiation damage in steels are discussed. Beryllium helium accumulation fluence ...

This report provides a review of the Palisades submittal to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission requesting endorsement of their accumulated neutron fluence estimates based on a least squares adjustment methodology. This review highlights some minor issues in the applied methodology and provides some recommendations for future work. The overall conclusion is ...

Surface treatment optimization requires the control of the ion dose and the workpiece temperature, two parameters that are not trivially measurable in plasma-based ion implantation. A temperature and ion fluence monitoring system has been developed and implemented in a plasma-based ion implanter. It is based on the measurement with a thermopile of the ...

Jul 1, 2010 ... negligible vibration over the in-space mission duration. 4.0 Summary. An atomic oxygen fluence monitor, flown as part of the MISSE 6B, ...

An accurate determination of damage fluence accumulated by reactor pressure vessels (RPV) as a function of time is essential in order to evaluate the vessel integrity for both pressurized thermal shock (PTS) transients and end-of-life considerations. The ...

... two orders of magnitude, and the resulting damage level at each fluence was monitored by obtaining aligned backscattered (channeling) spectra in ...

The gamma field accompanying neutrons may, in certain circumstances, play an important role in the analysis of neutron dosimetry and even in the interpretation of radiation induced steel embrittlement. At the High Flux Isotope Reactor pressure vessel the gamma induced reactions dominate the responses of {sup 237}Np and {sup 238}U dosimeters, and {sup 9}Be helium accumulation ...

... In the course of extensive marathon studies we have accumulated 1 - 5 billion laser pulses on over 100 bulk material samples at fluences from 0.2 ...

May 31, 2011... accumulation of atomic oxygen fluence with time as it impinged upon the ram surface of the MISSE 6B Passive Experiment Container (PEC). ...

Three aspects of a quality assurance program for neutron fluence measurements as implemented by the Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory at Sandia National Laboratories are discussed. These elements are calibrations, routine checks of system performance, and in...

The use of isotropic light dosimetry probes is being increasingly advocated to monitor the light dose during photodynamic therapy. In this paper Monte Carlo simulations were used to study the potential error resulting from the disturbance of the local fluence due to presence of the probe. External irradiation of a plane slab of tissue was modelled for two ...

A self-actuated device, of particular use as a valve or an orifice for nuclear reactor fuel and blanket assemblies, in which a gas produced by a neutron induced nuclear reaction gradually accumulates as a function of neutron fluence. The gas pressure increase occasioned by such accumulation of gas is used to actuate the device.

Ion implantation is considered a key technology for the realisation of silicon carbide electronic devices. Here we will give an overview of the field and present some recent results of ion implanted 4H SiC epitaxial layers. Mainly Al ions of keV energies have been used at different fluence, flux and target temperature. The samples have been investigated by secondary ion mass ...

We report on the application of high energy light ions (Li and O) irradiation for modification of defects, in particular, for annihilation of point defects using electronic energy loss in GaAs to minimize the defects produced by nuclear collisions. The high resolution x-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy have been used to monitor that no lattice damage or ...

The incorporation of carbon atoms into a silicon surface under bombardment with 40-keV C60+ ions is investigated using time-of-flight mass spectrometry of sputtered neutral and ionized SinCm clusters. The neutral particles emitted from the surface are post-ionized by strong field infrared photoionization using a femtosecond laser system operated at a wavelength of 1400/1700 nm. From the comparison ...

In dual-beam depth profiling, a high energy analysis beam and a lower energy etching beam are operated in series. Although the fluence of the analysis beam is usually kept well below the static SIMS limit, complete removal of the damage induced by the high energy analysis beam while maintaining a good depth resolution is difficult. In this study a plasma polymerized tetraglyme ...

The EFLUVE software package enables simple and quick assessment of pressurized water reactor (PWR) vessel fluence. It is a three-dimensional code that analyzes neutron propagation inside and then outside the core by applying the straight-line attenuation method and using only fast neutrons. The code is designed to assess the flux of > 1-MeV neutrons received on the vessel ...

Uniform light fluence distribution for patients undergoing photodynamic therapy (PDT) is critical to ensure predictable PDT outcome. However, common practice uses a point source to deliver light to the pleural cavity. To improve the uniformity of light fluence rate distribution, we have developed a treatment planning system using an infrared camera to ...

Thermal-neutron transmutation doping of silicon produces phosphorus donors by the nuclear reaction Si-30(n, gamma)Si-31 yields P-31 + beta(-). Nearly exact compensation of residual impurities in float-zone silicon is possible with careful monitoring of the neutron fluence. To achieve this goal, an understanding of the dependence on neutron ...

As a result of neutron-induced radiation damage to the pressure vessel and of an increased concern that in a PWR transient the pressure vessel may be subjected to pressurized thermal shock (PTS), detailed analyses have been undertaken to determine the levels of neutron fluence accumulation at the pressure vessels of selected PWR's. In addition, ...

We report new Pd isotopic compositions for group IVB irons, and discuss the use of Pd as a monitor of cosmic-ray neutron fluence.

... fluence monitor with three orders of magnitude higher upper limit ... The results also suggest a methodology for radiation hard diode development.... ...

Jul 1, 2010 ... fluence with time as it impinged upon the ram surface of the MISSE 6B .... monitor along with a reference photodiode as shown in Figure 7. The ...

... 2) Feasibility study of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in assessment ... not we can reduce the fluence necessary for chemical analysis. ...

Red light treatment of dark-grown 6-day-old barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.) strongly reduces the lag in chlorophyll accumulation in subsequent white light over that found in dark control seedlings placed under white light. Fluence-response studies show that the effect has both very low fluence and low fluence ...

In this paper, we discuss the results of recent ionoluminescence experiments concerning the study of radiation dose effects in ?-Al2O3, ?-Al2O3:Cr and LiF crystals under the irradiation with different swift heavy ions in a wide range of nuclear and electronic stopping powers. To monitor the lattice disorder in alumina and lithium fluoride, the luminescence of F-type centres ...

GaN epilayers grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) were implanted with Tm and Eu ions with different energies and fluences and at different temperatures in order to optimize the implantation conditions. The recovery of the implantation damage was studied using both rapid thermal annealing and furnace annealing with nitrogen overpressure of 4�105 Pa. ...

The practice covers procedures for characterizing a neutron fluence from a source in terms of an equivalent monoenergetic fluence. The source is one having a broad neutron-energy spectrum, and the relevant equivalence is in terms of a specified effect on certain physical properties of materials upon which the source spectrum is incident. In ...

The accuracy of the ages of primary mineral standards used as fluence monitors is the limiting factor in calculating accurate Ar-40/Ar-39 ages. We describe the analytical procedure for first-principles calibrations of Ar-38 tracers in the U.S. Geological ...

Photodynamic therapy of recurrent prostate cancer is currently undergoing Phase II clinical trials with the vascular targeting drug TOOKAD. Proper PDT dosage requires sound estimates of the light fluence and drug concentration throughout the organ. The treatment requires multiple diffusing light delivery fibers placed in position according to a light dose treatment plan under ...

The High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) has been in operation at Oak Ridge National Laboratory since 1966. To upgrade and enhance capabilities for neutron science research at the reactor, a larger HB-2 beam tube was installed in April of 2002. To assess, experimentally, the impact of this larger beam tube on radiation damage rates [i.e., displacement-per-atom (dpa) rates] used in vessel life ...

of 10 -24 cn-3/atun of carbon, provides an expected less of 3500 nm of carbon. Using five i000 nm thick sensors in the B3 monitor, the full fluence ...

Pressure tube 2566 was removed from N Reactor in July, 1977 to initiate the postirradiation examination program required by the Technical Specifications. Destructive examination of the pressure tube, after a maximum accumulated fluence of 4.6 x 10 exp 21 ...

Light based therapies such as photodynamic therapy are in need of advanced tools for light fluence rate dosimetry and monitoring within the context of therapy planning and light delivery to ensure maximum treatment efficacy. The use of a single, multisensor fiber-based fluorescent probe capable of performing spatially resolved fluence ...

To study the accumulation, toxicity, and metabolism of common plasticizers in humans, both in vitro and in vivo techniques are being employed; and to note the present chronic accumulation of these plasticizers in humans, a program was initiated to monitor...

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of light parameters on yeast cells. It has been proposed for many years that photodynamic therapy (PDT) can inactivate microbial cells. A number of photosensitizer and light sources were reported in different light parameters and in a range of dye concentrations. However, much more knowledge concerning the importance of ...

The calculated neutron flux/fluence was verified against measurements of irradiated fluence monitors. With regard to gamma dose, calculated gamma heating rates were verified against measurements of the nuclear heating evaluation capsule which was developed in order to measure the nuclear heating rate. It was confirmed that the ...

The following topics were studied: (1) helium accumulation neutron dosimetry for the Omega West Reactor; neutron energy spectrum unfolding using combined helium accumulation and radiometric measurements has been demonstrated for the neutron environment of the Omega West Reactor. (2) RTNS-II fluence mapping and helium generation cross ...

Abstract: Monitoring of sediment and crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) was conducted in order to satisfy monitoring requirements set forth in the ...

Abstract: Monitoring of sediment and crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) was conducted in order to satisfy monitoring requirements set forth in the ...

The fluence of high-energy muons that result from the operation of the Tevatron accelerator was measured downstream of the experimental area beam lines. Profiles were determined by use of plastic scintillators and associated electronics mounted in a mobile laboratory at various locations on-site and at the site boundary. The experimental method and the properties of the ...

An integrating cylinder composed of high-density polyurethane with a measured multiplication factor (M) of 38 has been developed for absolute calibration of fluence rate probes designed for monitoring of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and other light-based therapies.

Three aspects of a quality assurance program for neutron fluence measurements as implemented by the Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory at Sandia National Laboratories are discussed. These elements are calibrations, routine checks of system performance, and interlaboratory comparisons. Historical data are presented for interlaboratory comparisons which illustrate nominal agreement ...

Clinical applications of hadron beams have generated a wide development of radiobiology experiments, especially at GANIL (Grand Accelerateur National d'Ions Lourds), an ion accelerator in Caen. Biological samples are irradiated with ions in order to observe the induced biological effects. As these observations have to be related to the fluence distribution, an on-line ...

BackgroundThe study summarised in this report aimed to investigate the interplay between fluence complexity, dose calculation algorithms, dose calculation spatial resolution and delivery characteristics (monitor units, effective field width and dose delivery against dose prediction agreement) was investigated. A sample set of complex planning cases was ...

The objective of this study was to develop an applicator for delivery of light and monitoring of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the anal cavity for treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia grade III (AIN III), which can progress to invasive anal cancer. Forty-eight hours before treatment, patients participating in the study were injected with 0.03 (n=2) or 0.075 (n=2) mg ...

We study the radial and longitudinal dependence of the 4-13 MeV and 27-37 MeV proton peak intensities and fluences measured during intense solar energetic particle events of the solar cycle 21 by the Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-8 and the Helios 1 and 2 spacecraft. Simultaneous measurements of individual events by these three spacecraft show that the ...

This report contains the thermal (2200 m/s) and fast (E>lMeV) neutron fluence rate data for ATR Cycle 101-B which were measured by the Radiation Measurements Laboratory (RML) as requested by the Power Reactor Programs (ATR Experiments) Radiation Measurements Work Order. This report contains fluence rate values corresponding to the particular elevations ...

This report contains the thermal (2200 m/s) and fast (E>lMeV) neutron fluence rate data for ATR Cycle 100-A which were measured by the Radiation Measurements Laboratory (RML) as requested by the Power Reactor Programs (ATR Experiments) Radiation Measurements Work Order. This report contains fluence rate values corresponding to the particular elevations ...

A natural single crystal of ilmenite was irradiated at 100 K with 200 keV Ar{sup 2+}. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and ion channeling with 2 MeV He{sup +} ions were used to monitor damage accumulation in the surface region of the implanted crystal. At an irradiation fluence of 1 {times} 10{sup 15} Ar{sup 2+} cm{sup {minus}2}, ...

Results are reported for /sup 10/B(n,He) reaction rate measurements inside B/sub 4/C pellets in a prototypic control rod mockup in the Zero Power Plutonium Reactor. The helium accumulation fluence monitor (HAFM) technique was used, with absolute amounts of helium measured by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Rates of /sup 235/U ...

Project obtectives for cladding and core structural materials include participation in the Design Data Intercorrelation Experiment; support of the MV-III irradiation experiment by performing preirradiation metallographic characterization of selected alloys; and postirradiation examination and testing of Type 316 stainless steel specimens from S/A X100. Routine analyses have been conducted on ...

A natural single crystal of ilmenite (FeTiO{sub 3}) was irradiated at 100 K with 200 keV Ar{sup 2+}. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and ion channeling with MeV He{sup +} ions were used to monitor damage accumulation in the surface region of the implanted crystal. At an irradiation fluence of 1 {times} 10{sup 15} Ar{sup 2+} ...

A self-actuated device, of particular use as a valve or an orifice for nuclear reactor fuel and blanket assemblies, in which a gas produced by a neutron induced nuclear reaction gradually accumulates as a function of neutron fluence is disclosed. The gas pressure increase occasioned by such accumulation of gas is used to actuate the ...

This work focuses on neutron monitoring at clinical linac facilities during high-energy modality radiotherapy treatments. Active in-room measurement of neutron fluence is a complex problem due to the pulsed nature of the fluence and the presence of high photon background, and only passive methods have been considered reliable until ...

Modifications of 73-nm-thick polycrystalline FeCo films by magnetic-field-assisted implantation of Ne, Xe, and Au ions have been investigated. For magnetic characterization, the longitudinal magneto-optic Kerr effect and magnetic force microscopy (MFM) in the remanent state have been used, while structural information has been gained from glancing-angle x-ray diffraction and Rutherford ...

The monochromatized radiation is continuously monitored for fluence and position by ionization chambers, passes through the subject and then impinges on a pair of segmented line detectors. The signals are amplified, computer-processed, and displayed elect...

The objectives of this task are to: (1) develop and demonstrate the use of several pure elements and/or alloys as reliable fast reactor helium generation fluence monitors; (2) determine which elements in FTR, LMFBR and advanced alloys are principally resp...

We have measured the increase in optical density vs. ion fluence (dose) of H , B , N , P , and As ions implanted at 80 and 150 keV energies using a radiachromic dye in a nylon matrix. The technique, with some modification to the substrate, would be suitable for automatic, routine monitoring of low ion implant doses in the range of about 10 to 10 T cm 2. ...

We describe the analytical procedure for first-principles calibrations of 38Ar tracers in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Laboratory in Menlo Park, California. The ages of fluence monitors determined in the USGS laboratory and those reported in the literature differ by nearly 2 percent. However, the radiogenic-40Ar content of the primary mineral standard ...

This report contains the thermal (2,200 m/s) and fast (E > 1MeV) neutron fluence rate data for ATR Cycle 102-A which were measured by the Radiation Measurements Laboratory (RML) as requested by the Power Reactor Programs (ATR Experiments) Radiation Measurements Work Order. This report contains fluence rate values corresponding to the particular ...

A new monitoring system for the thermal neutron fluence rate and gamma dose rate is described for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). A small pn junction Si diode was used as a new detector which was mechanically stronger and had better stability than a surface barrier detector. The pulse height of signals due to thermal neutrons was sufficiently high ...

In dual-beam depth profiling, a high energy analysis beam and a lower energy etching beam are operated in series. Although the fluence of the analysis beam is usually kept well below the static SIMS limit, complete removal of the damage induced by the high energy analysis beam while maintaining a good depth resolution is difficult. In this study a plasma polymerized tetraglyme ...

An accurate determination of damage fluence accumulated by reactor pressure vessels (RPV) as a function of time is essential in order to evaluate the vessel integrity for both pressurized thermal shock (PTS) transients and end-of-life considerations. The desired accuracy for neutron exposure parameters such as displacements per atom or ...

Damage evaluation processes in patterned GaN implanted by 3 MeV Au2+ ions were investigated as function of ion fluences and annealing temperatures. Surface swelling was observed by using AFM and the results showed that the swelling height depends on ion fluence and annealing temperature. A four-stage of implantatation-induced damage evolution, including ...

Neutron capture therapy sets new requirements on the measurement and monitoring of the radiation fields used in this new form of therapy. Beams used for neutron capture therapy are comprised of mixed radiation fields which include slow, epithermal, and fast neutrons, as well as gamma rays. A computer-based beam monitoring system for epithermal or thermal ...

Single crystal 6HSiC wafers have been irradiated with 150 MeV Ag12+ ions with fluences ranging from 1 � 1011 to 1 � 1013 ions/cm2 at 300 K. The defect accumulation as a function of fluence was studied to determine changes in structural and optical properties. The variation in the fundamental Raman modes of the crystalline 6HSiC due ...

Displacement damage (DD) caused by fast neutrons in unbiased Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) light emitting diodes (LED) resulted in a reduction of the light output. On the other hand, a similar type of LED irradiated with gamma rays from a (60)Co source up to a dose level in excess of 1.0 kGy (1.0 x 10(5) rad) was found to show no significant drop of the light emission. This phenomenon was used to ...

... is to monitor the pattern of accumulation of carbohydrates in the plant. Starch is a stable form of carbohydrate in alfalfa and is therefore a suitable way ... ...

data set (net balance, accumulation, ablation, accumulation area ratio (AAR), and equilibrium line altitude (ELA)) has been published by the World Glacier Monitoring Service...

... ablation areas, where accumulation equals ablation, is the equilibrium line . When accumulation exceeds ablation, the glacier increases ... the region (Riedel and Burrows, 2005). ...

This study examines the light fluence (rate) delivered to patients undergoing pleural PDT as a function of treatment time, treatment volume and surface area. The accuracy of treatment delivery is analyzed as a function of the calibration accuracies of each isotropic detector and the calibration integrating sphere. The patients studied here are enrolled in a Phase I clinical ...

The UW tomotherapy workbench utilizes a convolution/superposition based dose calculation and optimization program. It specifies the energy fluence that must be delivered from each leaf for each phantom projection angle. This requires that the spectrum of the radiation emitted from the one-dimensional MLC (multileaf collimator) attached to the linear accelerator be determined. ...

We have applied a spectroscopic system capable of monitoring the fluorescence dynamics of photosensitiser at micron-scale locations within individual cells. This report shows that the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) within the nucleus of formalin-fixed keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and a metastatic squamous carcinoma cell line, following incubation ...

Chloroplasts alter their distribution within plant cells depending on the external light conditions. Myosin inhibitors 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), and 1-(5-iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride (ML-7) were used to study the possible role of myosins in chloroplast photorelocation in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll cells. None of these agents ...

Synthesis of D2, a Photosystem II reaction center protein encoded by psbD, is differentially maintained during light-induced chloroplast maturation. The continued synthesis of D2 is paralleled by selective light-induced accumulation of two psbD-psbC transcripts which share a common 5' terminus. In the present study, we examine the nature of the photoreceptor and the ...

Reactor pressure vessel (RPV) residual lifetime of the Czech VVER-440 is currently monitored under Surveillance Specimens Programs (SSP) focused on reactor pressure vessel materials. Neutron fluence in the samples and its distribution in the RPV are determined by a combination of calculation results and the experimental data coming from the reactor ...

In intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), fluence matrices obtained from a treatment planning system are usually delivered by a linear accelerator equipped with a multileaf collimator (MLC). A segmentation method is needed for decomposing these fluence matrices into segments suitable for the MLC, and the number of segments used is an important ...

Monitoring of radiation exposure of aircrew is a legal requirement for many airlines in the EU and a challenging task in dosimetry. Monte-Carlo simulations of cosmic particles in the atmosphere can contribute to the understanding of the corresponding radiation field. Calculations of secondary neutron fluences in the atmosphere produced by galactic cosmic ...

Polycrystalline chemical vapour deposition (pCVD) diamond detectors are being considered for an upgrade of Forward Calorimetry in the ATLAS detector at the CERN LHC. In order to determine their radiation hardness, four detectors were continuously monitored during irradiation with 500 MeV protons at TRIUMF to a fluence of 2.25 x 1017 protons/cm2. All four ...

A simple and controllable one-step method to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces on poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) films is developed on the base of electron irradiation. When the thickness of PTFE films is higher than the penetration depth of electron beams, electrical charging occurs at the surface of the films because of the imbalance between the accumulation of incident ...

Cross-sectional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (XTEM and HRTEM, respectively) have been used to characterize ion-beam-induced amorphization of {alpha}-quartz irradiated with 1.5 MeV Kr{sup +} ions at room temperature. The accumulation of damage and the growth of the amorphous layers in quartz were studied as a function of ion fluence ...

Cross-sectional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (XTEM and HRTEM, respectively) have been used to characterize ion-beam-induced amorphization of ?-quartz irradiated with 1.5 MeV Kr+ ions at room temperature. The accumulation of damage and the growth of the amorphous layers in quartz were studied as a function of ion fluence up to ...

Extended neutron irradiation of certain PWR pressure vessels (PVs) causing significant degradation of vessel material mechanical and structural properties, coupled with the concern that in a PWR transient the pressure vessel may be subjected to pressurized thermal shock, has resulted in a need for accurate and well benchmarked calculations of accumulated pressure vessel ...

Collect plant material from areas where there is known arsenic contamination. Have these plants and their various parts analyzed and use this information to create the plant suite for monitoring. One plant already identified as an accumulator is nutgrass. This grass accumulates ...

The evolution of self-organized nanoscale ripple patterns induced by low-energy ion sputtering of silicon is investigated. The quality of the patterns is monitored by calculating a normalized density of topological defects from atomic force microscopy images. A strong dependence of the normalized defect density on the applied ion fluence is observed with a ...

The time-resolved neutron yield is routinely measured on the JET tokamak using a set of fission chambers. At present, the preferred technique is to employ activation reactions to determine the neutron fluence at a well-chosen position and to relate the measured fluence to the total neutron emission by means of neutron transport calculations. The delayed ...

The accumulation of radiolabeled plastid-encoded chlorophyll a-apoproteins is light dependent and is controlled at a posttranscriptional level. Illumination of dark-grown barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with a brief pulse of red light induced the accumulation of radiolabeled chlorophyll a-apoproteins in subsequent protein synthesis assays. The induction of ...

Maize seedlings, treated with the herbicide norflurazon to produce a deficiency in carotenoid pigments, were grown in low-fluence-rate light. Under these conditions, which induced chlorophyll biosynthesis while minimizing photooxidation, carotenoid-deficient seedlings showed identical patterns of chloroplast protein accumulation compared with normal ...

Li2TiO3 ceramics have been irradiated with xenon (Xe) ions in the energy range of 18 160 MeV at ambient temperature. The effect of ion irradiation on the order in the atomic arrangement of Li2TiO3 crystal was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the atomic arrangement in Li2TiO3 is strongly disordered by the high energy Xe ion irradiation. The ...

Damage accumulation has been investigated in single crystal SrTiO (100) irradiated with 1.0 MeV Au by using in situ Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in channeling geometry (RBS/C). Samples were irradiated at temperatures of 170, 300 and 350 K with ion fluences ranging from 0.05 to 0.60 Au/nm. The in situ RBS/C analysis indicates that the relative ...

from Imaging, Meteorology and Seismology experiments. The ... for the effective accumulation and storage of the seismology ...

... In this case, an area is monitored for intrusions, not by means of ... soil can accumulate on top of the �rock� before IDS ... c. Localized intrusion detection ...

... and civilian users of engine conditions monitoring accumulated in recent years. Descriptors : *TURBOSHAFT ENGINES, *TURBOPROP ENGINES ...

... accumulate pesticides and other contaminants. The European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) was selected for monitoring contaminant levels in terrestrial ... ...

... NAM TST1 * THIS PROGRAM LOADS THE A ACCUMULATOR WITH * A CAPITAL "A" ($41) AND STORES THIS IN * MEMORY LOCATION $0000. ...

... intelligent software to compare actual events or accumulation ... maintenance recording units for later retrieval ... to endure the airframes life, not creating ...

biometrics for quantifying accumulated mechanical loads in space, ... mass maintenance and implement this algorithm on biometric. Figure 1. ...

HPLC was used to quantify neutral sugars and organic acids in guard cells of sonicated Vicia faba epidermal peels irradiated with BL or RL in the presence of 1 mM KCl. Under photosynthetically inactive, low fluence-rates of BL, guard cells initially accumulate malate and citrate. At later times, sucrose and starch breakdown products such as maltose ...

Neutron flux and irradiation time should be accurately known in neutron activation analysis using very short lived nuclides in which conventional monitoring methods i.e., a comparator method, flux monitor method and so on cannot be used satisfactorily. Especially, fluctuation of neutron flux has not been corrected. We noted a change of reactor power at a ...

Radiation damage experiments to be performed at the Intense Neutron Source (INS) facility need to be characterized for fluence as well as for the mean neutron spectrum. A continuous monitoring system of the neutron output is described and proposed. Many various experiments are possible with the INS because it compares favorably with other neutron sources ...

This report contains the thermal (2200 m/s) and fast (E>1MeV) neutron fluence rate data for ATR Cycle 100-BC which were measured by the Radiation Measurements Laboratory (RML) as requested by the Power Reactor Programs (ATR Experiments) Radiation Measurements Work Order. This report contains fluence rate values corresponding to the particular elevations ...

There are accumulating evidences that GRBs have an intermediate group, beside the short and long classes. Based on the observational data available in the Swift table we compared the observational ? and X ray properties of GRBs making use the discriminant analysis of the multivariate mathematical statistics. The analysis resulted in two canonical discriminating functions ...

As part of our program to develop a silicon tracking device for the SSC we have exposed radiation-hard CMOS transistors and PIN diodes to the 800 MeV LAMPF proton beam. The fluences accumulated in a week corresponded to the expected radiation levels of ab...

As part of the authors' program to develop a silicon tracking device for the SSC they have exposed radiation-hard CMOS transistors and PIN diodes to the 800 MeV LAMPF proton beam. The fluences accumulated in a week corresponded to the expected radiation levels of about 10 SSC years. The authors determine the leakage current constants for PIN ...

A review is given which surveys the variety of faults and failures which have occurred in space due both to the effects of single, energetic nuclear particles, as well as effects due to the accumulated ionizing dose or the fluence of nuclear particles. The review covers a variety of problems with sensors, electronics, instruments and spacecraft from ...

The objectives of this work are to measure helium generation rates of materials for Magnetic Fusion Reactor applications in the Be(d,n) neutron environment, to characterize this neutron environment, and to develop helium accumulation neutron dosimeters for routine neutron fluence and energy spectrum measurements in Be(d,n) and Li(d,n) neutron fields.

Information is given for each of the following topics: (1) RTNS-II irradiations and operations, (2) room-return neutron flux measurements of RTNS-II, (3) RTNS-II fluence mapping and helium generation cross sections, (4) helium accumulation neutron dosimet...

The irradiation damage caused on polyethylene terephtalate (Mylar, PET) samples by 1.6 MeV deuteron ions has been measured using simultaneously the nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) and the transmission energy loss (TEL) techniques. The irradiation was carried out at normal incidence relative to the target surface with the irradiation beam being used as the analysis beam. The evolution of the ...

Background and ObjectivePhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a local antineoplastic treatment with the potential for tumor cell specificity. PDT using either hematoporphyrin derivatives or 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been reported to induce brain edema indicating disruption of the blood�brain barrier (BBB). We have evaluated the ability of ALA-mediated PDT to open the BBB in rats. This will permit ...

Purpose: To measure and compare neutron fluence around an accelerator operating at 18 MV, both with the flattening filter present (FF mode) and absent (flattening-filter-free [FFF] mode). Methods and Materials: The neutron fluence was measured at several locations in the patient plane using gold foil activation in neutron moderators. Differences in neutron ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a dedicated light applicator for light delivery and fluence rate monitoring during Foscan�-mediated photodynamic therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a clinical phase I/II study. We have developed a flexible silicone applicator that can be inserted through the mouth and fixed in the ...

We investigated experimentally dependence of light fluence on treated depth with photosensitization reaction shortly after photosensitizer injection in rabbit myocardial tissue in vivo. In this particular photosensitization reaction scheme, the photosensitizer accumulation characteristics for target region are not available. Meanwhile, the photosensitizer ...

New and improved techniques for calculating beltline surveillance activities and pressure vessel fluences with reduced uncertainties have recently been developed. These techniques involve the combining of monitored in-core power data with diffusion theory calculated pin-by-pin data to yield absolute source distributions in R-THETA and R-Z geometries ...

Irradiation studies of double-sided silicon strip-detectors for the HERA-B experiment have been performed using a setup at a 21MeV proton beam. A novel method of fluence monitoring has been implemented. The study presented here gives results of a non-uniform irradiation of two HERA-B detector modules built with double-sided detectors made of oxygenated as ...

To assess laser therapies in clinical practice, histologic examinations were commonly used. But histologic examinations were invasive and not real-time in nature. In this work, we validate multiphoton microscopy as a useful modality in evaluating laser-tissue reaction in vivo. Multiphoton microscopy based on femtosecond titanium-sapphire laser system were used to evaluate autoflurescence (AF) and ...

We have developed a new system for irradiating biological samples in air with ions from H to Xe below 6.0 MeV/nucleon near the Bragg peak. The irradiation system can provide ion beams with 20-mm diameter of which the central area of 100 mm2 is uniform in fluence rate within a standard deviation of +/-10%. For each ion, the linear energy transfer is selectable by irradiation ...

Excimer laser fragmentation fluorescence spectroscopy (ELFFS) is used to monitor lead in soil sample and investigate laser-solid interactions. Pure lead nitrate salt and soil doped with lead nitrate are photolyzed with 193 nm light from an ArF excimer at fluences from 0.4 to 4 J/cm{sup 2}. Lead emission is observed at 357.2, 364.0, 368.3, 373.9 and 405.8 ...

We are developing a national standard of a monoenergetic kilo electron volt neutron field with the (45)Sc(p,n)(45)Ti resonance reaction. A wide resonance yields 27.4 keV neutrons at 0 degrees with respect to the proton beam. The proton energy was precisely determined in the measurement of the relative neutron yield as a function of the proton energy from the threshold energy to 2.942 MeV. Absolute ...

Solar proton events have been measured for the past sixty years by various techniques: e.g. neutron monitors, riometers, spacecraft instrumentation. While we have a fairly accurate record of solar proton events over five solar cycles, little is known about solar proton events that have occurred in the distant past. We have found that impulsive transient nitrate deposition ...

The disks of Nd:doped phosphate glass in the amplifiers of the Nova laser contain platinum particles with sizes ranging from 2.5 J/cm/sup 2/ delivered in 1-ns, 1054-nm pulses. Under repeated irradiation at 5 to 7 J/cm/sup 2/, damage from small (<5 ..mu..m) particles asymptotically approaches a limiting size, but damage surrounding the larger particles grows steadily. The damage threshold ...

The sawtooth mode of convection of Earth's magnetosphere is a 2- to 4-hour planetary-scale oscillation powered by the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere (SW-M-I) interaction. Using global simulations of geospace, we have shown that ionospheric O(+) outflows can generate sawtooth oscillations. As the outflowing ions fill the inner magnetosphere, their pressure distends the nightside magnetic ...

The sawtooth mode of convection of Earth�s magnetosphere is a 2- to 4-hour planetary-scale oscillation powered by the solar wind�magnetosphere�ionosphere (SW-M-I) interaction. Using global simulations of geospace, we have shown that ionospheric O+ outflows can generate sawtooth oscillations. As the outflowing ions fill the inner magnetosphere, their pressure distends the nightside magnetic ...

The lattice expansion in InAs single crystal, due to ion-implantation by 80 keV Be ions with the implantation fluencies ranging from 1 � 1012 to 2 � 1016 cm?2, has been investigated by using high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry/channeling (RBS/C). In order to clarify the evolution of damage buildup, the ...

X-ray diffraction and channeling-Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) were employed to investigate damage accumulation in Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1{minus}x}As (x=0.50, 0.75, 0.85, and 1.0) irradiated at 80 K with MeV ions. The x-ray measurements, performed both before and after warming the samples, showed a transition in the strain accumulation behavior as ...

Red light treatment of etiolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings causes an increase in the relative abundance of the mRNA for light-harvesting, chlorophyll a/b-binding polypeptides, and a decrease in the relative abundance of the mRNA for the NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. It also increases transcriptional activity of subsequently isolated nuclei for the mRNA for the ...

Results from aging tests on the bakelite used for the CMS RPCs are presented. Samples of melaminic bakelite were exposed to a heavy gamma and neutron radiation. Data on the bulk resistivity were collected while accumulating gamma and neutron doses and particles fluence up to values well beyond those expected in 10 years of RPCs operation in the barrel ...

A radon exhalation monitor, RADEX, was developed at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory. RADEX is an active radon monitor that continuously samples radon gas emanating from the soil. A hemispherical accumulator is placed on the soil and radon gas is...

The needs and priorities in using biological accumulator organisms for monitoring toxic trace metals in plants and animals are analyzed. The toxic trace metals selected for study are antimony, arsenic, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, ...

The needs and priorities in using biological accumulator organisms for monitoring toxic trace metals in plants and animals are analyzed. The toxic trace metals selected for study are antimony, arsenic, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, se...

Light delivery and optical monitoring during photodynamic therapy (PDT) is often limited by the need for a physical optical link between the light source and detection devices and the treatment volume. This can be critical when sources need to be implanted within the body for extended periods. We report on the latest developments for a telemetric PDT delivery and ...

For intensity modulated radiation treatment (IMRT) dose reconstruction, multileaf collimator (MLC) log files have been shown applicable for deriving delivered fluence maps. However, MLC log files are dependent on the accuracy of leaf calibration and only available from one linear accelerator manufacturer. This paper presents a proof of feasibility and principles in (1) using ...

Ion beam synthesis using high-fluence carbon ion implantation in silicon in combination with subsequent or in situ thermal annealing has been shown to be able to form nanocrystalline cubic SiC (3C-SiC) layers in silicon. In this study, a silicon carbide layer was synthesized by 40-keV {sup 12}C{sup +} implantation of a p-type (100) Si wafer at a fluence of ...

Ion beam synthesis using high-fluence carbon ion implantation in silicon in combination with subsequent or in situ thermal annealing has been shown to be able to form nanocrystalline cubic SiC (3C-SiC) layers in silicon. In this study, a silicon carbide layer was synthesized by 40-keV 12C+ implantation of a p-type (100) Si wafer at a fluence of 6.5�1017 ...

Precise calibration of monitors and dosimeters for use with high energy neutrons necessitates reliable and accurate neutron fluences being evaluated with use of a reference point. A highly efficient Proton Recoil counter Telescope (PRT) to make absolute measurements with use of a reference point was developed to evaluate neutron ...

Uniform light fluence distribution for patients undergoing photodynamic therapy (PDT) is critical to ensure predictable PDT outcome. However, common practice uses a point source to deliver light to the pleural cavity with the light uniformity monitored by 7 detectors placed within the pleural cavity. To improve the uniformity of light ...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), an approved anticancer treatment, is reported as a potent inducer of programmed cell death (PCD) by both apoptosis and autophagy. The present study investigated the kinetics of both autophagy and caspase activation in MCF-7 cells submitted to mTHPC-PDT upon condition of treatment promoting ER accumulation of mTHPC. ...

In an effort of developing clinical LANTCET (laser-activated nano-thermolysis as cell elimination technology) we achieved selective destruction of individual tumor cells through laser generation of vapor microbubbles around clusters of light absorbing gold nanorods (GNR) selectively formed in target tumor cells. Among all gold nanoparticles, nanorods offer the highest optical absorption in the ...

Irradiation experiment HRB-21 is the first in a series of test capsules that are designed to provide a fuel-performance data base to be used for the validation of modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (MHTGR) coated-particle fuel performance models under MHTGR normal operating conditions and specific licensing basis events. Capsule HRB-21 will contain an advanced TRISO-P UCO/ThO{sub 2} - ...

Neutron-induced fission cross sections of 205Tl, 204, 206, 207, 208Pb, and 209Bi have been measured at incident energies of 32.8, 45.3, and 59.9 MeV. The measurements were performed at the Louvain-la-Neuve neutron beam facility using the 7Li (p, n) reaction as neutron source. Fission fragments were detected with a multi-section Frisch-gridded ionization chamber (MFGIC). Neutron ...

Neutron-induced fission cross sections of 205Tl, 204, 206, 207, 208Pb, and 209Bi have been measured at incident energies of 32.8, 45.3, and 59.9 MeV. The measurements were performed at the Louvain-la-Neuve neutron beam facility using the 7Li (p, n) reaction as neutron source. Fission fragments were detected with a multi-section Frisch-gridded ionization chamber (MFGIC). Neutron ...

Natural gadolinium possesses a very high thermal neutron capture (n, ?) cross-section on the other hand, carbon-doped aluminium oxide thermoluminescence dosimeters (?-Al2O3:C), available as TLD 500 are extremely responsive to gamma rays. Hence, by combining those two unique phenomena we have developed a highly sensitive passive neutron detector. The lowest detectable (fission) neutron ...

We offer two comments in deep dielectric charging. First, it is commonly mentioned that daily fluence of high-energy (MeV) electrons is a good warning indicator for the probability of deep dielectric discharging. We suggest that, instead of daily fluence, continuous integration fluence of high-energy electrons would be a better ...

This work reports the study, via the combination of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and channeling, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy experiments, of the damage formation in cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia single crystals irradiated with medium-energy (4 MeV) heavy (Au) ions. The damage buildup, which is accounted for in the framework of the multistep damage ...

This work reports the study, via the combination of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and channeling, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy experiments, of the damage formation in cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia single crystals irradiated with medium-energy (4 MeV) heavy (Au) ions. The damage buildup, which is accounted for in the framework of the multistep damage ...

Silica glass was implanted with negative 60 keV Cu ions at an ion flux from 5 to 75 ?A/cm2 up to a fluence of 1 � 1017 ions/cm2 at initial sample temperatures of 300, 573 and 773 K. Spectra of ion-induced photon emission (IIPE) were collected in situ in the range from 250 to 850 nm. Optical absorption spectra of implanted specimens were ex situ measured in the range from 190 ...

Multifilamentary wires of NbTi have been irradiated at 4.2 K with 30-GeV protons and the changes in critical current I/sub c/ measured in situ in fields up to 4 T. Reductions of I/sub c/ of 20% were found for a fluence of 1.5 x 10/sup 18/ p/cm/sup 2/. Annealing to room temperature recovers 60--70% of the I/sub c/ degradation. The decrease in I/sub c/ is attributed to an ...

Gallium nitride single crystals were irradiated using energetic Au ions to two fluences at room temperature. Two different damage levels and depth profiles that are characterized by near-surface damage accumulation and deeper-regime damage saturation were produced. Thermal annealing at 873 K resulted in disorder recovery only in the near-surface region at ...

We propose the binomial distribution function is a useful function to describe the fluence dependence of overlapped and non-overlapped area of ion-tracks created by high-energy heavy ions. The validity of the function has been proven by simple computer simulation assuming that ion-tracks are introduced at random positions of two-dimentional grid. In order to test the ...

Plant foliage accumulates the vapor of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) from the atmosphere, and there is a variation in the amount that is accumulated from one plant species to another. This differential accumulation factor between species remains constant over more than two orders of magnitude of PCB concentrations in ...

A portable energy-specific fluence monitor is developed for field monitoring as well as to serve as stand-alone data acquisition system to measure dose rate due to routine releases at various locations in and around Nuclear Power Reactors. The data from an array of such monitors deployed over a region of interest ...

Single crystal 6H-SiC has been irradiated 60 degrees off normal with 2 MeV Au ions at 300 K to fluences of 0.029, 0.058 and 0.12 ions/nm, which produced relatively low damage levels. The disorder profiles as a function of ion fluence on both the Si and C sublattices have been determined simultaneously in situ using Rutherford backscattering and nuclear ...

Photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid is an effective therapy for treating basal cell carcinoma, characterized by high lesion clearance and excellent cosmetic outcomes. Treatment optimization and lesion-tailored treatments making use of real-time treatment assessment promise still greater efficacy and improved comfort for patients. In order to monitor treatment ...

Purpose: To evaluate a method of control of diode laser fluence leading to a reproducible ICG-enhanced selective photocoagulation of blood vessels. This method would use the chromophore clearance, i.e. ICG blood concentration decay to adapt the laser fluence. Materials and Methods: A skin flap window was used on hamsters. After a 15 mg/kg ICG solution ...

The fraction of deuterium (D) that is retained upon irradiation of beryllium (Be) as well as the temperatures at which implanted D is released are of importance for the international fusion experiment ITER, where Be will be used as an armor material. The influence of single parameters on retention and release is investigated in laboratory experiments performed under well defined conditions with ...

The radiation damage formation upon low temperature ion implantation and neutron irradiation has been compared for GaN and ZnO. Both materials exhibit strong dynamic annealing effects during implantation, even at 15 K, leading to high amorphisation thresholds. The damage build-up with fluence was found to proceed in a similar way for GaN and ZnO, both showing two saturation ...

Irradiation of Gd{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7} with 3 MeV Ar{sup +} ions results in expansion of the unit-cell volume from defect accumulation as well as irradiation-induced amorphization. The damage cross-section for amorphization determined from X-ray diffraction analysis is 0.023 nm{sup 2}. Transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction have confirmed the ...

Irradiation of Gd[sub 2]Ti[sub 2]O[sub 7] with 3 MeV Ar[sup +] ions results in expansion of the unit-cell volume from defect accumulation as well as irradiation-induced amorphization. The damage cross-section for amorphization determined from X-ray diffraction analysis is 0.023 nm[sup 2]. Transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction have confirmed the ...

1 TESLA-FEL 2007-03 Application of low cost GaAs LED as neutron kerma dosimeter and fluence monitor neutrons in unbiased Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Light Emitting Diodes (LED) resulted in a reduction of the light output. On the other hand, a similar type of LED irradiated with gamma rays from a 60 Co source up

The magnetic properties of specimens of one heat of A533B nuclear pressure vessel grade steel have been examined in the as-received condition and after neutron irradiation to various fluence levels up to 4 (times) 10(sup 18) cm(sup (minus)2) (E > 0.1 MeV)...

mechanical stress pressure rise . This mechanism is referred to as the thermo- optical mechanism of pressure generation.12 A short optical pulse with the incident fluence Fo in- duces a pressure rise P z in the medium the amplitude and the spatial distribution of the generated optoacoustic pressure induced in blood are dependent

In-reactor monitoring of assembly axial growths in the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) has shown the ferritic/martensitic alloy HT9 to be essentially swelling free out to a fast neutron fluence of at least 37 (times) 10(sup 22) n/cm(sup 2). This superior p...

The neutron monitoring consists of two parts: the spectral characterization and the fluence determination. The experimental measurements are combined with theoretical calculations. The following methods are proposed for determining the spectra: a telescope (np) spectrometer, a telescope /sup 6/Li(n..cap alpha..)T spectrometer, spectrometers needing ...

Neutron spectra were measured for the TR-0, WWR-S and SR-0 experimental reactors using the recoil proton method, exp 6 Li spectrometry, scintillation spectrometry and activation detectors in a variety of conditions. Neutron fluence was also measured and c...

ATOMIC OXYGEN FLUENCE, A ~ O ~ ~ I C ~ Z - y e a r environments ... Integral LET spectra of the charged particle radiations in spectrum ... A monitor-grade instrument for measuring critical environmental .... Shielding: 0.7 glcm 2 .: lo0 mils ...

The effects of oxygen and helium ion irradiation on the superconducting properties of Tl(sub 2)Ca(sub 2)Ba(sub 2)Cu(sub 3)O(sub 10) thin films were investigated. The transition temperature and width were monitored as a function of ion fluence using both m...

in Menlo Park. Cadmium-shielded samples were ir- radiated for 2 h in the core of the USGS TRIGA reactor the Geological Survey TRIGA reactor, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1176 (1981) 55 pp. [27] X. Quidelleur, M. Grove Reactor, University of Michigan, using Fish Canyon sanidine (27.8 Ma) as the neutron fluence monitor. Step